ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES FOR

CEMENT INDUSTRY

Department Of Environment
Ministry of Environment And
Water
Department of Environment, Malaysia

Copyright 2019 DOE

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for
educational or non-profit purpose without special permission from the copyright
holder; provided acknowledgment of the source is made and a copy is sent to
the Department of Environment. No use of this publication may be made for
resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in
writing from the Department of Environment.

Published by:

Department of Environment
Ministry of Environment and
Water
Level 1 - 4, Podium 2 & 3, Wisma
Sumber Asli No.25, Persiaran Perdana,
Presint 4,
Pusat Pentadbiran Kerajaan
Persekutuan, 62574 Putrajaya
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Department of Environment (DOE) would like to express our

gratitude to all the Government Agencies (GAs), both at the Federal
and State level, the local authorities, planners, developers, consultants,
statutory consulters and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in
providing their input and information for the development of this
Guideline.

The Department is also grateful to all DOE staff for their efforts and
passion in steering the development of this project into reality.

Finally, we wish to acknowledge all stakeholders for their great

contribution in the development of this Guideline.
 PREFACE

This Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines for

Cement Industry is a revised version of Environmental
Impact Assessment Guidelines for Industrial Projects that
was published in 2007, where the Cement Industry was
placed under Non- Metallic Industries category (Annex
C). The Guidelines is issued in order to conform to the
latest amendments specified in the Environmental
Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 2015; which is a subsidiary legislation
to the Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 (Act 127).
Furthermore, the Department of Environment has
rationalized the EIA process in order to ensure that it
complies with the scope, functions and vision of the
Department’s Environmental
Management Strategic Plan. The Plan emphasizes on the adoption of
Environmental Mainstreaming and Guided Self-Regulation principles. These
Guidelines are complementary to and shall be referred together with the
Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia (EGIM) Document 2016.

The Government of Malaysia is actively pursuing with its policy and objective of
transforming the Nation’s economy into a high-income country status through
adoption of environmental sustainability practices. The urgency with which
economic, social and political objectives must be achieved through development
has greatly taxed the nation's natural resources, such as land, forests and water,
whilst the discharge of wastes of various kinds has resulted in the degradation of
rivers, the seas and air. In this context it is important that environmental and
social safeguards are considered and incorporated in the development of Cement
Industries at the planning stage

An EIA process should therefore focus on wastes management with emphasis on

reducing, reusing, recycling and repurposing materials and their individual
elements for as long as possible before they are ultimately discarded to the
environment. This practice not only conserves and preserves scarce natural
resources, prevents further degradation of ecosystems which human beings
depend for survival, but also protects against air, water and land pollution and
contamination. In this respect circular economic practices must be an essential
ingredient for ensuring an environmentally sustainable Project. This aspect is
emphasized in these Guidelines.

The EIA process is meant to be an added dimension in an overall holistic project

planning process for Cement Industries; complementing technical, financial and
economic planning tools. The process considers, assesses and evaluates in greater
depth the potential impacts on environmental receptors and natural resources
located beyond Project boundaries. These Guidelines outline the principal
activities associated with the planning, construction, operations and abandonment
of Cement Industries, and describes the processes, and range of tools, that can be
adopted to assess and evaluate the spatial and temporal impacts on identified
receptors located in the vicinity of the Project Site(s).
Cement industries are renowned for their high emissions of Green House Gases;
especially carbon dioxide through high temperature decomposition of limestone
and combustion of fuels to generate heat. Dust dispersions can also be
problematic inducing potential health impediments amongst surrounding
communities. Sourcing of raw materials, and plant operations, can induce
significant noise and vibration impacts and the process can lead to scarring of
landscapes. As such the EIA process should recommend proper siting of facilities;
and explore the possibility of employing unconventional raw materials and
renewable fuels to minimize environmental encumbrances.

These Guidelines are meant to guide Project Proponents, their Qualified Persons
and other EIA practitioners in the preparation and submission of EIA reports
related to the development, operations and potential abandonment of Cement
Industries. They shall only be employed within the framework of the EQA 1974,
including its future revisions and subsidiary legislations.

(NORLIN BINTI JAAFAR

Director General
Department of
Environmental Malaysia
EIA Guidelines for Cement Industry TOC

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.2 EIA FOR CEMENT MANUFACTURING PLANT 1-1
1.3 GUIDELINES OBJECTIVES 1-4
1.4 SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES 1-4
1.5 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS 1-5
1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDELINES 1-8

CHAPTER 2 : ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT PLANNING

2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Process 2-1
2.1.2 Integration of Environmental Compliance in the Planning of Cement
Manufacturing Plants 2-
3
2.2 PROJECT BRIEF 2-5
2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS 2-7
2.3.1 General Overview 2-7
2.3.2 Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) 2-8
2.3.3 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activity) (Environmental Impact
Assessment), Order 2015 2-
9
2.3.4 Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 2014 2-10
2.3.5 Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 2009 2-10
2.3.6 Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations, 2009 2-11
2.3.7 Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005 2-11
2.3.8 Environmental Quality Act 1974 Act 127 Section 30A: Power to Control
Use of Substance and Product and to State Environmental Labelling 2-
12
2.3.9 Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident
Hazards) Regulations 1996 (CIMAH) 2-12
2.3.10 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (OSHA) 2-12
2.3.11 Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety

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Data Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 (CLASS) 2-

13
2.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS 2-13
2.4.1 Development 2-13
2.5 THE CEMENT INDUSTRY 2-15
2.5.1 Safety Issues 2-16
2.5.2 Environmental Impacts 2-17
2.5.3 Circular Economic Principles Applied to Cement Manufacture 2-18
2.5.4 Issues to Be Addressed in Environmental Impact Assessment 2-18
2.6 POLICY AND GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE 2-19
2.6.1 Policy Adherence 2-19
2.6.2 National and State Policies and Plans 2-24
2.6.3 Guidelines and Guidance Documents 2-24
2.7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 2-26
2.7.1 Introduction 2-26
2.7.2 Identification of Stakeholders 2-27
2.7.3 Methods of Engagement 2-28
2.7.4 Documentation and Reporting 2-29

CHAPTER 3 : TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING PROCEDURES 3-1
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING 3-2
3.4 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT (SSA) 3-5
3.5 STUDY BOUNDARY 3-6
3.6 BASELINE DATA REVIEW 3-7
3.7 DETERMINATION OF KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES 3-10
3.8 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND PRIORITY SETTING 3-15
3.8.1 Selection of Scoping Method 3-15
3.8.2 Key Issues Related to Development and Operations of Cement
Manufacturing Plants 3-17
3.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF STUDY REQUIREMENTS FOR EIA 3-17
3.10 OUTLINING OF MITIGATION MEASURES 3-19
3.11 PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF TOR / ESI 3-20
3.11.1 TOR Table of Content (TOC) 3-20
3.11.2 TOR Adequacy Check (TORAC) Process 3-21

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CHAPTER 4 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – BASELINE DATA

4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.2 SECONDARY DATA SCOPE 4-1
4.3 PRIMARY DATA SCOPE 4-1
4.3.1 Physio-Chemical Environment 4-2
4.3.2 Biological Environment 4-2
4.3.3 Human Environment 4-3

CHAPTER 5 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – EVALUATION OF

IMPACTS
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS 5-1
5.2.1 Air Quality 5-3
5.2.2 Noise and Vibration 5-5
5.2.3 Erosion and Sedimentation
5-8
5.2.4 Water Quality Impacts 5-9
5.2.5 Public Health Impact 5-12
5.2.6 Drainage Impacts 5-14
5.2.7 Waste Management Impacts 5-15
5.2.8 Ecology Impacts 5-16
5.2.9 Social Economic Impacts 5-17
5.2.10 Hydrology 5-18
5.2.11 Geotechnical Hazards 5-19
5.2.12 Groundwater/ Hydrogeology 5-20
5.2.13 Traffic 5-21
5.2.14 Safety and Health 5-22
5.2.15 Risk Assessment 5-23
5.3 PREDICTIVE METHODS AND TOOLS 5-31
5.4 CRITERIA AND STANDARDS 5-34

CHAPTER 6 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1

6.2 POLLUTION PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES (P2M2) 6-1
6.2.1 P2M2 Principles 6-1
6.2.2 Application of P2M2 6-3

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6.3 POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 6-4

6.3.1 General Considerations 6-4
6.3.2 Erosion and Sediment Management 6-5
6.3.3 Air Pollution Control 6-8

6.3.4 Noise and Vibration Control 6-10

6.3.5 Water Quality 6-11
6.3.6 Waste Management 6-13
6.3.7 Safety and Health 6-15
6.3.8 Visual 6-16
6.4 RESIDUAL IMPACTS 6-16

CHAPTER 7 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT PLAN
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
7.2 EMP FRAMEWORK 7-1
7.3 SELF-REGULATION 7-2
7.3.1 Environmental Policy 7-3
7.3.2 Environmental Budgeting 7-3
7.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Committee 7-3
7.3.4 Environmental Facility 7-4
7.3.5 Environmental Competency 7-4
7.3.6 Environmental Reporting and Communication 7-4
7.3.7 Environmental Transparency 7-4
7.4 MONITORING AND AUDIT PROGRAMES 7-4
7.4.1 Monitoring Category 7-5
7.4.2 Monitoring Programme 7-5
7.4.3 Environmental Audit 7-7

CHAPTER 8 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT – ABANDONMENT PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.2 ABANDONMENT PLAN 8-1
8.2.1 Pre-Abandonment Activities 8-1
8.2.2 Abandonment Activities 8-3
8.2.3 Post Abandonment Activities 8-5
8.3 REPORTING 8-5

CHAPTER 9 : ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT - REPORTING AND

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REVIEW
9.1 INTRODUCTION 9-1
9.2 EIA REPORT 9-1
9.2.1 EIA Report Format 9-1
9.2.2 Executive Summary 9-3
9.2.3 Data Deliverables 9-4
9.2.4 Conclusion to the EIA Report 9-4
9.3 PUBLIC DISPLAY 9-5
9.4 EIA REPORT SUBMISSION AND REVIEW PROCESS 9-5

ABBREVIATIONS (x)
REFERENCES R-1
GLOSSARY G-1

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LIST OF TABLES

Page
No.
Table 2.1 Sample Project Brief by the Project Proponent 2-7

Table 2.2 Environmental Legislation for Sabah and Sarawak 2-12

Table 2.3 Minimum Reserve Width for JKR Roads 2-14

Table 2.4 Classification of Slopes 2-15

Table 2.5 General Policy Adherence for Cement 2-21

Manufacturing Plant Projects Prior to EIA Submission

Table 2.6 List of Policies and Plans Relevant to Development of 2-24

Iron and Steel Industry

Table 2.7 List of Relevant Guidelines and Guidance 2-25

Documents Related to Development Planning for
Cement
Table 2.8 Key Stakeholders and their Roles and Responsibilities 2-28

Table 2.9 Public Engagement Methods and Expected Outputs 2-29

Table 3.1 Considerations in Project Alternatives and Options 3-5

Table 3.2 Baseline Requirements for Environmental Scoping 3-8

Table 3.3 List of Typical Project Activities and Related Impacts 3-11
on the Environment

Table 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Impact 3-16

Identification Methods

Table 3.5 List of Applicable Studies to be Considered in the EIA 3-18

Table 4.1 Recommended Monitoring Requirements for EIA 4-4

Studies
Table 4.2 Additional Sampling and Study Requirements 4-6

Table 5.1 Typical Issues and Impacts from Iron and Steel Industry 5-26
Developments

Table 5.2 Typical Sound Power Levels from Construction 5-6

Equipment and Activities

Table 5.3 Typical Sound Power Levels from Operating Equipment 5-6
and
Activities

Table 5.4 Examples of Prediction Methods for Environmental 5-32

Impacts
Table 5.5 Examples of Criteria and Standards for 5-35

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Environmental

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Page
No.
Parameter

Table 6.1 Standard Requirements for the LD-P2M2 Submission 6-2

Table 7.1 Sample of a Monitoring Program for 7-6

Cement/Clinker Manufacturing Plant

Table 8.1 Example of Impacts Associated with Abandonment 8-4

of a
Project

Table 9.1 Recommended Project Description in EIA Report 9-3

LIST OF FIGURES

Page
No.

Figure 2.1 EIA Procedures in Malaysia 2-2

Figure 3.1 Flow Path for Environmental Scoping 3-4

Figure 3.2 Diagram Showing the Difference between the ZOS and 3-7
ZOI
Figure 3.3 Diagram Showing the Difference between the ZOS 3-7
and ZOI for Linear Projects

Figure 5.1 Sample of Pollutants Dispersion Contours 5-5

Figure 5.2 Sample of Noise Contour Map 5-8

Figure 5.3 Risk Assessment Flow 5-23

Figure 5.4 Sample of Individual Risk Contour 5-25

Figur Photo Inventory of Common Impacts associated 5-29

e with PPR Mill Development
5.5(a
)

Figur Photo Inventory of Common Impacts associated 5-30

e with PPR Mill Development
5.5(b
)
Figure 8.1 Best Practical Environmental Option Concept 8-2

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LIST OF
APPENDICES
Page
No.
Appendix A Sample of Process Flow Diagram A-1

Appendix B List of Guidelines and Guidance Documents B-

1 Appendix C Sample of Environmental Impacts Assessment Scoping Matrix

C-1 Appendix D Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard D-

Appendix E Malaysia National Water Quality Standard E-1

Appendix F Malaysia Marine Water Quality Standard F-1

Appendix G Noise and Vibration Guideline for Standard G-1

Appendix H Checklist for TOR / ESI

Checklist For EIA H-1
Report

Appendix I General Requirement for Assessing Health

Impact
Existing Public Health Status Of Local Community I-1

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LIST OF BOXES
Page
No.

Box 1 Good Practices for Conduct of EIA Studies 1-3

Box 2 Benefits of Incorporating EIA into Project Planning 2-3

Box 3 Aims of the Stakeholder Engagement 2-

27
Box 4 Potential Outcomes from Project Screening 3-2

Box 5 Criteria for Determining Significance of Environmental 3-17

Impacts
Box 6 Outcomes from TORAC Review 3-21

Box 7 Outcomes from Impact Assessment 5-37

Box 8 P2M2 Checklist for Erosion and Sediment Management 6-7

Box 9 P2M2 Checklist for Air Pollution Control 6-9

Box 10 P2M2 Checklist for Noise and Vibration Control 6-11

Box 11 P2M2 Checklist for Water Pollution Control 6-12

Box 12 P2M2 Checklist for Waste Management 6-14

Box 13 P2M2 Checklist for Safety and Health 6-15

Box 14 Application of 5S in Upkeeping Environmental 7-2

Compliances
Box 15 Scenarios Associated with Project Abandonment 8-1

Box 16 Key Points to be Addressed in Need Statement 9-2

Box 17 Outcomes from EIA Review Process 9-6

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ABBREVIATIONS

AIs Appointed Individuals

APCS Air Pollution Control Systems

BATs Best Available Technologies/Techniques

BMPs Best Management Practices

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

BQ Bill of Quantities

BPEO Best Practical Environmental Option

C&D Construction and Demolition

CAR Corrective Action Report

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CFS Central Forest Spine

CIDB Construction Industry Development Board/ Lembaga Pembangunan

Industri Pembinaan Malaysia

CKD Cement Kiln Dust

CIMAH Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major

Accident Hazards) Regulations 1996

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora

CLMCG Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines

CM Compliance Monitoring

CMP Cement Manufacturing Plant

COA Conditions of Approval

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

DG Director General

DID Department of Irrigation and Drainage/Jabatan Pengairan dan

Saliran
DO Dissolved Oxygen/ Development Order

DOA Department of Agriculture/Jabatan Pertanian

DOE Department of Environment/Jabatan Alam Sekitar

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DOF Department of Fisheries/Jabatan Perikanan

DOSH Department of Occupational Safety and Health/Jabatan

Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerja

e.g. Example

EGIM Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in Malaysia

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIATRC Environmental Impact Assessment Technical Review

Committee
EM Environmental Manager/ Effective Microorganism

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EMT Environmental Management Team

EO Environmental Officer

EPD Environment Protection Department

EPMC Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee

EQA Environmental Quality Act

EQR Environmental Quality Report

ERCMC Environmental Regulatory Compliance Monitoring Committee

ERP Emergency Response Plan

ESAs Environmentally Sensitive Areas

ESC Erosion ad Sediment Control

ESCP Erosion and Sediment Control Plan

ESI Environmental Scoping Information

ESM Environmental Scoping Matrix

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

etc. Et cetera

FGDs Focal Group Discussions

FOS Factor of Safety

FRIM Forest Research Institute of Malaysia

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GAP Good Agricultural Practices

GAs Government Agencies

GIS Geographic Information System

GSR Guided Self-Regulations

GTM Geological Terrain Mapping

HIA Health Impact Assessment

HQ Headquarters

HRA Health Risk Assessment

HWC Human-wildlife conflicts

i.e. id est

IETS Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems

ILO International Labour Organisation

IM Impact Monitoring

IUCN International Union on the Conservation of

Species IWP Industrial Wood Plantation

JAKOA Jabatan Kemajuan Orang Asli Malaysia

JKPTG Department Of Director General Of Lands And Mines/ Jabatan

Ketua Pengarah Tanah dan Galian

JKR Public Works Department/ Jabatan Kerja Raya

JKPTG Department of Director General of Lands and Mines/ Jabatan

Ketua Pengarah Tanah dan Galian

JMG Minerals and Geoscience Department Malaysia/Jabatan Mineral dan

Geosains

JPBD/PLAN Department of Town and Country Planning/ PLANMalaysia

JPSM Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia/ Jabatan Perhutanan

Semenanjung Malaysia

JPSPN National Solid Waste Management Department/ Jabatan

Pengurusan Sisa Pepejal Negara

KPKT Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local

Government/
Kementerian Kesejahteraan Bandar, Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan

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KSAS Kawasan Sensitif Alam Sekitar

L10 Ten percentile level

L50 Fifty percentile level

L90 Ninety percentile level

LAC Limit of Acceptable Change

LAeq Equivalent A-Weighted Continuous Sound

Level LCP Laporan Cadangan Pemaju

LD Land Disturbance

LD-P2M2 Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention and Mitigation

Measures LMax Maximum A-Weighted Continuous Sound Level

LMin Minimum A-Weighted Continuous Sound

Level LOS Level of Service

LTS Leachate Treatment Systems

MAAQS Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards

MESTECC Ministry of Energy, Science, Technology, Environment and Climate

Change/
Kementerian Tenaga, Sains, Teknologi, Alam Sekitar dan Perubahan Iklim

METMalaysia Malaysian Meteorological Department/Jabatan Meteorologi Malaysia

MIDA Malaysian Investment Development Authority/ Lembaga

Pembangunan
Pelaburan Malaysia

MOH Ministry of Health/ Kementerian Kesihatan

MOM Minutes of Meeting

MOSTI Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation/ Kementerian

Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi

MPFN National Physical Planning Council/ Majlis Perancang Fizikal Negara

MRT Mass Rapid Transit

MSL Mean Sea Level

MSMA-2 Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Edisi-2

MUSLE Modified Universal Soil Loss

Equation MWQI Marine Water Quality

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Index

NGOs Non-governmental Organizations

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NPP-3 National Physical Plan-3

NPPC National Physical Plan Council

NRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment/ Kementerian

Sumber Asli dan Alam Sekitar

NREB Natural Resources and Environment

Board NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units

NWQS National Water Quality Standards of

Malaysia O&G Oil and Grease

OSC One-Stop Centre

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

P.E. Population equivalent

P2M2s Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures

PBT Local Authorities/Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan (PBT)

PERHILITAN Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular

Malaysia/Jabatan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara Semenanjung
Malaysia

PM Performance Monitoring

PM10 Particulate Matter 10 micrometres or less in

diameter PM2.5 Particulate Matter 2.5 micrometres or less in

diameter PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PRF Permanent reserved forest

PSD Pipe slope drain

PTD Land and District Office/ Pejabat Tanah dan

Daerah PTG Land and Minerals Office/ Pejabat Tanah dan

Galian Q&A Question and Answers

RAC Report Adequacy Check

ROW Right of Way

RQSAT Report Quality Self-Assessment

Tool RUSLE Revised Universal Soil Loss

Equation SAMM Skim Akreditasi Makmal

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Malaysia

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SAPs Special Area Plans

SI Soil Investigation

SIA Social Impact Assessment

SIDRA Signalised and Unsignalised Intersection Design and Research

Aid
SMAs Special Management Areas

SPAN National Water Commission of Malaysia/ Suruhanjaya

Perkhidmatan Air Negara

SPC State Planning Committee

SS Suspended Solids

SSA Site Suitability Assessment

STP Sewage Treatment Plant

STS Sewage Treatment Systems

SWMM Storm Water Management Model

TIA Traffic Impact Assessment

TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad

TOC Table of Content

TOR Terms of Reference

TORAC Terms of Reference Adequacy Check

TRC Technical Review Committee

TSS Total Suspended Solids

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UPEN State Economic Planning Unit/ Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri

WIPs Water Intake Points

WQI Water Quality Index

WTPs Water Treatment Plants

WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature

ZOI Zone of Impact

ZOS Zone of Study

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The ‘Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines for Cement Industry

(hereinafter referred to as the ‘Guidelines’) is newly issued in order to
align with the latest amendments specified in the Environmental Quality
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015;
which is a subsidiary legislation to the Environmental Quality Act (EQA)
1974 (Act 127).

The amended Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)

(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015 was enacted on 28
August 2015. It superseded the previous Environmental Quality
(Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987.
The amended Order has incorporated a revised list of Prescribed
Activities, which are now segregated into two categories, i.e. a First
Schedule (encompassing 21 Prescribed Activities) and a Second Schedule
(encompassing 17 Prescribed Activities).

Furthermore, the Department of Environment (DOE) has rationalised the

EIA process to ensure that it is in conformance with the scope, functions
and visions of the Department in line with its Environmental
Management Strategic Plan. The Plan emphasises on adoption of
environmental mainstreaming and guided self- regulation (GSR)
principles.

These new Guidelines are complementary to, and shall be referred

together, with the Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in
Malaysia (EGIM) (DOE, 2016) Document.

The Project Proponent is required to comply with the requirements set

out in this Guideline, as well as those prescribed in the EGIM (DOE,
2016), as mandated under Section 34A (2C) of the EQA 1974; and/ or
any amendments made thereafter.

1.2 EIA FOR GUIDELINES FOR CEMENT INDUSTRY

This Guideline have been prepared to assist the Project Proponent and
his/her appointed Qualified Person to identify, predict, assess and
evaluate the potential impacts which greenfield, or expanding, cement
manufacturing plants could potentially impose on their surrounding
environment during the four major phases of project development, i.e.
planning, design, pre-construction, construction and operation phases. In
addition, guidelines for determining and specifying the range and scope
of mitigation measures to be adopted to ameliorate potential adverse
impacts to tolerable levels are elaborated.

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The EIA process will entail the execution of a range of multi-disciplinary

tasks to identify, predict, assess and evaluate the potential impacts
which cement plants

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EIA Guidelines for Cement CHAPTE

could impose on the surrounding environment. The main objective of the

EIA process is to ensure that the Project Proponent and their
appointed Qualified Person takes due consideration of the consequences
which cement plants could have on the continued wellbeing and safety
of ecosystems and human habitats located external to the boundaries of
Project sites.

The EIA report will contain important information for:

(i) The Project Proponent to adopt and implement appropriate

mitigation measures in an environmentally and socially
responsible manner.

(ii) The DOE and other authorities to make an informed decision on

the sustainability and appropriateness of the intended project,
and to guide them in outlining a Conditions of Approval (COA) for
the Project.

(iii) The public to understand the nature and implications of the

Project and its potential impacts on the environment.

The underpinning principles of the EIA process are detailed in the EGIM
Document (DOE, 2016). Good practices for preparation of EIA reports are
described in Box 1.

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Box 1:
Good Practices for Conduct of EIA Studies

(i) Objective: The EIA process should meet its aims for assisting
approving authorities to make informed decisions on project
viability and acceptability; and to ensure that an adequate level of
protection of environmental and natural resources, and that the
human health and welfare status of surrounding communities is
maintained as status quo or improved.

(ii) Focused: EIA should concentrate on identifying, assessing and

evaluating significant beneficial and adverse environmental
impacts, focusing on pertinent issues that are of importance.

(iii) Adaptive: The EIA should be tailored to address the realities,

issues and circumstances of the Project under review.

(iv) Participative: The EIA should provide ample opportunities to

inform potentially affected communities especially, and the
general public which are interested in the Project, on the salient
aspects of the Project and its environmental and social
consequences. The intention being to solicit their opinions and
inputs, and to address their concerns explicitly.

(v) Transparent: The EIA should be a clear, easily understood and

open process, with early notification of its conduct, procedure,
access to related documentation, and a public record of decisions
taken and reasons for them.

(vi) Rigorous: The EIA should apply the ‘best practicable and reliable
methodologies to address the multi-disciplinary impacts and
issues being investigated.

(vii) Practical: The EIA should identify measures for both impact
mitigation and enhancement that are effective and which can be
practically implemented.

(viii) Credible: The EIA should be carried out with a sense of

professionalism, rigor, fairness, objectivity, impartiality and
balance.

(ix) Efficient: The EIA should impose minimum financial burden on

Project Proponents, consistent with meeting process
requirements and objectives.

Source: Adapted from EIA Training Resource Manual Second Edition (UNEP, 2002).

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1.3 GUIDELINE OBJECTIVES

The objectives of these Guidelines are to:

(a) Provide a clear and concise document on the preparation of an EIA

report, and its findings and conclusion for the benefit of identified
stakeholders, Project Proponents, Qualified Persons (i.e. DOE-
registered Environmental Consultants), Government Agencies
(GAs), Enforcement Officers (EO) and other EIA related
practitioners.

(b) Facilitate integration of the EIA study findings into the overall
project planning and development cycle, and to ensure
compliance with, and adherence to, the legal requirements
associated with the framework of environmental sustainability.

(c) Provide a detailed step-by-step guidance and explanation of the

EIA procedures adopted and on the content of submissions made
by way of the following documents:

(i) Environmental Scoping Information (ESI).

(ii) Terms of Reference (TOR).
(iii) EIA Reporting.

(d) Define the scope of the EIA with a focus on the significant
environmental issues relevant to the DOE’s three functional areas
(water, air and wastes), whilst also taking into consideration other
environmental requirements imposed by other authorities or
agencies. This is to facilitate overall decision-making and project
approval.

(e) Provide a succinct framework for the DOE to assess and

evaluate the EIA reports.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINES

The scope of the Guidelines shall address impacts associated with the
implementation, operation and potential abandonment of cement
manufacturing plants that fall within the criteria provided in the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 2015 (refer to Section 2.3).

The coverage of these Guidelines addresses impacts induced by

activities carried out within the confines of the Project site boundaries.
These Guidelines do not address environmental issues associated with
the procurement of raw materials for manufacture of cement products.
The EIA study related to sourcing and procurement of raw materials are
addressed and reported elsewhere. A holistic assessment and evaluation
of environmental impacts associated with the construction and

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operations (and abandonment) of a Cement Manufacturing Plant (CMP)

should also the relative impacts associated with sourcing of raw
materials

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and their transport to the CMP; as well as the transport of finished

products to consumers.

1.5 OVERVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS

This Section summarizes a step-by-step guide for conducting an

environmental impact assessment study related to the planning,
development, operations and abandonment of Cement Manufacturing
Plant:

Step 1: Provide the Project Brief

When a Project Proponent intends to develop a Greenfield, or expand a

Brownfield Cement Manufacturing Plant, basic information pertinent to
the project will be required in order to enable the Qualified Person to
understand the intent, objectives and scope of the proposed project
(refer to Section 2.2 for details).

The Project Brief should address the following aspects:

 The location of Project Site(s)

 Project’s product and raw material specifications
 Project Proponent and their credentials for implementing the
Cement Manufacturing Plant
 Government approvals obtained, and those pending, for
project implementation
 Project land alienation and land conversion status
 The need for the Project
 Manufacturing process details including, inter-alia, sourcing of
raw materials, product exports, storage provisions for raw
materials and products, raw (or treated) water sourcing proposals,
effluent and sludge treatment and disposal, energy consumption
rates and fuel types to be employed, control mechanisms to
minimise suspended particulate emissions, and waste solids
management
 Scope of green technologies to be adopted
 Adoption of circular economic waste management processes
including the adoption of reduce, recycle, recovery and
repurposing principles
 Planning, construction and operating schedules
 Manpower requirements
 Concept engineering reports

Step 2: Identify the Legal Requirements

The Project Proponent undertaking the project has to comply with all
relevant legal requirements before carrying out the EIA, and before
commencement of the project (refer to Sections 2.3, 2.4 and 3.2).

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Step 3: Check if the Project Aligns to Existing Policies and Guidelines

The Project Proponent shall clear all policy and administrative matters
relating to project development and operations prior to submitting the
EIA report to DOE. The environmental policies and guidelines which the
Project Proponent has to meet is listed in Section 2.6.

Step 4: Carry Out Preliminary Stakeholder Engagement

Details of stakeholder engagements to be carried out for cement

manufacturing plants are described in Section 2.7.

It is prudent to carry out stakeholder engagements early, before

commencing with the EIA and the Project per se Constant engagement
with the DOE (via the designated officer in charge), and with the relevant
GAs when preparing the TOR and EIA reports.

Engagements will include public and stakeholder meetings, and focal

group discussions (FGDs) in order to obtain site information, and
stakeholders’ perceptions and concerns regarding project
implementation. Such information will be of use in conducting scoping
investigations and in undertaking the EIA study.

Step 5: Preparation of the ESI and TOR

Upon determining whether the project requires either a First or Second

Schedule EIA, an ESI and the TOR shall be prepared. At this point of the
study, qualitative data will suffice (refer to Chapter 3). However, if
quantitative data is available, it should be employed in preparing the
ESI/ TOR report.

Information to be included in the TOR shall consist of, but not be limited
nor restricted to, the ones listed in the following Sections:

(i) Section 3.4: Site Suitability Assessment (SSA).

(ii) Section 3.5: Determination of the Project and study boundaries.
(iii)Section 3.6: Review of baseline physical and environmental/natural
resource related data, within and surrounding the project site
(iv)Section 3.7: Determination of key project activities during the
planning, pre- construction, construction, operational and
abandonment stages.
(v) Section 3.8: Identification of significant impacts and priority setting.
(vi)Section 3.9: Establishment of study requirements for EIA
process. (vii)Section 3.10: Outlining of mitigation measures.

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Step 6: Submission of the TOR

All data and information obtained during the scoping exercise shall be
reviewed for reliability and accuracy prior to preparation of the TOR
report. Report preparation shall be based on DOE requirements specified
in the EGIM (DOE, 2016); as well as in accordance with the precepts
outlined this Guideline. The TOR shall be submitted to DOE for review
and endorsement as detailed in Section 3.11.

Step 7: Baseline Data Collection for EIA

After endorsement of the TOR by the DOE, baseline data collection

(mainly secondary) shall be carried out on areas within and surrounding
the project site(s) to garner information on environment and natural
resources and presence of environmentally sensitive areas.

The scope of baseline data required for the conduct of an EIA study is
outlined in
Chapter 4.

Step 8: Carry Out the EIA Studies

The major studies and components of the EIA report shall cover the
following:

(i) Chapter 5: Impact assessment of the identified significant

environmental issues.
(ii) Chapter 6: Identification of suitable pollution abatement and
mitigation measures (P2M2s) to avoid, or to reduce potential
significant environmental impacts to acceptable levels, during
project implementation and operations; and to identify and
ascertain the scope, intensity and prevalence of residual impacts.
(iii) Chapter 7: Preparation of an Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) which is a framework to monitor the actual impacts induced by
the project during its lifespan.
(iv) Chapter 8: Preparation of project abandonment plan. Details of the
decommissioning and abandonment strategies and action plans to
be implemented when a Project has to be abandoned.

Step 9: Draft EIA Report

The results of assessments and studies required by GAs, other than the
DOE’s core subjects, must be reviewed and approved by the respective
GAs. A summarised version of such studies have to be incorporated in
the EIA report. However, the entire content of GA individual reports need
not be appended in the EIA report.

The structure and format of the EIA report is detailed in Chapter 9.

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Step 10: Carry Out Public Engagement

First and Second Schedule EIA requires public engagements with the
relevant stakeholders who are likely to be affected directly or indirectly
by the project (e.g. communities or institutions, businesses and the
general public). For First Schedule EIAs, this type of engagement is
mandatory to ensure that public is aware of the proposed development
within their surrounding area. A First Schedule EIA may be required to
follow the procedures specified in a Second Schedule EIA for the purpose
of carrying out Public Engagement. It shall be the responsibility of the
Project Proponent and the EIA Consultant to organize and conduct the
townhall/ public hearing, with monitoring by representatives from the
DOE. Project Proponent and the EIA Consultant are also responsible to
identify the most suitable phase during the EIA study period to conduct
the engagement.

The main objective of these public engagements is to brief the

stakeholders regarding the project, the potential environmental issues
and the proposed mitigation measures; and to address their concerns
and to seek any further required feedbacks with regard to Project
implementation and mitigation measures to be adopted.

All findings from any public engagements shall be incorporated into the
final EIA report (refer to Sections 2.7 and 9.3 for further details).

Step 11: Submit the EIA Report and Carry out Public Display

Depending on whether the project is carried out under the First or

Second Schedule, the EIA report shall, respectively, be submitted to DOE
State or DOE headquarters (HQ) for review. EIA Reports for projects that
straddle over two or more states; or where their waste discharges to
water courses that flow through more than one state shall be submitted
to DOE headquarters.

The Qualified Person shall take note of the difference in requirements for
a First Schedule and Second Schedule EIA, and to follow the required
DOE protocols and procedures in either case. The Second Schedule EIA
requires a public display of the EIA Report to solicit public formal
comments and feedbacks, to the DOE within a specified review period of
one month.

Details of the submission and review process are described in Section 9.4.

1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE GUIDELINES

The Guidelines for development, operations and abandonment of

cement manufacturing plants are structured in accordance with the
step-by-step procedures described in Section 1.5. The substance of the
Guidelines are described under nine separate Chapters, together with

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their respective supporting Sections, as detailed below:

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Chapter Details
Chapter 1:  Provides an introduction to the Guidelines and
Introduction explains
its objectives, scope and structure.
Chapter 2:  Provides an overview on the approach for
Environmental integrating the EIA process into project planning.
Project  Outlines the necessary requirements for the
Planning project to undergo initial screening and
assessment.
 Provides a concise review of legislations, policies
that are relevant to development of cement
manufacturing plants, and how they are related to
the EIA process.
 Provides the terms and definitions associated with
the cement manufacturing plant development
and their interpretations.
 Details out the stakeholder engagement process
Chapter 3:  Defines procedures for conduct of screening and
Terms Of scoping exercises in order to identify significant
Referenc issues arising from information derived during the
e (TOR) ESI stage for incorporation in the TOR
 Presents the structure and the content for TOR
reporting, including an overview of the review and
approval process.

