CRI 010 REVIEWER

CRIMINOLOGY : CRIMINOLOGISTS:
-A body of knowledge concerning crimes,
● Any person who is a graduate of
criminals and the efforts of society to
the Degree of Criminology, who
prevent and repress them.
has passed the examination for
According to Edwin H. Sutherland, : criminologists.
● criminology is the entire body of Registered criminologist:
knowledge regarding crime as a ● Refers to a natural person who
social phenomenon. It includes holds a valid certificate of
within its scope the “process of registration and an updated
making of laws, of breaking of professional identification card as
laws, and the society's reaction criminologist issued by the Board
towards the breaking of laws." and the Commission pursuant to this
● He is clear on explaining that Act (RA 11131.
criminology focuses on studying
ORIGIN OF THE WORD "CRIMINOLOGY”
crime as something or an event that
SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY - the
could be considered as a social
study of crime focused Etymologically, the
phenomenon or something that can
term criminology originated from the on
happen in a repetitive manner.
the group of people and society as a
● He also pointed out that criminology
whole.
not only deals with understanding
● LATIN word "crimen" meaning
the nature of criminal laws that exist
crime and
in our society but also with
● Greek word "Logos/ Logia" which
understanding the reasons why
means "to study”.
people, despite existing laws, still
break and violate laws.
1885, RAFAEL GAROFALO:
an Italian Law Professor invented the
Other definitions:
term “criminologia”.
Criminology:
● Refers to the scientific study of 1887, PAUL TOPINARD:
crimes, criminals, and victims, it French Anthropologist, coined/introduced
also deals with the prevention, and the word criminology in French word
solution of crimes (RA 11131) “criminologie”.
● The systematic study of the causes
of crime in relation to man and 1889’ PAUL TOPINARD:
society who set and define rules and First time used the word “criminologie”.
regulations for himself and others to
govern
THE THREE (3) PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS SUTHERLAND
OF CRIMINOLOGY: The Dean of Modern Criminology,
● ETIOLOGY OF CRIMES hoped that it will become a science in the
(CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY): future since the causes of crimes are almost
The scientific study of the causes of the same which may be biological,
crimes and the criminal that possess environmental or combination of the two.
criminal behavior.
● ETIOLOGY - means origin, root NATURE/CHARACTERISTICS OF
cause. CRIMINOLOGY (SAND):
1. It is a SOCIAL SCIENCE since it
PENOLOGY (PENAL SCENCE): studies crime as a social phenomenon.
● The study of the control of Crime is a social problem which has a great
delinquencies and crime and the impact to society.
rehabilitation of lawbreakers.
● This also refers to the process of 2. It is an APPLIED SCIENCE for
crime prevention through the the reason that criminology as a body of
infliction of fear and punishment. Knowledge has already established
universally accepted principles and
● *Note: Penology came from two concepts and these are used by other
*Latin words, Poena and field of study and maybe utilized in crime
Poenals which means pain or detection
suffering and punishment Other term is INSTRUMENTATION
respectively. Or CRIMINALISTICS

● SOCIOLOGY OF LAW: 3. It is NATIONALISTIC because the study

refers to the examination of the nature of of criminology takes into consideration the
criminal law and its administration. Also past, the culture and the social norms and
deals with the different laws and its the laws of the country. Each country has its
function to a society. own set of laws and crimes are defined by
the laws of the country (TERRITORIALITY).
CRIMINALISTICS: The sum total
application of entire science in crime 4. It is DYNAMIC because the ideas of
detection. criminology and their applications adapt to
the changing time. Criminology changes as
● CRIMINALIST - An individual who is a conditions changes.
trained in science of application of
instruments and methods to the
detection of crime.

CRIMINOLOGY ASCENCE OR NOT?

