Vol. 92 No. 5 pp.1862–1878 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct.

2018

Petrogenesis and Metallogenesis of the Niumaoquan Gabbroic Intrusion

Associated with Fe-Ti Oxide Ores in the Eastern Tianshan, NW China

SHI Yu1, 2, *, WANG Yuwang1, WANG Jingbin1, 2, XIE Hongjing1, MAO Qigui1,
ZHAO Lutong1, LONG Lingli1, LI Dedong1 and ZHOU Guochao2
1 Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources, Beijing 100012, China
2 School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China

Abstract: The Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion is in the southern margin of the Central Asian
Orogenic Belt in North Xinjiang, China, and hosts a Fe-Ti oxide deposit in its evolved gabbroic phases.
In this paper, we report zircon U-Pb age, Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes, plagioclase chemistry, and whole-rock
geochemistry of the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion. Zircon grains separated from an
anorthosite sample analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry yielded a
concordia age of 314.7±0.74 Ma, indicating that the Niumaoquan ore-bearing gabbroic intrusion was
emplaced during the Late Carboniferous. The olivine gabbro texture and plagioclase chemistry suggest
that plagioclase was an early crystallized silicate phase that crystallized prior to olivine. Fractional
crystallization and accumulation of plagioclase significantly controlled the evolution of the Niumaoquan
gabbroic intrusion and contributed to the formation of anorthosite layers, causing metallogenic elements
to become enriched in the residual melt. The Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion is characterized by the
enrichment of large ion lithophile elements and depletion of high field strength elements, positive zircon
εHf(t) values (+2.1 to +12.2), positive εNd(t) values (+3.3 to +5.2), and low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7039 to
0.7047), suggesting that the parental magma was produced by interactions between metasomatized
lithospheric mantle and depleted asthenospheric melts at an early post-collision stage. The Fe-Ti oxide
mineralization of the Niumaoquan intrusion benefited from interactions between depleted
asthenospheric melts and lithospheric mantle, and fractional crystallization of abundant plagioclase and
magnesian minerals.

Key words: anorthosite, chronology, Fe-Ti oxide, Niumaoquan, Eastern Tianshan

1 Introduction deposits are not well constrained. The Niumaoquan

layered gabbroic intrusion hosts a typical Fe-Ti oxide
Magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide, Fe-Ti oxide, Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in the Eastern Tianshan (Wang Yuwang et al.,
and Fe-Ti oxide composite, and native copper deposits are 2010; Li Dedong et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014; Shi Yu et
the four major types of deposits related to post-collision al., 2017a). However, this intrusion has not been dated
mantle-derived magma found in North Xinjiang (Wang using the zircon U-Pb method, and dating the Niumaoquan
Jingbin et al., 2008). The formation age, magmatic using the hornblende Ar-Ar method (Li Dedong et al.,
characteristics, and spatial distribution of deposits 2012) is not reliable for its emplacement age.
associated with mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern The Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion is
Tianshan are important factors for constructing the considered an Early Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusion in
metallogenic spectrum associated with mantle-derived the Eastern Tianshan based on a hornblende Ar-Ar age (Li
magma in a post-collision stage. Compared with typical Ni Dedong et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014). However, the
-Cu sulfide deposits, Ni-Cu sulfide and Fe-Ti oxide Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion is significantly different
composite and native copper deposits in the Eastern from other typical Early Permian mafic-ultramafic
Tianshan district, the formation ages of Fe-Ti oxide intrusions in petrology assemblages and mineralization
style (Wang Yuwang et al., 2010). Typical Early Permian
* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] mafic-ultramafic intrusions consist of multiple separate
© 2018 Geological Society of China
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1863
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