Chapter 4:  Provides an outline of the relevant baseline

Environment information that needs to be incorporated in the
al Impact EIA report. Information shall encompass
Assessment: environmental receptors which the project could
Baseline Data impact on and vice versa
Chapter 5:  Provides the methodology and tools to identify,
Environment predict, assess and evaluate the significant
al Impact environmental impacts.
Assessment:
Evaluation
of
Impacts
Chapter 6:  Identifies appropriate P2M2s to minimise any
Environment negative impacts arising from development and
al Impact operations of the project, or to enhance beneficial
Assessment: impacts; and to ascertain the range of measures
Mitigation that can be adopted to manage residual impacts
Measures adequately.
Chapter 7:  Provides an EMP framework for post-EIA
Environment monitoring and surveillance
al Impact  Details out the GSR process for a project.
Assessment:  Describes the environmental
Environment monitoring and audit
al programmes for implementation post-EIA.
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Managemen
t
Plan

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Chapter Details
Chapter 8:  Details of the decommissioning and
Environment abandonment strategies and action plans to be
al Impact implemented when a Project has to be
Assessment: abandoned.
Project
Abandonment
Chapter 9:  Presents the structure and content for EIA
Environment reporting, including an overview of the review and
al Impact approval process.
Assessment:
Reporting
and
Review

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CHAPTER 2

ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT PLANNING

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Process

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is an integral part of project

planning and development. Incorporation of the EIA process during early
stages of project planning can have significant benefits and adds value
to the project (see Box 2).

An EIA identifies key areas of environmental impact significance and

provides a means for the Project Proponent and the Qualified Person to
decide, at an early stage of project development, on the range and
types of mitigation measures to be adopted in order to avert or
minimise any adverse impacts being imposed on surrounding
environmental receptors.

An EIA study is a very useful process for assessing the siting

compatibility of Cement Manufacturing Plants (CMP) since it
incorporates a wide range of tools to identify, assess, evaluate and
mitigate any potential negative impacts that may be imposed on the
physico-chemical, ecological and human components of the
environment arising from project development and operations. The EIA
study also provides an opportunity to enhance potential beneficial
impacts which the CMP is capable of inducing on the local and regional
environments, and on communities surrounding the project site.

At the same time the EIA process can also enhance, inter-alia, project
viability and sustainability, and be able to protect surrounding
environmental resources with the correct application of the EIA
mitigation measures.

In any development, environmental impacts arise from the

emission/discharge of wastes in the form of liquids, gases, solids and
other inefficient operations such as noise, vibration and light emissions.
These discharges/emissions induce negative impacts on
environmental/social receptors depending on the intensity and duration
of the induced impact. Therefore, to mitigate such adversities it is
important that efforts are made to reduce to the minimum the
magnitude and extent of release of these adverse perturbations from
the Project boundaries. In order to identify and keep track on potential
waste emissions from a specific Project, together with their properties
and magnitude, it is important for the Project Proponent to develop a
comprehensive Process Flow Diagram (PFD). The intention of the PFD is
to portray the Project’s manufacturing or development processes in
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terms of all of their individual pertinent individual process units, the

sequence by which they function, and their interaction and relationship
with each other with regard to potential waste emissions. Refer to
Appendix A for more details on the importance of a PFD.

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An overview of the EIA process is depicted in Figure 2.1.

Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline in Malaysia (EGIM) [Department of

Environment (DOE), 2016].
Figure 2.1: EIA Procedures in Malaysia

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Box 2:
Benefits of Incorporating EIA into Project
Planning

(i) Ensures compliance with environmental and development policies;

facilitates expedient project approvals; and avoid changes to project
concepts.

(ii) Assist in Site Suitability Assessments (SSA) in order to ensure that

the best site is chosen by the Project Proponent by taking into
consideration environmental constraints and limitations in tandem
with technical and financial factors.

(iii) Complements other planning considerations by enhancing the

coverage of technical and management factors deliberated by the
Project Proponent.

(iv) Reduce the scope and scale of project induced adverse impacts so
as to render it more environmentally and socially acceptable among
the stakeholders. It can even become a positive selling point for the
Project Proponent, e.g. by adoption of green technology.

2.1.2 Integration of Environmental Compliance in the Planning of Cement

Manufacturing Plants

A typical project implementation cycle involves many phases that

requires inputs from various technical specialists and consultants to
prepare submissions to the approving authorities. Throughout the ambit
of this project cycle, incorporation of environmental compliance should
be advocated during three particular phases, they are being:

(a) Step 1: Project Planning Phase & Feasibility Phase

The Project Proponent is expected to have carried out an initial

feasibility assessment of suitable sites for implementation of the project.
Once a suitable site has been identified and selected, the Project
Proponent may need to apply for land use conversion. Thereafter the
Project Proponent will either apply for land alienation (in the case of
state or federal land) or acquire private land for project development.

The Project Proponent shall ensure compliance with all National and
State policies and regulations pertaining to Project development, as well
as fulfil all relevant administrative matters pertaining to Project
implementation and operations.

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Environmental Screening: The Project Proponent, working closely with

the Qualified Person, shall carry out a screening exercise to determine
whether a CMP Project shall have to comply with a particular Schedule
under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental
Impact Assessment) Order 2015, or not; and which prescribed activities
under this Schedule are relevant to the CMP.

Environmental Scoping: After the screening exercise, there is a need to

gauge the potential significant environmental impacts which the CMP
project could impose on environmental receptors located within and
beyond the boundaries of the selected site; and thereafter to identify
potential pollution prevention and mitigation measures (P2M2s) that can
be incorporated into project designs at an early stage to avert any
future serious environmental impacts on, for example, the water quality
and natural flow regime of rivers, etc. These findings, collectively
termed as the Environmental Scoping Information (ESI), will form the
basis for developing an EIA Study Terms of Reference (TOR) for the
Department of Environment (DOE) to approve/endorse.

Project Proponent must also take into consideration the implied

environmental values (i.e. environmental loss and gains) resulting from
project development by conducting an Environmental Cost Benefit
Analysis (CBA) during the Feasibility Study Phase, and the findings to be
elaborated in the ESI. CBA is a process that is used to analyse decisions,
systems or projects, or to determine a value for intangibles. In an
environmental study, CBA’s are deliberated as environmental
improvement or actions that somehow affect the natural environment as
an indirect consequence. Other than CBA, the Project Proponent can
also conduct Economic Valuations of Environmental Impacts (EVEI). The
objective of EVEI is to quantify in monetary terms, the impacts of the
proposed project on an environmental component and receptor. This
study requires the monetization of potential changes (both positive and
negative – if any) on environmental services arising from project
implementation. The findings of CBA can be summarized in the EIA
Report. The Qualified Person may also refer to the publication entitled
‘Guidelines of the Economic Valuation of the Environmental Impacts for
EIA Projects by DOE (2008) as guidance to prepare an EVEI.

(b) Step 2: Detailed Project Design Phase

The Project’s technical details and engineering designs shall be

submitted to the relevant authorities for approval, vide the One Stop
Centre (OSC) system. Often, various Government Agencies (GAs) may
require additional technical studies and reports to be submitted as part
of the technical evaluation process. In the case of DOE, this may include
the preparation of an EIA report.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): If a project is categorised as a

prescribed activity under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed

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Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015, it is

mandatory for the Project Proponent to prepare and submit an EIA
report for approval by the DOE before a project can be implemented.
The Project Proponent and the Qualified Person shall carry out the EIA
study based on the endorsed TOR.

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The EIA report shall incorporate major findings from the relevant
sectoral studies; for example wildlife relocation plans, Social Impact
Assessment (SIA), Traffic Impact assessment (TIA), etc. as required by
the other GAs. The scheduling of the EIA study should take into
consideration the timetable for completion of sectoral studies required
by other GAs, especially conduct of SIA.

Recommendations to manage identified significant environmental

impacts to acceptable levels, as espoused in the EIA, shall be
incorporated in the project design. For example, major structural
mitigation measures such as the construction of silt traps and/or
sediment basins, etc. shall be part of the engineering works to reduce
the impacts of soil erosion on water courses.

(c) Step 3: Construction and Operation Phases

Construction and operation activities must comply with the EIA

Conditions of Approval (COA) issued by the DOE on approval of an EIA.
The COA specifies the scope of mitigation measures to be adopted in
order to ameliorate negative impacts on environmental receptors and
communities which activities associated with the construction,
operations and abandonment of a CMP could impart. Potential negative
impacts could encompass, inter-alia, Project activities associated with
site access establishment, mobilisation of machineries and equipment,
setting up base construction camps, land clearing, subsequent
earthworks, effluent and solid waste discharges, gaseous pollutant
emissions, structural works etc.

Post-EIA: The management of mitigation measures and execution of

pollution controls, and their effectiveness, will be executed through an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EMP and the plans for
environmental monitoring and auditing have to be an integrated part of
all construction and operation works. These plans provide the
integrative elements to ensure least degradation to the environment
during work activities.

2.2 PROJECT BRIEF

At the commencement of a project, the Project Proponent shall provide

a project brief, containing basic Project information for review by the
appointed Qualified Person.

The types of information and components required to assist in

identifying of the scope and requirements for an environmental
assessment are listed in Table 2.1.

The range of raw materials that are required for manufacturing cement,
and their sources of procurement, are important aspects to be
deliberated in an EIA report. It has to be made clear whether the Project

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Proponent is also responsible for developing raw material procurement

sites, or relies on an external party to supply the materials. If the former
is the case, then the development and operations of the raw material
source must be subjected to an EIA process. The imports of waste from
abroad to be used as raw materials should be limited; and the
Project

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Proponent should study the possibility of recycling wastes, or by-

products of other processes, as raw material to reduce environmental
pollution and dependency on natural resources. The import of raw
materials from abroad to manufacture cement shall be subject to
relevant Authority policies. Project Proponent and EIA Consultant may
also refer to ‘Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Co- Processing of
Scheduled Waste in Cement Industry’ by DOE as reference to use
scheduled wastes as alternative raw material and/or alternative fuel
and/or cement additive in the production of cement.

The cement manufacturing industry requires a significant amount of fuel

for its manufacturing processes. The type of fuel to be employed must
be identified, and the manner by which it will be sourced and
transported to the cement plant site described in the EIA report. Use of
non-fossil fuels must be justified and their impacts elaborated in detail.
Efforts are required to reduce the amount of fuel used, and selection of
fuels should take into consideration the potential for degradation of the
air shed in the vicinity of the plant.

A significant amount of cement kiln dust (CKD) may be generated by

cement manufacturing. It is therefore important to address the issue of
how and where to dispose the residues and of the possibility to recycle
this solid waste as an ingredient for clinker production. Best practice
would be to reduce and reutilise the waste materials.

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Table 2.1: Sample Project Brief by the Project

Proponent
Note:
*1
Project Proponent (PP) [Company, address, contact person(s) and contact details].
*2
Includes the time limit/period of the project/plant operations.

The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is the
responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the relevant
information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS

2.3.1 General Overview

The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974 (Act 127) is the principal
legislation governing environmental management in Malaysia.

Amendments to this principal legislation, and the enactment of new

subsidiary legislations or regulations relevant to CMP project
implementation and operations, may be enacted from time to time, due
to changing circumstances. The Project Proponent and Qualified Person
are required to keep abreast with, and refer to and adopt, any latest
amendments for a CMP project.

The DOE is the main agency tasked to implement the EQA 1974 (Act
127). It has overall functions and responsibilities on environmental
management and enforcement as prescribed under the said principle
legislation and its subsidiary legislations and regulations.

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The Project Proponent is responsible to comply with all prevailing and/or

any new laws that have been enforced, or those that are be enforced,
in Malaysia that are of relevance to the Project.

2.3.2 Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127)

EIA is a mandatory requirement under the provision of Section 34A (2)

of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 for activities prescribed in the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 2015.

Section 34A (2) stipulates “Any person intending to carry out any
prescribed activities shall appoint a qualified person to conduct an
environmental impact assessment and to submit a report thereof to
the Director General in the manner as the Director General may
prescribed, before any approval for the carrying out of such activities is
granted by the relevant approving authority, submit a report to the
Director General. The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines
prescribed by the Director General and shall contain an assessment of
the impact such activity will have or is likely to have or is likely to have
on the environment and the proposed measures that shall be
undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the
environment.”

Section 34A (2A) stipulates “The Director General shall maintain a list of
qualified persons who may carry out an environmental impact
assessment and submit a report thereof.”

Section 34A (2B): The Qualified Person who submits the report shall:-

(a) Be responsible for the environmental impact assessment and the

recommendations of the environmental impact assessment;
(b) Ensure that the report and the recommendation do not contain
any false or misleading information;
(c) Take a professional indemnity insurance for any liability arising
from the environmental impact assessment and the
recommendations of the environmental impact assessment;

Section 34A (2C): The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines
as the Director General may prescribe and shall contain:-

(a) An assessment of the impact such activity will have or is likely to

have on the environment; and
(b) The proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent,
reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment.

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2.3.3 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activity) (Environmental Impact

Assessment), Order 2015

The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact

Assessment) Order 2015 provides the legal basis for DOE to approve an
EIA for specific prescribed activities under the First and/or Second
Schedules.

If a project involves more than one prescribed activity and one of them
falls under the Second Schedule, then the project is deemed to fall
under the ambit of the Second Schedule.

For development of Cement Manufacturing Plant, the relevant

prescribed activities are:

First Schedule

Activity 6: Cement:

Cement grinding plant with cement production capacity of 200 tonnes or more per d

Second Schedule

Activity 6: Cement

with clinker production capacity of 30 tonnes or more per hour

The legal adherence is based on sub-sections of the EQA 1974 (as of 5th
February 2015), as follows:

(a) Section 34A (1): The Minister, in consultation with the council, may by
order prescribe any activity, which may have significant environmental
impacts as prescribed activity.

(b) Section 34A (2): Any person intending to carry out any prescribed activity
shall appoint a Qualified Person to conduct an EIA and submit a report
thereof to the Director General in the manner as the Director General may
prescribe.

(c) Section 34A (2C): The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines
as the Director General may prescribe and shall contain:

(i) An assessment of the impact such activity will have or is likely to

have on the environment.

(ii) The proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent,

reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment.

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Note: The Project Proponent shall carry out screening process for all
related activities that are required to be conducted in connection with
project development and should be in accordance with the conditions of
the stipulated order of Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activity)
(Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015. This is to ensure that
relevant EIA requirement has been fulfilled for the project activity e.g.
logging/ clearance of forest area requires EIA to be conducted, based on
the quantum provided in the above mentioned Order.

2.3.4 Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations, 2014

The regulations in the Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations

2014 are applicable for the cement industries.

A cement manufacturing industry may require furnaces, or any fuel

burning equipment used for the purposes of heat generation. The
gaseous emission limits from these facilities are as stipulated in the
Third Schedule of the Regulations, under Item A: Heat and Power Generation
and Item F: Non-Metallic (Mineral) Industry: Cement Production (All Sizes);
Manufacture of Glass Including
Glass Fibre with a Melting Capacity 1 Ton of Product Per Day; Manufacture
of Ceramic Products by Firing, Roofing Tiles, Bricks, Refractory Bricks,
Tiles, Ceramic Glass, Stoneware or Porcelain, with a Production Capacity of
 10 tons of Product Per Day.

2.3.5 Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluents) Regulations, 2009

During operation of the cement manufacturing plant, any industrial

effluent discharges from the facility shall need to comply with the
Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluents) Regulations 2009.

The following regulations are to be considered during the EIA:

Design and construction of industrial effluent treatment system

5 (1) An owner or occupier of a premises shall conduct any design and

construction of the industrial effluent treatment system to collect
and treat the industrial effluent or mixed effluent generated
within the premises in strict compliance with the specifications as
specified in the Guidance Document of the Design and Operation
of Industrial Effluent Treatment System issued by the Department
of Environment.

Compliance with Specifications of Industrial Effluent Treatment System

6 (1) No person shall operate any industrial effluent treatment system

unless it complies with the specifications as specified in sub-
regulation 5 (1).

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Specifically, the treated industrial effluents quality from the premise

shall comply with the Fifth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth Schedules of the
Regulations.

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2.3.6 Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations, 2009

This regulation applies to any premise which discharges sewage onto or

into any soil, or into any inland waters or Malaysian waters; exceptions
are any housing or commercial development, or both, having a
population equivalent of less than one hundred and fifty.

Where applicable, the sewage from a cement manufacturing plant has

to be treated to meet the Second Schedule of the Regulations.

2.3.7 Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations, 2005

The Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005

regulates the handling, movement, disposal and treatment of scheduled
wastes in Malaysia. The cement manufacturing industry is known to
generate scheduled wastes in its processes. During the EIA preparation
stage, this Regulation shall be considered, with particular reference to:

Responsibility of Waste Generator

8 (1) Every waste generator shall ensure that scheduled wastes

generated by him are properly stored, treated on-site, recovered
on-site for material or product from such scheduled wastes or
delivered to and received at prescribed premises for treatment,
disposal or recovery of material or product from scheduled
wastes.

8 (2) Every waste generator shall ensure that scheduled wastes that
are subjected to movement or transfer be packaged, labelled
and transported in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by
the Director General.

Storage of Scheduled Wastes

9 (1) Scheduled wastes shall be stored in containers which are

compatible with the scheduled wastes to be stored, durable and
which are able to prevent spillage or leakage of the scheduled
wastes into the environment.

9 (2) Incompatible scheduled wastes shall be stored in separate

containers, and such containers shall be placed in separate
secondary containment areas.

9 (3) Containers containing scheduled wastes shall always be closed

during storage except when it is necessary to add or remove the
scheduled wastes.

9 (4) Areas for the storage of the containers shall be designed,

constructed and maintained adequately in accordance with the

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guidelines prescribed by the Director General to prevent spillage

or leakage of schedule wastes into the environment.

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9 (5) Any person may store scheduled wastes generated by him for
180 days or less after its generation provided that:-

(a) The quantity of scheduled wastes accumulated on site shall

not exceed 20 metric tonnes; and
(b) The Director General may at any time, direct the waste
generator to send any scheduled wastes for treatment,
disposal or recovery of material or product from the
scheduled wastes up to such quantity as he deems
necessary.

The prescribed activities mentioned above shall not apply to the States
of Sabah and Sarawak. In these States natural resources management
are subject to separate state legislations and requirements as
summarised in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Environmental Legislation for Sabah and Sarawak

STATE LEGISLATION AUTHORITY

Environmental Protection
Sabah Enactment (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2

Environment Protection Department (EPD)

Sarawak Natural Resources and Environment (Prescribed Activities) Order 199

Natural Resources and Environment Board (NREB)

2.3.8 Environmental Quality Act 1974 Act 127 Section 30A: Power to Control Use
of Substance and Product and to State Environmental Labelling

This Act is applied to all industrial activity that stores, processes and
generates hazardous substances throughout its operations. Pollution
abatement measures are described under Section 30A “power of use of
substance and product and to state environmental labeling”.

2.3.9 Occupational Safety and Health (Control Of Industrial Major Accident

Hazards) Regulations 1996 (CIMAH)

This regulation applies to industrial activity in which there is hazardous

substance involved. The objective of the regulation is to prevent major
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accidents and to limit consequential impacts on people and the

environment.

2.3.10 Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 (OSHA)

An Act to make further provisions for securing safety, health and welfare
of persons at work, for protecting others against risks to safety or health
in connection with the activities of persons at work.

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2.3.11 Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Labelling and Safety Data
Sheet of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 2013 (CLASS)

This regulation applicable to chemicals supplied for use at a workplace.

The main objective of the Regulation is to ensure chemicals supplied
has provide sufficient information on hazards of chemicals; to mitigate
the risk of accidents happening at the workplace.

2.4 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

All legal definitions and interpretations shall be based on the

Interpretation Acts 1948 and 1967 (Act 388). In addition, terms and
interpretations shall also be based on any relevant interpretation
documents that have been published, or are to be published by DOE in
the future.

The common terms and definitions adopted for these Guidelines are
summarised in the following Section. In case of doubt and uncertainty of
the terms, clarification with DOE is required.

2.4.1 Development

Under the Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) and
amendment thereof in 2006, “development” means the carrying out of
any building, engineering, mining, industrial, or other similar operations
in, on, over, or under land, the making of any material change in the
use of any land or building or any part thereof, or the subdivision or
amalgamation of lands; and “develop” shall be construed accordingly.

(a) Land Disturbing Activities

Based on the EGIM (DOE, 2016), “land disturbing activities” refer

to any project development activity that is subject to Section 34A
of the EQA 1974 involving clearing of trees or vegetation,
excavating, raising or sloping of ground, trenching, grading and
blasting.

(c) Roads/Tunnel/Bridge

As defined under the Road Transport Act 1987 (Act 333), any
public road and any other road to which the public has access,
includes bridges, tunnels, lay-bys, ferry facilities, interchanges,
roundabouts, traffic islands, road dividers, all traffic lanes,
acceleration lanes, deceleration lanes, side- tables, median strips,
overpasses, underpasses, approaches, entrance and exit ramps,
toll plazas, service areas, and other structures and fixtures to fully
effect its use.

For the purposes of Sections 70 and 85 of the same Act, it also

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includes a road under construction, but shall not include any

private road, bridge,

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tunnel or anything connected to that road, which is maintained

and kept by the private persons or private bodies.

Road classification shall be as defined by the Public Works

Department (JKR) in “A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads” (JKR,
2015) for both urban and rural roads with specifications as shown
in Table 2.3.

Table 2.3: Minimum Reserve Width for JKR Roads

Source: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads (JKR, 2015).

Note: Values are for road standards in flat areas and will need to be
increased accordingly for areas involving deep cuts and fills.

A “Tunnel” is an artificial underground passage, especially one

built through a hill or under a building, road, or river.

A “Bridge” is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a

body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle.

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(d) Slopes

Slope gradients are quantified in degrees (refer Appendix A of EIA

Guideline for Development in Slope and Hill Areas for calculation
method). The slope ranges are generally categorised as shown in
Table 2.4.

Table 2.4: Classification of Slopes

Slope Range
< 15°
≥ 15° to < 25°
≥ 25° to < 35°
≥ 35°
Source: Adapted from the Department of Town and Country Planning (JPBD), 2009.

(e) Development Restrictions

Development restrictions and controls shall abide by the policies

in the National Physical Plan-3 (NPP-3) (JPBD, 2016) and other
relevant national/state policies, such as the State Structure Plan
and Local Plan.

2.5 THE CEMENT INDUSTRY

General

Cement is a basic ingredient of concrete (15% content), mortar, stucco,

and non- specialty grout. It is a fine powder, produced by heating
limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker, grinding the
clinker, and adding up to 5 percent of gypsum (Calcium Sulphate).
Several types of cement are available; the most popular being Portland
Cement. Portland cement is caustic, so it can cause chemical burns. The
powder can cause irritation or, with severe exposure, lung cancer, and
can contain some hazardous components, such as crystalline silica and
hexavalent chromium. Environmental concerns are the high energy
consumption required to mine, manufacture, and transport the cement;
and the related air pollution associated with the release of greenhouse
gases (e.g., carbon dioxide), dioxin, NOx, SO2, and particulates. The
production of Portland cement contributes to about 10% of world carbon
dioxide emission. To meet the rising global population, the International
Energy Agency estimated that the cement production is set to increase
between 12 to 23% by 2050. The low cost and widespread availability of
the limestone, shales, and other naturally-occurring materials used in
Portland cement make it one of the lowest-cost materials widely used
over the last century. Concrete produced from Portland cement is one of
the world's most versatile construction materials.

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Manufacturing

Manufacture of Portland cement clinker requires very high energy inputs

(heat and electricity). Manufacture of cement can be carried out in three
ways, that is (a) dry process or (b) semi-dry or wet processes, when
water is added to enhance homogenizing of the mixture of raw
materials. The major raw materials for clinker production is usually
limestone (CaCO3) mixed with other selected secondary materials such
as clay, shale, sand, iron ore, bauxite, fly ash, and slag. When a cement
kiln is fired by coal to produce heat, the ash of the coal acts as a
secondary raw material. More energy is required when wet processes
are adopted. Cement is manufactured by heating the proportioned
mixture of raw materials in a cement kiln ( a large diameter, long, slowly
rotating cylindrical steel structure inclined at a small angle to the
horizontal) to a calcining temperature of above 600 °C and then a fusion
temperature, which is in the range of 1,400 °C to 1,500 °C for modern
cements, to sinter the materials into clinker.

The more common fuels used to fire kilns include pulverized coal,
petroleum coke and natural gas; all fossil fuels that produce large
amounts of Green House Gases (predominantly carbon dioxide). The
air required for combustion is derived from the cooling air used to
quench the hot clinker as it is discharged from the kiln.

To achieve the desired setting qualities in the finished product, a

quantity (2–8%, but typically 5%) of calcium sulfate (is added to the
clinker, and the mixture is finely ground to form the finished cement
powder with a broad particle size range, in which typically 15% by mass
consists of particles below 5 μm diameter, and 5% of particles above 45
μm. The cement is conveyed by belt or powder pump to a silo for
storage. Cement plants normally have sufficient silo space for one to 20
weeks of production, depending upon local demand cycles. The cement
is delivered to end users either in bags, or as bulk powder blown from a
pressure vehicle into the customer's silo. In industrial countries, 80% or
more of cement is delivered in bulk.

2.5.1 Safety Issues

Cement is highly alkaline, and the setting process releases heat. As a

result, wet cement is strongly caustic, and can easily cause severe skin
burns if not promptly washed off with water. Similarly, dry cement
powder in contact with mucous membranes can cause severe eye or
respiratory irritation. The reaction of cement dust with moisture in the
sinuses and lungs can also cause a chemical burn, as well as headaches,
fatigue, and lung cancer. In certain countries the raw materials contain
chromium(VI), which is considered to be toxic and a major skin irritant;
the level should not exceed 2 parts per million (ppm).

In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

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has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for Portland cement
exposure in the workplace as 50 mppcf (million particles per cubic foot)
over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10
mg/m3 total exposure and 5 mg/m3

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respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 5000 mg/m 3,

Portland cement is immediately dangerous to life and health.

Workers at Portland cement facilities, particularly those burning fuel

containing sulfur, are susceptible to acute and chronic effects of
exposure to SO2 [sulfur dioxide], and as such peak and full-shift
concentrations of SO2 should be periodically measured.

2.5.2 Environmental Impacts

Portland cement manufacture can induce environmental impacts during

all stages of the manufacturing process. These include emissions of
airborne pollution in the form of dust; gases; noise and vibration when
operating machinery and during blasting in quarries; consumption of
large quantities of fuel mainly for heating purposes during manufacture;
release of CO2 from the raw materials during manufacture, and damage
to countryside landscapes from quarrying. Pertinent gaseous emissions
include greenhouse gas emissions (predominantly carbon dioxide),
dioxins, NOx, SO2, mercury vapors and dust and particulates. Mercury
emissions depends on the metals presence in the raw material and in
coal used for burning. In the US dioxins and mercury emissions
contributed by Cement Plants totaled seventeen (17) and nine (9)
percent of total emissions within the country. The high releases of
dioxins attributed to adoption of hazardous wastes as a fuel, the
relatively inefficient combustion practices occurring within the kiln and
the relatively short materials detention time within the kiln. These
inherent properties of combustion in the Kiln influences the generation
of Products of Incomplete Combustion (or Persistent Organic Pollutants)
that have toxic and hazards properties.

Carbon Dioxide emissions originate from (a) decarbonation of limestone

(0.5 kg/kg cement produced), (b) kiln fuel combustion (0.3 kg/kg cement
produced for dry processes), and (c) from transportation vehicles
(insignificant at 0.002 to 0.005 kg/kg cement produced). In addition,
electricity sourced from the Grid is required to power machineries
(crushers, grinders, rotating kiln and air pollution control systems.
However, the carbon dioxide emissions associated with electricity use is
estimated to be less than 5% of total carbon dioxide emissions induced
by cement manufacture (50% by the calcining process, 40% by fuel
burning and remaining 10% attributed to transportation related
emissions). Globally, the contribution of cement manufacturing plants
towards GHG, and specifically Carbon Dioxide emissions is estimated to
be 3% and 5% respectively.

Typical electrical energy consumption is fuel specific, and is of the order

of 90–150 kWh per tonne cement, equivalent to 0.09–0.15 kg CO 2 per kg
finished cement if the electricity is coal-generated; however, with
nuclear- or hydroelectric power, and efficient manufacturing, CO2

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generation can be reduced to 0.7 kg per kg cement.

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2.5.3. Circular Economic Principles Applied To Cement Manufacture

Due to the high temperatures within operating cement kilns, combined

with the oxidising (oxygen-rich) atmosphere and long residence times,
cement kilns are used as a processing option for various types of waste
streams; they efficiently destroy many hazardous organic compounds.
The waste streams also often contain combustible materials which allow
the substitution of part of the fossil fuel normally used in the process.
Waste materials used in cement kilns as a fuel supplement include car
and truck tires, paint sludge, waste solvents and lubricants, meat and
bone meal, waste plastics, sewage sludge, rice hulls, sugarcane waste
and used wooden railroad ties (railway sleepers).

Furthermore, cement manufacture also has the potential to benefit from

using industrial byproducts from the waste stream from other
manufacturing processes such as (a) Slag, (b) Fly ash (from power
plants), (c) Silica fume (from steel mills) and (d) Synthetic gypsum (from
desulfurization processes).

2.5.4 Issues to Be Addressed In Environmental Impact Assessment

Project location, or siting, is a very important aspect that needs to be

addressed during the feasibility stage of Project development. In this
respect the basic requirements are that the CMP should be located near
to raw material procurement areas with sufficient capacity to meet the
Plant’s needs on a sustainable level. In addition, there should be
adequate capacity of roads/highways that provide suitable linkages to
raw material sources and to wholesale and retail centers, or to ports for
delivery of products.

As to addressing environmental impacts induced by the Proposed CMP,

the following factors should be addressed, viz:

 Landscape and land use changes resulting in incompatibility issues,

visual intrusion and climate change effects.
 Soil erosion and sedimentation effects resulting from land clearing
and earthworks activities to establish platforms to accommodate
the CMP and its ancillary facilities, and consequent impacts on
water quality affecting downstream users and economic activities,
and in stream ecological resources.
 Water resource depletion through net abstraction of water for
process needs and its ramifications on downstream users,
downstream economic activities, and in stream biological
resources.
 Energy consumption and its contribution to adverse climate change
impacts.
 Solid waste (confined to CKD) disposals and their potential impacts
on environmental degradation.
 Drainage impedances and consequences on inducing flooding

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episodes within and external to the Project site(s)

 Fire hazards induced by storage of combustible raw materials and
products within the CMP premises.

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 Assessing Socio-economic impacts induced by creating direct and

indirect employment, business opportunities and enhancing the
country’s overall economic growth and reducing foreign exchange
deficits.

Impact identification and assessment should follow the Guidelines on

the procedural steps to be taken as described in this Document; and be
cognizant of the Laws and Regulations that have implications on the
establishment and operations of CMPs within Peninsular Malaysia.

In identifying mitigation measures to off-set adverse impacts to

tolerable levels it is important that principles of reuse, reduce and
recycling be considered where applicable and adaptable. Selected
mitigation measures should adopt the best available technologies not
exceeding excessive costs, and have previously demonstrated their
ability to have sustainable effects on reducing environmental pollution
and degradation to acceptable levels.

The Project Proponent shall identify an environmental monitoring plan to

track the actual impacts that are induced on identified environmental
receptors during the construction and operating phases of the Project;
and whether all recommended mitigation measures are fulfilling their
predicted or expected outcomes. This monitoring exercise should also
be adopted if the Project is abandoned and steps taken to reinstate the
Project Site(s) to their original state.

2.6 POLICY AND GUIDELINES COMPLIANCE

Any proposed development in Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs)

has to comply with and adhere to the requirements tabled under the
national and state legislations and enactments, policies, local
regulations, procedures and guidelines published by the national and
state governments, agencies and local authorities.

The requirements can be either statutory or non-statutory and from one

or more national or state agencies and authorities. Adherence to the
policies and legislations will ensure that the development is in line with
the requirements of the authorities to avoid complications in the project
approval process.

2.6.1 Policy Adherence

The project must meet all legal and environmental requirements

(statutory and non-statutory) and procedures of Malaysia. The project
shall be in line with, and not contradict, the current national and state
development policies and plans, especially for high impact projects.

Due diligence shall be undertaken with regards to policy compliance,

and study requirements mandated by the relevant agencies and

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government departments.

The Project Proponent and his team shall be required to engage with all
the relevant National and State agencies (see also Sections 2.6 and 2.7
for details) during the project planning stage.

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The Project Proponent and Qualified Person are to determine the

specific compliance requirements, based on the scope and nature of the
project. Examples of critical requirements that shall be addressed are
summarised in Table 2.1 (also refer to Sections 2.6.2 and 2.6.3 for a list of
relevant policies and guidelines).

Proof of compliance in the form of, but not limited to, GAs approvals,
support letters and minutes of meetings (MOM), among others, shall be
included as part of the TOR and EIA.

All policy and administrative matters and GA requirements at the

National and State levels must be cleared before proceeding with the
EIA submission.

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Table 2.5: General Policy Adherence for Development and Operation of Cement Manufacturing Plant Projects prior to EIA
Submission

Requirements/ Compliance Agencies/Department Legal Requirements Required Outputs

 Project approvals 1. National Physical  Town and Country  To ensure that the
and/or supporting Planning Council of Planning Act 1976 project complies with
documents. Malaysia (MPFN) (Act 172) the national and state
2. MIDA/MITI - policies and
Regional requirements for the
Development implementation of
Authority cement/ kiln
3. State Planning manufacturing plant.
Committee (SPC)
4. Jawatankuasa Teknikal
Pembangunan Kawasan
Sensitif Alam Sekitar
(KSAS)
5. Local Authority (PBT)
 Adherence to 1. PLANMalaysia (JPBD)  Town and Country  To ensure that the
landuse compatibility Planning Act 1976 project is in line with
(structure/ local/ (Act 172) the Structure/ Local
special area plan). Plans and compatible
 Development with the surrounding
requirements in/near landuse.
ESAs.  To determine need
 Social Impact for SIA for the
Assessment (SIA) Project in
requirements consultation with
PLANMalaysia (JPBD).

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Requirements/ Compliance Agencies/Department Legal Requirements Required Outputs

 Land status compliance. 1. Department of  National Land Code  To ensure that the
 Land acquisition. Director General of 1965 (Act 56) Project Proponent
 Minerals release. Land and Mines owns the land and the
(JKPTG) status is correct with
2. Land and Mines its intended
Office (PTG) development type.
3. District and Land  To ensure there are
Office (PTD) no constraints on
the land that may
prohibit it from
being developed.
 Geological Terrain 1. Minerals and  National Land Code  To ensure that the
Mapping (GTM) Geoscience 1965 (Act 35) topography, terrain
requirements. Department (JMG)  Minerals Development and geological
 Geotechnical 2. Public Works Act 1994 (Act 525) features within the
report Department (JKR)  Geological Survey site is suitable for
requirements. Act 1974 (Act 129) development.
 Slope stability and  Road Transport Act  To determine the
protection 1987 need to carry out a
requirements. (Act 333) TIA.
 Traffic Impact Assessment
(TIA) requirements).
 Development 1. Department of Wildlife  Wildlife Conservation  To determine the
requirements in/near and National Parks Act 2010 (Act 716) sensitivity of the site
wildlife sanctuaries and (PERHILITAN) in terms of flora and
other, protected areas. fauna species and
 Protection of flora constraints for
and fauna. development.
 Requirement for animal
relocation plan,
viaduct crossings,
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etc.