GEORGE WILKER, criminology
cannot turn into a science since it has NOT
YET ACHIEVED UNIVERSAL OR
WORLDWIDE VALIDITY. EDWIN H.
SCOPES AND BREADTH OF THE STUDY ● D. CRIMINAL PHYSICAL
OF CRIMINOLOGY: ANTHROPOLOGY : The study of
● A. CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY: criminality in relation to physical
The study of the connection structure of men.
between criminality and
population. There is a hypothesis ● E. CRIMINAL POLITICS- A science
that as the population increases, the consisting of principles with which
number of crimes may also increase. the Government organizes its
fight against criminality. The bases
● Note: RAWSON W. RAWSON - are knowledge of criminal law, of
utilized crime statistics to suggest a criminality, penalties and other
link between population density and measures of social defense.
crime rates with crowded cities
creating an environment conducive
for crime. ● F. CRIMINAL PSYCHIATRY – the
study of human mind in relation
● B. CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: to delinquency and criminality
The study of the correlation mental emotional State.
between environment or milieu
(climate or atmosphere) and ● G. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY – the
criminality. This is in connection study of human behavior/personality
with the notion that the more in relation to criminality.
disorganized an environment we
have, the more crime it may occur. ● H. CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- study of crime associated with
● Note: HENRY MAYHEW - used antecedent variables, state of
empirical methods and an crime trend.
ethnographic method to address
social questions and poverty. ● I. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY- The
application of chemical doctrines
● C.CRIMINAL ECOLOGY: The in the solution of problems that
study of law-breaking in relation arise in connection with the
to the spatial distribution in a administration of justice.
community.
: This particular science blames the ● J. FORENSIC MEDICINE- Object is
rapid increase on community or to place medical knowledge at the
societal congestion in terms of disposal of the administration of
number of houses that causes justice, mutually civil and criminal.
lessening of spaces that probably
can be a source of criminality
VICTIMOLOGY - the study of the role of the WHY MUST MEMBERS OF SOCIETY
victim in the Commission of a crime and INTERESTED IN
victims participation. CRIME?
● THEORIES OF VICTIMOLOGY 1. CRIME IS PERVASIVE - nearly all
1. VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY participants of a free society are once upon
-some people may actually initiate a time a victim of an offender of a
the conflict that eventually leads to criminal act. Criminal as an associate of
their injury or death by victim society affects almost all people regardless
provocation. of age, sex, race, nationality, religion,
2. LIFESTYLE THEORIES. financial condition, education and other
3. ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY personal circumstances.

* BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN -often 2. CRIME IS EXPENSIVE - the

referred to as the FATHER OF government and private sector use an
VICTIMOLOGY. enormous amount of currency for crime
● His major contributions were detection, prosecution correction and
arguably the term 'general prevention. Those expenses are either.
victimology' and a typology of crime
victims. 3.CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE-many
lives has been vanished because of
TYPES OF VICTIMS crimes like murder, homicide and other
● 1. WANTON TYPE - victim who is violent deaths. Properties has been lost or
particularly vulnerable to stresses devastated on account
that occur at a given period of of robbery, theft and arson.
time in the life cycle, such as
juvenile victims 4. CRIME IS REFLECTIVE - crime
● 2. DEPRESSIVE TYPE- victim is rate or incidence in a given locality is
considered an easy, unsuspecting reflecting of the efficiency of the social
careless type. defenses employed by the people
● 3 GREEDY TYPE-is often duped primarily that of the
due to their motivation for gain. police system.
● 4 WANTON TYPE- is vulnerable to
stresses such as juvenile victims. 5. CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE - the
● 5. TORMENTOR - is the victim of progressive upsurge in. The volume of
attacks such as the battered crime is on account of the
women. ever-increasing population. The
ever-increasing crime rate and their
techniques show the progress of the society
for advancement.
*SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT IN DETERRENCE - the prevention of a certain
CRIMINOLOGY. act or acts (such severely punished as a
*SCHOOL OF THOUGHT -ideas, crime)
principle, beliefs and strategies for ● A. GENERAL DETERRENCE - A
organizing fundamentally dillering views of crime control policy that setting in
human nature and relating them to issues which the congress passed the
surrounding crime and its control. Refers to Anti-Torture Law
a collection of beliefs or ideas that hinge on the fear of criminal penalties.
support a specific theory.
● B. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE - A
*THEORY-Set of declarations crime control policy therefore, and
devised to explain behavior, events or the method of inflicting them, should
phenomenon, especially one that has been be proposing that punishment be
repeatedly tested and widely accepted but severe enough to convince chosen
not totally proven. in due proportion to the crime, so as
to make the convicted offenders
THREE (3)TYPES OF EXPLANATION TO never to repeat their criminal
THE EXISTENCE OF CRIMINAL most lasting impression on the
BEHAVIOR (S-E-M-I): minds of men. (deterrence)