intrusive units, not only comprising gabbroic phases, e.g., 2 Regional Geological Setting
olivine gabbro, gabbro, and hornblende gabbro, but also
ultramafic phases, such as lherzolite and pyroxenite, The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is the largest
which are associated with Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization and most complex Phanerozoic orogenic belt in the world
(Mao Jingwen et al., 2003, 2008; Zhou et al., 2004; Tang (Sengӧr et al., 1993; Xiao et al., 2008, 2010). At more
et al., 2011). The Niumaoquan intrusion is a typical than 5000 km long, it extends west to east between the
layered gabbroic intrusion composed of interlayered Siberian and North China-Tarim cratons (Jahn et al., 2000,
gabbroic rocks (Wang Yuwang et al., 2010; Li Dedong et 2004). The CAOB was formed by subduction of Paleo-
al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014) and hosting a Fe-Ti oxide Asian Ocean crust and accretions of oceanic seamounts
deposit. However, anorthosite layers displaying and plateaus, ophiolites and colliding ancient
conformable contact with other gabbroic layers is a unique microcontinents, arc terranes, and successions of passive
lithology recognized in this study, which distinguishes the continental margins (Sengӧr et al., 1993; Jahn et al., 2000,
Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion from other mafic- 2004; Safonova et al., 2004, 2011; Xiao et al., 2008,
ultramafic intrusions that host Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in 2010).
the Eastern Tianshan district. Anorthosite is an important The Eastern Tianshan is on the CAOB’s southern
gabbroic phase in mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated margin and consists of three tectonic units: the Bogeda-
with Fe-Ti oxide deposits (Li et al., 2014; Chen et al., Harlik Belt in the north, the Jueluotage Belt in the center,
2015; Li et al., 2015), and possibly plays an important role and the Middle Tianshan Massif to the south (Fig. 1). The
in understanding the mineralization of the Niumaoquan Fe Bogeda-Harlik Belt is composed of well-developed
-Ti oxide deposit. Therefore, the chronology, mineralogy, Ordovician–Carboniferous volcanic rocks, granites, and
petrology, and geochemistry of the Niumaoquan gabbroic mafic-ultramafic complexes, and is considered to be a
intrusion are important for addressing Fe-Ti oxide Devonian to Late Carboniferous island arc that resulted
mineralization style and constructing a metallogenic from the consumption of Kelameili ocean basins (Xiao et
spectrum related to mantle-derived magma in a post- al., 2004). The Jueluotage Belt is characterized by Middle
collision stage. Paleozoic volcanic and sedimentary strata, including
In this paper, we present plagioclase chemistry, zircon subaerial volcanics, sandstones, and pelitic slates with
U-Pb age, Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes, and whole-rock interlayered limestones, mudstones, siltstones, and
geochemistry of the Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion. conglomerates. The Jueluotage Belt can be subdivided
Using these data, we discuss mantle source characteristics, from north to south into the Dananhu-Tousuquan island
crustal contamination, and the timing and mechanism of arc, the Xiaorequanzi-Wutongwozi intra-arc basin, the
Fe-Ti oxide mineralization in the Niumaoquan layered Kangguer-Huangshan ductile shear zone, and the
gabbroic intrusion. Yamansu back-arc basin (Fig. 1; Qin Kezhang et al.,
2002). The Middle Tianshan Massif is composed of a