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Requirements/ Compliance Agencies/Department Legal Requirements Required Outputs

 Permission for 2. Department of  Street, Drainage  Determine the
river diversion. Irrigation and and Building Act hydrological condition
 Requirement for Drainage (DID) 1974 (Act 133) of the site and
river reserves. 3. State Water Authority  State enactments on requirements
 Stormwater water resources, river pertaining to changes
management basins and coastal in river system and
requirements (MSMA- areas runoff management
2) requirements.
 Erosion and Sediment
Control Plan (ESCP)
 Development 1. Jabatan Kemajuan Orang  Aboriginal Peoples Act  To ensure that the
requirements within Asli (JAKOA) 1954 (Revision 1974) area is not occupied
Orang Asli (Act 134) by Orang Asli
settlements and their community and if so,
roaming areas, how to manage
agriculture plotsm impacts.
cultural, heritage,
religious and
archaeological sites.
Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and
Qualified Person to determine the relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

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2.6.2 National and State Policies and Plans

The relevant policies and plans for development of Cement

Manufacturing Plants are listed in Table 2.6. They serve as references for
the Project Proponent and the Qualified Person when undertaking the
project.

Any change or amendment to existing policies and plans (i.e. updating,

revision, new edition, etc.) shall be taken into account in the EIA by the
Qualified Person.

Table 2.6: List of Policies and Plans Relevant to Development of Cement

Manufacturing Plant

POLICIES AND PLANS DETAILS AND SCOPE

National Physical Plan-3 National spatial planning guidelines: covers

(NPP-3) (JPBD, 2016) Siting of Industrial estates

State Structure and

State and local level planning
Local Plans (Various
guidelines for Industrial landuse:
local authorities and
includes development controls.
publishing dates)

National Policy on Covers specifically 17 national

Biological Diversity biodiversity targets with
2016 – 2025 (NRE, 2016) corresponding goals and action plans
to achieve within 2016 – 2025.

Central Forest Spine

(CFS) I & II: Master Plan Planning requirements for
for Ecological Linkages development proposed in the CFS
(JPBD, 2009) including primary and secondary
linkages.

Specifies eight principles to

harmonise economic development
National Policy on the goals with environmental
Environment imperatives. It seeks to integrate
environmental considerations into
development activities and in all
related decision-making processes,
foster long- term economic growth
Notes:
and human development, and protect
and enhance the environment.
(i) The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It
is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine
the relevant information required for environmental assessment and
compliance.
(ii) Industrial Master Plan by MIDA

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2.6.3 Guidelines and Guidance Documents

The EIA report must also refer to the relevant guidelines and guidance
documents issued by DOE and other Government Agencies (GAs)
pertaining to environment-

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related issues and their management; and any other documents and
notices issued from time to time that are related to the EIA process and
procedures.

Apart from the legislations, regulations, policies and plans mentioned

above, a list of guidelines and guidance documents for EIA reporting is
summarised in Table 2.7.

Table 2.7: List of Relevant Guidelines and Guidance Documents Related to

Development Planning for Cement Manufacturing Plant
GUIDELINES/GUIDANCE
DETAILS AND SCOPE
DOCUMENTS
Garis Panduan Perancangan Provides the
Kawasan Sensitif Alam Sekitar requirements for
(PLANMalaysia, 2017) development in ESAs
Guidance Document for Addressing EIA reporting format
Soil Erosion and Sediment Control concerning soil erosion and
(ESC): Aspects in the EIA Report as sediment control.
per Appendix 3 of the EGIM (DOE,
2016)
Guidance Document for the Guidance for the preparation of
Preparation and Submission of EMP the EMP post-EIA including
as per Chapter 6 of the EGIM (DOE, translating into action, the
2016) P2M2s recommended
in the EIA and the COA.
Guidance Document for the Guidance for the preparation of the
Preparation of the Document on LD-P2M2 document which is to be
Land-Disturbing Pollution included as part of the EMP to be
Prevention and Mitigation Measures submitted to DOE for approval.
(LD-P2M2) as per Appendix 4 of the
EGIM (DOE, 2016)
Technical Guidance on Scoping Provides guidelines on scoping
Preparation of EIA Report and for development on hill and
Development on Hill and Slope Area slope areas.
(DOE, 2015)
Manual Panduan Pemeriksaan A manual on inspection procedures
BMPs untuk Kawalan Hakisan dan including checklists, of the
Sedimen (DOE, 2015) erosion and sediment control
BMPs.
Guidelines for Agricultural Guidelines for agricultural
Development in Slope Areas development in slope areas.
[Department of Agriculture (DOA),
2013]
Guidelines for Erosion and Guidelines for prevention and
Sediment Control in Malaysia (DID, control of soil erosion and
2010) siltation for specific projects
including examples of control
measures and best management
practices (BMPs).

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GUIDELINES/GUIDANCE
DETAILS AND SCOPE
DOCUMENTS
Guidelines for Slope Design (JKR, Covers geotechnical design criteria
2010) for
slopes.
DID Manual Volume 2 – River Provides methods to assess,
manage
Management (DID, 2009) and mitigate measures for river
conservation, rehabilitation and
restoration.
Guidelines for Prevention and Guidelines for prevention and
Control of Soil Erosion and Siltation control soil erosion and siltation
in Malaysia (DOE, 2008) for specific projects including
examples of control measures
and best management
practices (BMPs).
Stream Crossing Guidelines: An Details on Stream Crossing
Ecological Approach (DID, 2008) requirements
Best Available Techniques The guidance notes for selected
Guidance Document on Iron and industries in Malaysia to apply best
Steel Industry available techniques economically
achievable (BAT)
Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is
the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the
relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance

2.7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT

2.7.1 Introduction

Stakeholder engagement is an important process at the preliminary

stage, prior to drafting the TOR. At the start of the proposed project, the
Project Proponent and/or the Qualified Persons should pre-consult with
DOE, the planning approval authorities and Government agencies (GAs)
to confirm their study requirements and the approval process to be
followed, and to obtain their feedbacks regarding the proposed project.
All these will be taken into account in the TOR, EIA and by the EIA
Technical Review Committee (EIATRC).

Consultations with other stakeholders, besides the GAs and approving

authorities, are also needed and it is the Project Proponent and Qualified
Person’s responsibility to identify the key stakeholders to engage with at
this early stage to assist in the preparation of the TOR and ESI.

The mechanisms for stakeholders’ engagement in the EIA process can

be direct, indirect and formal or informal. The EGIM (DOE, 2016) has
succinctly highlighted this as follows:

…“EIA is a multi-disciplinary study on the environmental components such as

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water quality, air quality, waste management, environmentally sensitive areas and

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natural resources. It involves the participation of government agencies, non-

governmental agencies (NGOs), academicians, experts and environmental
practitioners including qualified and competent persons, industries and public at
large. Hence, the EIA process should provide adequate opportunities to all
stakeholders including the affected public to express their concerns and provide
inputs for decision making process by relevant approving authority.”

Engaging with stakeholders can have general benefits to a project as

shown in
Box 3.

2.7.2 Identification of Stakeholders

Box 3:
Aims of the Stakeholder
The stakeholders can be grouped into three main groups from:
Engagement

(i) (i)GAs
To which
understand
have thethepowers
GA’s and
keylegal
requirements, especially
rights to administer,
approvals
enforce andprocess,
approve and guidelines to facilitate approvals for
the project.
(ii) the project.
General public, organisations, properties and land owners who
(ii)may
To convey the aims
be directly and scope
or indirectly be of the development
affected to affected
by the project.
(iii) stakeholders,
Special interestand inform
groups them of potential
or organisations impactstheir
representing induced
interests or influence, e.g. NGOs related to environmentalput in
by the development, and the mitigation measures to be
place to address them. This builds public trust and confidence
conservation.
towards the project.
(iii) To obtain feedbacks from the stakeholders on their concerns
Table 2.8 presents an indicative, but non-exhaustive, list of stakeholders for
so that adjustments can be made for incorporation into the
engagements in connection with Cement Manufacturing Plant projects.

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Table 2.8: Key Stakeholders and their Roles and Responsibilities

Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project.
It is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to identify
the relevant stakeholders to engage for the project.

2.7.3 Methods of Engagement

The engagements are to be conducted in accordance with the following steps:

(i) Step 1: Identify from the relevant GAs key areas of policy,
regulatory and guideline compliance.

(ii) Step 2: Obtain initial data and views from the GAs and
stakeholders (communities, local leaders, etc.) to assist in
preparation of the TOR.

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(iii) Step 3: Document stakeholder feedbacks to identify areas of

improvement that needs to be considered as per the initial
project concept designs.

(iv) Step 4: Review and assess all information and feedback obtained
to determine those that are relevant for incorporation into the
TOR and EIA reports.

Types of stakeholder engagement are summarised in Table 2.9.

Table 2.9: Public Engagement Methods and Expected Outputs

Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the
project.

2.7.4 Documentation and Reporting

Findings from stakeholder engagements shall be incorporated into the

TOR, especially with regard to policy compliance and regulatory
adherence.

Proof of engagement can be in the form of written reports, official

response letters from the GAs, MOM, photos, etc.

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CHAPTER 3
TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR)

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Terms of Reference (TOR) is the first major milestone in the overall
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process.

This Chapter, comprising 10 Sections, provides the steps in detail to

prepare the TOR for submission and endorsement by the Department of
Environment (DOE). These steps are as follows:

(i) Section 3.2: Environmental Screening Procedures.

(ii) Section 3.3: Environmental Scoping.
(iii) Section 3.4: Site Suitability Assessment (SSA).
(iv) Section 3.5: Study Boundaries.
(v) Section 3.6: Baseline Data Review (based predominantly on
secondary data/information).
(vi) Section 3.7: Determination of Key Project Activities.
(vii) Section 3.8: Identification of Potential Significant Impacts and
Priority Setting.
(viii) Section 3.9: Establishment of Study Requirements for EIA.
(ix) Section 3.10: Outlining of Preliminary Mitigation Measures.
(x) Section 3.11: Preparation and Submission of TOR/ Environmental
Screening Information (ESI).

3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING PROCEDURES

Environmental Screening is carried out to determine whether a proposed

project is categorized as a prescribed activity as defined under the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 2015.

Two types of Cement Manufacturing Plants commonly exist in Malaysia, they

are:
(A) Cement Plants which produce an intermediate product termed as
Clinker from select raw materials, and thereafter grinds the clinker with
gypsum to produce Portland cement. Both manufacturing processes are
executed within the same Site; and (B) Plants which import clinker
manufactured elsewhere and grinds this material with gypsum to
produce Portland cement. Type (A) Plants are more polluting in nature
and are classified as a Second Schedule Prescribed Activity if the
manufacture more than 30 tonnes per hour; whilst the less polluting
Plant (B) is classified as a First Schedule Activity if it produces cement at
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a rate of over 200 tonnes per day.

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If the Cement Manufacturing Plant project has properties falling within

both the First and Second Schedule prescribed activities, the Second
Schedule EIA shall take precedence.

Potential outline criteria for project screening is summarised in following Box

4:

Box 4:
Potential Outcomes from Project Screening

No EIA is required: If the project does not fall within any prescribed activities listed un
EIA is required: If the project will have potentially significant environmental impacts, a
Further studies and clarification from DOE: If the potential impacts from the project a

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING

The main objective of environmental scoping is to identify a range of

potentially significant negative as well as positive impacts which a
planned Project can impart on its surrounding physio-chemical, biological
and social environments; and the potential consequences such impacts
can induce on receptors. This exercise shall then determine the focus,
depth and spatial and temporal boundaries of an EIA Study. Scoping
shall be carried out at the early stages of EIA Study project cycle. It
enables the EIA to focus only on the significant, impacts and
consequences imposed on sensitive receptors.

Scoping shall encompass all environmental features (physico-chemical,

biological and socio-economic) in order to enable an overall preliminary
evaluation of the significant impacts. At the start of the scoping
exercise, no attempt shall be made to exclude, pre-empt or pre-judge
any issues of concern.

The scoping exercise (also refer to Figure 3.1) encompasses the following
steps, which are elaborated in the accompanying Sections:

(i) Site Suitability Assessment (SSA): The SSA shall consider all
alternatives or options to refine and improve upon the original
concept design in order to minimise consequential impacts to
acceptable levels (refer to Section 3.4).

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(ii) Determination of EIA Study Boundaries: The Qualified Person shall

determine the extent of the Zone of Study (ZOS) and Zone of
Impact (ZOI)

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based on prevailing and projected site conditions and environmental

sensitivities surrounding the Site (refer to Section 3.5).

(iii) Baseline Data Review: The Qualified Person shall carry out in
principle qualitative assessments based on desktop studies and
literature review. These may be supplemented by initial site
investigations and stakeholder engagements (refer to Section 3.6).
Quantitative assessments can be provided where necessary and
when applicable.

(iv) Determination of Key Project Activities : The Project Proponent

shall outline the key project activities that are executed during
various phases of project implementation (i.e. during pre-
construction, construction and operations) focussing on those that
will induce pertinent environmental impacts on surrounding
sensitive receptors (refer to Section 3.7).

(v) Identification of Significant Impacts and Priority Setting: This step

will involve preliminary identification of significant impact
consequences for further detailed assessment in the EIA. Non-
significant consequences shall also be addressed accordingly in
the EIA study but limited to general/qualitative impact prediction
and evaluation (refer to Section 3.8).

(vi) Establishment of Study Requirements for EIA: Identify and detail

out relevant methodologies and appropriate recognised
assessment tools to be adopted in the EIA process for evaluating
the spatial and temporal significance of potential impacts (refer to
Section 3.9).

(vii) Outlining of Mitigation Measures: The Qualified Person shall

identify sustainable and practical mitigation measures to abate
potential significant adverse impacts (refer to Section 3.10).

(viii) Preparation and Submission of ESI and TOR : Findings from the
scoping exercise shall be compiled, collated and analysed in order
to prepare the TOR for submission to DOE (refer to Section 3.11).

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Information Gathering and Analysis

Identification of Pertinent Environmental Issues/ consequences

Prioritise Significant Impact Issues/ consequences for further studies in E

Determine Approach, Methodology and Tools for Assessment of Identified Impacts

Identify Potential Pollution Prevention and Mitigation Measures (P2M2s)

Submission of TOR and ESI to DOE for Assessment and Endorsement

Figure 3.1: Flow Path for Environmental Scoping

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3.4 SITE SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT (SSA)

The SSA processes and procedures are detailed in the EGIM (DOE, 2016).
Generally, this is carried out during the project’s feasibility stage. The
intention is to identify potential alternatives and options to the initial
concepts and layouts which can minimize potential adverse impacts, or
to enhance beneficial impacts, that are likely to be imposed on
environmental and natural resources. If deemed necessary the
manufacturing concepts and the Plant layout can be amended and
finalised; and which will form the basis for undertaking the scoping
exercise (refer to Table
3.1 for examples).

The ‘Environmental Essentials for the Siting of Industries in Malaysia’

(EESIM) and ‘Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry and Residential
Area’ shall be referred, to provide guidance to Project Proponent in
selecting the suitable location or site to set up their industry.

The scoping exercise will add value to this SSA by recommending

pragmatic mitigation measures to be adopted, such as P2M2s and best
management practices (BMPs), to ameliorate potential environmental
degradation that are anticipated when developing Cement
Manufacturing Plants at various sites.

Table 3.1: Considerations in Project Alternatives and Options

Adherence to national and state policies and guidelines.
Site constraints to the project and vice versa.
Location and proximity to sensitive receptors.
Project Siting Location and proximity to raw material sources.
Availability of adequate buffers.
Any alternative sites that needs to be proposed for the project.

Conservational value.
Availability of land for buffers.
Slope classification and degree.
Site hydrology and drainage patterns.
Terrain and Topography
Conditions and constraints of the site (hilly, steep slopes, geo- hazards, fl
Possibility of avoidance of unsuitable terrain.
Visual/aesthetic impacts.

Availability of access.
Proximity to construction/source materials.
Strategic locational advantages.
Traffic conditions.
Accessibility

Technology Options

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Project Component and Design

Adaptive design to suit terrain.

Layout consideration.
Choice of construction method and use of green construction materials.
Maintenance issues.

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Social Constraints and Attributes

Location within or close to existing communities.

Health impediments including job creation opportunities.
Inducing job creation opportunities.
Need for land acquisition and relocation of occupants/business.

Economy and Finance

Potential employment and business opportunities.

Cost and benefit considerations.
Supply and demand scenarios.
Potential loss of income.

Operations

Type of landuse and operational components.

Adoption of best practices and green development concepts.
Slope management considerations.

Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the
project. It
is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to
determine the relevant information required for environmental assessment
and compliance.

3.5 STUDY BOUNDARY

The delineation of boundaries within which impact assessments are to be

conducted are important factors to be addressed in the TOR/ESI/EIA
reports. In this respect two types of study boundaries are needed to be
demarcated, they are:

(i) A study boundary, which defines the study area generally

encompassing a 5-km radial zone from the project boundaries
(refer to Figure 3.2). The Qualified Person shall define the limits of
the spatial boundary based on accepted criteria.

In case of linear projects such as roads, railways and transmission

lines, the ZOS shall cover a 1-km corridor (500 m on either side of
the ROW) (refer to Figure 3.3).

(ii) An impact boundary defines the spatial area surrounding the

project site(s) where environmental receptors are likely to be
impacted by Project activities. This area may extend beyond the
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ZOS depending on land use characteristics and physical

development profiles, and on terrain characteristics etc. This area
zone of influence is termed the Zone of Impact (ZOI) (refer to
Figures 3.2 and 3.3).

For material burrow sites that support the manufacturing of

cement manufacturing plants, the extent of the ZOI shall be
subject to the findings of an ecologist and geotechnical engineer;
and on advice from the Forestry Department of Peninsular
Malaysia (JPSM) and Department of Wildlife and National Parks
(PERHILITAN).

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Figure 3.2: Diagram Showing the Difference between the ZOS and ZOI

Figure 3.3: Diagram Showing the Difference between the ZOS and ZOI for Linear Project

3.6 BASELINE DATA REVIEW

The indicative requirements for reporting on the state of the

environment and state of natural resources surrounding the cement
manufacturing plant and is summarized in Table 3.2. The baseline
information shall be qualitative at this stage but shall be sufficiently
adequate to assess the potential impacts on the sensitive receptors.
Quantitative data and findings, wherever available, shall be provided to
support the assessment.

Basic information to be garnered shall include, inter-alia, project terrain

and geological characteristics, surrounding land use and physical
development profiles,

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drainage systems, surface and ground water systems, meteorological

information representative of the area, and surrounding ecological and
socio-economic profiles.

If any of the items in the list are unavailable at the time of scoping, but
is important to the EIA, it must be recorded as items to be addressed at
the EIA stage. Items irrelevant or insignificant to the project can and
shall be omitted during environmental scoping.

The criteria to decide on the priority of relevant items shall be based on

their levels of significance.

Table 3.2: Baseline Requirements for Environmental Scoping

Baseline Requirements Data Source
Physico-chemical
Landuse  Landuse maps  Topography maps.
and photos.  Aerial or
 Description of satellite
existing and future imagery.
landuse (within 5-  Structure and local
km ZOS). plan
 Identification of ESAs. (PLANMalaysia).
 Site investigations.
Geology/  Description of local  Geological and
Hydrogeolo and regional hydrogeological maps
gy geology. by JMG.
 Locations of aquifer  Geological Terrain
and Mapping (GTM) report.
groundwater
abstraction wells.
Soil and Terrain  Topography and  Site survey.
slopes.  Soil map by
 Soil investigation (SI). Department of
 Construction Agriculture (DOA).
suitability map.  SI report.
 GTM report.
Climate  Climate data  Malaysian
(min 5 years). Meteorologic
al
Department
(METMalaysia).
Hydrology  River systems  Topography maps.
and catchment  Department of
areas. Irrigation and
 Flood prone areas. Drainage (DID) flood
maps.
 Site observations.

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Water Quality  Water Quality  State water

data (if any). resource
 Locations of departments.
water pollution  Published reports
sources. by water
 Locations of water agencies and
intake points (WIPs) DOE.

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Baseline Requirements Data Source

and water
treatment plants
(WTPs).
 Other downstream
receptors
Air Quality  Air Quality data (if  DOE published data.
any)  Site observations.
 Locations of air
polluting sources.
Noise and  General  Site
Vibration background noise observations.
Level levels
 Locations of high
noise
and
vibration
generators.
Biological
Ecosystem  Description of  Secondary
existing ecosystem information.
and habitats, and  Data from various
general biodiversity relevant departments
level. such as the
 Identification of Department of
ESAs (forest Wildlife and National
reserve, wildlife Parks (PERHILITAN)
reserves and and Forestry
sanctuaries, Department
wetlands, Peninsular Malaysia
mangroves, (JPSM).
fisheries, etc.).  Buku Kawasan Sensitif
 Presence of Alam Sekitar (DOE).
endemic, rare,  Site observations.
threatened,
endangered and
near
extinct flora and
fauna.
Social Aspects
Demography  Details of current  Population census
and future from Department of
demographics. Statistics.
 Economic profile  Structure and
of surrounding Local plans from
populations. PLANMalaysia.
 Interviews.
Public Health  Description of  Morbidity statistics
public health status and public health
of communities data from Ministry
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located in the of Health (MOH).

vicinity of the  Published information.
cement
manufacturing
plant site.
Heritage,  Locations of  Data from
Culture and historical and Department of
Archaeology cultural sites, in the Museums, National
vicinity of the Heritage Department,
cement Jabatan Kemajuan
manufacturing plant Orang Asli (JAKOA),
site. etc.

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Baseline Requirements Data Source

 Location of Orang  Published information.
Asli areas and
settlements, in the
vicinity of the
cement
manufacturing
plant site.
Traffic  Access to project site.  Road maps.
 Transport options.  Site visits.
 JKR.
 Department of
Highways.
Infrastructur  Potable water,  Information from
e, Utilities electricity, utility providers.
and sewerage, roads,  Local plans from
Amenities. telecommunication PLANMalaysia or
infrastructure in the Local Authority.
vicinity of the plant  SPAN
site.  JPSPN
 Waste management
systems in place
Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is
the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the
relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

3.7 DETERMINATION OF KEY PROJECT ACTIVITIES

Project activities are the basis for assessing potential impacts on

surrounding environmental and natural resource receptors. Tables 3.3
summarises the range of activities associated with the planning,
construction and operations of a cement manufacturing plant. The list is
not exhaustive, and the Qualified Person shall add on or delete items,
and wherever necessary.

Table 3.3: List of Typical Project Activities and Related Impacts on the Environment
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
PRE CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Provides information on
Low key activity with
terrain profiles that can
minor adverse short
assist in optimizing
Topographical term impacts.
earthworks designs;
Surveys Positive long term
mitigating excessive soil
and localized
erosion
Beneficial Impacts
incidences and balancing cut
and fill volumes
Provides information on sub- Low key activity with
soil properties that will aid in minor adverse short
Geotechnical designing safe building term impacts.
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Surveys foundation designs and in Positive long term

optimizing earthworks and localized
designs Beneficial Impacts
Assist in quantifying raw Low key activity
Material Surveys
material availability; with minor adverse
minimum areas to be short term

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
mined and minimizing impacts. Positive
land long term and
disturbances localized
Beneficial
Impacts
Identify at an early stage the
potential adverse impacts
which Project could impose on
Environmental Long term
the environment; and to
Impact positive
identify appropriate mitigation
Assessment implications
measures to be adopted in
Study
planning and design
stages
Potential negative
Socio-economic and
Squatters Eviction long term impacts if
psychological negative
and Business appropriate solutions
impacts can materialize if
Relocation not
appropriate solutions not
determined
identified
Moderate to low
Engagement of local positive socio-
Employme
surveyors an individuals to economic impacts;
nt
undertake the three the latter if State, or
Opportuniti
identified surveys and EIA local community
es
Study business, are
not engaged
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Adverse landform changes;
erosion and siltation
occurrences and impact on
water quality and ecological
regimes of receiving water
courses; induce flooding
episodes through
sedimentation of waterways; Marginal and short
Earthworks improper vegetative residue term impacts. no
Operations disposals can induce fires (air irreversible long term
quality degradation) and impacts
disease vector pest breeding;
air quality impacts arising
from dust dispersions (vehicle
movement and soil
dislodgement and transport of
displaced particles ex- site on
public roads); noise emissions
from earthworks
machines
Noise and vibration impacts
imparted on sensitive
receptors located along
transportation routes; Marginal and short
Transport of accidents with other vehicles term impacts on local
Construction and pedestrians; causing and regional
Materials, Plant and impedances to normal traffic environments;
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flows (jams) damage to road

Machineries structures (e.g. culverts, irreversible long term
bridges, road pavements, impacts unlikely
etc.); air pollution
episodes (SOx, NOx, CO,
fugitive TSP emissions)
Noise and vibration impacts
Execution of Minimum
on
General tolerable impacts
workers and external
Construction are indicated
receptors: soil erosion and
Works sedimentation

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
effects causing water quality
degradation and potential
flooding episodes ex-site;
public health impedances
(proliferation of disease vector
habitats; unsanitary
conditions resulting from
inadequate management of
wastes); social conflicts
between
immigrant workers and local
population
Land acquisition, land
fragmentation, relocation of
people and business; fugitive
dust dispersions, noise and
Access Road/Rail Negligible negative
vibration impacts on adjacent
Connection to long impacts
local residents; drainage
Project Site(s) envisaged on a local
impedances causing flooding;
scale
disruption to local
transportation and access
movements; posing danger to
through flow rail movements
Vegetative and overburden
clearing operations and
temporary storage and final
disposal that can cause
flooding episodes, induce
disease vector and pest Localized mainly
proliferation; induce fire tolerable long term
Extraction of
episodes; noise and vibration impacts if mitigation
Raw
impacts especially if blasting measures are
Materials
practices are adopted judicially implemented
(underground and above and monitored
ground level), when crushers
are operated; health
impedances to workers and
surrounding communities (fly
rocks); security aspects
related to storage and use
of magazines and explosives.
Land disturbance and
degradation leading to loss in
resource value; air, noise and
vibration impacts on
communities during transport
to disposal areas; water
quality impacts arising from Short term local and
leaching of toxic chemicals regional impacts that
Disposal of Waste
and improper disposal of can be ameliorated
Construction
toxic and hazardous spent with stringent
Materials
oils and lubricants; ineffective application of
and inefficient reuse and mitigation measures
recirculation of latent
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resources in waste material

discarded; traffic impedances
(accidents, spillage, inducing
traffic jams etc.); public
health
impedances(proliferation of
disease vector sites)

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
Social-cultural discords
between immigrant workers
and local populations; public
Potentially local and
health impedances (import of
short term impacts.
diseases not prevalent within
Temporary Nevertheless socio-
the immediate Project Area(s);
Construction cultural impacts can
indiscriminate waste disposals
Camps have long term
leading to unaesthetic
negative impacts.
conditions, air and water
quality degradation, disease
proliferation; completion for
utilities
within the local area.
No adverse short
term and localized
Short term, low probability, environmental
excessive SOx, NOx, TSP, impacts anticipated
Cement Plant Start- Dust, CO2, CO and Dioxin and based on the
up and heavy Metal emissions; relatively low
Commissioning excessive noise and vibration production rates
emissions and water releases during this period,
and the ability of
experienced
operators to curtail
the advent of
abnormal operations
Long term positive Potentially beneficial
employment and business on a short and long
opportunities for construction term basis.
Employment
and service companies, both Induce significant
Generation and
primary and secondary economic benefits to
Business
knock-on impacts. the Nation by off-
Development
Reduce foreign currency setting imports of
deficits. Enhance positive cement, and
socio-economic impacts and encouraging Nation
community well-being development
OPERATIONAL STAGE
Noise and vibration impacts
imparted on sensitive
receptors located along
transportation routes; air
pollution episodes (SOx, NOx, Long term significant
CO, HC, fugitive TSP adverse impacts on a
Import of Raw emissions); accidents with local scale could occur
Materials, Export of other vehicles and if identified mitigation
Finished Products pedestrians; causing and amelioration
and Storage of impedances to normal traffic measures not adhered
Materials at Plant flows (jams) damage to road on a rigorous and
Site structures (e.g. culverts, consistent manner
bridges, road pavements,
etc.); fugitive and wheel
related dust dispersions from

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vehicles and from storage

facilities at Plant Site;
headlight interference from
transportation
vehicles
Air quality impacts, noise and Long term significant
vibration emissions from adverse impacts on a
Quarrying and
blasting operations and from local scale could
Burrowing for Raw
rock crushing operations, fly occur if identified
Materials
rock projectiles mitigation and
impacting on nearby amelioration
communities; measures

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
soil erosion and sediment not adhered on a
impacts affecting water rigorous and
quality and inducing flooding consistent manner
episodes; security aspects
related to storage and use of
magazines and
explosives.
Dust dispersion within Plant
area and to surrounding
neighbourhoods (adverse
public health impacts);
Potential long term
erosion and sedimentation
Material and Fuel impacts on a local
causing water quality
Stockpiles Within scale if adequate
impediments and inducing
Plant site mitigation measures
flooding episodes; auto-
not consistently
oxidation of coal heap
practiced
resulting in fires; discharge
of low pH and high turbidity
drainage waters to
external drainage systems
and watercourses.
The principal gaseous
discharges consist of CO2
(from calcining of limestone
and combustion of organic
fuels), NOx, and H2O;
subsidiary emissions which
are much lower in volume
include SOx and Hg vapours Tolerable long term
Gaseous
(from sulphur and mercury impacts on a local
Discharges During
content present in certain and global
Plant Operations
types of fuels used), HC, perspective
Dioxins and Persistent
Organic Pollutants (arising
from inefficient combustion in
the Kiln and use of
halogenated fuels) and TSP.
Contribution to significant
greenhouse gas emissions is
the major concern. Other
pollutants are easily
dispersed within the
surrounding atmosphere.
Principally treated sewage
discharges contributed by
Plant workers and visitors. Tolerable long term
Liquid By-
Other less polluting effluents impacts on a local
Product
include cooling water and regional
Discharges
discharges and storm water perspective
run-offs contaminated by oil
and
grease and fine dust.

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Principally domestic refuse,

packing material, scrap metal
Negligible short and
Solid By- and schedule waste. Circular
long term impacts.
Product economic principals can
Can be easily
Discharges reduce net disposals through
mitigated
recycling
and composting practices
Operation of Crushers, Tolerable long
Noise and
Grinders, term impacts on a
Vibration
Electrostatic Precipitators local scale.
Emissions
conveyor machines and kilns Noise and vibration
can

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POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROJECT ACTIVITY IMPACT RATING
IMPACTS
induce disturbance to Plant emissions can be
workers and surrounding mitigated to
premises. satisfactory levels
Sources include the Kiln,
Pyro- Processing module,
stacks and clinker cooling
chamber. Heat emissions are
rapidly dispersed to the Tolerable long
Heat Emissions
atmosphere inducing term impacts on a
insignificant temperature local scale.
increases in the surrounding
atmosphere. In-plant
temperature levels are easily
controlled to
tolerable levels
High stacks and
unconventional structures Operating Burrow
can induce negative areas are capable of
aesthetics especially if Plant inducing adverse
Aesthetics
is located external to an negative
Industrial Estate. Material environmental
Burrow areas can induce impacts on a long
significant unaesthetic term localized scale
landscapes but generally
located at isolated areas.
Employment Induce significant job Long term positive
Opportunities and opportunities and prominent impacts on a local
Spin- off Business support to service industries and regional scale

3.8 IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS AND PRIORITY SETTING

3.8.1 Selection of Scoping Method

There are many methods and tools to conduct a scoping exercise. These
include checklists, matrices, or any other accepted methods, to assist in
systematically organising, collating and analysing project data. At the
TOR stage, qualitative assessment is adequate but quantitative data can
be provided to support the assessment.

The advantages and disadvantages of the various common methods

used are summarised in Table 3.4. The list given is not exhaustive and
any other suitable methods can be used, if relevant.

A useful tool is the Environmental Scoping Matrix (ESM) where a range of

points from maximum to minimum are allocated for each identified
criterion according to the degree of environmental impact (both
negative/positive). Finally, the scores are aggregated for a number of
identified criteria (Refer to Appendix C for an example of the matrix used
for Cement manufacturing plant).

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The Qualified Person and the Project Proponent’s input is vital at this
stage as their knowledge and experience would ensure appropriate
weightage is given to each selected criteria [i.e. those issues under
assessment (see Box 5)].

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From the scoping outputs, a priority list of environmental impacts

shall be determined for in-depth studies and assessments during
the EIA process.

Table 3.4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Impact Identification Methods

METHOD ADVANTAGES

Easy to understand and use.

Good for site selection and priority setting.
Simple ranking and weightages.
Checklists

DISADVANTAGES

Do not distinguish between direct and indirect impacts.

Do not link action and impact.
The process of incorporation of values can be controversial.

Difficult to distinguish direct and indirect

Links action to impacts. Have potential for double-counting of im
Matrices Good method for displaying EIA results.

Links actions to impacts.

Useful in simplified to check for second order (indirect) impacts.
Handles direct and indirect impacts. Can be very complex if use beyond simp
Networks

Easy to understand. Can be cumbersome.

Focus and display spatial impacts. Poorly suited to address impact duration
Overlays Good siting tool.

GIS and Computer

Good
Expert
for impact
Systems
identification and spatial
Heavy reliance
analysis.on knowledge
3- and data.
Good for experimenting. Often complex and expensive.
EIA Guidelines for Cement CHAPTE

Source: EIA Training Resource Manual Second Edition (UNEP, 2002).

Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It
is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine
the best method to adopt for their study.

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Box 5:
Criteria for Determining Significance of Environmental
Impacts

(i) Magnitude: Defined as the degree and scale of an impact (may be

detrimental or beneficial) towards sensitive receptors due to a
proposed activity.
(ii) Permanence: Defined as to whether the effects are temporary in nature
(e.g. only during certain work activities or only during the construction
stage), or may result in permanent effects (e.g. landform alteration,
aesthetics, noise and vibration, water and air pollution, social etc.).
(iii)Reversibility: A measure of whether mitigation measures can be
implemented to abate potential adverse environmental impacts, or to
enhance positive beneficial consequences; or rehabilitating the site
back to its original state or better.
(iv)Cumulative Effects: A measure of whether the effects will be

3.8.2 Key Issues Related to Development and Operations of Cement Manufacturing

Plants

 Water Pollution: Minimal Impacts; can be easily controlled to tolerable levels.

 Water Abstraction: Minimal Impacts; can be easily calculated to tolerable

levels.

 Waste Disposal: Major concern in the development of Cement Kiln Dust.

There is a potential for this by-product to be recycles back to the kiln to
reduce impacts.

 Fire Hazards: Natural combustion of coal stock piles. Need surveillance,

and firefighting systems to be available to quell fires. In addition, ensure
quick turnover of stockpile, and nitrogen blanketing of storage silos.

 Transportation of Raw Materials and Finished Products: control fugitive

dust dispersions along public roads.

3.9 ESTABLISHMENT OF STUDY REQUIREMENTS FOR EIA

Once the key environmental impacts have been identified and prioritised
(see Section 3.8.2), the subsequent step is to establish the appropriate
study requirements to address these significant impacts.

The scope of the EIA studies is dependent on the scale and extent of
Project development, its relationship to adjacent land uses and physical
developments and nearby sensitive receptors, the scope of planning and
study approvals required by the relevant GAs and other relevant criteria.
The latter will be generally determined in consultation and engagement
with individual agencies (refer to Section 2.6).
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The Qualified Person shall identify appropriate methodologies, and

assessment/modelling tools, to be adopted in evaluating the scope and
intensity of identified significant impacts, and to outline expected
outputs from the evaluation exercise (e.g. magnitude of spatial and
temporal impacts), to be addressed in the TOR. A list of applicable
studies is summarised in Table 3.5. This list is only indicative and non-
exhaustive as site conditions can vary from project to project. Hence, it
is the responsibility of the Qualified Person to check and verify the
applicability and extent of the relevant studies to be conducted for a
specific project.