1. SINGLE/UNITARY THEORY- THREE (3) CHARACTERISTICS OF AN

Contends that crime is produced by EFFECTIVE DETTERENT (CE-SE-CE).
one-factor, It may be biological,
sociological, or psychological. 1. CELERITY OR SWIFTNESS - the
rapidity with which with a crack than a wall
2. MULTIPLE FACTOR THEORY which punishment follows a crime .
-Views that crime is not a product of
a single cause or factor but a 2. SEVERITY - the complexity or
combinations of several factors. unpleasantness of a sanction.

3. ECLECTIC THEORY- That crime

stemmed by one or more factors
while in other instances it is caused
by another set of factors.

4. INTEGRATED THEORY- A theory

that combines two or more
theories to generate a single model
or framework.
3. CERTAINTY - the likelihood that a crime EZCHIA MARCO "CESARE” LOMBROSO
will be detected and punished. -Medical doctor who made
● RATIONALE CHOICE - The view wide-ranging research in physical
that crime is a purpose of a characteristics of criminals, political aimes
decision-making process in which and revolutions and associations between
the potential offender weighs the the criminal and anthropology.
potential costs and benefits of an
-Acknowledged as the “Father of
illegal act.
Modem and Empirical Criminology” due
to his application of modem scientific
● ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY methods to trace criminal behavior,
(PMO-AST-ACP) - This theory however, most of his ideas are now
believes that crime is a creation of discredited.
three (3) interdependent and
interconnected elements such as -Known for the concept of
presence of motivated offender atavistic stigmata (the physical features
(desire), availability of suitable of creatures at an earlier stage of
targets & absence of motivated development).
offender.
- inspired by Charles Darwin's
AUGUST COMTE - was a French theory of evolution.
philosopher and sociologist and is believed
to be the one who reinvented the French ATAVISM - The return of a trait or
term sociologie. reappearance of previous behavior after a
● He was renowned as the “Father of period of absence.
Sociology and Positivism. ATAVISTIC ANOMALY - physically, their
resemblances on the evolutionary primitive
DETERMINISM - States that there are times, where people were savages.
prevailing situations or circumstances that
interferes in the decision or action of man, TRIAL BY ORDEAL • Variety of procedures
thus, he is forced to commit crime, even established to determine the guilt or
without intention of doing it. innocence of an accused.

THUCYDIDES - A Greek historian who first

HOLY THREE IN CRIMINOLOGY
wrote usefulness of the death penalty.
(GARO-FE-LO)
such as we must guardian INSANE CRIMINALS - those who turn out
1. RAFAELLE GAROFALO to be criminals because of some brain
2. ENRICO FERRI defect (psychological problems)which affect
3. CESARE LOMBROSO their ability to understand and differentiate
what is right from what is wrong. In criminal
typology, this is called as neurotic
criminals.
CRIMINALOIDS - those with makeup of a FRANZ JOSEPH GALL - he developed
vague group that habitual criminals, "cranioscopy - observation, examination,
adminals by passion and other diverse and description of the human skull.
types. This is sometimes called as acute
criminals under criminal typology. JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEM -An
assistant of Gal in the study of phrenology,
PSEUDO-CRIMINALS - those criminals that He was the man most responsible for
committed a felonious act due to popularizing and spreading phrenology
self-defense. to a wide audience.