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Eastern Tianshan and distribution of orthomagmatic deposits there (modified from Qin Kezhang et
al., 2002).
1864 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Precambrian crystalline basement (Qin Kezhang et al., the Late Paleozoic Bogeda-Harlik Belt (Fig. 1). The
2002), and is bounded by the Aqikekuduk-Shaquanzi fault Niumaoquan intrusion was emplaced into Variscan
in the north (Fig. 1) and the Hongliuhe fault in the south. potassic granites (Fig. 2a) and is crosscut by diorite veins
Mafic-ultramafic intrusions are widely distributed (Fig. 2b). This layered intrusion is mainly composed of
throughout the Eastern Tianshan, and are emplaced in interlayered gabbroic phases, including olivine gabbro,
multiple tectonic units, including the Bogeda-Harlik Belt gabbro, and hornblende gabbro based on textures and
(Yuan et al., 2010; Lei Wanshan et al., 2016), the mineral assemblages, and is distinctly stratified with
Jueluotage Belt (Sun Tao et al., 2013, 2017; Feng Yanqing rhythmic layering (Figs. 3a and 3b). Anorthosite is a
et al., 2017), and the Middle Tianshan Massif (Chai et al., newly recognized lithology in the Niumaoquan gabbroic
2008; Tang et al., 2011). Ni-Cu sulfide, Fe-Ti oxide, and intrusion, containing contains >80 modal% plagioclase.
NiCu-FeTi composite deposits are the three major Anorthosite occurs as layers in the olivine gabbro and
orthomagmatic deposit types in the Eastern Tianshan. gabbro layers, and shows conformable contact with
Early Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusions were emplaced underlying and overlying gabbroic layers (Fig. 3a). A Fe-
in the Early to Middle Permian (ca. 289−269 Ma, mainly Ti oxide ore is hosted by this layered gabbroic intrusion,
around ca. 280 Ma; Han Baofu et al., 2004; Zhou et al., containing reserves of 351,300 metric tons of Fe at a grade
2004; Han et al., 2010; Qin et al., 2011; Tang et al., 2011; of 25.8wt% Fe (Wang et al., 2014). Fe-Ti oxide ore bodies
Sun et al., 2013; Wang Yalei et al., 2017). These of the Niumaoquan deposit are mainly hosted in the
intrusions host many typical Ni-Cu sulfide deposits gabbro and hornblende gabbro layers, both of which
distributed in multiple tectonic units, such as Baixintan in overlie the olivine gabbro layers. These oxide ore bodies
the Dananhu-Tousuquan island arc (Wang Yalei et al., are also relatively evolved in petrology, mineralogy, and
2015), Huangshan and Huangshandong in the Jueluotage geochemistry (Wang Yuwang et al., 2010; Li Dedong et
Belt (Mao Jingwen et al., 2003; Deng Yufeng et al., 2011, al., 2012; Wang et al., 2014).
2014, 2015; Mao et al., 2014), and Tianyu and Baishiquan Olivine gabbro is a major gabbroic phase in the
in the Middle Tianshan Massif (Chai et al., 2008; Tang et Niumaoquan intrusion (Fig. 2a), containing 45vol % –
al., 2011). The Xiangshan intrusion is a unique Early 50vol % plagioclase, 25vol % –30vol % clinopyroxene,
Permian mafic-ultramafic complex characterized by Ni-Cu 10vol%–15vol% hornblende, 5vol%–10vol% olivine, and
sulfide and Fe-Ti oxide composite mineralization, and 1vol % –5vol% orthopyroxene, with minor amounts of
consists of a large-scale ilmenite deposit and a medium- sulfide and Fe-Ti oxides (3vol % –8vol % ) (Fig. 4a).
sized Ni-Cu sulfide deposit (Wang Yuwang et al., 2006, Plagioclase in olivine gabbro is euhedral and subhedral
2009; Han et al., 2010; Xiao Qinghua et al., 2010; Tang et with a cumulating texture, and some occurs as inclusions
al., 2013; Shi Yu et al., 2018). The Fe-Ti oxide deposits in enclosed by olivine and clinopyroxene grains (Fig. 4a).
the Eastern Tianshan are mainly associated with layered Granular clinopyroxene is intergrown with plagioclase,
gabbroic intrusions, which were emplaced from the Early with some having reaction coronae of hornblende. The
Permian to the Middle Triassic (Zhang Zunzhong et al., interstitial Fe-Ti oxides coexist with hornblende in the
2005, 2007; Wang Yuwang et al., 2008; Xiao Qinghua et olivine gabbro.
al., 2010; Li Dedong et al., 2012). These deposits are also Anorthosite occurs as conformable layers in olivine
wildly distributed in the Eastern Tianshan (Fig. 1), such as gabbro layers (Fig. 3a), and contains approximately
the Weiya and Yaxi deposits in the Middle Tianshan 90vol% plagioclase, 0vol%–5vol% clinopyroxene, and
Massif (Zhang Zunzhong et al., 2005; Wang Yuwang et 0vol%–5vol% hornblende, with minor amounts of Fe-Ti
al., 2008; Li Dedong et al., 2016; Shi Yu et al., 2016), the oxides (Fig. 4b). Plagioclase in anorthosite is euhedral and
Xiangshan deposit in the Jueluotage Belt (Wang Yuwang displays a cumulating texture, whereas clinopyroxene and
et al., 2009, 2010; Han et al., 2010; Xiao Qinghua et al., hornblende are anhedral and grow as interstitial phases
2010; Shi Yu et al., 2018), and the Niumaoquan deposit in (Fig. 4b).
the southern margin of the Bogeda-Harlik Belt (Wang Gabbro is a ubiquitous gabbroic phase in the intrusion
Yuwang et al., 2010; Li Dedong et al., 2012; Wang et al., (Fig. 2a) and conformably overlies olivine gabbro layers,
2014; Shi Yu et al., 2017a). containing nearly 40vol%–60vol% plagioclase, 25vol%–
35vol % clinopyroxene, and approximately 10vol %
3 Petrography and Mineralization of the orthopyroxene, with minor amounts of hornblende and Fe-
Niumaoquan Intrusion Ti oxide (Fig. 4c).
Hornblende gabbro mainly occurs in the eastern section
The Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion is exposed of the Niumaoquan intrusion (Fig. 2a) and contains
ca. 81 km southeast of Hami in the sourthern margin of 30vol%–40vol% plagioclase, 10vol%–20vol% clinopyr-
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1865
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Fig. 2. (a), Simplified geological map of the Niumaoquan intrusion (modified after Wang et al., 2014); (b), geological section
showing variation in the lithologies of the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion.