The EIA Technical Review Committee (EIATRC) shall later assess the
adequacy of the proposed studies and may recommend additional
studies to be incorporated into the TOR.

Table 3.5: List of Applicable Studies to be considered in the EIA

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Notes:
(i) *1 GTM shall be carried out by licensed geologist/geotechnical engineer based on
JMG/JKR requirements. Report must be approved by JMG/JKR before inclusion of
findings into the EIA.
(ii) *2 Required for physical development projects only, to be verified by a licensed
geologist/geotechnical engineer based on JMG/JKR requirements. Reports must be
approved by JMG/JKR before inclusion of findings into the EIA.
(iii) *3 Only if areas have known faults, or has experienced seismic activities
previously. Reports must be approved by JMG/JKR before inclusion of findings into
the EIA.
(iv) The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is
the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the
relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

3.10 OUTLINING OF MITIGATION MEASURES

The Qualified Person with the assistance of technical consultants and

specialists shall assess the BATs, BMPs and options for P2M2 to address
the identified key environmental issues.

At the point of the TOR/ESI, the identified measures shall be qualitative

and descriptive only, to be further detailed in the EIA stage.

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3.11 PREPARATION AND SUBMISSION OF TOR/ESI

Findings from the scoping exercise shall be incorporated into the ESI as
information to develop the TOR. The TOR and ESI shall be submitted to
DOE for review and endorsement before proceeding to the EIA stage.

3.11.1 TOR Table of Content (TOC)

The TOR shall contain, but not limited to, the following:

(a) Introduction: Include the title of the project, Project location,

Agency approvals obtained and a brief introduction to project
details.

(b) List of Consultants/Study Team: Include the list of Consultants and

Study Team (DOE registration number, academic background,
experience, area of study and declaration). The EIA consultant
team shall be led by a Team/Project Leader/Manager who shall be
responsible for the EIA report.

(c) Project Scope: Detail out the legal requirements to carry out the
project. Provide description on the project, project activities and
implementation schedule.

(d) Description of the Existing Environment: Present a succinct review

of the current status of the pertinent/appropriate elements of the
environment that have some association with Project
development and operations. They would include land use and
landscapes; geological and soil profiles; climatic conditions
(encompassing temperature, humidity, rainfall and wind profiles);
the quality and quantity of water resources: air quality profiles;
noise and vibration profiles; socio-economic profiles; heritage
profiles; archaeological profiles etc.

(e) Alternatives Consideration: Provide the assessment of the various

alternatives/options considered for the project and detail out the
justifications and reasons for selection of the final project siting,
layout, components and/or details.

(f) Significant Environmental Impacts to be studied : Include the

findings from the environmental scoping and detail out the
significant impacts which will result from the project activities that
are required to be included in the EIA.

(g) Study Boundary: Delineate the study boundaries and identify the
environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) within the zone of
study/zone of impacts.

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(h) Assessment Standards: List the standards, criteria, acceptable

limits, etc. that will be used to assess the environmental impacts.

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(i) Timeline of Study: Detail our all studies/investigations to be

carried out, including indicative dates.

(j) Consideration of Concurrent Projects : List potential concurrent or

planned projects in the vicinity of the Project site(s) that may
result in cumulative impacts.

(k) Description of Modelling Tools and Assessment Methodologies : List

the modelling tools and methodologies to undertake the impact
assessment and evaluation of significance.

(l) Possible Mitigation Measures: Outline the mitigation measures or

BMPs from similar projects that may be used to address the
environmental impacts from the project.

The ESI shall be appended as part of the TOR as a supporting document.

The format for the ESI is as detailed in Appendix 8 of the EGIM (DOE,
2016).

3.11.2 TOR Adequacy Check (TORAC) Process

A review shall be carried out by the EIATRC comprising the DOE officers
and appointed individuals (AIs) and/or GAs.

The TORAC requirements and procedures shall follow the requirements

as detailed out in the EGIM (DOE, 2016) or any future amendments to it.

The adequacy of the scoping exercise and the TOR shall be decided in a
TORAC meeting, chaired by the DOE Headquarters (HQ)/State Director
(refer to Box 6 for possible outcomes).

When the TOR Report is endorsed, the Project Proponent shall proceed to
the EIA stage.

Box 6:
Outcomes from TORAC
Review

At the end of the process, the TORAC meeting can decide the
following:
(i) Endorse the report.
(ii) Endorse the report with revisions, where a Revised
TOR shall be submitted.

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CHAPTER 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

BASELINE DATA

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter identifies the scope and range of baseline information that
is required to be sourced and collated in order to assist in the conduct of
an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study for a Cement
Manufacturing Plant (CMP) in Cement Industry. Both primary as well as
secondary data contribute towards the development of a comprehensive
baseline data bank.

4.2 SECONDARY DATA SCOPE AND CONTENT

Secondary data encompasses information and statistical data retrieved

from various sources; but mainly from official published reports,
census, publications and research papers. They are collected and
collated to develop basic information to support the assessment and
evaluation of potential environmental impacts induced by a project.

All relevant information and representable statistics must be clearly

referenced to their source of origin and the date of their publication; and
included in the EIA report [Ref: Department of Environment (DOE) Notice
1/2012 dated 6 Jan 2012]. References with respect to all maps, photos
and diagrams will also need to be included in the EIA report.

4.3 PRIMARY DATA SCOPE

Primary data is sourced in order to reinforce and update available

secondary data, and to fill in information gaps that have been collated
for conducting a detailed assessment of impacts. Common
methodologies for primary data acquisition include site surveys, and on-
site and off-site monitoring programmes, to determine real time
ambient, air and water qualities, noise and vibration levels, and
ecological and socio-economic profiles.

The sampling and survey areas shall in most cases be confined within
the Zone of Study (ZOS) boundaries. However, if the spatial extent of
impacts is deemed to occur beyond such boundaries, then the baseline
sampling scope, and corresponding impact assessment, shall need to
extend into the Zone of Impact (ZOI) area. This must be clearly defined
in the EIA study. For example, in the case of pollution of water
resources, water quality impacts could reach beyond the ZOS
boundaries, and potentially extend into the ZOI. Hence, the latter Zone
must be included in the impact assessment study.

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Data collection covers three major environmental components:

4.3.1 Physico-Chemical Environment

In line with the DOE’s environmental mainstreaming policy, the EIA

study shall focus principally on the core impacts of water and air
pollution, and waste disposal, when assessing the potential project
related impacts on the physico-chemical environment. Within the
confines of the ZOI/ZOS, baseline information on these three core
subjects are needed to determine the state of the environment before,
during, and after project implementation by benchmarking against
relevant DOE standards and guidelines pertaining to acceptable water
and air quality values, noise and vibration levels and land resource
quality.

A baseline sampling plan, which delineates parameters to be sampled,

methods and frequency of sampling and location of sampling sites, shall
be determined based on the project site and its potential interaction
with the surrounding environment. Details of the sampling plan and its
execution schedule shall be prepared and be clearly stated in the EIA
report; together with details on persons to be in charge, and time
periods for execution of sampling runs.

The range of baseline parameters that need to be monitored and

analysed is summarised in Table 4.1. The recommended parameters for
water, air, noise and vibration monitoring, and the reference standards/
guidelines to ascertain their related significance/ implications, are
provided for reference in Appendix D to G.

All samples must be analysed by a Skim Akreditasi Makmal Malaysia

(SAMM) accredited laboratory or equivalent.

All test certificates and data shall be included in an Appendix to the EIA
report as supporting evidence (Ref: DOE Notice 1/2012 dated 6 Jan
2012).

4.3.2 Biological Environment

The biological environment is complex in nature. Therefore, the relevant

agencies such as the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM)
and the Department of Wild Life and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia
(PERHILITAN) must be consulted prior to executing data collection and
surveys aimed at interpreting the ambient status of ecological resources
in the vicinity of the Project site.

A large amount of general information already exists within the various

agencies pertaining to different localities; especially in relation to
Permanent Reserved Forests (PRF), wildlife sanctuaries and ecological
protection areas. These can be referred to as secondary data. Similarly,
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other agencies such as the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM)

have documented inventories of flora and fauna in selected forest areas
and conservation zones through published research.

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When secondary biological related data is unavailable in and around the

Project site(s), primary data will be sourced to assess the impact of land
clearing and earthworks on the fauna and floral populations in the
surrounding environment.

Their displacement will result in loss of biodiversity and population

declines due in part to loss of habitats and lack of food sources. The
survey will provide an indication of the species of fauna, especially
wildlife, found in the area, their population levels and their respective
habitats so that a wildlife relocation plan can be initiated especially for
the large charismatic animals such as elephants, tigers, sun bears,
tapirs, etc.

The scope of monitoring requirements for terrestrial and aquatic

biological environments will be advised by the respective government
agencies (GAs). The reported findings on floral and faunal inventories,
and the potential impacts induced by project activities, are to be
approved by the said GAs before incorporation in the EIA report (refer to
Table 4.2). If the biological impact by the Project is deemed insignificant,
the use of secondary data would be adequate to support the conclusions
reached.

4.3.3 Human Environment

The Project Proponent shall abide by the requirements, guidelines and

procedures of PLANMalaysia in carrying out a Social Impact Assessment
(SIA). PLANMalaysia shall review, endorse and enforce the requirements
of the SIA. For the purpose of the EIA, only the main findings from the
SIA shall be incorporated.

Relevant data collection will be required to assess the socio-economic

status of communities resident within the project’s surrounding
environment; the results of which will be included the EIA report.
Secondary data will depend on the extraction of relevant information
from population census reports; but for an updated real time
estimation of population levels in the vicinity of the project site(s), such
information is best garnered from the local authorities, district offices
(PTD) and the ketua kampung. Primary socio-economic data may also be
obtained from focal group discussions (FGDs) and from direct person-to-
person interviews.

Activities related to Project development and operations could

beneficially or adversely affect the health, safety and welfare of
communities residing in the vicinity of the project site. These potential
impacts shall be considered if they are deemed to be significant issues.
These may include, but not be limited to, impacts on public health,
heritage and culture, archaeology and traffic circulations (refer to Table
4.2). The findings of these studies must be incorporated into the EIA
report.
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Table 4.1: Recommended Monitoring Requirements for EIA

Studies
Recommended
Aspect Recommended Parameter Guidelines/Standards
Requirements
River Water Quality In-situ Measurements  Chromium National Water  One time
 Dissolved Hexavalent Quality Standards composite
Oxygen (DO) (Cr6+) of Malaysia (NWQS) sampling.
 Temperature  Arsenic (As)  Upstream and
 Conductivity  Cyanide (CN) downstream of major
 pH  Lead (Pb) rivers and streams into
 Copper (Cu) which Project related
Ex-situ Analysis  Manganese (Mn) effluents are
 biochemical  Nickel (Ni) discharged.
Oxygen Demand  Tin (Sn)  Minimum two
(BOD)  Zinc (Zn) sampling locations
 Chemical  Boron (B) (depending on river
Oxygen  Iron (Fe) type).
Demand (COD)  Phenol  Multi-depth sampling
 Total  Free Chlorine for deep rivers (>1 m
Suspended (Cl2) deep).
Solids (TSS)  Sulphide (S2-)  Water quality
 Ammoniacal  Oil and parameters shall be
Nitrogen (AN) Grease selected on the site
 Mercury (Hg) (O&G) conditions and the
 Cadmium (Cd)  Total coliform range of pollutants
 Chromium  Faecal coliform likely to be discharged
Trivalent (Cr3+) from the Project site.
Air Quality  PM2.5*1 Malaysian Ambient  Parameters to be
 PM10*1 Air Quality sampled are

Carbon Monoxide Standards (MAAQS) dependent on site
(CO)*2 conditions.
 Sulphur Dioxide  One-time sampling at
(SO2)*2 minimum two
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 Nitrogen Dioxide stations upwind and

(NO2)*2 downwind of
 Ozone (O3)*2*3

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Recommended
Aspect Recommended Parameter Guidelines/Standards
Requirements
 Hydrocarbons the Project site(s).
 Project boundary and
Source: DOE Notice 1/2015 dated Mar 2015 nearest receptors.

Note:
*1 24-hrs
*2 1-hr
*3 Ozone needs to be
measured for selected
projects
only. Justification needs to
be
provided for its omission.
Noise Level  LAeq Guidelines for  Parameters to be
 LMax Environmental sampled are
 LMin Noise Limits and dependent on site
 L10 Control conditions and need.
 L50  One time sampling
 L90 (24-hrs for day time
and night time).
 Project boundary and
nearest receptors.
Vibration  Requirements as per Schedules 1 – 6 The Planning  Parameters to be
of the Planning Guidelines for Guidelines for sampled are
Vibration Limits and Control Vibration Limits and dependent on site
Control conditions and need.
 One time sampling (1-
hr for day time and
night time).
 Project boundary
and nearest
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receptors.
Note: The list above is indicative and non-exhaustive. The Project Proponent and Qualified Person shall include and provide any additional
baseline sampling including parameters, as required by DOE, other GAs and/or deemed necessary for the project.

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Table 4.2: Additional Sampling and Study Requirements

Aspect Recommended Parameter Reference Sampling Requirements Approving Authority
Geology and Soil  Site topography based  JMG and JKR  Soil Investigation  Minerals and
on land surveys. requiremen (SI). Geoscience
 Seismicity. ts.  Hand auger Department
 Soil profile analysis (determine K- (JMG).
including K-value for value).  Public Works
erosion analysis.  Field survey of Department
 Hazard mapping. slope areas and (JKR).
hazards (as part of
Geological
Terrain Mapping).
Hydrology  Stream flow  DID  Site survey to verify  Department of
requirements
 Riverbed cross section river system (including Irrigation and
river bed cross- Drainage (DID).
sections) and
drainage.
 Stream gauging to
ascertain flow profiles.
 Identification of
downstream sensitive
receptors.
Hydrogeology  Groundwater profile  JMG  Groundwater table.  JMG
 Groundwater quality requireme  Hydrogeologi  DOE
nts cal mapping.
 National  Groundwater
Groundwater quality sampling
Quality (minimum two
Standard locations
depending on
project
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size).
Ecological  Habitat mapping  Internation  Terrestrial: Surveys  JPSM
Assessment  Species inventory al within project site  PERHILITAN
(including Union on the and

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Aspect Recommended Parameter Reference Sampling Requirements Approving Authority

photographs) Conversation adjacent land areas.  Department
 Abundance and of Nature  Aquatic: Within of Fisheries
diversity assessment. (IUCN) Red project site and (DOF)
List nearby ESAs
Terrestrial Flora  Wildlife (fishery resources,
 Flora inventory Conservation aquaculture sites,
Act 2010 (Act etc.).
Terrestrial Fauna 317)  ESAs (within ZOI).
 Mammals  Identify any
 Avian endemic, rare,
 Herpetofauna endangered,
threatened and
Aquatic Flora and Fauna near extinct
 Fishery resources species within the
 Phytoplankton project site and
and surrounding ZOI.
zooplankton  Level of sampling
 Benthic organisms and data collection
shall depend on
the sensitivity of
the site.
Landuse  Current landuse  Structure  Site surveys.  PLANMalaysia
 Future and and local  Mapping to
committed landuse plans update
 Sensitive receptors information.
 Zoning and compatibility  Within the ZOI.
Social Impact  Population socio-  Manual for SIA  Carried out as  PLANMalaysia
Assessment (SIA) economic profile of Project part of the SIA.
 Identification of Development  Surveys on target
stakeholders groups potentially
 Perception survey
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affected by the
project.
 Surveys shall

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Aspect Recommended Parameter Reference Sampling Requirements Approving Authority

represent the
stakeholders in
the ZOI.
 Stakeholder
engageme
nt
conducted.
Public Health  Population profile  Guidance  Carried out as  Ministry of
 Public health status Documentation part of the HIA. Health (MOH)
Health Impact  Surveys on target
Assessment groups potentially
(HIA) in EIA affected by the
project.
 Surveys shall
represent the
stakeholders
located within the
ZOI.
 Stakeholder
engageme
nt
conducted.
Traffic  Traffic count during  JKR  Carried out as  JKR
peak traffic periods. requirements part of the Traffic
Impact
Assessment (TIA).
 Traffic survey at
major
junctions leading
to project sites.

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Wastes  Estimation of biomass  DOE and local  Site surveys to  DOE

from site clearing. authorities ascertain existing  PBT
 Potential waste (PBT) site conditions.
(domestic, requirements.
construction &
demolition

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Aspect Recommended Parameter Reference Sampling Requirements Approving Authority

discards, scheduled wastes)
generation.
Heritage, Culture and  Identify and determine  National  Site surveys and  National
Archaeology significance of value of Heritage interviews with Heritage
such sites within or near Register authorities and Department.
to project site. locals.  Department
of Museum.
 Jabatan Kemajuan
Orang Asli (JAKOA).
Note: The list above is indicative, non-exhaustive and may not be relevant to the project. It is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and
Qualified Person to include and provide any additional information required by the GAs from the outcome of stakeholder engagements.

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CHAPTER 5

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

There are many methods available to assess the nature and scope of
impacts exerted on the environment arising from Project Activities.
Generally, all methods of impact assessment seek to qualify and
quantify the changes imposed on the ambient state of environmental
resources induced by activities executed during different phases of
project implementation.

While there is no one method that fits all requirements, the predictive
and assessment method chosen must have at least the following
attributes:

(i) Established and proven quantitative methods and models.

(ii) Adequate, accurate and up-to-date data for input into predictive
models or algorithms.

(iii) Results which can be replicated, and are reproducible by

independent evaluators.

(iv) Employment of cost-effective and easily accessible software,

which can be readily purchased (propriety software and tools can
also be used). Widely accepted freeware is also acceptable.

It is up to the Qualified Person to select the best method to carry out an

assessment of the magnitude, extent and significance of impacts
induced by the project based on the reliability and completeness of
datasets available.

Only significant issues shall be assessed in detail in the EIA. Issues that
are deemed non-significant shall be addressed qualitatively in general.

5.2 PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF IMPACTS

The level of detail necessary for impact assessment shall be in

accordance with the following factors:

(i) Scale of the project (land area occupancy, potential total

disturbed areas, etc.).

(ii) Intensity of development (total land clearing required,

phasing of land clearing).

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(iii) Potential pollutant emissions induced by project activities.

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(iv) Magnitude and complexity of impacts.

(v) Spatial extent of impacts (e.g. localised versus transboundary).

(vi) Probability of cumulative impacts (taking into consideration

pollutants emitted by other projects located in adjacent areas
and vice versa).

(vii) Sensitivity of nearby receptors [e.g. Environmentally Sensitive

Areas (ESAs)].

A list of typical significant components and impacts related to associate

with the development and operations of Cement Manufacturing Plant
(CMP) is summarised in Table 5.1 as a guide for the Project Proponent
and Qualified Person to consider. Photo inventories will provide
important supportive evidence for the assessment and evaluation of
potential Impacts and should be provided (see examples in Figure 5.3).

Key impact assessments that is required to be conducted in the EIA for

the development of a Cement Manufacturing Plant is as follows:

 Air Quality
 Noise and Vibration
 Erosion and Sedimentation
 Water Quality
 Public Health
 Drainage Impacts
 Waste Management
 Ecology
 Socio Economic
 Hydrology
 Geotechnical Hazards
 Groundwater/ Hydrogeology
 Traffic
 Safety and Health
 Risk Assessment

Other subject matter may be required to be conducted depending on

the sensitivity of the receptors at the proposed project location and
requirement by other Agencies.

If the existing baseline environmental quality within and external to the

proposed project area is above the specified ambient standards, the
project proponent needs to ensure that project operations shall not lead
to further deterioration of the existing ambient quality. For existing
plant/ factories that are planning to expand their operations, or increase/
upgrade their capacity, a cumulative impact assessment shall be
performed to assess the degree of potential impact at the identified
receptors, and the need to upgrade existing pollution control devices.

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5.2.1 Air Quality

Assessment Requirements

It is important that during the construction stage of the CMP, all

potential sources emitting gaseous pollutants (e.g. dust and airborne
particulate and other gaseous emissions) located within and external to
the project site be identified and inventorised; before assessing their
current observed influence on surrounding air shed quality status, and
their impacts on surrounding sensitive receptors.

During Cement Manufacturing Plant (CMP) operations, impacts from

pollutant emissions by, inter-alia, plant and machinery (e.g. kiln and
pyro-processing plants), by vehicles transporting raw materials and
finished products in and out of the CMP, and by fuel burning equipment
shall be assessed independently. The objective is ascertain the
magnitude of increase in ambient pollutant concentrations in the
surrounding environment induced by both CMP operational activities,
and by existing sources emitting similar pollutants.

Evaluation of Impacts

Air quality models are mainly Gaussian-based, and many versions are
available in the market. They are employed to determine the ambient
Ground Level Concentrations (GLC) of an emitted pollutant based on
their mass of discharge and long-term records of local air shed
characteristics such as wind speed, direction and frequency,
atmospheric stability variations over a day, temperature and humidity
levels. Model predictions are useful in a wide variety of air quality
decisions, including determining the air quality expected under various
scenarios. It is best to adopt the most appropriate model to simulate the
air pollutant dispersion patterns from a point source such as a stack,
and to map the resulting spatial residual ground level pollutant
concentrations to ascertain the degree of induced impacts on identified
surrounding receptors. The change in GLCs of specific pollutants at
sensitive receptors, pre and post-development of the CMP, shall be
assessed and evaluated as to their significant impact and consequential
implications (e.g. health, welfare and safety of surrounding communities
and settlements).

Usually an initial air quality assessment is conducted on a qualitatively

basis to ascertain whether the CMP can exert significant air quality
changes on the surrounding air shed. If it is deemed possible, the air
quality assessment should progress to a quantitative assessment by
adopting a refined / advanced modelling system to predict with more
certainty the CMP’s potential to increase the ambient ground-level
concentration of pollutants, and to what degree. Refined air dispersion
models provide a detailed analysis of the targeted pollutant parameters
of interest and caters for multiple emission sources. This approach gives

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a more accurate estimate of the pollutants’ concentrations at receptors.

However, a refined model requires more specific input data which can
include topographical profiles, better receptor grid resolution, downwash
or other plume adjustment, and pollutant decay or deposition
algorithms. Refer to Section 5.3 of this Guidelines for examples of
prediction tools.

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It is suggested that the following scenarios are considered for air quality
impact assessment of a Cement Manufacturing Plant (CMP):

(i) The significant pollutants emitted from the CMP: continuous, large
flow volumes with high concentration emission from point sources
should be given priority.
(ii) Ambient air prediction and assessment scenarios include, inter-
alia, normal operation conditions (with air pollution control system
to specified guaranteed performance limits); worst case scenario
(no treatment of flue gas during worst atmospheric conditions),
and emergency bypass scenario (emergency shutdown due to
power outage or plant upset or air pollution control system
failure).
(iii) Meteorological data should be sourced from the nearest
meteorological station.
(iv) Sensitivity of the receiving environment or sensitive receptors:
should there be any locally specified tolerance levels, such as
exposure dosage levels to plants or humans.
(v) Reference to assessment criteria such as the New Malaysian
Ambient Air Quality Standard, baseline conditions or any relevant
standards /guideline limits.

Some of the key information to be included in reporting modelling results

are:

(i) Information about the input data and how variations may affect the
results.
(ii) Discussion on the accuracy of the modelling results.
(iii) Identification of the receptors that are most highly impacted and
those are the most sensitive.
(iv) Tabulate the model output in predicted pollutants
concentrations at respective sensitive receptors and evaluate the
significances.

The pollutants’ dispersion contours should be overlaid on a land use

map surrounding the project site. A sample of this contour map is
illustrated in Figure 5.1.

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Figure 5.1: Sample of pollutants dispersion contours

Output

The objective of Air Quality model simulations is to determine the

degree of potential impacts imposed on nearby sensitive receptors.
Cumulative impacts, that are the sum of gaseous pollutant emissions
induced by CMP operations, and by surrounding pollutant emitting
premises, should also be elucidated.

Critical levels of gaseous pollutants imparted on sensitive receptors

shall be identified to ensure that such levels can be mitigated to ensure
that residual levels are within acceptable limits, and to ensure
populations working in such areas are protected against potential
induced health impediments.

5.2.2 Noise and Vibration

Assessment Requirements

During the construction stage of the CMP, the employment of machinery

and equipment shall generate noise and vibrations. Typical Sound Power
Levels emitted by various plant and equipment that are likely to be
deployed to construct the CMP are summarised in Table 5.2. Likewise
during the CMP’s operational tenure, installed plant and equipment are
capable of emitting significant noise levels at source as summarised in
Table 5.3. Specific sound power levels, and their noise spectrum,
associated with typical operating equipment can be sourced from
manufacturers and suppliers for a comprehensive overview of the
characteristics of potential noise emission and propagation; and
measures which can be adopted to attenuate their intensity.

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Table 5.2: Typical Sound Power Levels from Construction Equipment and
Activities
Operating
Equipment Condition Sound Power Level @ 15 m

Bulldozer (e.g. CAT D10)Clearing vegetation~84 dBA

Backhoe Digging 78 – 80 dBA

Crawler Crane Lifting 81 – 85 dBA
Excavator Operation 81 – 85 dBA
Concrete Batching Plant Operation 83 dBA
Compressor Operating 78 – 80 dBA
Impact Pile Driver Operation 95 – 101 dBA
Generator set Operation 80 – 82 dBA

Table 5.3: Typical Sound Power Levels from Operating Equipment and Activities
Equipment Sound Power Level @ 15 m

Transfer / Delivery Pump89 - 100 dBA @ 1m

Exchanger / Exhaust Fan 90 - 100 dBA @ 5m

Boiler 85 dBA @ 1m
Air compressor 80 dBA @ 1m
Flare Combustion 85 dBA @ 1m
Chiller 85 dBA @ 1m
Conveyor Belt (line source) 82 – 103 dBA @ 1 m
Burner Combustion 85 - 90 dBA

Evaluation of Impacts

Approaches to environmental noise and vibration assessment are guided

by Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control (Third edition)
and The Planning Guidelines for Vibration Limits and Control, published
by the DOE Malaysia.

It is suggested that the following aspects are considered for noise and
vibration impact assessment for a CMP:

(i) List of significant sources from the CMP. Continuous high noise or
vibration levels should be given priority.

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(ii) Noise and vibration prediction and assessment scenarios. These

would encompass normal operating conditions; with and without
control measures.

(iii) Degree of sensitivity of the receiving environment and/or

environmental receptors, gauged by any locally specified tolerance
levels, such as exposure levels to residential, worship, institutions,
heritage buildings etc.

(iv) Reference to assessment criteria such as the national guideline

limits, baseline conditions or any relevant standards / guideline
limits. Where multiple significant sources from a CMP have been
identified, prediction of impacts employing modelling software
normally enhances the ease by which the prediction of impacts are
executed. These modelling tools could incorporate specific
characteristics of noise and vibration sources, as well as
attenuation features (noise, barriers, buildings, terrain etc.) to
generate more accurate predictions.

Predictions of noise and vibration dispersions from the Project site can
be ascertained by employing universally accepted analytical models or
through manual calculations. The objective being to determine the
increase in absolute noise and vibration levels in areas within and
surrounding the project site. The results should be portrayed in the form
of noise contours and vibration spot levels for easy comprehension of
the degree and severity of impact.

Outputs

The main objective of this impact assessment is to determine the

potential noise and vibration levels at the plant boundaries and whether
such levels comply with DOE regulations/guidelines. Furthermore, the
recommended exercise is to determine the significance of Project
induced impacts at the identified receptors. The report should include:
(i) Information about the input data and how variations may affect the
results.

(ii) Discussion on the accuracy of the prediction calculations and / or

modelling software.

(iii) Identification of the receptors that are most highly impacted and
those are the most sensitive.

The model results on predicted levels should be tabulated or portrayed

as contours overlaid on suitable maps. A sample of a contour map is
illustrated in Figure 5.2.

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Figure 5.2: Sample of noise contour map

Noise and vibration model simulations shall determine the degree of

potential impacts imposed on nearby sensitive receptors. Cumulative
impacts, that are the sum of noise and vibration levels induced by CMP
activities and by surrounding noise emitting premises, should also be
quantified.

Critical levels of noise and vibration intensities imparted on sensitive

receptors shall be identified so that mitigation measures can be
identified to, inter-alia, ameliorate adverse impacts to tolerable levels,
to ensure that residual levels are within acceptable limits, and to ensure
those working in such areas are protected against potential induced
health impediments.

5.2.3 Erosion and Sedimentation

Assessment Requirements

(i) Assessment of the scale of land clearing and removal of

vegetative cover at the site to determine the rate of erosion.

(ii) Assessment of the schedules for land clearing process and

rehabilitation stages

(iii) Assessment of the conditions of the hydrological and drainage

systems located within and external to the CMP site; and how
they may be altered if streams and rivers are diverted and/or
become silted up or filled in.

(iv) Review of the type and scope of earthworks to be carried out

within the project site

(v) Assessment of the extent of erosion and sedimentation that will

likewise affect the aquatic ecology and water pollution

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downstream

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(vi) Determination of suitable best management practices (BMPs) and

mitigation measures to reduce the effects of erosion and
sedimentation.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Calculate the rate of soil erosion and sediment yield using
standard empirical formulae and site-specific information
(surveys, soil particle analysis terrain characteristics, hydrological
data, etc.), to determine the extent of erosion and sedimentation
as a result from land clearing.

(ii) Provide erosion scenarios such as with or without mitigation

measures in the assessment.

(iii) Run alternative simulations to determine the BMPs that shall be

adopted to minimise the negative effects.

Output

(i) Adoption of precautionary principles to avoid high risk areas

[identified through slope analysis and geological terrain mapping
(GTM)], or in designing technical and engineering solutions to
minimise erosion and geo- hazards in such areas.

(ii) Identify suitable BMPs to be incorporated in the project through

the land- disturbing and pollution prevention and mitigation
measures (LD-P2M2) based on the modelling results.

5.2.4 Water Quality Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Assessment of the magnitude and frequency of pollutant

discharge loads and their potential scope of impairment to the
water quality of receiving water courses in the vicinity of, or
linked to, the project site.

(ii) During the construction stage the principal pollutant loads

discharged to water courses will be in the form of suspended
particulates that are generated through land clearing and
earthworks activities. The denuded land area stripped of its
vegetative cover will increase surface run-offs during rainy
periods resulting in enhanced soil erosion process and carry over
of soil particles to receiving water courses. In addition, disposal of
biomass, leakage of toxic and hazardous substances (oil and
grease, solvents etc.) through spillage, and sewage and solid
waste discharges from construction worker camps could induce

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significant adverse water quality impacts if not managed

effectively. During the testing and commissioning stage, large
amounts of water may be used for pressure testing of pipelines,
vessels, pyro-processing

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equipment and kilns, the discharge of which could carry with it

chemical additives that could impair the water quality status of
receiving waters.

(iii) During operations, improper treatment of sewage flows arising

from toilets and canteens, and erosion and sedimentation of
material stockpiles can also contribute to increased discharges of
oxygen demand substances, nutrients and suspended particulates
into waterways, leading to their degradation of water resource
capability, ecological biodiversity, and economic value. As such
the discharge of such pollutants and their impacts on downstream
users need to be evaluated. Furthermore, stockpiling of raw
materials and coal without proper protection can result in the
discharge of run-offs that are acidic and contain high levels of
suspended particulates. There are potentials for fire episodes to
occur if coal (if employed as a fuel) is not adequately stored and
consumed in a timely manner.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) There are a variety of established quantitative models that can be

applied to assess potential changes in ambient water quality
status of water courses arising from the discharge of point source
pollutant loadings into their system. A suitable, compatible, model
must be selected to simulate the effects of pollutant loadings on
downstream receptors which are dependent on the same water
course for their socio-economic activities. The simulations should
take into consideration the hydraulic properties of the receiving
water course; particularly for the case when drought flows occur.
Changes in water pollutant indicators that need to be assessed
include Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammoniacal
Nitrogen (AN) and coliforms. The magnitude of increases in these
pollutant levels need to be assessed, and a determination made
as to whether a water quality class shift has occurred. If in the
affirmative, then mitigation measures need to be identified to
ameliorate the negative impacts to tolerable levels.

It is suggested that the following procedures are considered for

assessing water quality impact arising from the construction and
operations of a CMP:

I. Identify the significant pollutants that are potentially emitted

from the CMP. In this respect continuous, large volumes of
highly contaminated water sources should be given priority.
This will determine the development of BMPs for the site.

II. Water quality prediction and assessment scenarios should

encompass:

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(a) Normal operation conditions (with Industrial Effluent

Treatment System (IETS) and Sewage Treatment
systems) designed to meet the specified guaranteed
performance limits), and

(b) Worst case scenario (no effluent treatment).

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III. Hydrology data should be sourced from the nearest DID

Monitoring Station.

IV. Sensitivity of the receiving environment or sensitive receptors,

should there be any locally specified tolerance levels, such as
drinking water intake, recreational requirement, agricultural or
aquaculture requirement, ecological requirement, other
downstream industrial needs, navigation etc.

V. Reliable estimations of the quality (concentration of pollutant)

and quantity (effluent flowrate) of effluent generated should be
carried out in order. This is important to ensure that the
proposed treatment technology is effective and the capacity of
the treated effluent is sufficient.

VI. Reference to assessment criteria such as the national river and

marine water quality standards, baseline conditions or any
other relevant standards / guideline limits.

Impact assessment shall rely on the concept of assimilative capacity of

the receiving waterbody and water quality objectives. Quantification of
the assimilative capacity of the receiving environment shall consider
physical processes, as well as all chemical, biochemical and biological
processes.

The prediction exercise or modelling should provide information as the

basis for determining whether the aquatic resources and beneficial users
are at risk, or that the assimilative capacity may be exceeded as a result
of project implementation. When the prediction shows the water quality
of the receiving waterbodies may have been significantly compromised
due to discharges from the project, then suitable mitigation measures
shall be considered to alleviate the concern so as to either remove or
mitigate the impacts to acceptable levels.

Outputs

The main objective of an impact assessment is to determine the

significance of the effects of pollutants being discharged from a
particular source and it’s Zone of Impact. Key information to be reported
include:

(i) Information about the input data and how variations may affect the
results.

(ii) Discussion with respect to the accuracy of the predictions.

(iii) Identification of the receptors that are most highly impacted and
those are the most sensitive to the impacts imparted.

(iv) Suitable BMPs and treatment systems identified to minimise the

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effects of discharges to the waterways, e.g. silt traps, sewage and

wastewater treatment systems, etc.

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(v) Effectiveness of these BMP’s can be simulated to estimate load

reductions, ensuring pollutants are controlled at-site to reduce off-
site impacts to meet the requirements and standards of various
agencies.

5.2.5 Public Health Impact

Assessment Requirements

A health hazard may be categorized as biological, chemical or physical

in nature. The recommended of general requirement for assessing
health impact and existing public health status of the local community,
are provide for reference in Appendix I.

During the CMP’s Construction Stage, the common health hazards are:

(i) Respiratory effects from exposure to gaseous and particulate

pollutants such as particulate matter below 10 microns (PM 10) in
size, SO2, and NO2 from fuel combustion machinery on sites; and
dust dispersion from unpaved surfaces and from vehicles
conveying raw materials.