PHYSIOGNOMY - the study of facial EARNEST HOOTON (1887 - 1954)

features/characteristics and their relation to - "Tall thin men tend to commit forgery and
human behavior. fraud,

BORN CRIMINALS - personalities with at -Undersized men are thieves and burglars,
least five (5) atavistic stigmata (ape like). - Short heavy person commit assault, rape
and other
GIAMBIATISTA DELA PORTA
Founder of human physiognomy. PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOLOGY - refers
According to him criminal behavior may be to the study of body build of a person in
predicted based on facial features of the relation to his temperament and
person. personality and the type of offense he is
most prone to commit.
JOHANN GASPAR LAVATER - A Swiss
theologian,regarded the lack of beard in RAFFAELLE GAROFALLO
man, the swirly eye or angry eye and weak -He treated the roots of the criminals'
Chin serve as clues to unfavorable conduct not to physical features but to their
personality or characteristic traits of an psychological equivalent, which he referred
individual. to as moral anomalies.
-He rejected doctrine of freewill.
- Supported the belief of dela Porta. Classifying criminal aS:
- He believed that a person's character is 1.MURDERERS-motivated by revenge.
revealed through his facial characteristics. 2 VOLENT CRIMINALS - committed violent
crimes.
PHRENOLOGY, CRANIOLOGY OR 3.DEFICENT CRIMINALS - committed.
CRANIOSCOPY - crimes against property.
the study of the external formation 4.LASCMOUS CRIMINALS - committed
of the skull in relation to He emphasized crimes against chastity and other sexual
factors such as: crimes.( lewd design) .
the person's personality and tendencies
toward criminal
1. Physical factors, including geographical,
climate,
behavior,temperature, etc.
THEORY OF CRIME CAUSATION B. PHRENOLOGY, CRANIOLOGY OR
a. SPRITUAL SCHOOL - based on CRANIOSCOPY - the study of the external
determinism; human behavior is determined formation of the skull in relation to the
by God or demons or Satan. person's personalty and tendencies toward
criminal behavior:
Note: DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY - 1. FRANZ JOSEPH GALL - he developed
States that individuals and weak. commit "cranioscopy which was later renamed as
crime because they are possessed by evil phrenology.
spirits. 2. JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEM -An
assistant of Gal in the study of phrenology,
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES He was the man most Responsible for
- This refers to the set of theories that point popularizing and spreading phrenology to a
to physical,physiological and other natural wide audience.
factors as the causes for the commission of 3. EARNEST HOOTON (1887 - 1954) -"Tall
crimes of certain individuals thin men tend to commit forgery and fraud,
-Undersized men are thieves and burglars,
-This explanation for the existence of - Short heavy person commit assault, rape
criminal traits associates an individual's evil
and other SEX CRIMES Whereas
disposition to physical disfigurernent or
mediocre (average)physique
impaiment.
flounderaround among other crimes. He
A. PHYSIOGNOMY - the study of facial also contended that criminals are
features / characteristics and their relation originally inferior, and that crime is the
to human behavior. result of the impact of environment.

1. GIAMBIATISTA DELA PORTA - Founder C. PHYSIOLOGY OR SOMATOLOGY -

of human physiognomy. According to him refers to the study of build of a person in
criminal behavior maybe predicted based on relation to his temperament and
facial features of the person. personality and the type of offense he is
most prone to commit .
2. JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER - A Swiss
theologian, regarded the lack of beard in
1. ERNST KRETSCHMER - he
man, the swirly eye or angry eye and weak
dhin serve as dues to unfavorable distinguished three (3) principal
personality or characteristic traits of an types of physiques: asthenic,
individual. athletic, pyknik and dysplastic:
- Supported the belief of dela Porta a ASTHENIC - characterized as thin,
-he believed that a person's character is small and weak.
revealed their lives.through his facial b. ATHLETIC - muscular and strong.
characteristics C PYKNIC - stout, round and fat
d. DYSPLASTIC - combination of two
body types.
2. WLLIAM HERBERT SHELDON - 1. RICHARD LOUIS DUGDALE
formulated his own group of somatotype: -conducted a study of the Jukes family.
ectomorph, mesomorph and endomorph He discovered that most of the ascendants
and their corresponding temperaments. of the Jukes were criminals