oxene and orthopyroxene, nearly 25vol % poikilitic plagioclase grains from all gabbroic phases and
hornblende, 15vol% Fe-Ti oxide, and minor amounts of plagioclase inclusions in olivine grains were analyzed
apatite (Fig. 4d). Plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyr- using a JEOL JXA-8100 electron microprobe (EMP) at
oxene and Fe-Ti oxides in hornblende gabbro are enclosed the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese
by poikilitic hornblende (Fig. 4d). Academy of Sciences. The analyses were carried out using
a voltage of 15 kV and beam current of 20 nA, focused to
4 Analytical Methods and Results a spot of 5 μm. The peak and background counting times
for major elements were 20 s and 10 s, respectively,
4.1 Mineral composition of plagioclase whereas those for trace elements were 40 s and 20 s,
Plagioclase is the most prominent silicate mineral in respectively. The standards used for oxide analyses were
Niumaoquan gabbroic rocks, and occurs as a euhedral albite for Si, Na, and Al, plagioclase for Ca, and
cumulating mineral in all gabbroic phases, e.g., potassium feldspar for K. The precisions of the major and
anorthosite, olivine gabbro, gabbro, and hornblende trace element determinations were better than 2% and 5%,
gabbro, and its anorthosite component (An value) could respectively.
reflect the relative evolution of a suite of gabbroic rocks Table 1 shows the multi-gabbroic rock plagioclase
(Zhong Hong et al., 2007). Plagioclase occurring as compositions of the Niumaoquan layered intrusion. Two
inclusions hosted in olivine grains is the second most types of plagioclase from olivine gabbro, occurring either
common type of plagioclase apart from euhedral as a euhedral cumulate mineral or as inclusions in olivine
cumulating plagioclase in olivine gabbro (Fig. 4a), and the grains, have similar An values, ranging from 88.1 to 91.2
composition difference between these two types of (Table 1). This confirms that plagioclase crystallized
plagioclase is important to understanding the petrogenesis earlier than olivine during the formation of the
of the Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion. Euhedral Niumaoquan intrusion. Plagioclase in the anorthosite and
1866 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Fig. 3. Field photos of the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion.

(a), Interlayered anorthosite and olivine gabbro; (b), layered olivine gabbro.