(ii) Vector-borne diseases (dengue fever, malaria which are caused by

the unhygienic construction sites or living workers quarters).

(iii) Waterborne disease and food-borne disease like cholera, typhoid

and hepatitis A due to improper sewage and solid waste disposal in
the worker’s camp area.

(iv) Physical injuries due to work accidents, road traffic accidents, noise
induced hearing impairment from exposure to operating vehicles or
machineries.

(v) Accidents and explosion hazards from handling highly flammable

materials on site (pipelines, storage tanks etc.).

Evaluation of Impacts

The health risk assessment for EIA reporting is guided by the Guidance
Document of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in Environmental Impact
Assessment published by DOE Malaysia (2012). Health risk is an
outcome of exposure to hazardous substances. Approaches to health
risk assessment can be namely qualitative or quantitative.

Qualitative health risk assessment involves listing and describing the

probable change in health outcomes or endpoints that would be realised
due to the proposed project. For example, inappropriate waste handling
during the construction stage may lead to potential breeding of pests
like rodents and disease vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and flies). However,

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the quantum of increase in the populations of rodents or mosquitoes; or

the subsequent increase in the prevalence of diseases associated with
them, are not quantified. Qualitative assessment also applies based on
the comparison of the community air pollutant exposure levels with
established

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ambient air guideline levels. If the air pollutant exposure levels are
below the guideline levels, then the potential health impact is
considered as minimum or insignificant.

Quantitative health risk assessment generates a risk value on the

potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards.
The assessment should encompass the following:

 Hazard identification
 Dose-response assessment
 Exposure assessment
 Risk characterization

The application of quantitative assessment is mainly limited to

assessment of chemical hazards, since biological and physical hazards
do not lend themselves well to quantitative assessment. In such cases,
qualitative assessment should apply.

In the case of a CMP project, the impact assessment procedure should

take the following procedural steps:

 Employ acceptable risk assessment models to ascertain the

level of risk from specific project activities.

 Determine the level of risk to neighbouring receptors to

ascertain whether the level is within acceptable levels.

 In terms of health, surveys on existing health conditions of

surrounding population/communities can assist in monitoring for
sudden increase/decrease in disease outbreaks during pre- and
post- project implementation.

 For workers, possible impacts on their safety and health in the

line of work shall be assessed, e.g. working in high noise areas, in
confined spaces, at heights, handling hazardous materials etc.

Outputs

The main objective of this health impact assessment is to determine the

acceptability of these health risks.

Acceptable health risk is a societal acceptance (those who are being

subjected to the risk) level of risk, which is considered tolerable or as
something people can live with comfortably. The risk tolerability criteria
recommended in the Guidance Document on HIA in Environmental
Impact Assessment by DOE Malaysia (2012) are:

 Hazard Index is a summation of the hazard quotients for all

chemicals to which an individual is exposed. For non-

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carcinogenic risk, a Hazard Index

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value of less than or equal to 1.0 indicates that no adverse human

health effects (non-cancer) are expected to occur.

 For carcinogenic risk: values of 10 -6 to 10-4 (i.e. one in a million or

one in a thousand) are given as a range of “generally acceptable
risk”

 The qualitative/quantitative risk to receptors can assist to

determine the types of BMPs necessary to reduce the risks.

 Findings from the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) can also

indicate potential preventive and mitigation measures that need
to be adopted to safeguard worker and community health status
during the Project’s construction and operation stages.

5.2.6 Drainage Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Assess the scale of land clearing required, and potential

alterations to the hydrological and drainage characteristics of the
site.

(ii) Determine the scope and characteristics of external and internal

drainage systems, especially the former, that may be impacted
upon to accommodate storm flows discharged from the project
site(s).

(iii) Evaluate the hydraulic conditions before and after project

development, such as release of higher peak flows, and induced
increases in flow velocities at critical points along external
receiving drainage networks, which are located downstream of
the Project site(s), for potential induced localised flooding.

(iv) Determine the potential impacts to downstream receptors, e.g.

water treatment plants (WTPs), water intake points (WIPs),
aquaculture areas, recreational areas; and to instream ecological
resources.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Delineate the river basins encroached on by the development of

the project; and in particular the river systems that are
specifically affected.

(ii) Collect hydrological data and assess long-term rainfall trends.

(iii) Use mathematical or simulation models to ascertain the different

hydraulic conditions, vis-a-vis pre- and post-project
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implementation, prevailing along specific receiving watercourses.

(iv) Determine the potential impacts and provide appropriate

mitigation measures as part of the Land Disturbing Pollution
Prevention and Mitigation

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Measures (LD-P2M2), to minimise any adverse effects within and

surrounding the project site.

Output

(i) Runoff hydrographs detailing pre and post-development runoff

scenario and flood risk maps.

(ii) The hydrological and drainage systems of the project site and its
impacts on surrounding receiving watercourses will form part of
the technical and engineering works.

(iii) The types of mitigation measures needed will be proposed by the

Qualified Person to be incorporated in the LD-P2M2, mainly to
ensure reductions in flow velocity and volume of discharge of
surface flows during the land clearing, construction and
operational phases.

5.2.7 Waste Management Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Identify the types of wastes generated during the project’s

construction and operating phases. These may include biomass
generation, spent scheduled wastes (e.g. spent lubricating oil,
spent hydraulic oil, etc.), construction, domestic and municipal
wastes (e.g. timber, concrete, scrap material, paper, plastics food
wastes green wastes, etc.); and assess their potential impacts on
the local and regional environment.

(ii) Determine the range of management measures required to be

carried out to curtail adverse impacts being impacted on the
ambient water, air and land quality associated with the surrounding
environment.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Identify and estimate the quantum of all waste sources with the
assistance of the Project’s technical and engineering consultants.

(ii) Assess the severity of impacts from improper management of such

wastes on water quality, odour, air quality and public health.

(iii) Identify locations of suitable temporary storage areas within the

project site.

(iv) Identify locations where the wastes will be eventually disposed off.

(v) Ascertain the potential there exists to reuse, recycle and repurpose

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wastes that are produced to promote a circular economic approach

towards waste management.

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Output

(i) Identification of proper temporary disposal sites and storage

facilities for wastes generated on-site including mitigation
measures against spillage, erosion, carry over of sediments to
waterways, pest proliferation, and other impacts.

(ii) Mitigation measures for proper waste management to be

incorporated into project site management to ensure that all
wastes are properly managed and disposed off at designated and
approved locations so as not to pollute the environment.

5.2.8 Ecology Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Mapping of important habitats and ESAs, e.g. forest reserves,

mossy forests, lakes and wetlands, etc. in the vicinity of the
selected Project Site(s).

(ii) Undertake an inventory of existing flora and fauna (terrestrial,

aquatic and/or marine) within the project area and its
surroundings to ascertain the level of biodiversity.

(iii) Identify critical species benchmarked against the International

Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published red list; or
other relevant references. The assessment can be based on field
surveys (animal trapping, baiting, camera traps, and observations
of secondary animal signs), or literature review to produce the
inventory.

(iv) Recommendation of mitigation measures if there are any

important flora and fauna that are in need of relocation or
protection.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Determine the level of encroachment into ESAs such as

ecologically rich habitats.

(ii) Indication of possible loss of habitat and its flora and fauna
species and associated population levels, which may include
endemic, rare, endangered, threatened and/or near extinct
species.

(iii) Identify project activities that could disturb animal behaviour,

leading to their dispersal afar, or limiting their range of
movement.

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(iv) Effects of increased accessibility to the project site and opening

up of forested or pristine areas, e.g. to establish access roads,
leading to poaching risks.

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(v) Forest fragmentation and its consequences to fauna and their

habitats.

(vi) Increase in roadkill and poaching of animals in the newly developed

areas.

(vii) Impacts from increased human-wildlife conflicts (HWC).

Output

(i) Highlight important areas (through a habitat map) which should

not be built- upon or if there is no other option, to determine
suitable mitigation measures to minimise the impacts, or to
replace the lost area (compensation process).

(ii) Identification of critical areas to incorporate mitigation measures

such as viaducts, or culverts, to allow for safe passage of animals
across linear corridors; or need to translocate important species
at risk from the project, and how to execute the implementation
of such measures.

(iii) Develop wildlife management plans.

5.2.9 Social Economic Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Determine whether the project entails land and property

acquisition and relocation of communities and businesses. These
issues often cause psychological, emotional and economic
impacts to those who are affected, and have to be handled with
great care.

(ii) Assessment of the extent of impacts from, inter-alia, dust and

other gaseous dispersions, pollution of surface and ground
waters, noise and vibration, fire hazards, etc. that are imparted
on nearby communities and on workers at- site. However, the
project may also generate benefits such as creating increased job
and business opportunities to the local population; such positive
impacts should be elucidated.

(iii) An assessment of the views and perceptions voiced by potentially

impacted stakeholders with regard to project development and
operations should be given due consideration; and their
suggestions/recommendations with regard to adoption of specific
mitigation and abatement measures to address their concerns
must be considered seriously in finalising the project’s detail
designs.

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Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Identify the extent of land acquisition required and inventorise

those affected stakeholders.

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(ii) Demarcate the survey catchment boundaries to gather

information on existing population distribution, and determine
statistically the number of surveys required to ensure that
information sourced is reliable and is representative of
stakeholders resident in the potentially impacted area. For the EIA
study, the impacts are evaluated mainly on the communities
living within the Zone of Study (ZOS). If there is a need, those in
the ZOI will also be assessed in terms of potential impacts that
could be imposed on them.

(iii) Pertinent information can be obtained through FGDs, interviews

and site questionnaire surveys. Findings shall be analysed and
deductions arrived at.

(iv) The main findings from the Social Impact Assessment (SIA) shall
be incorporated in the EIA.

Output

(i) Land and property acquisition and relocation of communities

must be first be settled by the Project Proponent prior to
undertaking an EIA study.

(ii) The findings from the social impacts, mainly from surveys and
focal group discussions (FGDs) can be contentious and often
skewed. Therefore, the assessments should have overall on-the-
ground reviews even after the surveys are interpreted by the
Qualified Person.

5.2.10 Hydrology Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Assessment of the scale of land clearing and alterations to the

hydrological and drainage characteristics of the site.

(ii) Determination of the scale of the drainage system that may also
be altered to take in the storm flows from the project
development.

(iii) Evaluation of the hydrological conditions before and after project

development such as higher peak flows, increased velocities at
critical points in the lowlands downstream for any localised
flooding.

(iv) Determination of the impacts to downstream users, e.g. Water

Treatment Plants (WTPs), Water Intake Points (WIPs), aquaculture
areas, recreational areas, etc.

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Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Delineate the river basins encroached on by the project and

particular river systems that are affected.

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(ii) Collect hydrological data and assess long-term rainfall trends.

(iii) Use mathematical or simulation models to ascertain the different

hydrological conditions pre- and post-project implementation.

(iv) Determine the potential impacts and provide appropriate

mitigation measures as part of the Land Disturbing Pollution
Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2), to minimise any
adverse effects within and surrounding the project site.

Output

(i) Runoff hydrographs detailing pre and post-development runoff

scenario and flood risk maps.

(ii) The hydrological and drainage systems of the project site and its
impacts on surroundings will form part of the technical and
engineering works.

(iii) The types of mitigation measures needed will be proposed by the

Qualified Person to be incorporated in the LD-P2M2, mainly to
ensure reductions in flow velocity and volume during the land
clearing, construction and operational phases.

5.2.11 Geotechnical Hazards

Assessment Requirements

(i) Assessment of areas of the project site and surroundings for risk,
e.g. slope failure, erosion, landslides, seismic activities, etc.

(ii) Determination of the adequacy of buffer to avoid or reduce risk of

hazards to the project area.

(iii) Identification of suitable engineering and geotechnical measures

required to ensure that hazards are fully addressed.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Develop risk map and determine factor of safety (FOS) for all
engineered slopes and hazard areas.

(ii) Assess the impact and extent of damages/losses in the event of

slope failure, landslide, etc. and sensitive receptors that may be
affected.

(iii) Determine areas in need for mitigation measures

or engineering/geotechnical solutions to reduce risk.

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Output

(i) Hazard areas shall be clearly mapped out as part of the

Geological Terrain Mapping (GTM) to determine construction
suitability.

(ii) Areas of high risks shall be avoid being built upon or provided
with adequate geotechnical and engineering measures.

(iii) Monitoring programme for slopes.

5.2.12 Groundwater/ Hydrogeology

Assessment Requirements

(i) Provide an overview of the existing hydro-geological setting of the

study area, describing the aquifers, hydraulic characteristics,
groundwater quality and the interaction between surface and
groundwater systems.

(ii) Determination of the adequacy of buffer zones to avoid or reduce

risk of exposures hazards on the project area.

(iii) Identification of suitable measures to ensure that hazards are

fully addressed.

(iv) To locate and construct suitable test wells for aquifer pumping
tests and groundwater quality analysis

(v) To assess the expected effects of groundwater withdrawals

associated with the proposed project on any existing water wells
and structures located in the surrounding environment.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Develop risk map and determine factor of safety (FOS) for all
engineered slopes and hazard areas.

(ii) Assess the impact and extent of damages/losses in the event of

slope failure, landslide, etc. and sensitive receptors that may be
affected.

(iii) Determine areas in need for mitigation measures or engineering

solutions to reduce risk of damage.

(iv) To determine and assess the potential impacts and mitigation

measures due to project activities such as increased runoff due to
the clearing of existing vegetation, and that causes changes to
groundwater regime.

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Output

(i) Areas of high risks shall be avoided from being developed or

provided with adequate hydrogeological and engineering
mitigation measures.

(ii) To recommended that an appropriate well construction and must

comment on the potential for cross contamination between
aquifers.

(iii) Monitoring programme for groundwater

(iv) To propose mitigation measures, including contingency plans

where applicable, to address any identified water quality or
quantity concerns.

5.2.13 Traffic Impacts

Assessment Requirements

(i) Describe how construction materials, workers and machinery are

mobilised to, and from, the construction site and also
transportation of raw material to the CMP. High vehicle volume
can cause congestion on public thoroughfares, damage roads,
bridges and culverts, and increased risk of road accidents.
Spillage from vehicles can also occur causing traffic flow
disruptions

(ii) Identification of the need for mitigation measures during

construction and operational phases for traffic management.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Review and incorporate the main findings from the Traffic Impact
Assessment (TIA) into the EIA. The TIA is carried out separately by
a Traffic Consultant and endorsed by the Public Works
Department (JKR).

(ii) The main impact elements to be addressed in the EIA study (e.g.
risk of accidents, adverse air quality and public health impacts)
are focused on communities residing alongside roads employed
for transporting materials and spoils during the projects
construction stage.

(iii) During the operation phase, the extra volume of traffic generated
by the project will also affect communities’ resident by the side of
transportation routes; and the potential and magnitude of such
impacts should be investigated.

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Output

(i) Identify potential issues related to project induced traffic flow

along public roads during construction and operational stages;
and recommend

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incorporation of structural and non-structural measures to address

these issues as proposed by the TIA Consultants.

(ii) Identification of risk factors from various project related

activities imposed on nearby communities, such as from
accidents, health, etc.

5.2.14 Safety and Health

Assessment Requirements

(i) Construction activities entails higher risks to the safety and health
of project workers and to surrounding communities from pollution
episodes, transmission of diseases by immigrant workers, from
accidents and fire hazards; these risks are to be assessed for their
propensity of occurrence.

(ii) For these development projects, the risk assessment should tie in
with the assessment on geotechnical hazards (see Section 5.2.3)
as it also relates to public safety.

Evaluation of Impacts

(i) Employ acceptable risk assessment models to ascertain the

level of risk from specific project activities.

(ii) Determine the level of risk to neighbouring receptors to

ascertain whether the level is within acceptable levels.

(iii) In terms of health, surveys on existing health conditions of

surrounding population/communities can assist in monitoring for
sudden increase/decrease in disease outbreaks during pre- and
post- project implementation.

(iv) For workers, possible impacts on their safety and health in the
line of work shall be assessed, e.g. working in high noise areas, in
confined spaces, at heights, handling hazardous materials etc.

Output

(i) The qualitative/quantitative risk to receptors can assist to

determine the types of BMPs necessary to reduce the risks.

(ii) Findings from the assessment can also provide possible

preventive and mitigation measures to safeguard worker and
community health status during construction and operation
stages.

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5.2.15 Risk Assessment

Assessment Requirements

The Risk Assessment study as required by Department of Environment

(DOE) is to determine quantitatively the risk posed to the population in
the area where the project is to be implemented. The assessment is
guided by EIA Guidelines for Risk Assessment by DOE Malaysia (2004).
The process flow of the risk assessment flow is as per Figure 5.3.

Source: EIA Guideline for Risk Assessment (2004)

Figure 5.3: Risk Assessment Flow

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Qualitative risk assessment is based upon subjective and qualitative

judgment while, quantitative estimates the expected frequency and
consequence of potential accidents associated with a facility or
operation based on engineering evaluation and mathematical
techniques.

Quantitative Risk Assessment is the application of methodology to

produce a numerical representation of the frequency and extent of a
specified level of exposure or harm, to specified people or the
environment, due to the operation of the proposed project.

Evaluation of Impacts

The objectives of a risk assessment are to identify and quantify the

probability and consequences of the possible emergency events that
may escalate from the project site to the surrounding areas offsite and
potentially cause undesirable outcome such as human injury, fatality or
destruction of property, to calculate the risk level, and to suggest
measures to reduce the level of risk if higher than the risk acceptance
criteria.

The risk assessment results will be presented in terms of individual risk

in comparison against the risk criteria established by DOE.

Output

The main objective of this risk assessment is to determine the individual

and societal risks values and to determine the acceptability of these
risks.

(i) Individual risk

Individual risk represents the frequency or probability of an individual

dying due to the occurrence of the hazardous event. The individual is
assumed to be unprotected and to be present during the total
exposure time. The individual risk is usually presented as a contour
lines on a map as illustrated in Figure 5.4.

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(Source: Risk assessment methodology for high-pressure CO2 pipelines incorporating

topography by Diego L. et. al (2014) Process Safety and Environmental
Protection p.27)

Figure 5.4: Sample of Individual Risk Contour

(ii) Societal Risk

Societal risk represents the frequency or probability of having an

accident with N or more people being killed simultaneously. The
people involved are assumed to have some means of protection. The
societal risk is presented as an F-N curve, where N is the number of
deaths and F is the cumulative frequency of accidents with N or more
deaths.

(iii)Risk Tolerability

Outcome from the risk assessment is usually compared to the risk

tolerability criteria so that a decision can be made whether the risk is
broadly acceptable or tolerable or if it is unacceptable.

The risk tolerability criteria recommended in the EIA Guidelines for

Risk Assessment by DOE Malaysia (2004) are:

 The 1 x 10-6 fatalities / person per year individual risk contour

should not encompass involuntary recipients of industrial risks
such as residential areas, schools, hospitals and places of
continuous occupancy, etc.
 The 1 x 10-5 fatalities / person per year individual risk contour
should not extend beyond industrial boundaries.

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Table 5.1: Typical Issues and Impacts Associated with Cement Manufacturing

Plants

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Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It
is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the
relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

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Soil erosion from worked slopes Landslides and mudflows

Degraded waterways Water pollution

Poor scheduled waste management Improper management of spoils

Figure 5.5 (a) : Photo Inventory of Common Impacts associated with Cement
Manufacturing Plant Development

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Water ponding/ flooding Dust generation

Loss of habitats Biomass disposal

Spoil disposal Poor worksite management

Figure 5.5 (b): Photo Inventory of Common Impacts associated with Cement
Manufacturing Plant Development

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5.3 PREDICTIVE METHODS AND TOOLS

There is a wide range of predictive tools and models for identifying,

evaluating and assessing potential impacts. Common methods and
tools are as follows:

(i) Expert opinions.

(ii) Consultations and questionnaires.

(iii) Checklists.

(iv) Spatial analysis.

(v) Network and system analysis.

(vi) Matrices.

(vii) Carrying capacity analysis.

(viii) Mathematical and computer modelling.

(ix) Case studies.

Simple methodologies are preferred, though this depends on the

complex nature of the impacts. Whichever method is chosen, it must be
appropriate to address the identified problems, taking into consideration
local conditions at the project site.

The EIA Report must be scientifically and technically sound and

whenever necessary, quantitative impact prediction on the more
significant impacts should be carried out. If computer modelling is
carried out, e.g. for water and air quality assessment, flooding etc., the
following information is required:

(i) Name and description of method/model.

(ii) Model set-up.

(iii) Data collection and analysis.

(iv) Calibration and validation.

(v) Detail of modelling scenarios.

(vi) Presentation of results (raw data, table form, graphs).

(vii) Limitations in data collection or method chosen.

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All modelling exercises that are carried out shall elucidate impacts
under various scenarios, either for short, mid- to long-term for the worst-
case scenario. The outputs of the modelling studies shall be presented
in a concise manner and all uncertainties shall be discussed.

Technical reports, data analysis and tables and raw data, where
necessary, shall be included as appendix in the EIA report to support the
impact assessment methodology and findings reached.

Ultimately, the impact assessment chapter in the EIA report shall

present and discuss the predictive results and outputs of studies taken;
which have to be in sufficient technical detail to support the
assessment. It must also be written in a manner that is easily
understood by decision makers and the public.

Table 5.4 summarises examples of accepted prediction methods for

impact assessment, and expected outputs. The list is not exhaustive.
The Qualified Person has to propose the best methods relevant to the
project under study, or may select one of the methods in the list.

Table 5.4: Examples of Prediction Methods for Environmental Impacts

Impacts Prediction Methods Output
Erosion and  Revised Universal Soil  Soil loss rates
Sedimentati Loss Equation (RUSLE). and sediment yield.
on  Modified Universal Soil  Erosion risk and
Loss Equation (MUSLE). potential soil loss maps.
 Computer models.
Hydrology  Hydrological procedures  Estimation of pre-
(DID). construction and post-
 Computer models for construction runoff.
estimating peak flood,  Flood risk map.
runoff, watershed, analysis,
flood plain hydraulics, etc.
examples include HEC-
HMS, HEC-RAS, FLO-2D,
TUFLOW, EXTRAN and
Storm Water Management
Model (SWMM).
 Hydrological analysis in
accordance with Manual
Saliran
Mesra Alam Edisi-2 (MSMA-2).

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Water Quality  Mathematical models (one,  Estimation of TSS

two or three-dimensional) (erosion) and BOD,
analysis of pollution loads COD and AN (sewage/
and dispersion in the wastewater)
waterways, such as concentration affecting
QUAL2K, MIKE11, etc. a stretch of
 Simple mass balance river and downstream
models, sensitive areas.
e.g. Streeter-Phelps Model.  Estimation of pollution.
Operational sewage
and effluent
discharges
modelled

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Impacts Prediction Methods Output

employing Qual2k or
Delft3D or
MIKE11.
Air Quality  Gaussian plume dispersion  Dispersion contour map
models to assess dust and indicating levels at
gas dispersion over an area sensitive receptions.
under the worst case  Comparison of
scenario. computed values with
the Malaysian Ambient
Air Quality Standards
(MAAQS).
 Determination of
location of maximum
air pollution
concentration.
Noise Level  Mathematical models to  Quantitative values for
assess noise levels for noise level at sensitive
point source of linear receptors.
sources.  Noise contour map
 Noise modelling software, indicating levels at
such as SoundPlan, CadNa sensitive areas.
or Geographic Information  Comparison of
System (GIS) acoustic computed values to
models. DOE’s
 Traffic noise models. permissible noise limits.
Ecology  Comparative assessment of  Habitat map.
conservation status and  Species
sensitivity of habitat, flora inventory, especially of
and fauna. rare, endangered,
 Ecological models for threatened and near
species diversity and extinct species that
population change. may require
 Limit of Acceptable Change protection.
(LAC).
 Spatial models, such as
GLOBIO3.
Social Impacts  Social and economic  Socio-economic
surveys on affected profiling.
population.  Public opinion
 Perception survey to survey results.
ascertain acceptance of  Stakeholder feedback
project. for EIA
 Social Impact including
Assessment possible
(SIA). mitigation measures.
Landuse  Compatibility  Landuse compatibility
assessment based on and buffer
structure plan, local plan requirements.
and other guidelines.
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 Adherence to required
setback
based on national and state
guidelines.
Public Health  Qualitative/quantitative  Potential health
health impacts to
risk assessment (HRA) nearby population.

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Impacts Prediction Methods Output

encompassing

hazard
identification

exposure assessment and

risk characterization.
Biomass  Estimation on total biomass  Predicted biomass
based on vegetation types waste generation.
and
published values.
Schedule  Identification of potential  Predicted scheduled
d Wastes scheduled wastes waste generation.
generation during
construction and
operations based on
project
activities.
Solid Wates  Waste generation  Predicted
estimation based on waste generation.
population/workforce/
employees.
Traffic  Traffic impact assessment  Comparison of traffic
including simulation of scenario pre- and post-
peak traffic flows under project and need for
various scenarios and road improvements.
junction analysis,
e.g. Signalized
and Unsignalized
Intersection
Design and Research
Aid
(SIDRA).
Infrastructure  Existing demand  Estimates of demand.
and Utilities estimation methods by
regulators, e.g.
population equivalent
(P.E.) calculations
[National Water
Services Commission
(SPAN)].
 Comparison of existing
supply
to meet future demand
to determine adequacy.
Aesthetics  Visual assessment on  Before and after
scenic and aesthetic value scenario.
of the area.
 2-D and 3-D

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Viewshed
Analysis.
Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. It is
the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the relevant
method required for environmental assessment and compliance

5.4 CRITERIA AND STANDARD

The method to determine the degree of significant impact is to

benchmark the findings against the stipulated current criteria and
standard limits imposed by DOE and/or various Government Agencies
(GAs) (refer to Appendix D to G).

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In situations where there are no local standards or limits, similar

regional and international limits and adherence levels can be adopted
based on the expert opinion of the Qualified Person. However, the
chosen criteria and standards must be suitable and relevant to local
conditions.

Table 5.5 provides a list of the evaluation criteria for various

environmental components to be used as a guide.

Based on the prediction methods and tools, the outcomes shall be

derived (see Box 7).

Table 5.5: Examples of Criteria and Standards for Environmental

Parameters
Impacts Evaluation Criteria
Erosion and Guidelines Documents
Sedimentati (a) Guidelines Document for Addressing Soil Erosion
on and Sediment Control Aspects in the EIA Report (DOE,
2016).
(b) Guidance Document for the Preparation of the
Document on LD-P2M2 (DOE, 2016).
(c) Guidelines for Erosion and Sediment Control in
Malaysia (DID, 2010).
(d) Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Edisi-2 (MSMA-2) (DID, 2012).
Sediment Basin/Silt Trap Discharge

(a) TSS: 50 mg/L or 100 mg/L, depending on locality.

(b) Turbidity: 250 NTU.
Water (a) Ambient water quality: National Water Quality
Quality and Standards (NWQS).
Pollution (b) Sewage discharges: Environmental Quality
Control (Sewage) Regulations 2009.
(c) Effluent discharges: Environmental Quality (Industrial
Effluent) Regulations.
(d) Toilets and septic tanks: SPAN approved design and
requirements.
Flood/Runoff (a) MSMA-2 (DID, 2012) requirements.
Management
Air Quality (a) Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 2015.
(b) Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Standards (MAAQS).
Noise Level (a) Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control
3rd Edition (DOE, 2019).
(b) Occupational Safety and Health (Noise Exposure)
Regulation
2019.

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Vibration (a) The Planning Guidelines for Environmental Vibration

Limits and Control 2nd Edition (DOE, 2007)
(b) JMG requirements for blasting operations.

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Impacts Evaluation Criteria

Ecology (a) International Union on the Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) and Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
listing.
(b) Wildlife Conservation Act 2010.
(c) Feedback from PERHILITAN and Forestry Department
Peninsular Malaysia (JPSM).
Landuse (a) Structure Plans, Local Plans, Special Area Plans
(SAP), Special Management Areas (SMAs) Guidelines.
(b) Environmental Sensitive Area (ESA) Listing under the
National Physical Plan-3 (NPP-3) (JPBD, 2016).
(c) Guidelines for Hillside and Highland Development
(National and State).
(d) Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry and
Residential Areas (DOE, 2012).
(e) Local Authority requirements.
Land Traffic (a) Acceptance level of service (LOS) for traffic flows.
(b) Local authority/Public Works Department (JKR)
requirement.
Safety (a) Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994.
and (b) Factory and Machinery Act 1967.
Health (c) Department of Occupational Safety and Health
(DOSH) Requirements.
(d) International Labour Organisation (ILO) and other
guidelines.
(e) Guidance Document on HIA in EIA (DOE, 2004).
(f) EIA Guidelines for Risk Assessment (DOE, 2004).
Social (a) Public perception on acceptability.
Impacts/ (b) National Heritage Register (National Heritage
Heritage, Department).
Culture (c) Preservation of cultural, heritage, historical and
and archaeological items and sites of significance.
Archaeolog (d) Social Impact Assessment (SIA) requirements in the
y context of the Town and Country Planning Act
(Amendment) 2017 (Act A1522) for three categories:
(i) SIA 1: Development projects under subsection
20B(1) and
(2) of act A 1522 for coastal reclamation projects
and major national infrastructure.
(ii) SIA 2: Development projects under subsection
22(2A) Act
172 for new township development for population
over 10,000 people or covering area over 100 ha
or both, major national infrastructure and
development in slope and hill areas.
(iii) SIA 3: Any other development projects with
significant social impacts as ordered by the
National Physical Planning Council (NPCC) from

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time to time.

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Impacts Evaluation Criteria

Wastes Scheduled wastes

Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations

2005.

Other wastes

(a) Solid Waste and Public Cleaning Management Act 2007.

(b) Local authority requirements.
Treatme (a) Technical Guidance Document on the Design and
nt Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems
Systems (DOE, 2015).
(b) Technical Guidance Document on Performance
Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems
(DOE, 2015).
(c) Technical Guidance Document on Performance
Monitoring of Air Pollution Control Systems (DOE,
2005).
Visual Public perception on acceptability.
Aesthetics
Notes:
(i) Refer to Appendix D - G for details on specific standards and limits.
(ii) The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project. The
Project Proponent and Qualified Person shall make reference to the latest standards
and requirements by the authorities.

Box 7:
Outcomes from Impact
Assessment

(i) No Impact: This scenario occurs when there are very low to no
sensitive receptors in the vicinity of the project to be subjected to
impacts. Examples are communities living very far away, where
they are only indirectly affected such as through traffic along the
main roads. Another scenario is when there are terrain constraints
such as steep slopes, but the Project Proponent has decided to
redesign the layout without affecting these areas.

(ii) Significant Impact: This scenario is based on the predictive results.

In the assessment, if the results showed that the project will
generate detrimental impacts, then mitigation measures will have
to be provided to address the issues. Any residual impacts shall
also be clearly stated in the EIA.

(iii)Non-significant Impact: Impacts will inevitably occur in project

development but it may not result in significant exceedance of the
accepted criteria or standards. An example is TSS from erosion
and sedimentation. The TSS emanating from land clearance that
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CHAPTER 6

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter focuses on the pollution prevention and mitigation

measures (P2M2) which can be considered for implementation in order
to quell potentially adverse environmental impacts, which are capable of
being induced by activities associated with the construction and
operations of a Cement Manufacturing Plant (CMP) in cement industry,
to tolerable or acceptable levels so as to safeguard and maintain the
pre-development status of the local environment, as well as to sustain
the integrity of the Project. This objective can be attained through
adoption of the following steps:

(i) Avoidance of negative impacts through selection

of best options/alternatives in terms of
manufacturing processes.
(ii) Where adverse impacts cannot be avoided, then appropriate
preventive measures and best management practices (BMPs)
should be adopted to reduce and minimise the adverse impacts.
(iii) Ensure residual impacts are kept within acceptable levels.
(iv) Adopt circular economic waste management principles by
application of reduce, reuse, recycle and repurposing
practices

6.2 POLLUTION PREVENTION AND MITIGATION MEASURES (P2M2)

6.2.1 P2M2 Principles

Recommendations for adopting P2M2s is an important outcome of an

EIA study. It evolves from the findings of multi-faceted impact
assessments carried out with respect to CMP construction and
operational activities and their interaction with the local and regional
environments.

P2M2s are required if there are Project activities which can impact
negatively on surrounding air and water qualities, on ambient noise and
vibration levels, on the integrity of existing ecological systems, and on
the health, safety and wellbeing of surrounding communities.

In most, if not all, Project developments, land disturbance (LD) activities

occur in order to clear the Project Site of vegetation (denudation
process) and thereafter to carry out earthworks operations in order to
establish suitable platforms to support Project facilities. These activities
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can induce significant negative water and air quality impacts leading to
public health impairments, flooding episodes and induce diminishing of
the economic and social resource capability of watercourses. P2M2s are
required to quell impacts to tolerable levels and are referred to as LD-

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P2M2. Guidelines for preparation of LD-P2M2 documents are described

under Appendix 4 contained in the publication entitled “Environmental
Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia (EGIM) (DOE 2016)”. In this
respect a LD- P2M2 checklist must be submitted together with relevant
sectional drawings and maps. The version of a typical checklist is
presented herewith:

Table 6.1: Standard Requirements for the LD-P2M2 Submission

Requirement Information to be Included
Project Activity  Phasing plan.
and  Project implementation schedule.
Implementation  Description of constriction activities.
 Construction schedule complete with timeline
or charts for P2M2s installation.
 Construction method statements.
Information and  Selected weather and rainfall data.
Analysis on  Site runoff velocity and flow rates (pre-
Project and post- development).
Development  Description of soil and geological
characteristics (type, erodibility, hydrologic
group, percentage dispersible material,
excavation depth, etc.).
 Description of adjacent areas that may be
affected by land disturbance.
 List of drainage, streams and river systems
located onsite as well as receiving streams
and rivers.
 Lists of P2M2s proposed.
 Access roads and project components located
outside of project boundary.
 Earthworks cut and fill volume.
 Availability of rocks materials.
 Biomass management.
 Solid (construction waste) and domestic
waste management.
 Spill prevention and control plan.
 Hazardous waste management.
 Soil loss prediction (pre, during and post-
development) for with and without LD-P2M2
implementation scenarios.
 Calculation for sediment traps/basins and
projected
runoff flows.
Map of Site  Topographic survey map.
Plan with  Geological Terrain Map.
Existing  Erosion risk map.
Conditions  Landuse map.
 Site development plan map.
Source: Guidance Document for the Preparation of the Document on LD-P2M2, DOE 2016.

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The Department of Environment (DOE) has made it a mandatory

requirement to recommend P2M2 for all development projects; and to
mainstream the environmental agenda towards a culture of guided self-
regulation (GSR) by placing the onus of environmental protection and
management clearly on the Project Proponent to comply.

6.2.2 Application of P2M2

The underpinning principles of P2M2s are to reduce environmental

degradation and pollution through application of pollution control and
abatement measures that take into consideration prevailing site
conditions, and the state of the environment surrounding the project
site. The main objective is to preserve the integrity of the Project site,
and to ensure public health, safety and wellbeing. The general approach
is to adopt the following principles:

(i) The extent of the P2M2s to be adopted shall correspond to the

degree of significance of the predicted impact. Once an impact is
identified as significant, P2M2s shall be recommended in the EIA
report for application when the Project is implemented (e.g. as
part of the engineering designs for slope reinforcement works,
sediment control, etc.). For minor issues, simple management
actions will suffice, e.g. water browsing for dust control at site,
and installation of hoardings for noise attenuation and visual
screening.