a. ENDOMORPHIC - relatively large 2. HENRY HERBERT GODDARD

digestive viscera; round body, short tapering - He traced the descendants of the Martin
limbs; bones; smooth, velvety skin. Kallikak from each of his two wives and
Temp: VISCEROTONIC - generally found a distinct difference in terms of quality
relax and comfortable small person, loves of lives of descendants.
luxury and essentially extrovert. -He coñed the term moron".

b. MESOMORPHIC - with relative 3. CHARLES GORING

predominance of muscles, bones and motor
-he believed that criminal traits can be
organs of the body with large wrist and
passed from parents to offspring through
hands
the genes.
Temp: ROMOTONIC - active,
- he proposed that individuals who possess
dynamic; walks, taks and gestures
criminal characteristics should be prohibited
assertively and behaves aggressively
from having children.

C. ECTOMORPHIC – relative
4.FRANCIS GALTON – he developed
predominance of skin and its appendages
"EUGENICS or the science of improving a
which includes the nervous system; it has
human population by controlled breeding to
fragile and delicate bones; with droopy
increase the occurrence of desirable
shoulders, small face and sharp nose, fine
heritable characteristics. Developed largely
hair
as a method of improving the human race.
Temp: CEREBROTONIC - introvert
prone to allergies, skin troubles, chronic
5.SCHULSINGER (1972) - found
fatigue, insomnia, sensitive skin and
criminality in adoptive boys to be higher
sensitive to noise and with relatively small
when biological fathers had criminal
body
records.
D. HEREDITY - the transmission of traits
from parents to offspring . 6. HUTCHINGS AND MEDNICK (1977) -
studied 1, 145 male
adoptees with criminal records and found
*KARYOTYPE STUDIES - examination and the criminality of the biological father was a
comparison of chromosomes. major predictor of the child's
Behavior
*NATURE THEORY (Henry Goddard,
William Healy, Augusta Bronner) - it 7. SR JONATHAN EDWARDS FAMILY
Argues that intelligence is largely TREE- a famous preacher during colonial
determines genetically, that ancestry period. His family tree was traced, none of
determines I.Q., and that low intelligence the descendants was found to be criminal.
(I.Q) is linked to criminal behavior.
E. BIOCHEMICAL THEORY - Crime, CRIMINAL PSYCHO-DYNAMICS - The
especially violent, is a function of diet, study of mental processes of criminals in
vítamín intake, hormonal imbalance, or food action, the study of the genesis,
allergies. development and motivation of human
a. Katharina Dalton's study of behavior that conflicts with accepted norms
"Menstruation and Crime found that nearly and standards of society.
half of the crimes of her sample of female
inmates had occurred during menstruation “CRIMES AND CRIMINALS “
or pre-menstruation.
This is called as "Pre Menstrual CRIME - refers to an act committed or
Syndrome". omitted in violation of public law (Phil. Law
Dictionary).
b. In Schauss' study comparing nutritional
differences of delinquents and - It also refers to an act committed or
non-delinquents, the surprising major omitted in violation of a public law forbidding
difference found was that delinquents drank or commanding it (Reyes 2006).
more milk.
- Crime would not be committed without any
c.Low blood sugar (HYPOGLYCEMIA) of its essential elements. (DOC)
also has been daimed to be linked to
impaired brain function and violent crime. TRIAD OF CRIME