Table 1 Major oxides of plagioclase from the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion
Sample 7104-2 7104-4 71013-1 71013-7 71013-15 71013-11 71013-5 7104-1 825-7 71013-14 825-6 825-1 825-4 825-2
Rocktype OG OG OG OG OG OG Anor Anor Anor Gb Gb HG HG HG
N 12 10 2 3 6 3 3 7 3 3 3 2 3 3
Majorelements (wt%)
SiO2 45.1 46 45.7 46.1 47.3 45.3 45.9 45.6 47.9 46.7 47.2 47.5 51.3 51.5
Al2O3 35.0 34.3 34.6 34.0 33.1 33.4 34.3 34.4 32.8 33.2 33.3 32.5 29.8 30.1
CaO 18.6 17.9 18.2 17.8 16.7 17.7 17.8 18.2 16.7 16.9 17.1 16.6 13.4 13.7
Na2O 0.86 1.26 1.14 1.31 1.94 1.11 1.17 1.13 1.91 1.52 1.65 1.96 3.57 3.53
K2 O 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.15 0.13
Total 99.6 99.5 99.7 99.3 99.1 97.5 99.2 99.4 99.3 98.4 99.3 98.6 98.2 99.0
Cations
Si(O=8) 2.09 2.13 2.11 2.14 2.19 2.14 2.13 2.11 2.21 2.18 2.18 2.21 2.37 2.36
Al 1.91 1.87 1.88 1.86 1.80 1.86 1.87 1.88 1.78 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.62 1.63
Ca 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.83 0.90 0.88 0.91 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.83 0.66 0.67
Na 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.10 0.11 0.10 0.17 0.14 0.15 0.18 0.32 0.31
K 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01
Cation 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.99 4.99 5.00 4.99 4.98 4.99 4.99 4.98 4.99
End-membercompositions (mol%)
An 92.2 88.6 89.7 88.1 82.5 89.7 89.1 89.8 82.8 85.9 85.0 82.3 66.9 67.7
Ab 7.7 11.3 10.2 11.7 17.3 10.2 10.6 10.1 17.1 14.0 14.8 17.5 32.2 31.5
Or 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.8
Note: OG, OG, Olivine gabbro; Anor, Anorthosite; Gb, Gabbro; HG, Hornblende gabbro.

gabbro layers have similar An values, ranging from 82.8 cm in diameter and polished to expose the centers of the
to 89.8 and 85.0 to 85.9, respectively (Table 1), and the zircon grains. Prior to analytical work, we examined all
plagioclase is relatively more evolved than that of olivine zircon grains under a microscope with transmitted and
gabbro. Plagioclase of hornblende gabbro has An value reflected light as well as with cathodoluminescence
varying 66.9 to 82.3 and is most evolved in composition. images using a scanning electron microscope (CL-SEM)
to reveal their internal structures.
4.2 Zircon U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes Zircon U-Pb dating was performed at the Key
We performed zircon U-Pb dating on a representative Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution,
anorthosite sample (NMQ5530-19). Zircon grains were Peking University, using a GeoLas 200M 193 nm ArF
separated using conventional magnetic and density laser-ablation system coupled with an Agilent 7500a ICP-
techniques and hand-picked under a binocular microscope. MS. A spot size of 32 μm and 10 Hz laser repetition rate
The zircon grains were mounted in epoxy resin slide 2.5 were employed for zircon U-Pb dating, and each analysis
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1867
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Fig. 4. Microphotographs of Niumaoquan gabbroic rocks.

(a), Olivine gabbro; (b), anorthosite; (c), gabbro; (d), hornblende gabbro. Note: Ol: olivine; Cpx: clinopyroxene; Opx: orthopyroxene; Hb: hornblende; Pl:
plagioclase; Ox: Fe-Ti oxides; Ap: apatite. All microphotographs were taken under polarized light.