(ii) Priority shall be given to controlling pollution at source (e.g.

reducing erosion and surface runoff within Project site), rather
than to permit its translocation to adjacent areas (e.g.
maintenance of silt traps and removal of accumulated silt from
the drainage system).

(iii) Mitigation measures need to be site and project-specific. The

P2M2s need not be complex and costly, but shall instead be
practical, easy to implement and be effective.

(iv) The P2M2s shall be adequately described based on its design

intent and functional attributes. The proposed measures shall be
supported by diagrams, illustrations, photos and maps. The
technical reports and specifications relating to the P2M2s shall be
included as an Appendix in the EIA report.

(v) The application of innovative state-of-the-art technologies is

encouraged if it can be proven to be effective in ameliorating
the impacts to acceptable levels.

(vi) P2M2s require regular inspection, maintenance and rehabilitation.

These shall be incorporated as part of the environmental
management requirements of the project, including the allocation

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of sufficient budget and personnel to carry out such tasks.

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(vii) Effectiveness of P2M2s shall be recorded and documented as

part of the monitoring and audit programmes (refer to Chapter
7).

(viii) The Qualified Person shall propose best management practices

(BMPs), if deemed necessary.

(ix) The P2M2s and BMPs shall be incorporated early into the
overall project design and as part of the LD-P2M2 document.

The submission of the EIA, and the pledges given by the Project
Proponent to adopt measures that will protect the integrity of the
surrounding environment and resident communities shall reflect a
commitment towards ensuring that the recommended P2M2s are
implemented during all stages of work activities. These efforts shall
include, but not be limited, to executing measures, actions or due
diligence principles in accomplishing the overarching goal of protecting
the environment during project implementation and operations.

6.3 POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEMS

6.3.1 General Considerations.

Prior to the commencement of a Project’s land clearing and earthworks

operation, it is recommended that a Plan be formulated for adopting
effective and efficient pollution control systems as part of an overall LD-
P2M2 strategy. This is to ensure that adverse impacts imposed on the
surrounding environment be avoided during this short-term phase of
Project development. One of the main features in the LD- P2M2 is the
use of pollution control systems.

During a Cement Manufacturing Plant’s operational phase, the conduct

of various activities will generate and release different types of
pollutants, mainly in the form of sullage and sewage discharges, toxic,
hazardous and particulate gaseous emissions, and discharges of surface
flows containing suspended solids, oil and grease, etc. Depending on the
scale and volume of discharge of such pollutants, a pollution control
system plan incorporating appropriate P2M2s needs to be evolved,
together with specifications relating to control equipment and
maintenance works. The most common facilities a CMP will adopt will
include for the Sewage Treatment Plant Systems (STS), Air Pollution
Control Systems (APCS), Oil and Grease removal basins and suspended
particulate removal facilities.

The Project Proponent shall engage a Qualified Consultant to prepare

the detailed designs of any Pollution Control Systems for the EIA study.
The Qualified Consultant must be a professional engineer who holds a
current registration certificate issued by the Board of Engineers, and
also be a certified Competent Person under Section 49A of the

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Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974.

Detailed requirements for specific pollution control systems and their

applicability can be referred to in the Announcement by DOE dated
March 2017.

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Consultant shall refer to the Best Available Technique Guidance

Documents published by DOE as guidance. If the proposed technology is
new and has not been previously employed in the country, the Project
Proponent shall provide detailed information on the new technology,
especially with regards to its performance.

6.3.2 Erosion and Sediment Management

(a) Site Clearing and Earthworks

Objective: To arrest or mitigate soil erosion and sediment translocation

at source (i.e. within the Project area) in order to reduce adverse
impacts being imposed on communities and environmental sensitive
areas located downstream of the Project site

Implementation Steps

(i) Establish proper scheduling and implementation of P2M2s in

accordance with the project’s overall implementation schedule.

(ii) Retain much of the natural vegetation by reducing the extent

and duration of denuded and earthworks areas. Demarcate site
buffer areas.

(iii) Reduce periods of exposure to the elements with respect to

slopes and cleared areas.

(iv) Stabilise bare slopes, and apply protective covers, when they are
not subject to construction activities.

(v) Protect stockpile areas from being eroded by air flows and rainfalls

(vi) Implement P2M2s to curtail soil losses within the Project site due
to erosion processes and install sediment control measures to
reduce translocation of loose sediments to external drainage
systems.

(b) Runoff and Stormwater Management

Objective: To effectively manage the rate of surface runoffs discharged

from the project site in order to prevent localised flooding, as well as to
reduce or eliminate the risk of inducing potential flooding episodes at
downstream locations, especially during rainy seasons.

Implementation Steps

The EIA shall assess the impacts imposed on external drainage systems
by storm water discharges from the project site, and as a consequence
to identify flow retardation measures as specified in the Manual Saliran

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Mesra Alam Edisi-2 (MSMA-2) which can be implemented for intercepting

the rapid stormwater flows in

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an adequate manner. These measures include, but are not limited to,
the following:

(i) Installation of temporary drains to minimise concentrated water

flows during construction. In sites with limited areas, pipe slope
drains (PSD) can be used to convey runoff into sediment
containment system.

(ii) Channelling discharges via a series of check dams to a sediment

pond to reduce run-off velocities and peak flows. Temporary
energy dissipation structures are often used to reduce flow
velocity.

(iii) The size and capacity of the drains must be sufficient to

accommodate at least a 10-year ARI storm event (see also MSMA-
2).

(iv) All drainage and waterway banks shall be stabilised, e.g. by rock
cover, turf reinforcement mats, etc.

(v) Proper stream crossing and culverts are required along

waterways to prevent blockages that can restrict storm water
flows.

(c) Sediment Control

Objective: To ensure effective control of sediments at-site, employing

both structural and non-structural measures in order to reduce water
pollution episodes and sedimentation of watercourses.

Implementation Steps

(i) Installation of sediment control devices and structures such as silt

fences, silt traps, sediment basins, barriers and use of active
treatment systems where space is a constraint.

(ii) Retardation/capture structures and devices are to be designed to

retain the calculated runoff volume for a sufficient period of time
to allow for suspended sediments to settle.

(iii) Use of active treatment systems (ATS) such as flocculants,

anionic polymers, etc. in space constraint locations to accelerate
entrapment and settlement of fine sediments.

(iv) Regular inspection and maintenance of the structures to ensure

their performance efficiency, especially after heavy storm events.

(v) Sediment control also extends to spillage of materials and mud

trekking from vehicles and measures to address these must be

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put in place, including tyre washing facilities, road cleaning and

dust control.

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Box 8:
P2M2 Checklist for Erosion and Sediment Management

Site Clearing and Earthworks

Erosion and sedimentation management during land clearing and earthworks

include:

(i) Development of phased clearing and subsequent earthworks operation

plan.
(ii) Adoption of erosion, sediment and drainage control measures as
outlined in the prepared LD-P2M2 strategy document.
(iii) Stabilised entrance and access roads.
(iv) Adequate turfing of slopes.
Temporary cover for exposed areas, e.g. erosion control mats, mulching,
etc.

Runoff and Stormwater Management

Flooding and drainage issues can be prevalent during the land clearing and
earthworks phase. Measures to minimise such occurrences include:

(i) Implementation of temporary drainage systems based on MSMA-2

criteria and concepts.
(ii) Cascading and pipe slope drains (PSD) along berms and steep slopes.
(iii) Inlet and outlet protection.
(iv) Provision and maintenance of riparian reserves alongside watercourses.
(v) Stream crossings to be adequately designed to pass through flows.
(vi) River alterations to have approval from the DID.

Sediment Control

Entrap and retain sediments prior to discharge out of the project site. Examples
include:

(i) Sediment basin/silt trap.

(ii) Active Treatment System (Anionic).
(iii) Wash trough/wheel washing at main entrance/exit.
(iv) Road cleaning.
(v) BMP inspection and maintenance.

Operation

Erosion and sedimentation will not be major impacts and no mitigation

measures are necessary except for periodic slope maintenance and
rehabilitation in the case of erosion and failure during heavy rainfalls.

Permanent drainage network and retention systems (e.g. detention ponds,

dry ponds, rain harvesting system, etc.) to be installed at-site to attenuate

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peak runoffs

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6.3.3 Air Pollution Control

Objective: To minimise emission of fine dust and gaseous pollutants

arising from construction and operation activities, and including
transport of materials to and from the Project site.

Implementation Steps

(i) Clean up all spillage along transportation routes and maintain

entrances/exits in a clean condition.

(ii) Any potential emission sources such as fuel burning equipment

must comply with the relevant agencies’ requirements and limits.
The project proponent shall ensure that the proposed flue gas
treatment system is able to handle the estimated flow rates and
are treated based on the type of fuel used. Project Proponent
shall also provide description and verification on the flue gas
treatment used, especially with regards of materials imported
from other countries.

(iii) Regular housekeeping to remove mud trekking along roads.

(iv) All emissions shall conform with DOE emission standards and
compliance limit as per Environmental Quality (Clean Air)
Regulations 2014; whilst open burning shall be prohibited at all
times.

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Box 9:
P2M2 Checklist for Air Pollution Control

Earthworks and Construction

The measures to include dust suppression methods, especially if

dust pollution affects sensitive receptors. Some examples include:

(i) Wet suppression along main transportation routes and

on earth stockpiles.
(ii) Measures to reduce equipment and vehicular emissions by
enforcing periodic maintenance of vehicles and
machineries.
(iii) Measures during blasting operations should include supervisions
and adherence to safety measures, among others, to prevent
injuries and safety concerns, e.g. from fly rock, vibration and
noise.

Operation

Most emissions will be from vehicles and fuel burning equipment. All
emissions must abide by the emission standards of DOE and install
Air Pollution Control Systems (APCS) as needed.

Application of appropriate Best Available Techniques (BAT) by

referring to the Guidance Document pertaining to Fuel Burning
Equipment and Air Pollution Control Systems.

Control of fugitive dust emissions from exposed coal and raw

material stockpiles

Control over natural oxidation processes within coal stockpiles so as

to prevent fires.

Application of suitable fugitive emission controls by making reference

to the Guidance Document pertaining to Fugitive Emission Control.

Carry out periodic performance monitoring schedules with respect to

process controls

Carry out performance monitoring of of air pollution control systems

making reference to the Technical Guidance Document on
Performance Monitoring of Air Pollution Control Systems (DOE-APCS-5
First Edition 2006).

Conduct continuous and/or periodic emission monitoring in

compliance with THE environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation
requirements; and to DOE’s requirement on Predictive Emission
monitoring System (PEMS) and Continuous Emission Monitoring
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System (CEMS)

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6.3.4 Noise and Vibration Control

Objective: To minimise noise and vibration disturbance to nearby

receptors as well as to protect workers operating in a high noise
environment.

Implementation Steps

(i) Noise and vibration impacts can be addressed through measures

such as phasing construction work; erecting perimeter hoardings
around the worksites, provision of acoustic silencers on noisy
machines and equipment and use of physical barriers; or
maintaining natural ones.

(ii) Protection of workers using personal protection equipment (PPE)

is important within a work environment.

(iii) Periodic maintenance of vehicles and machinery to control the

intensity of noise and vibration emissions to tolerable levels

(iv) Schedule piling and blasting works during day time and week
days. Employ delayed firing blasting techniques.

(v) Besides DOE’s guideline on the environmental noise limits and

also vibration limits, the project should also adhere to relevant
guideline and regulations from DOSH such as OSHA, Industry
Code of Practice (ICOP) for Management of Occupational Noise
Exposure and Hearing Conservation 2019 and Occupational
Safety and Health (Noise Exposure) Regulations 2019 [P.U. (A)
60/2019].

Operation Stage

Landscaping and natural buffers can help reduce noise impacts from
human activities. In the case of noisy machinery, such as gen-sets,
compressors, fans etc. they can be acoustically enclosed to reduce noise
impacts.

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Box 10:
P2M2 Checklist for Noise and Vibration

Control Earthworks and Construction

Examples of measures include:

(i) Perimeter hoarding.

(ii) Regular machinery and vehicle servicing.
(iii) PPE for workers.
(iv) Scheduling of piling and blasting work.

Operation

Landscaping and natural buffers can help soften the noise from
human activities. For noisy machineries such as gen-sets, these
can be enclosed to reduce noise.

6.3.5 Water Quality

Objective: To prevent water pollution of rivers and other watercourses

located within and in the surrounding areas of the project site during the
Project’s construction and operation phases. Where possible, to
maintain water quality at baseline conditions or better, and be within
DOE prescribed limits for specific uses of the waterways.

Implementation Steps

(i) Potential water pollutants include suspended solids, sewage,

sullage, machinery discharges, oil and grease (O&G), etc. Silt
traps and sedimentation basins/ponds will be able to trap most of
the physical constituents such as silt and sediments, but not
dissolved materials and O&G, before final discharge.

(ii) Proper storage areas including adequate bunding are to be

provided for scheduled wastes, concrete batching plants,
chemicals, spoils, fuel tanks and temporary waste disposal areas.
Containment facilities to be designed to retain 110% of the
largest inventory of liquid wastes. Containment facilities shall be
made from impermeable

(iii) Suitable treatment systems especially for sewage and sullage

effluents (from on-site toilets and construction labour camps)
shall be adopted to ensure that the discharge quality meets the
agencies and local authority’s standards during the construction
and operational phases of the project.

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(iv) In case of spillage and accidental release of toxic and hazardous

wastes, measures are to be in place to contain, remediate and
remove the contaminants from entering watercourses.

Box 11:
P2M2 Checklist for Water Pollution Control

Earthworks and Construction

Measures to prevent TSS, organic pollutants and O&G from

entering into the downstream rivers and drainage systems during
the construction phase must be proposed such as:

(i) Implement appropriate LD-P2M2s.

(ii) Discharges from wastewater treatment plants and toilet
facilities at site and at base camps to follow the National Water
Services Commission (SPAN) requirements.
(iii) Establish proper workshop areas.
(iv) Bunded storage for scheduled wastes, concrete batching
plants, chemical storage and fuel tank areas.
(v) For batching plants, to include measures to prevent releases
of concrete wastes and washouts outside of the project
boundary.
(vi) Include a proper closure plan on plant shut-down.

Operation

During the operational period, high loadings of sewage and sullage,

surface run-offs and process effluents to be treated to conform with
stipulated standards on effluent discharges to inland waters as
promulgated by DOE.

A proper STS and effluent treatment system shall be required if

there are any sewage generated. O&G traps are required to be
installed to intercept discharges from canteens and kitchens and be
regularly maintained to ensure their functional reliability.

Operation Stage

(i) Install separate drainage systems for stormwater flows and

effluent discharges.

(ii) Provision of first flush pit at process areas.

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(iii) Apply suitable Best available Techniques (BAT) to control

discharge of sewage and process effluents; e.g. by referring to the
Guidance Document on the Design and Operation of Industrial
Effluent Treatment System (DOE- IETS-9)

(iv) Carry out Performance Monitoring with respect to process

controls (e.g. Kiln operations).

(v) Carry out Performance Monitoring with respect to sewage and

industrial effluent treatment systems by referring to the Technical
Guidance Document on Performance Monitoring of Industrial
Effluent Treatment systems (DOE-IETS-1).

(vi) Carry out continuous and/or periodic effluent quality monitoring in

compliance with Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulation,
and/or Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) regulation
requirements.

(vii) The effluent from a plant’s treatment system shall be discharged

into a “check pond” before being released to the environment.
The check pond shall function as an important biomarker for
assessing the quality of effluent and to be discharged to the
environment.

6.3.6 Waste Management

Objective: To minimise the amount of waste generated from the site and
to ensure proper collection, storage and disposal of the different types
of wastes generated during construction, operations and abandonment
stages.

Implementation Steps

(i) Wastes comprising biomass, municipal, construction and

demolition (C&D) and scheduled wastes require specific
management strategies.

(ii) The key approach is to ensure proper regular collection and

disposal of wastes generated and to dispose them at well
managed temporary/permanent repositories located within the
Project site, or to temporarily store them at site prior to disposal
off-site at approved facilities.

(iii) General housekeeping of the construction site is also important.

No open burning of wastes should be permitted.

(iv) The processes in the industry must be designed to be in-line with

DOE’s “cradle-to cradle” policy wherever possible in order to
minimize generation of waste.

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Box 12:
P2M2 Checklist for Waste
Management Earthworks and
Construction

Solid Wastes

The measures for proper solid waste management include:

(i) Temporary disposal area to be provided and well managed.

(ii) Waste bins to be provided at active work areas.
(iii) Regular housekeeping practices to be carried out
(iv) Disposal of wastes at a local authority licensed landfill.
(v) Practice circular economic principals in the management of
wastes by encouraging reduce, recycle, repurposing
activities.

Scheduled Wastes

The measures include proper scheduled waste management controls

in adherence to the Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes)
Regulations 2005. Some examples include:

(i) Scheduled waste storage area with bunding.

(ii) Maintaining scheduled waste inventory.
(iii) Proper scheduled waste notification, labelling, inventory and
consignment to track and control movement of scheduled
wastes.
(iv) Provision of Chemical or Oil Spill kits
(v) Scheduled waste management and disposal at
licensed facilities employing licensed transporters.
(vi) Competent person trained in scheduled waste management.

Operation

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6.3.7 Safety and Health

Objective: To ensure that the general public and worker safety and health
are not compromised with ongoing construction works.

Implementation Steps

(i) Safety and health measures are intended to address issues such
as work place conditions and worker’s health. These include
preventive checks on any communicable diseases among the
workers, provision of personal protective equipment (PPE),
provision of firefighting equipment, safety trainings and having an
Emergency Response Plan (ERP) in place.

(ii) Proper work procedures are designated at-site and off-site to

prevent unauthorised entry from the public into the active work
site to reduce the risks of accidents and injuries.

(iii) Project Proponent shall also refer to relevant guidelines such as

OSHA and Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health in
Construction Industry (Management) (OSHCIM) from DOSH that
provides practical guidance to the client, designer and contractor
on the management of safety, health and welfare when carrying
out construction projects.

Box 13:
P2M2 Checklist for Safety and Health Earthworks and Construction
The measures for safety and health are:

Develop and maintain an Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

Safety officer to be employed.
Instil PPE requirements.
Workers to have CIDB green card.
Health checks on workers to prevent spread of communicable diseases.
Periodic Staff Training to be conducted especially with regard to safety and health

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6.3.8 Visual

Objective: To reduce the impact of visual intrusion during and after

construction.

Implementation Steps

(i) Wherever possible, preserve natural areas not affected by

construction activities. This includes all river courses and
associated riparian areas.

(ii) Use of hoardings or barriers can also reduce the direct visual
impacts.

(iii) Rehabilitation of the site through landscaping and replanting

will help to soften and even reverse some of the impacts during
construction.

6.4 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Residual impacts are those that persist even after all mitigation
measures are judiciously implemented. The extent of residual impacts
shall be clearly detailed in the EIA report; and associated impact
monitoring shall be recommended.

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CHAPTER 7

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 INTRODUCTION

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a legal document

prepared by the Project Proponent that incorporates pollution prevention
and mitigation measures (P2M2s), and best management practices
(BMPs) that are specified in the Project’s Conditions of Approval (COA)
issued by the Department of Environment (DOE).

Other than mitigation measures, the EMP includes, inter-alia, self-

regulation requirements; an environmental monitoring plan and audit
programmes to assess the effectiveness of the P2M2 implementation.

The EMP is a living document and must be updated whenever there are
major changes to project designs and layouts, or when construction
methods change, factors that may result in specific impacts not originally
addressed in the EMP.

Application of 5S principles in order to keep track with latest

environmental requirements, and in improving a project’s environmental
management strategy. An explanation of the principal content of a 5S
strategies is presented in Box 14.

7.2 EMP FRAMEWORK

Insufficient information concerning the Project’s work plan may not be

available during the EIA stage to formulate a comprehensive EMP. The
EMP chapter in the EIA should only be an EMP framework for eventual
morphing into a full EMP during the post EIA approval stage

The Project Proponent can submit a detailed EMP concurrently with the
EIA Report if there is sufficient information to formulate an effective EMP.
The EMP be updated at a later stage to incorporate the requirements of
the COAs.

The format for the EMP shall be based on requirements stated within the
EGIM Document (DOE, 2016); and shall contain pertinent details
abstracted from the principal LD-P2M2 Documents. The proposed
monitoring and audit programmes should also be a part of the EMP.

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BOX 14:
Application of 5S in Up keeping Environmental Compliances

Organise, Sort and Eliminate things that are obsolete and not in use and store them
Seiri
Set in Order, and promote Neatness i.e. arrange items or information used regularly

Clean, Shine in order to ensure everything is checked and functioning properly.

Seiton
Standardise - develop routine programmes to organise work areas and processes.

Discipline, Sustain - create a culture that follows the steps of 5S on a daily basis.
Seiso

Seiketsu

Shitsuke

Note: 5S was developed in Japan by Hiroyuki Hirano

7.3 SELF-REGULATION

DOE has initiated a Guided Self-Regulation (GSR) requirement that must

be adopted by Projects that are categorised as prescribed activities,
during all of its implementation stages. In this respect, the EMP shall
incorporate the required Environmental Mainstreaming Tools.

There are seven environmental mainstreaming tools, the being:

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7.3.1 Environmental Policy

This refers to the Project Proponent’s high level Environmental Policy

that needs to be followed throughout the organisation.

7.3.2 Environmental Budgeting

The Project Proponent has to provide for an environmental budget to

cover environmental-related commitments, e.g. recruitment of
environmental working level and supervisory personnel, implementing
P2M2s, undertaking monitoring and auditing of impacts, executing
remedial and rehabilitation works, and training of staff on environmental
related matters.

If a budget has not been firmed up during the EIA study stage, the
Project Proponent shall commit to a pledge to allocate an adequate
budget to cover for expenses to be incurred to execute and comply with
activities outlined in the EMP during the post-EIA stage to ensure
compliance.

The budget requirements shall also be reflected in the Project’s

construction Contract Documents, as part of the Bills-of-Quantities, for
contractors to price for execution of specified environmental related
works.

7.3.3 Environmental Monitoring Committee

The Project Proponent is required to establish an Environmental

Regulatory Compliance Monitoring Committee (ERCMC) to be headed by
the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), or organisation chairman. This is to
ensure that there is a high-level commitment towards environmental
protection and conservation during Project implementation and
operations.

An Environmental Performance Monitoring Committee (EPMC), chaired

by a senior officer of the organisation, shall oversee the execution of
day-to-day environmental management activities at the working level.

For large-scale projects involving multiple contractual work packages

executed by many contractors, the respective main contractors are
required to form their respective Environmental Management Teams
(EMTs), comprising of at least an Environmental Manager (EM) and an
Environmental Officer (EO), and supported by several technical
assistants.

An organisation chart shall be developed to portray all parties involved

in the environmental management of the Project, together with a listing
of all participating personnel and their respective roles and
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responsibilities. This organisation chart shall be included in the EMP

framework.

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7.3.4 Environmental Facility

The EMP shall specify the range of environmental facilities to be

incorporated in the Project. Such facilities would encompass Industrial
Effluent Treatment Systems (IETS), Sewage Treatment Systems (STS), Air
Pollution Control Systems (APCS), BMPs, P2M2 structures, and associated
supporting utilities and facilities, all of which would require operational
and maintenance support.

7.3.5 Environmental Competency

Personnel training requirements are required for all relevant site

personnel in order to ensure environmental management competency.
The proposed training requirements and execution programmes shall be
described in the EMP document.

7.3.6 Environmental Reporting and Communication

The mode of communication between the ERCMC, EPMC and the

respective EMTs must be clearly defined in the EMP document.

Lines of communication between the Project Proponent, the EPMC and

the relevant stakeholders, must be clearly defined. This is not only
limited to project site management activity, but also to cover
engagements with affected communities, and the general public, so as
to manage adequately any potential grievances and expectations related
to Project development and operations.

7.3.7 Environmental Transparency

This refers to the Project Proponent’s initiative to be transparent on its

implementation and performance of environmental management. Such
sharing may be in the form of environmental sustainability report,
website, billboard or fliers.

7.4 MONITORING AND AUDIT PROGRAMMES

The environmental monitoring and audit programmes are important

components of the EMP. Monitoring and audits shall be implemented
during the post-EIA stage.

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7.4.1 Monitoring Category

Environmental monitoring can be categorised into three main categories:

(a) Performance Monitoring (PM)

(i) Relates to monitoring the performance of treatment

systems such as IETS, STS and APCS.

(ii) This shall be undertaken by a Competent Persons with

knowledge and expertise in the relevant treatment
systems.

(b) Compliance Monitoring (CM)

(i) Relates to the monitoring of P2M2s within the site to

ascertain their performances. This is carried out by
representative sampling of waste discharges at specific
points within the site, and at its boundaries. The level of
pollutants measured, and their comparison with established
limits of discharge, are performed to gauge the level of
performance of P2M2s. Sampling of waste emissions are
usually taken either at points of release (in the case of
noise, air and vibration), or at discharge points from
treatment plants (in the case of sewage, process effluents,
sediment basin discharges).

(ii) The sampling and testing of waste discharges/emissions

shall be carried out by a Competent Person engaged by an
accredited laboratory.

(c) Impact Monitoring (IM)

(i) Impact monitoring may only be required in cases where

there is a possibility that residual waste discharges may still
induce adverse impacts on receptors located external to the
Project site boundaries despite having been subjected to
P2M2s. In these cases, monitoring of ambient air and
water quality, and noise and vibration levels, at the
identified receptors shall be carried out and compared with
similar levels monitored prior to commencement of Project
construction activities. Samplings and measurements may
also be carried out at other sensitive receptors such as flora
and fauna habitats

(ii) This shall be carried out by Competent Person employed by

an accredited laboratory.

7.4.2 Monitoring Programme

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The scope of a monitoring programme shall be dependent on the scale

of the project and in relation to the nature of predicted impacts.
Monitoring will

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encompasses areas within the project site, and at sensitive receptors

located external to the project area that are likely to be impacted by
Project induced waste emissions .

Details of the monitoring programmes are outlined and specified by the

Qualified Person; and have to be approved by DOE before they are
implemented. Details such as monitoring locations, frequencies,
monitoring parameters, recommended limits, instrumentation and
personnel requirements have to be presented and discussed in the EMP.
The monitoring programme shall take into consideration the range and
scope of potential waste emissions generated and released by Project
activities, and the state of existing environmental resources and
receptors and physical development profiles surrounding the Project site.
A typical monitoring for a cement manufacturing plant projects is
summarised in Table 7.1.

DOE has the right to mandate any monitoring programme changes, or

seek additional information and data to support the proposed
programmes.

Table 7.1 Sample of a Monitoring Programme for a Cement Manufacturing

Plant
Types of
Compliance Monitoring
monitoring/ Test Sampling Point
Requirement Frequency
Parameters
Compliance Monitoring
Stack Emission Sampling port Environment Quarterly
PM10, PM2.5, NOx, of kiln and al Quality
SOx, Total clinker cooler (Clean Air)
Suspended stacks Regulation
Particulates, 2014
Mercury,
Cadmium, Dioxins
Effluent Effluent Environment Monthly
pH, Temperature, discharge al Quality
BOD, COD, Total from IETS (Industrial
Suspended Solids, Effluent)
Mercury, Regulations
Cadmium, 2009
Chromium
Hexavalent,
Chromium
Trivalent, Arsenic,
Cyanide, Lead,
Copper,
Manganese,
Nickel, Tin, Zinc,
Boron, Iron, Silver,
Aluminium,

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Selenium, Barium,
Fluoride,
Formaldehyde,
Phenol, Free
Chlorine, Sulphide,

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Types of
Compliance Monitoring
monitoring/ Test Sampling Point
Requirement Frequency
Parameters
Oil and Grease,
Ammoniacal
Nitrogen,
Colour
Noise NB1 North Guidelines Quarterly
Leq, Lmax, L10, L90 Plant for
Boundar Environmental
y Noise Limits
NB2 East and
Plant Control
Boundar
y
NB3 South
Plant
Boundary
NB4 West
Plant
Boundar
y
Impact Monitoring
Ambient Air A1 Within Ambient Air Quarterly
PM10, PM2.5, Project Quality
Mercury, Cadmium Site Guidelines
A2 Residential
areas
located
external to
Project Site
Surface Water W1 Upstream Class IIB and Quarterly
Temperature, pH, of waste Class III of
DO, Turbidity, discharge the NWQSM
point
BOD, COD, Total
W2 Downstrea
Suspended Solids,
m of waste
Ammoniacal
discharge
Nitrogen, Oil and point
Grease, Total
Coliform Count,
Faecal Coliform
Count
Groundwater G1 Upstream National Baseline to be
pH, Temperature, of Project Groundwate conducted
Site r
Salinity, DO, Quality before
Standard
Conductivity, As, commenceme
Cd, nt
Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, G2 Downstrea National of operation
Ni,Pb, Se, Sn, V, m of Drinking
Zn, VOC, TPH Project Water As per DOE
Site Quality
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Standard
requirement

7.4.3 Environmental Audit

Environmental auditing is a post-EIA evaluation process to determine the

effectiveness and performance of the mitigation measures adopted by
the Project Proponent to comply with the COAs.

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Audit requirements are guided by the Environmental Audit Guidance

Manual published by DOE in 2011. The audit must be undertaken by an
independent third party who is certified as a DOE registered
environmental auditor.

The typical audit process involves:

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CHAPTER 8

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

ABANDONMENT PLAN

8.1 INTRODUCTION

An Abandonment Plan is a document prepared by the Project Proponent

detailing the decommissioning and abandonment strategies and action
plans to be implemented when a Project has to be abandoned.

The Abandonment Plan shall also incorporate P2M2s and BMPs that
Box 15:
should be implemented when
Scenarios carrying with
associated out Project
abandonment procedures
and associated activities. Abandonment

8.2 ABANDONMENT
(i) Change ofPLAN
project development stages and / or phases.
(ii) Major maintenance or turnaround events occurring during
8.2.1 Pre-Abandonment Activities
operation stage.
(iii) order
In Temporary curtailment
to determine the ofbest
activities due to change/inabandonment
decommissioning project
strategy, a Best orPractical
ownership change inEnvironmental Option (BPEO) assessment
project contractor.
should be performed. The resulting findings and conclusions shall be
(iv) Temporary or permanent curtailment of activities due to
outlined and described, and the
changes in government policies
(v) Temporary or permanent curtailment of activities during
construction stage due to challenges in project funding
(vi) Temporary or permanent suspension of activities during
operation stage due to shortfalls in company financing.
(vii) Decommissioning and closure of a Plant upon reaching its
design life, or at the end of its useful life
(viii) Decommissioning and closure of facilities due to expiry of

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principal conclusions presented in the Abandonment Plan. Figure 8.1

illustrates a potential BPEO Concept.

Figure 8.1: Best Practical Environmental Option Concept

The process of decommissioning an industrial Plant can raise complex

issues. It is widely accepted that in selecting the “best”
decommissioning plan, it is essential that due consideration be given to
the critical and inter-related requirements of human health and safety,
environmental protection, technological feasibility and economic
stewardship, all within the broader context of public perception /
stakeholder acceptability. A BPEO assessment provides a means of
determining which decommissioning strategy is the most suitable for a
particular Plant or facility.

The strategy for decommissioning and abandonment of the industrial

Plant shall also be assessed using criteria and framework as set out in
the Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines (CLMCG). The
guidelines among others provide the guiding principles and
contaminated land management frameworks for different type of land
use that would be of subsurface contamination concerns.

The framework is defined through a series of three (3) specific guideline

namely:

 Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 1:

Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for Contaminated
Land
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 Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No. 2:

Assessing and Reporting Contaminated Sites
 Contaminated Land Management and Control Guidelines No.
3: Remediation of Contaminated Sites

All three (3) guidelines need to be read in sequence as each one

describes requirement that is part of the overall framework to determine
required remediation works in the Abandonment Plan which is explained
in the CLMCG No. 3.

8.2.2 Abandonment Activities

During the abandonment phase of a project, the following activities

are normally carried out,via:

(i) Identifying work packages and outlining pertinent specifications for

undertaking the identified tasks.

(ii) Tendering process and awarding of contract for

decommissioning and demolition work;

(iii) Removal and disposal of scheduled waste, demolition materials and

refuse;

(iv) Disassembling of equipment and plant;

(v) Removal of plant piping, cabling, storage facilities and segregation

of reusable/ recyclable and repurposing components;

(vi) Demolition of a building, and separating those components that

can be reutilised and recycled prior to disposing the residual
materials to approved repositories.

(vii) Site levelling and filling and revegetation; and

(viii) Site stabilisation / Rehabilitation.

Details of the selected or preferred decommissioning

strategies/options
shall be in the Abandonment Plan.
described
As a minimum, following aspects, and managemen plans
the shall be associated in the Abandonment t ,
described Plan:

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Potential environmental impacts associated

with a project Abandonment stage are
summarized in Table 8.1.

Table 8.1: Example of Impacts Associated With

Abandonment of a Project
Environmental
Potential Impact During Project Abandonment
Indicator
Emission of dust due to demolition works, site
levelling and filling activities
Air Quality
Emissions from transportation of construction
materials and wastes.
Erosion Dismantling and demolition works may result in
and soil disturbance causing increase of erosion risks.
sedimentati
on
Demolition and removal of fuel storage tanks and
associated pipe work and dismantling of effluent
treatment plant which may lead to water
Water Quality contamination if the residues are not properly
contained and treated.

Leaching from demolition works and mishandling of

wastes and chemicals.
Noise Noise from hacking, demolition and transportation
works.
A variety of wastes can be generated during
decommissioning and demolition works. These
wastes may include unused machinery, metals
wastes, concrete wastes, plastics and other solid
wastes.
Wastes
Hazardous materials may include unused chemicals,
oil or fuel, and scheduled wastes.

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Improper handling and disposal may lead to land

contamination as well as contamination of water
resources.

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Environmental
Potential Impact During Project Abandonment
Indicator
Decommissioning and abandonment of a project
Socio economic may bring an end to the direct and indirect
employment opportunity afforded to local and
regiona lcommunities.

The abandonment plan shall also describe the implementation of an

environmental management plan to gauge the impact which
abandonment activities can impart on the surrounding ambient air and
water qualities, noise and vibration levels, drainage impedances due to
siltation effects, siltation of other watercourses, etc. A description is also
warranted with respect to the adoption of a waste management plan
based on circular economic principles that gives credence to enforcing
recycling/ reuse/ repurpose strategies.

8.2.3 Post Abandonment Activities

Appropriate site remediation and restoration activities shall be

described if residual site contamination (e.g. hydrocarbons in soil from
past leaks and spills) is detected.

A post decommissioning monitoring programme should be conducted to

assess environmental changes and implications of the selected
decommissioning strategy/options and to monitor any potential residual
impacts imposed on the local environment. Depending on the sensitivity
of the site, additional surveys may be conducted to monitor and trace
the recovery of the site to acceptable levels.

8.3 REPORTING

The detailed Abandonment Plan shall be submitted to DOE for review

and acceptance at least three (3) months prior to its implementation.

The format of Abandonment Plan shall comply with the associated

guidance document to be issued by DOE.

An Environmental Sustainability Report, which shall include a post

abandonment environmental monitoring scheme, BMP inspections and
wastes inventories, shall be submitted to the state DOE office during the
post project abandonment stage.

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CHAPTER 9

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT:

REPORTING AND REVIEW

9.1 INTRODUCTION

This Chapter describes the format and procedures for preparation of an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for submission to the
Department of Environment (DOE) for approval. The submission can be
performed only after the completion of all other necessary studies and
requirements.