**HYPOGLYCEMIA - a condition that The so called triad of crime consists of

occurs when the level of blood sugar falls desire, capability and opportunity. These
below an acceptable range. are the factors which led to the commission
of crime.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
1. DESIRE – it is what induces or pushes
-it refers to the theories that attributes the
the person to commit crime.
criminal behavior of individual to
2. OPPORTUNITY - This refers to the
psychological factors such as emotional and
physical possibility that the crime could
mental problem sometimes called as
have been committed.
psychogenic approaches.
3. CAPABILITY - It is the ability of the
person to execute the acts or omission
PSYCHOLOGY - the science of behavior
punishable by laws.
and mental processes of the criminal. It is
focused on the individual criminal behavior
how it is acquired, evoked, maintained, and
modified.
Elements of Crime: (Legal Aspect) 2. According to the manner of
committing crime:
1. Intent- The actor must have a
a. By means of dolo or deceit – if the
“GUILTY MIND”.
crime is committed with deliberate intent.
● Guilty Mind- Mens Rea
Thus, it is called intentional felonies
● Guilty Act- Actus Reus
✓ freedom or voluntariness
2. Knowledge- Refers to whether the
behavior in question was “DONE ✓ intelligence
KNOWINGLY”. ✓ intent
3. Freedom- It refers to whether the "T'Naghten Rule" stated that a defendant is
actor exercises freewill. not guilty of a crime it, at the time of the act,
mental illness permits the actor.
According to David Abrahamsen in his
book entitled, "Crime and Human Mind" in 3. According to the stages in the
1945, he explained the causes of crime by commission:
this formula: a. ATTEMPTED - the crime is attempted
C=T+S when the offender commences the
R commission of a felony directly or over acts,
Where: and does not perform all the acts of
- C-Crime (ACT) execution which should produce the felony
- T-Tendency (DESIRENNTENT) by reason of some cause or accident other
- S-Situation (OPPORTUNITY) than this own spontaneous desistance.
- R-Resistance to temptation (CONTROL)
b. FRUSTRATED - when the offender
performs all the acts of execution which
TYPOLOGY OF CRIME - involve classifying
would produce the felony as a consequence
offenses or offenders according to some
but which, nevertheless do not produce it by
criteria of relatedness or similarity.
reason of causes independent of the will of
the perpetrator.
LEGAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME:

c. CONSUMMATED - when all the elements

1. According to law violated :
necessary for its accomplishment and
execution are present
a. FELONY -an act or omission punishable
by law which is committed by means of dola
4. According to plurality :
(deced) or culpa (fault)and punishable
under the Revised Penal Code a SIMPLE CRIME – is a single act
constituting only one offense.
b. OFFENSE - an act or omission in
violation of a special law .

C. INFRACTION -an act or omission in

violation of a city or municipal ordinance
5. According to place or location: CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
a.COMPLEX CRIME - single act CRIME
constituting two or more grave felonies 1. According to result of crime :
or an is a necessary means for committing a. ACQUISITIVE CRIME - if the offender
the other. acquired or gained something by committing
the crime. Examples are robbery, estafa,
Two (2) Kinds of Complex Crime:
bribery, etc.
1. Compound crime (delito compuesto)
2 Complex crime proper (delito complejo)
b.DESTRUCTIVE CRIME - if the crime
6. According to the type of offender. resulted in destruction, damage or even
a GRAVE FELONIES - are those to which death. Examples are arson, murder and
the law attaches the capital punishment or homicide, damage to property, etc.
penalties which in any of their period are
afflictive. 2. According to the time or period of
commission:
b. LESS GRAVE FELONIES - are those a.SEASONAL CRIMES - are crimes that
which the law punishes with penalties which happen only during a particular season or
in their maximum period are correctional. period of the year. Examples are violation of
election law, tax law violations, etc.
c. LIGHT FELONIES - are infraction of laws
for the commission of which the penalty of b. SITUATIONAL CRIMES - are crimes
arresto menor or a fine not exceeding 200 committed when the situation is conducive
pesos or both is provided. to the commission of the crime and there is
an opportunity to commit it Examples are
7. According to the nature of the act: pickpocketing, theft, etc.
CRIMES -MALA IN SE - are acts that are
inherently evil. Examples are murder, 3. According to the length of time of the
robbery, etc. commission:
a. INSTANT CRIMES - are those crimes
CRIMES -MALA PROHIBITA - acts which that can be committed in a very short time.
are prohibited only because there are laws Example: theft
forbidding such acts. Examples are illegal
Possession of firearms, Traffic Violations,
etc. b. EPISODIC CRIMES - are crimes
committed through series of acts or
episodes and in much longer time.
Example: serious illegal detention
4. According to place and location : 3 CRIME OF REDUCTION - crimes that are
a.STATIC CRIMES - are committed only in committed when the offended party
one place. examples are theft and robbery experiences a loss of some quality relative
to his her present standing such as when
b. CONTINUNG CRIMES – are crimes that they becomes victims of robbery or theft,
take place in more than one place or but they may also be victimized if their
several places. examples: abduction, dignity is stripped from them when they are
kidnapping, etc. taunted by racists.