consisted of 20 s for gas blank and 60 s of acquisition grains generally have low transparency because of their
following the procedures given in Liu et al. (2010). We striking high U (63–5745 ppm) and Th (274–7315 ppm)
achieved calibration using standard procedures that contents (Table 2). Although not all zircon grains
included the use of NIST 610 glass reference material and exhibited concentric zoning, their well-developed crystal
standard zircon 91500 for external standardization, and shape, internal banding, and high Th/U ratios (0.43–1.49)
stoichiometric zircon SiO2 content for internal were consistent with a mafic igneous origin (Fig. 5a;
standardization. Data were processed using GLITTER Table 2). The analyses are clustered on a U-Pb concordia
software, and common Pb correction and sample ages curve (Fig. 5b). The analysis yielded a concordia age of
were calculated using ComPbCorr#3_17 (Andersen, 314.9±0.74 Ma (mean square weighted deviation=1.4) and
2002). Analytical precision was better than 2%. Fiveteen a mean age of 314.7±1.5 Ma (mean square weighted
analyses of zircon grains are listed in Table 2. Zircon deviation=0.074), both of which are interpreted as the
grains from sample NMQ5530-19 are mostly dark in color Niumaoquan layered intrusion’s crystallization age.
and stubby to prismatic in shape (Fig. 5a). The zircon Hf isotopes of the zircon grains were determined in situ
1868 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Table 2 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating results of anorthosite from the Niumaoquan layered intrusion
Content (ppm) Isotopic ratio Age (Ma)
Sample Th/U 207
Pb Th U Pb/206Pb 1σ 207
Pb/235U 1σ 206
Pb/238U 1σ 207
Pb/206Pb 1σ 207
Pb/235U 1σ 206
Pb/238U 1σ
NMQ19-01 63 274 35 0.43 0.0530 0.0011 0.36659 0.00718 0.0502 0.0005 330 27 317 5 316 3
NMQ19-02 1282 758 78 0.61 0.0530 0.0009 0.36628 0.00545 0.0501 0.0005 331 18 317 4 315 3
NMQ19-03 3383 3759 232 1.11 0.0529 0.0007 0.36624 0.00447 0.0502 0.0004 325 13 317 3 316 3
NMQ19-04 1323 1201 84 0.91 0.053 0.0008 0.36600 0.00527 0.0501 0.0005 331 17 317 4 315 3
NMQ19-05 892 1331 65 1.49 0.0526 0.0009 0.36307 0.00606 0.0501 0.0005 310 21 315 5 315 3
NMQ19-06 5745 7315 396 1.27 0.0529 0.0007 0.36453 0.00454 0.0500 0.0004 322 14 316 3 315 3
NMQ19-07 1967 1242 127 0.63 0.0526 0.0008 0.36263 0.00481 0.0500 0.0005 311 15 314 4 315 3
NMQ19-08 1451 1059 89 0.73 0.0524 0.0009 0.35954 0.0059 0.0498 0.0005 303 21 312 4 313 3
NMQ19-09 2054 2223 134 1.08 0.0531 0.0009 0.36560 0.00562 0.0500 0.0005 331 19 316 4 314 3
NMQ19-10 4350 3966 278 0.91 0.0534 0.0008 0.36709 0.00476 0.0499 0.0004 345 15 317 4 314 3
NMQ19-11 1156 845 70 0.73 0.0529 0.001 0.36554 0.00656 0.0501 0.0005 326 23 316 5 315 3
NMQ19-12 3258 4000 234 1.23 0.0528 0.0008 0.36392 0.00491 0.0500 0.0005 321 15 315 4 314 3
NMQ19-13 2819 2351 181 0.83 0.0534 0.0009 0.36678 0.00576 0.0499 0.0005 344 19 317 4 314 3
NMQ19-14 2011 2920 146 1.45 0.0526 0.0008 0.36222 0.00527 0.0500 0.0005 310 17 314 4 314 3
NMQ19-15 4330 3024 269 0.7 0.0527 0.001 0.36462 0.0062 0.0502 0.0005 318 22 316 5 315 3

Fig. 5. (a) Cathodoluminescence images and (b) zircon U-Pb concordia plot for the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion.