9.2 EIA REPORT

9.2.1 EIA Report Format

The EGIM (DOE, 2016) Document, specifically Section 4.6 and Appendix 9,
describes the content and format for EIA reporting.

The EIA Report shall typically include the following contents:

(i) A declaration from the Project Proponent and Qualified Person in

the format detailed in Appendix 9 of the EGIM Document (DOE,
2016). The declaration must be printed in the Project Proponent’s
company letterhead and attached to the EIA Report.

(ii) Executive Summary of the EIA Report shall be prepared in Bahasa

Malaysia and English.

(iii) Brief Introduction to the project, providing salient information, on

inter-alia, the Project Proponent (address, key person and contact
information); the Environmental Firm engaged to carry out the EIA
Study (address, key person and contact information); and the
composition of the EIA Team Members (name, academic,
qualifications, areas of study, signature).

(iv) Review of the basic policies, and regulatory and legal

requirements, for implementing the project (refer to Chapter 2 of
this EIA Guideline for details).

(v) Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EIA Study as endorsed by the
DOE (refer to Chapter 3 of this EIA Guideline for further details). An
endorsement letter from DOE approving and endorsing the TOR
has to be attached as an Appendix to the EIA Report.

(vi) Statement of Need for project implementation. This narrative

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shall include supporting statements to justify the need and

necessity to implement the

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Project. This Statement shall form part of the EIA report. Key points to
be addressed are summarised in Box 16.

(vii) Deliberation on Project alternatives and options (refer to Section 3.4

Box 16:
of this EIA Guideline).
Key Points to be Addressed in Need
Statement
(viii) Detailed description of the project including site information,
manufacturing
Key justificationsconcepts, breakdown
for supporting of major process
the implementation streams,
of a project
material and manpower requirements, and project activities
may include, but are not limited, to the following, points: and
their execution time schedules (refer Table 9.1).
(i) Meet increasing market demands for the manufactured
(ix) Description of the baseline conditions (physical-chemical, biological
products.
and human environment) prevailing within the ZOS prior to Project
(ii) Fulfilment of, or adherence to, the goals of National and
implementation that may be impacted upon by project activities
State policies
(see Chapter 4 of thisand
EIAplans
Guideline).
(iii)Enhancing social and economic benefits to communities.
(x) Assessment of theofsignificant
(iv)Application new greenimpacts (positive technologies
and sustainable and negative), that
that
can be imparted on nearby sensitive receptors; predicting the
spatial and temporal extent and intensity of identified impacts;
describing and recommending P2M2s to be adopted to minimise or
enhance each type of impact, and to identify any potential residual
impacts that need to be addressed in further depth (see Chapters 4
and 5 of this EIA Guideline).

(xi) Details of public consultations and engagements carried out as part

of EIA Study.

(xii) Environmental Management Plan (EMP) incorporating both general

P2M2s and LD-P2M2, monitoring and audit programmes (see
Chapter 7 of this EIA Guideline).

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(xiii) Appendices detailing the technical studies carried out as part of

the EIA study together with supporting documentation, result of
analysis, list of references, etc.

Table 9.1: Recommended Project Description Scope and

Content
Project Details Project title.
Name and contact details of the Project
Proponent. Name and contact details of EIA
Team.
Location of project (coordinates, lot no,
district, etc.) Relevant map of project
location and accessibility.
Location General site plan including ZOS (5-km radius)
Project boundary and layout (with
coordinates). Description of location in relation
to identifiable landmarks (e.g. city centres,
main roads, towns, etc.).
Project Project details (land area, buffer, lots and land
Component status). Project concept, layout and
and Design component.
Details Technology use.
Examples of similar project type and scale.
Supported with drawings, illustration and
diagrams.
Project Activities Method statement for major project activities
during pre- construction, construction and
operational stages.
Manpower requirements.
Resource requirements (e.g. soil and
aggregate sources, spoil disposal area,
etc.).
Infrastructur Details of the estimated
e, Utilities demand for: Water supply
and Electricity/ Fuels
Amenities Sewerage
Requiremen Telecommunicatio
t ns. Transport
system.
Waste management.
Project Estimated timeline for phases
Implementati implementation from planning, to
on Schedule construction and operational phases. Details
of each stages of implementation.
Note: The list is not exhaustive and not all the above may be relevant to the project.
It is the responsibility of the Project Proponent and Qualified Person to determine the
relevant information required for environmental assessment and compliance.

9.2.2 Executive Summary

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The executive summary provides a concise brief of the findings and

recommendations arising from the EIA Study. It shall be written in non-
technical language, both in Bahasa Malaysia and English, presenting the
following information:

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EIA Guidelines for Cement CHAPTE

Title of the Project.

Name and contact details of the Project Proponent.

Name and contact details of EIA Study Team members.

Location of the Project Site.

Relevant maps showing spatial relationship between Project location and sensitive r

Process manufacturing alternatives considered.

A tabulation of significant impacts and proposed P2M2s to quell adverse impacts to a

Description of monitoring and audit programmes.

Conclusion of the Study.

Soft copy of the Executive Summary (PDF format) shall be submitted to

DOE along with soft copy of the full EIA Report.

9.2.3 Data Deliverables

The Project Proponent shall include all available relevant data sourced
and collated during the EIA study (in raw or processed format) along
with the EIA Report, when requested by DOE.

Examples of such data include sampling results (certificates and raw

data), modelling databases, baseline data (surveys, hydrographic data
and climate data), metadata files, etc. This data shall also be provided
to the relevant government agencies (GAs) upon request.

9.2.4 Conclusion to the EIA Report

The Qualified Person shall provide a pledge that the EIA study is carried
out professionally and that the recommendations for P2M2 to be
implemented will be

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able to mitigate against the identified negative environmental impacts

to an acceptable level to ensure minimal degradation of the
environment.

The Project Proponent shall also provide a pledge that he has

understood the content and findings of the EIA study that has been
carried out; and are conversant with proposed recommendations for
P2M2s to be implemented, and shall implement all of the P2M2s that are
recommended in the EIA Report.

9.3 PUBLIC DISPLAY

A second schedule EIA will have mandatory requirements prior to the

approval of the EIA Report. These include:

Public Engagement: Public engagement is a mandatory requirement for

a Second Schedule EIA. This can take many forms, but the common
approach is through conduct of focus group discussions or through
public briefings with identified stakeholders resident or having
connection with the ZOI. In the briefing sessions, the Project Proponent
and EIA Team members shall present the project brief. This will be
followed by a question and answer session. All discussions will be
recorded and reported in the EIA Report.

Public display and review of EIA Report: The EIA Report will be displayed
after it is submitted to the DOE Office. The display shall be for a period
of a month, during which time the public will have an opportunity to
review and officially submit their responses and comments in writing to
the DOE. Notification of the public display of the EIA Report shall be
advertised in two local newspapers, and / or any other media as
approved by DOE.

Display locations: The EIA Report will be displayed at selected locations

(DOE offices, public libraries and local authority offices) where the public
can access and view the documents easily. The Project Proponent and
Qualified Person can propose other suitable locations for display to DOE.

Online display: The Executive Summary (now the whole report can be
downloaded at the website) of EIA Reports will be uploaded to the DOE
website for the duration of the review period

9.4 EIA REPORT SUBMISSION AND REVIEW PROCESS

The EIA Report submission shall be in accordance with the procedural

steps outlined in the EGIM document (DOE, 2016).

A TOR/ ESI Checklist and EIA Checklist as appended in Appendix H can be

used by the Project Proponent and the Qualified Person to assist in

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conducting a self- check of the content of the EIA Report prior to

submission to DOE.

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When the EIA is approved, DOE will issue an approval letter with
Conditions of Approval addressed to the Project Proponent. Potential
outcomes from an EIA review are presented in Box 17. If the EIA Report
is rejected on the grounds that the EIA Report is lacking in key
information and / or detailed impact assessments; or the revised EIA
Report cannot be submitted within the EIA review timeline period, the
revised or updated EIA Report can be submitted later when it is ready
and the EIA review timeline will commence again.

Box 17:
Outcomes from EIA Review
Process

The possible outcomes of the EIATRC meetings are:

(i) Approval of the EIA Report, provided that the report meets
with the requirements of Section 34A (3) of the
Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974.
(ii) Rejection of the EIA Report, where the report does not meet
with the requirements of Section 34A (3) of the
Environmental Quality Act (EQA) 1974.

The decision on the EIA Report as issued by DOE marks the end of
the EIA process.

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REFERENCES
EIA Guidelines for Cement Referenc

REFERENCES

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water

Environment Federation (APHA) (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination
of Water and Wastewater 23rd Edition

Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984 (Act 304)

Department of Environment (1993) Buku Panduan Kawasan Sensitif Alam

Sekitar.

Department of Environment (2004) Environmental Impact Assessment

Guidelines for Risk Assessment

Department of Environment (2006) Technical Guidance on Performance

Monitoring of Air Pollution Control Systems.

Department of Environment (2007) Noise Labelling and Emission Limits of

Outdoor Sources

Department of Environment (2019) Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits

and Control (Third Edition)

Department of Environment (2007) The Planning Guidelines for Vibration Limits

and Control

Department of Environment (2008) Guidelines for Prevention and Control of

Soil Erosion and Siltation in Malaysia

Department of Environment (2011) Environmental Audit Guidance Manual

Department of Environment (2012) Guidance Document of Health Impact

Assessment (HIA) in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Department of Environment (2012). Guidelines for Siting and Zoning of Industry

and Residential Areas

Department of Environment (2015) Contaminated Land Management and

Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for
Contaminated Land

Department of Environment (2015) Contaminated Land Management and

Control Guidelines No. 2: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for
Contaminated Land

Department of Environment (2015) Contaminated Land Management and

Control Guidelines No. 3: Malaysian Recommended Site Screening Levels for
Contaminated Land

Department of Environment (2015) Technical Guidance Document on the

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EIA Guidelines for Cement Referenc

Design and Operation of Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement Referenc

Department of Environment (2015) Technical Guidance Document on

Performance Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Treatment Systems.

Department of Environment (2016) Environmental Impact Assessment

Guidance in Malaysia.

Department of Environment (2016) Guidance Document on Implementation of

Self- Regulation Initiative in Industrial Manufacturing Premises – Environmental
Mainstreaming Tools

Department of Environment (2017) Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution

Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2)

Department of Environment (2017) Environmental Essentials for Siting of

Industries in Malaysia.

Department of Irrigation and Drainage (2010) Guidelines for Erosion and

Sediment Control in Malaysia.

Department of Irrigation and Drainage (August 2012) Urban Stormwater

Management Manual for Malaysia 2nd Edition (MSMA-2)

Department of Town and Country Planning of Peninsular Malaysia (2016)

National Physical Plan-3 (NPP-3).

Department of Town and Country Planning of Peninsular Malaysia (2012)

National Physical Coastal Zone Plan (NPCZP).

Department of Town and Country Planning of Peninsular Malaysia (2017)

Manual Penilaian Impak Sosial Bagi Projek Pembangunan Edisi Ke-2

Department of Town and Country Planning of Peninsular Malaysia (2012)

National Physical Coastal Zone Plan (NPCZP)

Diego, L., Alison, M., Ju Lynne, S., Simon, G., Mike, B., Mike, W. (2014) , Risk
assessment methodology for high-pressure CO2 pipelines incorporating
topography, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 9 2 p 27-35

Dr Zimwara et al (2012) Air pollution Control Techniques for Cement

Manufacturing Industry: A Case Study for Zimbabwe CIE42 Proceedings 2012

Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act

127) Factories and Machinery Act

1974 (Act 139) Fisheries Act 1985 (Act

317)

Jane Harley (2007) The impact of Cement Kilns on the Environment

Malaysian Investment Development Authority (Incorporation) Act 1965 (Act 397)

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EIA Guidelines for Cement Referenc

Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines Vol 4: Sewage Treatment

Plants. Ministry of Health Malaysia (2009) National Standard for

Drinking Water Quality

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2016) National Policy on

Biological Diversity 2016 – 2025.

Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (2002) National Policy on the

Environment. MS 1228:1991 Code of Practice For Design and Installation of

Sewerage Systems National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645)

National Land Code 1965 (Act 56)

Nisa Zainudeen Cement and its effect to the environment: A case study in Sri
Lanka

Occupational Safety and Health (Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards)

Regulations 1996

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994

(Act 514) Road Transport Act 1987 (Act 333)

Roman Jaques (1998) Environmental Impacts Associated with New Zealand

Cement Manufacture

Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007

(Act 672) Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (Act 133)

Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2002) EIA Training Resource

Manual 2nd Edition

USEPA: Portland Cement

Manufacturing Wildlife

Conservation Act 2010 (Act 716)

Wikipedia: Cement Industries

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world)

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GLOSSARY
EIA Guidelines for Cement

GLOSSARY
Air Pollution Equipment or machinery used in the capture and
Control treatment of emissions from fuel burning equipment,
Systems incinerators and other types of engines to ensure it meets
(APCS) with the standards of the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality
Standards (MAAQS).

Appointed Persons appointed to be part of the TRC with expertise

Individuals and specialist knowledge on specific fields/subjects to
(AIs) contribute to the technical review of a report.

Approving Any government ministry, agencies or department with

Authority/ the authority to approve a project and/or activity under
Agencies their jurisdiction by law.

Auditing Evaluation process carried out by an independent auditor

to determine effectiveness and performance of P2M2 and
to ensure compliance of a project with the COA.

Baseline Data Site specific data pertaining to the existing environment

(physical, chemical, biological and human). It establishes
the ambient situation, usually before some drastic change
occurs, e.g. a major project.

Best Available The most current and advanced technologies and

Technology/ methods available for pollution prevention and
Techniques management.
(BAT)

Best Using the best controlling measures to prevent or mitigate

Management pollution of other sources of environmental impact.
Practices
(BMPs)

Bill of Itemized list of construction works and management

Quantities requirements for a project issued to a contractor to quote.
(BQ)

Biological The variability among living organisms from all sources

Diversity/ including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
Biodiversity ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they
are part; this includes diversity within species, between
species and of ecosystems.

Buffer Zone An area designated around the boundary of a project

and/or adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas where
no or limited development is allowed for the purpose of
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EIA Guidelines for Cement

mitigating against any environmental impact from the site

to the surrounding areas or vice versa.

Catchment The area determined by landform within which falling rain

will contribute to runoff at a particular point such as a
stream or river.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Often, it is used synonymously with basin or watershed.

Central The backbone of Peninsular Malaysia’s ESA network which

Forest Spine comprises of four major forest complexes [i] Banjaran
(CFS) Titiwangsa- Banjaran Bintang-Banjaran Nakawan, [ii]
Taman Negara-Banjaran Timur, [iii] South East Pahang,
Chini and Bera Wetlands, and [iv] Endau Rompin Park-
Kluang Wildlife Reserves.

Competent Person A person with the necessary skills and knowledge to carry
out the specific technical task, usually gained through
certification, work experience or training.

Compliance Monitoring of P2M2 installed within the project site to

Monitoring ensure they are functional and effective in treating
(CM) pollutants.

Conditions of A set of legally binding instructions and requirements

Approval
prepared by DOE after the end of EIA process for the
(COA)
Project Proponent to abide by for all phases of the
development.

Cumulative Impact The total sum from combination of various activities or

sources resulting in accumulation and aggregation of
multiple impacts which would be significantly expanded
as compared to a single event.

Cut and Fill Procedure in which the elevation of a landform surface is

modified by the removal or addition of surface material.

Development A legal approval for a Project Proponent to proceed with

Order (DO)
the construction of a project once they have satisfied the
requirements of the approving authority, i.e. One Stop
Centre (OSC).

Digital Digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface

Elevation
created from terrain elevation data.
Model (DEM)

Disaster The level of risk and susceptibility of an area towards

Risk Factor
natural or man-made disasters, such as tsunamis,
wildfires, landslides, flood, drought, etc.

Disposal Area A designated or gazette area specifically for the storage

of wastes or excess materials generated from
construction.

Drainage Natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface

water from an area.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Earthworks Excavation and relocation of large quantities of soil and

earth to form slopes, platforms, embankments, etc.

Ecology The study of the habits and modes of life-living organisms

(such as plants and animals), and their relationships to
each other and their

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

environment.

Ecosystem A dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism

communities and their non-living environment that
interact as a functional unit.

EIA Initial review of the EIA by a technical committee

Adequacy
comprising of DOE HQ/state officers to determine
Check
compliance with the TOR.

Emergency A manual incorporating all measures, actions, roles and

Response
responsibilities for the project team to take action during
Plan (ERP)
emergencies and crisis, covers various scenarios that may
occur during construction and operations.

Endemic Species Native to, and restricted to, a particular geographical region.
Highly endemic species, those with very restricted natural
ranges, are especially vulnerable to extinction if their
natural habitat is eliminated or significantly disturbed.

Environment The area (specific zone to be affected by the project), and

all natural resources (physical, biological and human
resources), people, economic development and quality-of-
life values.

Environmental A study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate

Impact information about the impacts (both beneficial and
Assessment (EIA) adverse) on the environment of a proposed development
activity and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to
project approval and implementation.

Environmental A legally binding document which spells out in concise

Management details the environmental requirements and P2M2 as
Plan (EMP) detailed in the EIA and LD-P2M2 as well at other
information, e.g. environmental budget, monitoring and
audit programmes and roles and responsibilities of the
EMT.

Environmental Specialist team comprising of relevant personnel of a

Management project with specific roles and responsibilities in the
Team (EMT) management of environmental matters at-site.

Environmen (EO)
tal Manager
(EM)
Environmen
tal Officer

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

A person environmental compliance for a project, usually heads the

EMT. The site personnel directly in charge of supervising a
mandated to site to ensure that all P2M2 are in place, maintained and
oversee all repaired and that all requirements within the COA are
aspects of adhered by the contractors. Other tasks include training
of staff, taking samples for reporting and attending site
managing walkabouts and meetings.
Environmental Organizational setup within the Project Proponent which
shall

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Performance
management environmental compliance at the working
Monitoring
level during construction and operational phases of a
Committee
project.
(EPMC)

Environmental Statement by the Project Proponent and/or Qualified

Pledge/Declarati Person preparing the EIA that they have carried out the
on study in the proper manner and all facts and figures are to
their knowledge true and correct and that they will carry
out the recommendations and P2M2 for the project as
described in the EIA.

Environment Organizational setup within the Project Proponent which

al shall management environmental compliance at the policy
Regulatory level during construction and operational phases of a
Compliance project.
Monitoring
Committee
(RMCMC)

Environmental The main legislation governing environmental

Quality Act management in Malaysia, contains provisions on setting
1974 (EQA) up of an environmental management body; rules and
regulations for specific activities within its jurisdiction;
powers for enforcement and licensing; etc.

Environmental A report detailing the findings of the environmental

Scoping scoping carried out for a site to allow for decision making
Information through identification of significant impacts, proposals for
(ESI) mitigation measures and required studies. Forms and
important part of the EIA process.

Environment Technique to integrated large amounts of information for a

al Scoping rapid assessment in identifying significant impacts based
Matrix on project activities and their impacts on different aspects
of the environment.

Environmenta Areas of critical importance which has characteristics of

lly Sensitive significant biodiversity value; natural heritage; scenic
Areas (ESAs) beauty; provision of important ecosystem services; and/or
is easily degraded due to natural and anthropogenic
impacts, warranting its protection and conservation.

Erosion The detachment or wearing away of the earth’s surface,

particularly soil or loose materials, by flowing water, wind
or other geological agents.

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Erosion and Document incorporating all erosion and sediment control

Sediment
measures as required by the Department of Irrigation and
Control Plan
(ESCP) Drainage (DID) for a site. Usually prepared by a
professional engineer (PE) to be endorsed by DID.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Gazette The official publication of a government organization

institution, or protected area.

Geological Report prepared by a licensed Geologist required by the

Terrain Mapping Minerals and Geoscience Department (JMG) to be
(GTM) submitted for DO approval, contains information on the
terrain, geological makeup, soils and slope classification to
allow for assessment of site suitability for construction.

Geology The science which has for its object the investigation of
the earth’s crust, of the strata which enter into its
composition with their mutual relations, and of the
successive changes to which their present condition and
position are due.

Government Personal from government ministries, agencies and/or

Agencies department with a role in specific committees, approving
(GAs) authorities or decision making bodies.

Guided Self- An initiative by DOE to cultivate environmental ownership

Regulation and excellence in environmental commitment from the
(GSR) sectors regulated by DOE especially in regard to
performance monitoring of pollution control measures,
scheduled reporting, record keeping, competent persons
and involvement of environmental professionals with
specific roles.

Habitat The normal abode or locality of an animal or plant; the

physical environment of a community; the place where a
person or thing can usually be found.

Health Impact A report which assesses the health impacts of policies,

Assessment
plans and project using quantitative, qualitative and
(HIA)
participatory techniques for decision making. Usually
required by the Ministry of Health (MOH) or Department of
Health (DOH) for projects with health implications to
nearby populations.

Hill/Highlands Areas above elevations of 300 m from MSL characterized

by undulating and mountainous hills and ridges.

Hill-Station Town or village located in the low mountains or highland

areas.

Hydrology The study of the rainfall and runoff process and relates to
the derivation of hydrographs for given floods, droughts
and seasonal pattern of inundation.

Impact Monitoring of impacts outside of the project site to

Monitoring (IM) ascertain its origin and magnitude.
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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Industrial Effluent Any waste in the form of liquid or wastewater generated

from manufacturing process including the treatment of
water for water supply or any activity occurring at any
industrial premises

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Industrial Systems used in the treatment of industrial effluent to

Effluent ensure that the discharges meet the quality specified
Treatment under Standard A/B of the Environmental Quality
System (IETS) (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009.

Land The act of obtaining, either voluntarily or by law, the

Acquisition/ necessary land from existing landowners. May involve
Alienation relocation of existing population on the said piece of land.

Land- Activities such as clearing of trees or vegetation,

Disturbing excavating, raising or sloping of ground, trenching, grading
Activities and blasting.

Land Document incorporating construction methods, processes,

Disturbing materials and practices intended to prevent, reduce or
Pollution eliminate the generation of pollutants at the source
Prevention (development area) during any land-disturbing activity
and through the protection of natural resources through
Mitigation incorporation of BMPs.
Measures
(LD- P2M2)

Limit Value Quantity of the substances expressed in terms of certain

specific parameters, concentration, or levels which shall
not be exceeded during normal operation.

Method Statement A detailed scope and account of proposed construction

techniques, equipment and machinery usage and
structural and non-structural measures applied in carrying
out construction, usually prepared by the contractors.

Mixed effluent Any waste in the form of liquid or wastewater containing

both industrial effluent and sewage

Modeling To simulate a particular feature of the world using

mathematical and computer aids to better understand,
define, quantify and visualize the process.

Monitoring To measure, systematically and repeatedly, the continuing

conditions to track change(s).

Noise A sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or

that causes disturbance.

Orang Asli Collective term for ethnic groups who are widely regarded
as comprising Peninsular Malaysia's original inhabitants.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Performance Monitoring of performance systems, e.g. IETS, STS and APCS.

Monitoring
(PM)

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Permanent
The total area of forest land that has been legally
Reserved
designated for retention for forestry as defined under the
Forest
Forestry Act 1985.
(PRF)

Personal Equipment designed to safeguard a user against harm

Protective when working in risk and hazard areas.
Equipment (PPE)

Pollution The various methods (structural and non-structural)

Prevention required to ensure that pollution does not occur or at least
and minimized as a result of a project.
Mitigation
Measures
(P2M2)

Prescribed Activity Any activity specified by the Director General of

Environment under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed
Activity) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 2015,
as requiring to undergo an EIA.

Project Activities Specific tasks undertaken throughout the course of a project

(earthworks, construction or operational) which serves to
meet certain objectives.

Project Brief Information pertaining to a project or development,

including the details of the project, layout, method
statement, location, etc. which can assist in assessment of
the project.

Project Proponent The main person, organization or body which is proposing

to undertake a project or activity. He/she shall bear
responsibility to ensure that the project meets all
environmental requirements mandated by DOE and other
GAs or is liable to be held accountable under the law.

Public Display Mandatory viewing of a Second Schedule EIA for a fixed

period of time whereby the public can forward
recommendations and objections to the report for
consideration by DOE in the EIA approval process.

Public The process whereby the public and related stakeholders

Participation/ are allowed the opportunity to participate in the planning,
Engagement decision making, objection, idea sharing and/or approval of
a project which may affect them. Can be mandated or
voluntary.

Qualified Person A person appointed by the Director General of Environment

or is certified by/registered with DOE under Section 34A
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EIA Guidelines for Cement

(2B) to carry out an EIA study, e.g. Environmental

Consultant.

Recreation Activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time.

Residual Impacts Impacts that still persists despite P2M2 and BMPs put in
place.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Revised TOR Final version of the TOR after incorporation of comments

from the TRC and additional information.

Right of A type of easement granted or reserved over the land

Way (ROW) for transportation purposes.

Riparian Area Pertaining to the banks of streams, wetlands, lakes or

tidewater. A relatively narrow strip of land that borders a
stream or river, which often coincides with the maximum
water surface elevation of the 100-year storm.

Risk A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a

hazardous event with specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the
health of people, property, environment or any
combination of these caused by the event.

Runoff The portion of precipitation that runs off the surface as

opposed to soaking in.

Sampling Station Locations identified and designated for collection of

Environmental data (air, water, noise, vibration, ecology,
etc.). Schedule Categorization of Prescribed Activities
divided into the First Schedule (EIA without need for public
display and will be processed by DOE State) and Second
Schedule (EIA requiring public display and will be
processed by DOE HQ).

Schedule Categorization of Prescribed Activities divided into the

First Schedule (EIA without need for public display and will
be processed by DOE State) and Second Schedule (EIA
requiring public display and will be processed by DOE HQ).

Scheduled Wastes Any form of toxic and hazardous wastes listed under the
First Schedule of the Environmental Quality (Scheduled
Wastes) Regulations 2005 (Amendment 2007).

Scoping Initial phase in an EIA to identify the key environmental

issues and the study spatial and temporal boundaries. The
scoping will identify the required investigations and
assessment of significant impacts during the subsequent
phases of the EIA process.

Screening Process by which a proposed development project is

identified as being subjected to a regulatory provision
requiring an EIA.

Sedimentation The deposition of sediment from suspension in water.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Seismicity The occurrence or frequency of ground vibrations or

earthquakes in a region.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Self-regulation The adoption and implementation of measures and

practices by a Project Proponent on their own initiative
without requiring intervention of the authorities to
safeguard the environment and meet all regulatory
requirements of the country.

Setback Distance which a building or other structure is set back

from a street or road a river, a shore or any other place
which is deemed to need protection.

Sewage Any liquid waste or wastewater discharge containing

human, animal, domestic or putrescible matter in
suspension or solution, and includes liquids containing
chemicals in solution either in the raw, treated or partially
treated form.

Sewage Any facility designed and constructed for the purpose of

Treatment reducing the potential of the sewage to cause pollution.
System (STS)/
Plant (STP)

Siltation The deposition or accumulation of silt that is suspended

in a body of water.

Site Suitability A study on the suitability of various sites and the

Assessment determination based on specific criteria on the best
(SSA) possible site for a project.

Slope A ratio of run (horizontal) to rise (vertical).

Social Impact A process to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate

Assessment information about the social impacts of a proposed project,
(SIA) policy, programme or plan on a community and their
activities, and to choose the best development option and
subsequently propose mitigation measures.

Soil Technical study on the soil and sub-surface strata of a

Investigation project site to determine the sub-surface conditions and
(SI) engineering requirements needed prior to a development.

Spoil Rock and debris produced by tunneling, dredging and

other excavations.

Statement of Need A brief on the justifications for a project, including

supporting arguments and evidence on the necessity of
the project and benefits that will be generated.

Stormwater Water that originates during precipitation events e.g. rainfall.

Suspende Sediment suspended in a fluid by its (fluid) turbulent flow.

d
Sediment

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Technical A panel of decision makers comprising DOE officers, AIs

Review
and GAs that are selected to review the TOR and/or EIA to
Committee
(TRC) provide approval based on the reports submitted by the
Project Proponent and Qualified Person(s).

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EIA Guidelines for Cement

Terms of Product from scoping process which sets the objectives,

Reference
defines the scope, and establishes the strategy and
(TOR)
schedule for EIA process to address identified significant
issues.

Terrain Pertaining to the physical features of a land or area.

Threshold Value Minimum capacity of a facility or process

Topography The configuration of the surface of the earth, including its

relief, the position of its streams, roads, cities, etc. The
earth's natural and physical features collectively.

TOR A review by a selected panel of DOE officers, IAs and/or

Adequacy
GAs on whether a TOR has been prepared in accordance
Check
(TORAC) with DOE requirements and contains all necessary
information for decision making to be made.

Tourism Activity of traveling to a place for pleasure and/or the

business of providing hotels, restaurants, entertainment,
etc. to cater to the needs of travelers.

Traffic Impact A study/report on the condition of the roads and traffic in

Assessment
an area and if there is adequate capacity to meet the
(TIA)
increasing demand from a project or to identify measures
required to ensure that traffic will be smooth and
uninterrupted.

Visual/Aesthetics Pleasing scenery, vistas and view to an audience.

Wastes Any substance which is discarded after primary us.

Comprises of various types of wastes, such as municipal
wastes, scheduled wastes, biomass wastes, etc.

Water Quality A term to describe the chemical, physical and biological

characteristics of water, usually with respect to its
suitability for a particular purpose.

Water Quality An index integrating six water quality parameters to

Index (WQI)
provide a general categorization to determine the
condition of the water source.

Zone of The maximum area which will receive the impacts from the
Impact (ZOI) project.

Zone of Boundary identified for the EIA Study which would be the
Study (ZOS)
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EIA Guidelines for Cement

main
spatial
area to
carry out
baseline
data
gathering,
determine
extent of
modelling
and
assessme
nt and
other
supportin
g studies.

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APPENDICE
 APPENDIX

SAMPLE OF PROCESS FLOW

DIAGRAM (PFD)
EIA Guidelines for Cement Industry APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A
SAMPLE OF PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD)

A
 APPENDIX B

LIST OF GUIDELINES AND

GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS
EIA Guidelines for Cement Industry APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B
LIST OF GUIDELINES AND GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS

No Title of Guidelines and Guidance Documents Source

1. Best Available Techniques Guidance www.doe.gov.m
Document on Productions of Petrochemicals y
2. Contaminated Land Management and www.doe.gov.m
Control Guidelines No. 1: Malaysian y
Recommended Site
Screening Levels for Contaminated Land, 2015
3. Contaminated Land Management and Control
Guidelines No. 2: Malaysian www.doe.gov.m
Recommended Site Screening Levels for y
Contaminated Land, 2015
4. Contaminated Land Management and
Control Guidelines No. 3: Malaysian www.doe.gov.m
Recommended Site Screening Levels for y
Contaminated Land, 2015
5. Environmental Essentials for Siting of
www.doe.gov.m
Industries in Malaysia, 2017
y
6. Environmental Impact Assessment
www.doe.gov.m
Guidance in Malaysia, 2016
y
7. Environmental Impact Assessment
DOE Office
Guidelines for Risk Assessment, 2004
8. Guidance Document of Health Impact
Assessment (HIA) in Environmental Impact DOE Office
Assessment (EIA),
2012
9. Guidance Document on Implementation of
Self- Regulation Initiative in Industrial
www.doe.gov.m
Manufacturing
y
Premises – Environmental Mainstreaming
Tools, 2016
10. Guidelines on Land Disturbing Pollution www.doe.gov.m
Prevention and Mitigation Measures (LD- y
P2M2), 2017
11. Technical Guidance Document for on the
www.doe.gov.
Design and Operation of Industrial Effluent
my/ DOE
Treatment
Office
System (DOE-IETS-9 Sixth Edition 2015)
12. Technical Guidance Document on Performance
www.doe.gov.
Monitoring of Industrial Effluent Treatment
my/ DOE
Systems (DOE-IETS-1 Seventh Edition 2015)
Office
13. Technical Guidance on Performance
www.doe.gov.
Monitoring of Air Pollution Control Systems
my/ DOE
(DOE-APCS-5 First
Office
Edition 2006)
14. Guidelines for Environmental Noise
www.doe.gov.
Limits and Control (Third Edition, 2019)
my/
15. The Planning Guidelines for Vibration Limits
www.doe.gov.
and
Control 2007 my/

B
16. Guidelines For Siting And Zoning Of
www.doe.gov.
Industry And Residential Areas (2012)
my/

B
 APPENDIX C

SAMPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ASSESSMENT SCOPING
MATRIX
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

APPENDIX C
SAMPLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT SCOPING MATRIX

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

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 APPENDIX D

MALAYSIA AMBIENT
AIR QUALITY STANDARD
EIA Guidelines for Cement Industry APPENDIX D

APPENDIX D
MALAYSIA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD

Averaging Ambient Air Quality Standard (µg/m3)

Pollutants
Time IT-1 (2015) IT-2 (2018) IT-3 (2020)
Particulate matter 1 year 50 45 40
with the size less 24 hour 150 120 100
than 10
micron (PM10)
Particulate matter 1 year 35 25 15
with the size less 24 hour 75 50 35
than 2.5
micron (PM2.5)
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 1 year 350 300 250
24 hour 105 90 80
Nitrogen Dioxide 1 year 320 300 280
(NO2) 24 hour 75 75 70
Ground level ozone 1 hour 200 200 180
(O3) 8 hour 120 120 100
*Carbon 1 hour 35 35 30
Monoxide (CO) 8 hour 10 10 10
Note:

*measurement in mg/m3

There are 3 interim targets set which include interim target 1 (IT-1) in 2015, interim target 2 (IT-
2) in 2018 and the full implementation of the standard in 2020. All projects should strive to
achieve the interim target 3.