5. According to the use of mental 4.CRIME OF REPRESSION - crimes that

faculties: are committed when members of a group
a. RATIONAL CRIMES – when the offender are prevented from achieving their fullest
is capable of knowing what he is doing and potential because of racism, sexism, or
understanding the consequences of his some status bias.
actions.
5. CYBERCRIME - the commission of
b. IRRATIONAL CRIMES – when the criminal acts using the instruments of
offender suffers from any form of mental modem technology such as computers or
disorders, insanity or abnormality. Thus, the the internet.
offender doesn't know what he is doing.
6. ECONOMICAL CRIME - an act in
6. According to the type of offender: violation of the criminal that is designed to
a. WHITE COLLAR CRIMES - Crimes bring financial gain to the offender.
committed by those persons belonging to
the upper socio economic status or in the 7. ENTERPRISE CRIME - the use of illegal
course of his occupational activities. tactics by a business to make profits in the
market place.
b. BLUE COLLAR CRIMES - are those
crimes committed by ordinary criminals as a 8. EXPRESSIVE CRIME - a crime that has
means of livelihood, no purpose except to accomplish the
behavioral hand such as shooting
OTHER TYPES OF CRIMES someone.
1. CLEARED CRIMES - two ways by which
crimes are closest (1) when at least one 9. INCHOATE CRIME - incomplete or
person arrested, charge, and tumed over to contemplated crimes such as criminal
the court for prosecution, (2) by exception solicitation or criminal attempts.
means, when some element beyond police
control precludes the . 10. MISSION HATE CRIMES - violent
crimes committed by disturbed individuals
2. CORPORATIVE CRIMES - white collar who see it as their duty to rid the world
crime involving a legal violation by corporate of evil.
entity such as price fixing, restraint of trade,
or hazardous waste dumping.
11. REACTOME HATE CRIME - d. NORMAL CRIMINAL - Apwwm, wo
perpetrators believe they are taking a consens Cims because he koks up to,
defensive stand against outsiders who they idolizes peoples who are criminals.
believe threaten their community or way of
life. e. ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS -
commit crimes in an impulsive manner
12. RETALIATORY HATE CRIME - offense usually due to their aggressive behavior of
committed in response to a hate crime, real the offender. This attitude is clearty shown
or perceived. in crimes of passion, revenge or
resentments.
13. STATUTORY CRIMES - crimes defined
2. According to the type of offender.
by legislative bodies in response to
a. ORDINARY CRIMINAL - a criminal who
changing social conditions, public opinion,
engages in crimes which do not require
and custom.
specialized or technical skill.
14. Trill-seeking hate crime - hate monger
who join forces to have fun by bashing b. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL - is one who
minorities or destroying property, inflicting possesses some skills and know-how which
pain on others gives a sadistic thrill. enable him to commit crimes and evade
detection.
CRIMINAL
-In the legal sense, a criminal is any person c. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL - Highly
who has been found to have committed a skilled criminals which are engaged in large
wrongful act in the course of the standard scale criminal activities and usually operate
judicial process; there must be a final in groups.
verdict of his guilt
3. Based on Mental Attitudes
- in the criminological sense, a person is
a. ACTIVE CRIMINALS are those who
already considered a criminal the moment
commit crimes due to aggressiveness.
he committed a crime:

CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINALS b. PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS

1.According to etiology: are those who commit crimes because they
are pushed to it by reward or promise.
a. ACUTE CRIMINAL - is a person who
committed crime as a result of reacting to a
situation or during a moment of anger or c.SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS are
burst of feeling. criminals who are normal in behavior but
defective in their socialization process or
development
b. CHRONIC CRIMINAL - is one who
committed a crime with intent or deliberated
thinking.

c.NEUROTIC CRIMINAL - is one who has

mental disorder,
4. According to criminal activities: EVOLUTION OF CRIMINAL LAWS
a. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL-a criminal A.PREHISTORIC CRIME AND
who earns his living through criminal PUNISHMENT
activities. Primitive Tribes
- punishment may be in the form of
b. SITUATIONAL CRIMINAL - a person ostracism and expulsion
who got involved in crúninal act because the -adultery may be punished by the aggrieved
situation presented itself. husband who may kill the adulterer and his
own offending wife
c.HABITUAL CRIMINAL - one who -crime may be avenged by the victim
repeatedly commits criminal act for different himself ar by the victim's family .
reasons.
B. EARLY CODES
d. ACCIDENTAL CRIMINAL - a person 1. CODE OF HAMMURABI
who accidentally violated the law due to -Hammurabi, the king of Babylon during the
some circumstances. eighteenth century BC, is recognized as the
first codifier of laws
7. Types of violent criminals -the Code was carved in stone
a. CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS - -the law of talion", or the principle of "tit
Individuals who live in subculture in which for tat", (an eye for an eye, tooth for a
violence is and acceptable problem solving tooth) appears throughout the Code.
mechanism. This is prevalent among lower -under the principle of the law of talion, the
income minorities from slum environments punishment should be the same as the
of large central cities. harm ,inflicted on the victim.

b. CRIMINALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS 2. THE HITTITES - the Hittites existed

-Offenders use violence as a means of about two centuries after Hammurabi and
accomplishing criminal act, such as in eventually conquered Babylon .
robbery.
CODE OF DRAKO
C. PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT - knows as the ultimate in severity
OFFENDERS - Mental illness or brain - codified by Drakon, the Athenian lawgiver
damage characterizes the pathologically of the seventh century BC
violent offenders.
3. LAWS OF SOLON
d.SITUATIONALLY MOLENT OFFENDERS -Solon was appointed archon and was given
- Offenders commit acts of violence on rare legislative powers
occasions, often under provocation. These -Solon repealed all the laws of the Code of
incidents are often described as crimes of Drakon, except the law on homicide
passion in which the individual temporarily -Solon was one of the first to see that a
loses control and often expresses regret for lawgiver had to make laws that applied
the action later. equally to all citizens and also saw that the
law of punishment had to maintain
proportionality to the crimes committed .
5. ROME'S TWELVE TABLES
- Roman law began with the Twelve Tables
were written in the middle of the sixth
century BC
-the Twelve Tables were the foundation of
all laws in Rome and written in tablets of
bronze
- the Twelve Tables were drafted by the
Decemvirs a body of men composed
patricians

CRIMINAL LAW – is that branch of public

law which defines crimes treats of their
nature and provides for their punishment

REVISED PENAL CODE OR ACT NO.

3815 – book that contains the Philippine
Criminal Law and different special laws and
decrees which are penal in nature. It is
called as RPC because the old penal code
which took effect in the country on July 14,
1887 and was in force until Dec. 31, 1931
was revised by the Committee created by
Administrative Order No. 94 of the
Department of Justice, dated Oct. 18. 1927,
composed of Anacleto Diaz as Chairman,
Alex Reyes and Mariano de Joya as
members.
The RPC was approved on Dec. 8, 1930
and took effect on January 1, 1932

ANDREW VON HIRSCH - he developed the

notion of just desert.