D
 APPENDIX E

MALAYSIA NATIONAL
WATER QUALITY STANDARD
EIA Guidelines for Development of Lime APPENDIX

APPENDIX E

MALAYSIA NATIONAL WATER QUALITY STANDARD

River Class
Parameter Unit I IIA IIB III IV V
Ammoniac mg/L 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 >2.7
al Nitrogen
Biochemic mg/L 1 3 3 6 12 >12
al Oxygen
Demand
Chemic mg/L 10 25 25 50 100 >100
al
Oxygen
Demand
Dissolve mg/L 7 5–7 5–7 3–5 <3 <1
d
Oxygen
pH - 6.5 – 6–9 6–9 5–9 5–9 -
8.5
Colour TCU 15 150 150 - - -
Electrical µS/cm 1,000 1,00 - - 6,000 -
Conductivit 0
y*
Floatables - N N N - - -
Odour - N N N - - -
Salinity % 0.5 1 - - 2 -
Taste - N N N - - -
Total mg/L 500 1,00 - - 4,000 -
Dissolve 0
d Solid
Total mg/L 25 50 50 150 300 300
Suspended
Solid
Temperature °C - Normal - Normal - -
+ +
2°C 2°C
Turbidity NTU 5 50 50 - - -
Faecal Count 10 100 400 5,000 5,000 -
Coliform / 100 (20,000 (20,000
** ml )a )a
Total Count 100 5,00 5,000 50,00 50,00 >50,00
Coliform / 100 0 0 0 0
ml
Notes:

N = No visible floatable materials or debris, no objectional odour or no objectional taste

* = Related parameters, only one recommended for use
** = Geometric mean
a = Maximum not to be exceeded

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EIA Guidelines for Development of Lime APPENDIX

Class
Parameter Unit
I IIA/IIB III# IV V
Al mg/L - (0.06) 0.5
As mg/L 0.05 0.4 0.1
(0.05)
Ba mg/L 1 - -
Cd mg/L 0.01 0.01* 0.01
(0.001)
Cr(IV) mg/L 0.05 1.4 0.1
(0.05)
Cr(III) mg/L - 2.5 -
Cu mg/L 0.02 - 0.2
Hardness mg/L 250 - -
Ca mg/L - - -
Mg mg/L - - -
Na mg/L - - 3 SAR
K mg/L - - -
Fe mg/L 1 1 1 (Leaf)
5
(Others)
Pb mg/L 0.05 0.02* 5
(0.01)
Mn mg/L 0.1 0.1 0.2

Levels above IV
Hg mg/L 0.001 0.004 0.002
Natura Levels or Absent

(0.0001)
Ni mg/L 0.05 0.9* 0.2
Se mg/L 0.01 0.25 0.02
(0.04)
Ag mg/L 0.05 0.0002 -
Sn mg/L - 0.004 -
U mg/L - - -
Zn mg/L 5 0.4* 2
B mg/L 1 (3.4) 0.8
Cl mg/L 200 - 80
Cl2 mg/L - (0.02) -
CN mg/L 0.02 0.06 -
(0.02)
F mg/L 1.5 10 1
NO2 mg/L 0.4 0.4 -
(0.03)
NO3 mg/L 7 - 5
P mg/L 0.2 0.1 -
Silica mg/L 50 - -
SO4 mg/L 250 - -
S mg/L 0.05 (0.001) -
CO2 mg/L - - -
Gross- Bq/L 0.1 - -
Gross- Bq/L 1 - -
Ra-226 Bq/L <0.1 - -
Sr-90 Bq/L <1 - -
CCE µg/L 500 - -
MBAS/ BAS µg/L 500 5000 -
(200)
O& G (Mineral) µg/L 40: N N -
O&G µg/L 7000: N N -
(Emulsified
Edible)
PCB µg/L 0.1 6 (0.05) -
Phenol µg/L 10 - - -
Aldrin/ Dieldrin µg/L 0.02 0.2 - -
(0.01)
BHC µg/L 2 9(0.1) - -

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EIA Guidelines for Development of Lime APPENDIX

C
Parameter Unit la
s
s
I IIA/ III# IV V
IIB
Chlordane µg/ 0.08 2 (0.02) - -
L
t-DDT µg/ 0.1 (1) - -
L
Endosulfan µg/ 10 - - -
L
Heptachl µg/ 0.05 0.9 - -
or/ L (0.06)
Epoxide
Lindane µg/ 2 3 (0.4) - -
L
2,4-D µg/ 70 450 - -
L
2,4,5-T µg/ 10 160 - -
L
2,4,5-TP µg/ 4 850 - -
L
Paraquat µg/ 10 1800 - -
L
Notes: * = At hardness 50 mg/L CaCO3.
# = Maximum (unbracketed) and 24-hour average (bracketed)
N concentrations.
= Free from visible film sheen, discolouration and deposits.

Water Classes and Uses

CLASS USES
Class I  Conservation of natural environment
 Water supply I – Practically no treatment necessary
 Fishery I- very sensitive aquatic species
Class IIA  Water Supply II – Conventional treatment required
 Fishery II – Sensitive aquatic species
Class IIB  Recreational use with body contact
Class III  Water Supply III – Extensive treatment required
 Fishery III – Common, of economic value and tolerant
species,
 livestock drinking
Class IV  Irrigation
Class V  None of the above

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EIA Guidelines for Development of Lime APPENDIX

National Groundwater Quality Standard for Industry

PARAMETER THRESHOLD (mg/L)

Alkalinity 300
COD 30
Chloride 100
Fe 0.3
Mn 0.2
pH 6.5 – 8.0
Silica 20.0
Sulphate 200
TDS/ Cond (mS/m) 450/70
SS 5
Total Hardness 250
Source: Malaysia Index and Standard for Groundwater Quality
(DOE, 2019)

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

NATIONAL DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARD

Recommended Raw Water Quality Criteria and Frequency of Monitoring

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Group Parameters Acceptable Value Source of
Direct
(mg/L unless otherwise stated) Surface Ground reference
impounding
1 Total coliform 5,000 MPN/100 ml or cfu/100 W M M WHO1
ml
Turbidity 1,000 NTU W M M WHO2
Colour 300 TCU W M M WHO1
pH 5.5 - 9.0 W M M MAL
2 Total dissolved solids 1,500 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
BOD 6 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
COD 10 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Chloride 250 M Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Anionic detergent MBAS 1.0 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Ammonia (As N) 1.5 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Nitrate (As N) 10 M Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Iron (As Fe) 1.0 M Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Fluoride 1.5 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Hardness 500 M Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Manganese 0.2 M Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
3 Mercury 0.001 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Cadmium 0.003 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Selenium 0.01 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Arsenic 0.01 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Cyanide 0.07 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Lead 0.05 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Chromium 0.05 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
Silver 0.05 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Copper 1.0 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Magnesium 150 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Sodium 200 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Group Parameters Acceptable Value Source of
Direct
(mg/L unless otherwise stated) Surface Ground reference
impounding
Zinc 3 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Sulphate 250 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Mineral oil 0.3 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Phenol 0.002 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 WHO1
4 Aldrin/ Dieldrin 0.00003 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
DDT 0.002 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Heptachlor & 0.00003 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Heptachlor epoxide
Methoxychlor 0.02 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Hexachlorobenzene 0.001 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Lindane 0.002 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
Chlordane 0.0002 Y/4 Y/4 Y/4 MAL
2,4-D 0.03 WN Y/4 Y/4 MAL
(Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
5 Gross α 0.1Bq/L WN WN WN MAL
Gross β 1.0Bq/L WN WN WN MAL
Note:
Collection of samples of both raw and treated water for examination for toxic substances should be carried out more frequently if values above the
acceptable values are known to be present in the source of supply, or where such potential pollution exists.

W : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once

a week M : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least
once a month
Y/4 : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once in 3
months Y : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least
once a year WHO1 : Refers to WHO International Standards for
Drinking Water 1963
WHO2 : Refers to WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Vol. 1
& 2 1984 MAL : Refers to values adapted for Malaysian
conditions

Source: Engineering Service Division, Ministry of Health

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Drinking Water Quality Standards and Frequency of Monitoring

Column I Column II Column III
Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
1 Microbiological:
Total Coliform MPN W W M 2Y MAL
method/membrane
filtration method: Must
not be
detected at any 100
ml
sample

E. Coli or Thermotolerant Absent in 100 ml W W M 2Y WHO2

sample
Coliform bacteria
Faecal Streptococci Membrane filter WN WN WN WN EEC
method:
Absent in 100 ml
sample
MPN Method:
<1 in 100 ml sample

Clostridium perfringens Absent WN WN WN WN MAK

1990
Viruses Absent in 100 ml WN WN WN WN NZ
Protozoa Absent in 100 ml WN WN WN WN NZ
Helminths Absent in 100 ml WN WN WN WN NZ

Physical:
Turbidity 5 NTU W W M 2Y WHO2
Colour 15 TCU W W M 2Y WHO2
pH 6.5 – 9.0 W W M 2Y MAL
Free residual chlorine 0.2 – 5.0 W W M 2Y WHO1
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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Combined residual Not less than 1.0 W W M 2Y MAL 1990

chlorine
Monochloramine 3 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2 Inorganic:

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
Total dissolved solids 1000 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2
Chloride 250 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2
Ammonia (As N) 1.5 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2
Nitrate (As N) 10 M M Y/2 2Y WHO1
Iron 0.3 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2
Fluoride 0.4 – 0.6 M M Y/2 2Y MAL
Hardness 500 M M Y/2 2Y WHO1
Aluminium 0.2 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2
Manganese 0.1 M M Y/2 2Y WHO2

3 Mercury (Total) 0.001 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2

Cadmium 0.003 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Arsenic 0.01 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Cyanide 0.07 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Lead 0.01 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Chromium 0.05 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Copper 1 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO1
Zinc 3 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Sodium 200 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Sulphate 250 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2

Trihalomethane:
The sum of the ratio of the
concentration to each of
guideline value should not
exceed 1.

Chloroform 0.2 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO3

Bromoform 0.1 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
Dibromochloromethane 0.1 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Bromodichloromethane 0.06 Y/4 Y/2 Y 2Y WHO2
Selenium 0.01 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2
Silver 0.05 Y/4 WN WN WN MAL 1990
Magnesium 150 Y/4 WN WN WN MAL 1990
Antimony 0.005 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Barium 0.7 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Boron 0.5 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Molybdenum 0.07 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Nickel 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Uranium 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Hydrogen sulfide 0.05 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Mineral oil 0.3 WN WN WN WN MAL 1990
Phenol 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO1
Bromate 0.025 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Chlorite 0.2 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2-Chlorophenol 0.0001 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2,4-Dichlorophenol 0.0003 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 0.2 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Formaldehyde 0.9 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Dichloroacetic Acid 0.05 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Trichloroacetic Acid 0.1 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Chloral Hydrate 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO2
(Trichloroacetaldehyde)
Dichloroaceto-nitrile 0.09 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Dibromoaceto-nitrile 0.1 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Trichloroaceto-nitrile 0.001 WN WN WN WN WHO2

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
Cyanogen Chloride (As CN) 0.07 WN WN WN WN WHO2

4 Aldrin/Dieldrin 0.00003 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2

DDT 0.002 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2
Heptachlor& Heptachlor 0.00003 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2
Epoxide
Methoxychlor 0.02 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2
Lindane (BHC) 0.002 Y/4 WN WN WN WHO2
Endosulfan 0.03 Y/4 WN WN WN AUS
Chlordane 0.0002 WN WN WN WN WHO2
1,2-Dichloropropane 0.04 WN WN WN WN WHO3
1,3-Dichloroporpene 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Hexachlorobenzene 0.001 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Pentachlorophenol 0.009 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Alachlor 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Aldicarb 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Ametryn 0.05 WN WN WN WN AUS
Atrazine 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Bentazone 0.3 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Carbofuran 0.007 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Chlorotoluron 0.03 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Cyanazine 0.0006 WN WN WN WN WHO3
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic 0.03 WN WN WN WN WHO3
acid (2,4D)
Diquat 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO3
1,2-Dibromo-3- 0.001 WN WN WN WN WHO2
chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane 0.0004 WN WN WN WN WHO3
Isoproturon 0.009 WN WN WN WN WHO2
MCPA 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO2

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
Metolachlor 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Molinate 0.006 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Pendimethalin 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Permethrin 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Propanil 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Pyridate 0.1 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Simazine 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Trifuralin 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2,4 DB 0.09 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Dichlorprop 0.1 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Fenoprop 0.009 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Mecoprop 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO2
2,4,5-T 0.009 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Terbuthylazine 0.007 WN WN WN WN WHO3

Organic substances:
Carbon tetrachloride 0.002 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Dichloromethane 0.02 WN WN WN WN WHO2
1,2-Dichloroethane 0.03 WN WN WN WN WHO2
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 2 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Vinyl chloride 0.005 WN WN WN WN WHO2
1,1-Dichloroethene 0.03 WN WN WN WN WHO2
1,2-Dichloroethene 0.05 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Trichloroethene 0.07 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Tetrachloroethene 0.04 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Benzene 0.01 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Toulene 0.7 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Xylene 0.5 WN WN WN WN WHO2
Ethylbenzene 0.3 WN WN WN WN WHO2

E-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Column I Column II Column III

Frequency to be monitored
Acceptable Value Water
Group Parameters Service Source of
(mg/L unless otherwise treatment Distribution Well/
reservoir reference
stated) plant system spring
outlet
outlet
Styrene 0.02 W W W WN WHO
Benzo (A) Pyrene 0.0007 N N N WN 2
Monochlorobenze 0.3 W W W WN WHO
ne 1,2- 1 N N N WN 2
Dichlorobenzene 0.3 W W W WN WHO
1,4- 0.02 N N N WN 2
Dichlorobenzene 0.08 W W W WN WHO
Trichlorobenzene 0.008 N N N WN 2
(Total) Di (2- 0.6 W W W WN WHO
ethylhexyl) Adipate Di 0.0005 N N N WN 2
(2-ethylhexyl) 0.0004 W W W WN WHO
Phthalate Edetic Acid 0.0006 N N N WN 2
(EDTA) Acrylamide 0.001 W W W WN WHO
Epichlorohydrin 0.2 N N N WN 2
Hexachlorobutadiene 0.002 W W W WN WHO
Microcystin-LR N N N 2
Nitrilotriacetic acid W W W WHO
(NTA) Tributylin oxide N N N 3
W W W WHO
N N N 2
W W W WHO
N N N 2
W W W WHO
N N N 2
W W W WHO
N N N 3
W W W WHO
N N N 2
W W W WHO
N N N 2
5 Radiocativit W W W WN WHO
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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

y: Gross α 0.1Bq/L N N N WN 2
Gross β 1.0Bq/L W W W WN WHO
N N N 2
W W W WHO
N N N 2
Notes: Any toxic substances not listed shall be deemed as not allowable in drinking water

W : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once

a week. M : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once
a month.
Y/2 : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once in 6
months. Y/4: Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once
in 3 months. Y : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least
once a year.
2Y : Indicates parameters to be monitored at least once in 2
years. WN : Indicates parameters to be monitored when
necessary.
WHO1 : Refers to WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 1984.

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

WHO2 : Refers to WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 1993/96.

WHO2 : Refers to WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (Addendum to
Vol. 1) 1998. MAL : Refers to values adapted for Malaysian conditions.
AUS : Indicates Australian Drinking Water Quality
Guidelines, 1996. EEC : Indicates EEC Standard Council
Directive (80/778/EEC).
NZ : Indicates Drinking Water Standards for New Zealand 1995.

Source: Engineering Service Division, Ministry of Health

E-
 APPENDIX F

MALAYSIA MARINE WATER

QUALITY STANDARD
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

APPENDIX F
Malaysia Marine National Water Quality Standard

Parameter Class I Class 2 Class 3 Class E

Beneficial uses Preservatio Marine Ports, Oil Mangroves,
n, Marine Life, and Gas Estuarine
Protected Fisheries, Fields and River-
areas, Coral mouth
Marine Reefs, Water
Parks Recreation
al and
Maricultur
e
Temperature ≤ 2°C ≤ 2°C ≤ 2°C ≤ 2°C
Increase Increase Increas Increas
over max over max e over e over
ambient ambient max max
ambient ambient
Dissolved Oxygen >80% 5 3 4
Saturation
Total 25 mg/L or ≤ 50 mg/L (25 100 mg/L 100 mg/L
Suspended 10% mg/L) or or or
Solid increase in ≤10% ≤10% ≤30%
seasonal increase in increase increase
avg, seasonal in in
whichever is avg, seasonal seasonal
lower whichever is avg, avg,
lower whichev whichev
er er
is lower is lower
Oil and 0.01 0.14 5 0.14
Grease
(mg/L)
Mercury* (μg/L) 0.04 0.16 (0.04) 50 0.5
Cadmium* (μg/L) 0.5 2 (3) 10 2
Chromium 5 10 48 10
(VI) (μg/L)
Copper (μg/L) 1.3 2.9 10 2.9
Arsenic (III)* (μg/L) 3 20 (3) 50 20 (3)
Lead (μg/L) 4.4 8.5 50 8.5
Zinc (μg/L) 15 50 100 50
Cyanide (μg/L) 2 7 20 7
Ammonia 35 70 320 70
(unionized)
(μg/L)
Nitrite (NO2) (μg/L) 10 55 1,000 55
Nitrate (NO3) (μg/L) 10 60 1,000 60
Phosphate (μg/L) 5 75 670 75
Phenol (μg/L) 1 10 100 10
Tributyltin 0.001 0.01 0.05 0.01
(TBT) (μg/L)
Faecal coliform 70 faecal 100 faecal 200 faecal 100 faecal
F-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

coliform coliform coliform coliform

count/100 count/100ml count/100 count/100ml
ml & (70 faecal ml & (70 faecal
coliform coliform
count/100 count/100
ml) ml)

F-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Parameter Class I Class 2 Class 3 Class E

Polycyclic 100 200 1000 1000
Aromatic
Hydrocarbo
n (PAHs)
(μg/L)
Note: * MWQCS in parentheses are for coastal and marine water areas where seafood for human
consumption is applicable

F-
 APPENDIX G

NOISE & VIBRATION GUIDELINE

STANDARDS
EIA Guidelines For Cement APPENDIX

APPENDIX G
NOISE & VIBRATION GUIDELINE STANDARDS

Noise - Schedule of Permissible Sound Levels

FIRST SCHEDULE – RECOMMENDED PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) BY

RECEIVING LAND USE FOR NEW DEVELOPMENT

Receiving Land Use LAeq Day LAeq Night

Category 7.00 am – 10.00 pm 10.00 pm – 7.00 am
Low Density
Residential, Noise
55 dBA 50 dBA
Sensitive Receptors,
Institutional (School,
Hospital, Worship)
Suburban Residential
(Medium 60 dBA 55 dBA
Density),
Recreational
Urban Residential (High
65 dBA 60 dBA
Density), Mixed
Development
Commercial Business 65 dBA 60 dBA
Zones.
Industrial Zones 70 dBA 65 dBA

SECOND SCHEDULE – RECOMMENDED PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) BY

RECEIVING LAND USE FOR EXISTING BUILT UP AREAS

Receiving Land Use LAeq Day LAeq Night

Category 7.00 am – 10.00 pm 10.00 pm – 7.00 am
Low Density
Residential, Noise
60 dBA 55
Sensitive Receptors, dBA
Institutional (School,
Hospital, Worship)
Suburban and
Urban Residential, 65 dBA 60
Mixed dBA
Development.
Commercial Business
70 dBA 65
Zones.
dBA
Industrial Zones 75 dBA 75
dBA
Note: The above prescribed LAeq limits are representative noise levels consistent with
developed areas without noise disturbance generally deemed acceptable to majority of
receptors occupying in premises at the respective land category.

G-
 EIA Guidelines For Cement APPENDIX

THIRD SCHEDULE – RECOMMENDED PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (LAeq) TO BE

MAINTAINED AT THE EXISTING NOISE CLIMATE
Recommended Permissible Sound
Existing Levels
Levels*
LAeq Existing LAeq
Notes:
1.
Existing LAeq is determined from baseline measurements of the prevailing noise in
the absence of the new noise sources(s); typically undertaken just prior to the
operations of the new road, railway line or industrial premises operations, or
alternatively with the noise source(s) being assessed to be temporarily disabled.
2.
Due to uncertainty in measurements, noise levels within + 1.5 dBA of the Existing
LAeq is acceptable and deemed maintained at the existing noise climate.

SIXTH SCHEDULE –MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SOUND LEVEL (L10 AND Lmax) OF

CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND DEMOLITION WORK BY RECEIVING
LAND USE

Day Evening Night

Receiving Land Noise
7.00 am – 7.00 pm – 10.00 pm –
Use Category Parameter
10.00 pm 10.00 pm 7.00 am
Residential, L10 75 70 70
Sensitive dBA dBA dBA*
Areas (Note 2 Lmax 90 85 85
dBA dBA dBA*
**)
LAeq - - *Note 1
Commercial, Mixed
L10 80 80 75 dBA
Development
dBA dBA
Industrial L10 80 80 80 dBA
dBA dBA
Note

*1. At night time, the maximum permissible levels as stipulated in Schedule 3 for
respective residential density type shall apply.

**2. Limits for daytime LAeq or reduction of L10 levels in vicinity of sensitive premises
(such as schools and hospitals) may be exercised by the Local Authority or Department
of Environment. In such situations, limits for daytime LAeq +3 dBA based on Schedule 3
may apply.
3.
There are no prescribed limits for Lmax and LAeq levels for construction noise for
commercial and industrial land use. Assessment of L Aeq levels if required shall be based
on comparison against prevailing ambient noise (Schedule 3).

For the full guideline, please refer to ‘Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits
and Control (Third Edition) by DOE, 2019’.

G-
EIA Guidelines For Cement APPENDIX

Vibration – Schedule Of Recommended Vibration Limits

SCHEDULE 2 – RECOMMENDED LIMITD FOR DAMAGE RISK IN BUILDINGS FROM

SHORT TERM VIBRATION

Vibration Velocity
Vibration Velocity Vi Vi (mm/s) at plane
(mm/s) at Foundation (as of floor of
Type of Structure
Defined by the Respective uppermost full
Rating Curves of Figure 1) storey (all
frequencies)
Industrial buildings and
Curve 40
buildings
C
of similar design
Commercial building,
dwelling and buildings of Curve 15
similar design B
and/or use
Structures that, because of
their particular sensitivity to
vibration, do not correspond
to those listed above, or of Curve 8
great intrinsic value (e.g. A
residential houses, or
buildings that are under
preservation order)

Figure 1: Foundation Vibration Velocity Limiting Values for Vectoral Sum of Vibration
Levels in Three Orthogonal Axes

For the full guideline, please refer to ‘The Planning Guidelines for Vibration
G-
EIA Guidelines For Cement APPENDIX

Limits and Control in the Environment, 2nd Edition, DOE, 2007’.

G-
 APPENDIX H

CHECKLIST FOR TOR/ESI

CHECKLIST FOR EIA REPORT

EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

APPENDIX H
CHECKLIST FOR TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) / ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
INFORMATION (ESI)

Adequacy Check
Item Remarks
Yes No
1.0 Is the project a NEW development?
2.0 Is the project an AMENDMENT to an existing development? If so,
(a) Was there an EIA for the
existing development?
(b) Does the addition involve new
area
development? If so how much
and where?
3.0 Has policies compliance been met by the Project Proponent?
(a) Federal/ State approvals
(b) Land status/ acquisition
(c) Land use compatibility
(d) Environmentally Sensitive Areas
(e) Others (Forest, fisheries etc.)
4.0 Who were involved in the scoping
task?
(a) Project Proponent
(b) Town planner/Architect
(c) Engineering consultants
(d) Environmental consultant
(e) Affected public/stakeholders
(f) Government agencies
(g) Others
5.0 Does the project involve the following activities?
(a) Establish accessibility
(b) Base camp and site facilities
(c) Mobilisation of workers,
equipment and materials
(d) Site clearing and
biomass removal
(e) Earthworks
(f) Drainage works
(g) Civil and structural works
(h) Electrical and mechanical works
(i) Testing and commissioning works
(j) Materials/products handling and
storage
(k) Process controls
(l) Air pollution control system
(m) Industrial / Sewage effluent
treatment system
(n) Noise / vibration controls
(o) Safety controls
(p) Waste generations
(q) Others
6.0 Land use on site and surrounding areas

H-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Adequacy Check
Item Remarks
Yes No
(a) Are the following features
intersected by the Project?
i) Rivers and/or lakes
ii) Coastal areas
iii) Wetlands/Mangroves
iv) Coral reefs/Seagrass beds
v) Forest reserves
vi) Built-up areas
vii) Tourism/recreational areas
(b) Are the environmental issues
with each feature identified?
7.0 Timeline
(a) Project implementation
schedule (by phase, in
chronological order of
occurrence)
8.0 Project information provided
(a) Project concept and layout
(b) Project activities
(c) Material sources and storage
(d) Infrastructure, utilities and
9.0 Site Suitability Assessment
(a) Siting constraints /
suitability addressed?
(b) Have the affected
public be
informed/consulted?
(c) Alternative project layout
provided?
(d) Best available technology
(BAT) considered?
(e) Carrying capacity considered?
(f) No Project Option?
Significant impacts scoped and prioritized?
(a) Identified Impacts
(i) Water quality
(ii) Air quality
(iii) Noise and vibration
(iv) Safety impact
(v) Health impact
(vi) Waste generation
(vii) Others
(b) For each significant impact, were
the
methods and scope
sufficient for impact
assessment?
(c) Were mitigation measures
proposed to address the
significant impact?

H-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) REPORT

Items Mark Page No. Remarks

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Title

This Chapter has provided contain

as a minimum the following
information:

i. Name / Title of project

ii. Name and contact details of the
Project Proponent (i.e. Contact
person, address, telephone number,
e-mail address)
iii. Name of the registered EIA
Consulting firm (i.e. EIA team
leader, address, telephone number,
e-mail address)
iv. Location of the project (including
where applicable, coordinates, lot
numbers, sub- district and district
names)
v. Relevant maps illustrate ng project
location and surrounding sensitive
receptors
1.2 Project Proponent and Qualified
Person

Details have been provided on (a) the

identity of the Project Proponent (i.e.
public or private organization); the details
of the EIA consulting firm; and including
consultants engaged to participate on the
EIA study.

All the members of the EIA consulting

team, including team leader and subject
matter consultants (SMCs), are currently
registered with DOE under the EIA
Consultant Registration Scheme
(www.doe.gov.my)

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EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

1.3 Legal Aspects

The project is designated as a Prescribed

activity is subject to section 34A,
Environmental Quality Act, 1974

Project conforms to government’s

development plans

H-
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDIX

Items Mark Page No. Remarks

CHAPTER 2: TERMS OF REFERENCE OF EIA STUDY

TOR of the EIA study which has been
endorsed by the DOE has been included in
the EIA Report together with the relevant
endorsement.
CHAPTER 3: STATEMENT OF NEED

The Statement of Need has described the

outline and the background of the project;
and has stated the reasons for its
implementation. Social, economic and
other reasons to support the project
implementation has been established. A
definitive statement on the need for the
project has been provided in the EIA
Report.
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT OPTIONS
Project options has been described in the
EIA Report on technical, economic, social,
and environmental aspects advantages
and disadvantages. The following
alternatives (wherever applicable), have
been described.
(i) Site Options
(ii) Project Options (including “no
project option”, and “scaled-
down project option”)
(iii) Technology Options
(iv) Raw Materials Procurement Options
(v) Construction Method Options
(vi) Layout Options
(vii) Alignment Options
(viii) Operation Options
CHAPTER 5: PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This chapter has provided salient
information on the following topics:
(i) Description of the project concept
including information pertaining to:
size and capacity of plant, land
requirements, nature and quantity
of raw materials, energy source
and consumption rates, water
source and consumption rates,

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wastewater amount and

treatment
system, labour
requirements,

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transportation of raw material and
products, supporting or ancillary
facilities, and special
infrastructural
requirements
(ii) Basic process flow and mass energy
balance diagram value depicting
project operations
(iii) A summary description of the
technical,
economic, and environmental
aspects of the project has been
included.
(iv)Proposed project implementation
schedule and project lifespan
(wherever applicable)
(v) Comparison with the existing
plant/project in Malaysia or
elsewhere
(vi)Operation and maintenance
activities
CHAPTER 6: EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
A description of the existing environment
within and the surrounding the Project site
encompasses the following information
has been provided, viz.:
i. The Zone of Study in actual terms.

The Zone of Impact study in Project

site

ii. Existing physico-chemical,

biological, social, and economic
profiles have been described in
qualitative and quantitative terms
encompassing the following
parameters:

 Physico-chemical
 Topography
 Site soil properties
 Geological terrain mapping
 Geotechnical report
 Seismic activity in spatial
terms
 Landuse (5-km radius)
 Hydrology/
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drainage
characteristics
 Climate conditions
 Water quality
 Ambient air quality
 Ambient noise and vibration
levels

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 Biological
 Terrestrial profile (Flora
and fauna)
 Aquatic/Marine profile (Flora
and fauna)
 Biodiversity status

 Socio-economy
 Demography
 Historical, cultural and
archaeological information
 Environmental sensitive
areas, and areas of special or
unique scientific, socio-
economic or cultural values
 Traffic circulation around
Project site

 Health status of
surrounding communities.
 Socio-economic status of
surrounding communities
CHAPTER 7: EVALUATION OF IMPACTS
1.1 Assessment and Evaluation of Impacts
i. Assessment matrix
ii. Discussion on the impact
identification covers the
following aspects and conform
the following requirement:
 The nature of the
environmental effect
 The source of the impact
 The nature of impact
1.2 Detailed Examination of Impacts

(i) The scope and nature of impacts,

linear spatial range, linear
deviation, and linear implications
(e.g. negligence, moderate or
severe) have been elaborated with
respect the surrounding places of
proposed development, viz.:
 Pre-construction phase
- Temporary site access
- Site surveys, soil and
geotechnical studies

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- Environmental assessment
- Land acquisition
- Extent of eviction of
residents, demolition works
for build-up, relocation of
buildings etc.
 Construction phase
- Permanent access road
construction
- Establishment and operations
of base construction camps
and office, other site facilities
- Site clearing and biomass
removal
- Earthworks
- Blasting
- Drainage works
- Waste disposal
- Landscaping
- Transportation of
construction materials and
plant and equipment
 Operational phase
- Procurement and
transportation of raw
material
- Transportation of products
- Slope maintenance
- Infrastructure, utility
and amenities
maintenance
- Operation of project
- Air quality impacts
- Noise and vibration impacts
- Water quality impacts
- Socio economic impacts
- Ecology impacts
- Soil erosion and
sedimentation impacts
 Abandonment phase
- Noise and vibration
- Waste management
- Earthworks operation
(ii) Description of the methodology
used for impact prediction and
evaluation
(iii)Pictorial description of potential

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impacts.

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1.3 Project Evaluation

Quantification of the environmental

(through assessment matrix and Cost
Benefit Analysis) and development
trade-offs
anticipated from the proposed project
CHAPTER 8: MITIGATION MEASURES
Identification of appropriate P2M2s
applicable to all phases of project
implementation including construction and
implementation phases

8.1 Adherence to DOE Guidelines

(a) Guidance Document for addressing

soil erosion and sediment control
aspect in EIA Report as per
Appendix 3 of EGIM.
(b) Guidance Document for the
preparation of Land Disturbing
Pollution Prevention and Mitigation
Measures (LD-P2M2) as per
Appendix 4 of EGIM.
(c) Other relevant guidelines and
guidance documents issued by the
DOE pertaining to environmental-
related system and management as
per Appendix 5 of EGIM.
8.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures

(a) Description of the scope and

purpose of mitigation measures to
be adopted and incorporated into
the design of the project to
effectively eliminate, prevent, and
minimize predicted adverse
impacts, provided.
(b) Evidence from Project Proponent
showing commitment to
implement the proposed P2M2s
described in EIA Report.
CHAPTER 9: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

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9.1 Land Disturbing Pollution Prevention

and Mitigation Measures

Guided Self-regulation is detailed out in

the report.

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Preparation and compliance of LD-P2M2

based on the Guidance Document for the
Preparation of Document on Land
Disturbing and Pollution Prevention
Mitigation Measures (LD-P2M2)
9.2 Proposed Monitoring Programme

The following descriptions have been

provided:

(i) Performance monitoring (PM)

(ii) Compliance monitoring (CM)
(iii)Impact monitoring (IM)
(iv)Environmental auditing
CHAPTER 10: STUDY FINDINGS
Conclusion of study findings based on the
outcome of evaluation of impacts induced
by the project activities as the effects of
proposed
mitigation measures described.
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
(i) Input data and results of modelling
studies
(ii) Supporting documents e.g. COA
(iii)Other relevant documents
e.g. photographs, supporting letter
from GAs
etc.

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GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR

ASSESSING HEALTH IMPACT

EXISTING PUBLIC HEALTH STATUS

OF LOCAL COMMUNITY
EIA Guidelines for Cement APPENDI

APPENDIX I

GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR ASSESSING HEALTH IMPACT

1. Health Impact Assessment (HIA) subject specialist must be a qualified

person, registered with the Department of Environment.

2. Methodology of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) should be in accordance

to the published guideline, the Guidance Document of Health Impact
Assessment (HIA) in Environmental Impact Assessment published by
DOE Malaysia (2012) or equivalent guidelines.

3. Approaches to health risk assessment can be qualitative or quantitative

depending on the type of health hazard identified. Qualitative health risk
assessment involves listing and describing the possible changes in
health outcomes or endpoints resulting from the proposed project. For
example, inappropriate waste handling during the construction stage
may lead to potential breeding site of pests like rodents and disease
vectors like mosquitoes and flies. However, the quantum of increase in
the populations of rodents or mosquitoes or the subsequent increase in
the prevalence of diseases associated with them, are difficult to be
quantified.

4. Quantitative health risk assessment generates a risk value on the

potential adverse health effects of human exposures to environmental
hazards. Quantitative methodology of HRA should be in accordance to
the Guidance Document of Health Impact Assessment (HIA) in
Environmental Impact Assessment published by DOE Malaysia (2012) or
equivalent guidelines.

5. Assessment of health impact should include acute and chronic health

effects as well as lifetime cancer risk when applicable.

6. Assessment of health impact should be conducted for construction stage

and operational phase of the project. During the construction stage, the
common health hazards are (not exhaustive):
i. Respiratory effects from exposure to gaseous and particulate
pollutants such as particulate matters below 10 microns (PM10),
SO2, and NO2 from fuel combustion machinery on sites.
ii. Vector-borne diseases (dengue fever, malaria which is caused by
the unhygienic construction sites or living workers quarters).
iii. Waterborne diseases and food-borne diseases like cholera, typhoid
and hepatitis A due to improper sewage and solid waste disposal
in the worker’s camp area.
iv. Physical injuries due to work accidents, road traffic accidents,
noise induced hearing impairment from exposure to vehicle or
machinery noises.
v. Accidents and explosion hazards from handling highly flammable
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materials on site (pipelines, storage tanks etc.).

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7. Assessment of health impact needs to consider worst case scenario.

8. For relevant hazards identified, their abilities to cause cancer should be

clearly stated in the report. The weight of evidence for cancer and their
mode of action should be reported.

9. For carcinogen Group 1, Group 2A and 2B or equivalent, lifetime cancer

risk assessment must be conducted for all receptors with completed or
potential exposure pathways.

10. For carcinogen with mutagenic mode of action, lifetime cancer

assessment must consider early life exposure. Aged adjustment factor
(ADAF) need to be applied for assessing cancer risk from carcinogen with
mutagenic mode of action. For Details information on methodology for
assessing early life exposure to carcinogen is available/stated/explained
in the guideline produced by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA/630R-03/003F (2005) entitled “supplemental guidance for assessing
susceptibility from early-life exposure to carcinogens].

11. The location of highly vulnerable receptors such as schools, health care
facilities, aged care facilities and source of water intake must be
identified and the distance from the project site must be clearly stated.

12. Multiple chemical exposure: cumulative and aggregate health risk

assessment should be conducted for both cancer and non-cancer risk
assessment. Aggregate health risk assessment is a combined exposure
to a single stressor across multiple routes and multiple pathways.
Cumulative health risk assessment evaluates combined exposure to
multiple stressors via multiple exposure pathways that affect a single
biological target.

13. The sources for toxicological information, health reference values,

standards or guideline used in HIA must be written in the report for
evaluation purpose.

14. Formula used in health risk assessment [HRA] should be reported for
the purpose of evaluation.

15. It is the responsibility of the consultants/subject specialist to check and

refer to the latest requirement by Ministry of Health (if any).

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EXISTING PUBLIC HEALTH STATUS OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY

Profiling of existing community health status is an integral part of HIA in EIA

framework. To profile the existing health status of the local community, the
consultant can obtain health data through:

1. Primary data collection – Obtained through local population survey. The

survey should cover all potential impacted community and survey
sample should be representative of the community. The primary data will
provide prevalence of the relevant health outcome as the baseline data.

2. Secondary data on relevant diseases from local health clinics/hospitals

can be requested from State Health Department.

3. In case of primary data collection, the questionnaire used for data

collection must be attached in the appendices.

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