using laser ablation-multiple collectors-inductively and least-altered outcrops considered to be representative

coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) of the Niumaoquan intrusion’s major lithologies. Figure
analysis at the State Key Laboratory of Continental 2b shows the sampling location. All whole-rock analyses
Dynamics, Northwest University, Xi’an, China. Lu-Hf were performed at the Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt
isotopic analyses were obtained on the same zircon grains and Crustal Evolution, Peking University. Major elements
previously analyzed for U-Pb isotopes, with ablation pits for whole-rock samples were determined using a
of 44 μm in diameter, 30 s for gas blank, and acquisition Shimadzu XRF-1700/1500 X-ray fluorescence
of 50 s. The detailed analytical procedures for Hf isotopes spectrometer after samples were fused with lithium
can be found in Yuan et al. (2008). Repeat analyses of tetraborate. Duplicate analysis of Chinese National
zircon standards 91500 and GJ-1 during sample analysis Reference GSR-3 and GSR-15 show that the precision
gave 0.282307±0.000031 (2σ) and 0.282015±0.000019 was 1% for elements with a greater than 5wt %
(2σ), respectively, which are consistent within the certified concentration and 10% for elements concentrations less
ranges for these standards. Table 3 lists the Hf isotopes of than 5wt%. Loss on ignition was measured as weight loss
selected zircon crystals determined by LA-MC-ICM-MS. of the samples after baking for 1 h at 1000°C. Trace
Fourteen in situ Hf isotopic analyses were conducted on element concentrations were determined using an
Niumaoquan zircon grains, which have high positive εHf(t) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS)
(+2.1 to +12.2), and young TDM (457 to 872 Ma) (Table 3). after HNO3 + HF digestion of about 40 mg of sample
powder in a Teflon vessel at 150°C. The precision was 5%
4.3 Whole-rock major and trace elements of the quoted values for elements present at >1 ppm and
Whole-rock samples were taken from the best exposed about 10% for elements present at <1 ppm. Accuracy was
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1869
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Table 3 Hf isotopes of zircon from the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion

176
No Yb/177Hf 176
Lu/177Hf 176
Hf/177Hf 2σ (176Hf/177Hf)i εHf(0) εHf(t) TDM1 fLu/Hf
NMQ19-01 0.016074 0.000674 0.282880 0.000002 0.282876 3.8 10.6 524 −1.00
NMQ19-02 0.032175 0.001406 0.282766 0.000009 0.282758 −0.2 6.4 697 −1.00
NMQ19-03 0.050823 0.002303 0.282727 0.000022 0.282713 −1.6 4.8 772 −0.99
NMQ19-04 0.030177 0.001408 0.282873 0.000012 0.282864 3.6 10.2 544 −1.00
NMQ19-06 0.021977 0.001164 0.282875 0.000006 0.282868 3.6 10.3 537 −1.00
NMQ19-07 0.006615 0.000323 0.282799 0.000001 0.282797 1.0 7.8 631 −1.00
NMQ19-08 0.009585 0.000483 0.282925 0.000001 0.282922 5.4 12.2 457 −1.00
NMQ19-09 0.049813 0.001861 0.282851 0.000007 0.282841 2.8 9.0 582 −0.99
NMQ19-10 0.022294 0.001173 0.282910 0.000003 0.282903 4.9 11.5 488 −1.00
NMQ19-11 0.031894 0.001559 0.282859 0.000007 0.282850 3.1 9.7 566 −0.99
NMQ19-12 0.021059 0.0008535 0.282818 0.000007 0.282813 1.6 8.0 614 −1.00
NMQ19-13 0.012685 0.000683 0.282867 0.000002 0.282863 3.4 10.2 541 −1.00
NMQ19-14 0.031156 0.001406 0.282685 0.000006 0.282677 −3.1 3.6 813 −1.00
NMQ19-15 0.026955 0.001449 0.282644 0.000018 0.282635 −4.5 2.1 872 −0.99
εHf(t) calculated using the method of Blichert and Albarede (1997), 176Lu decay constant λ = 1.865 × 10−11y−1 (Soderlund et al., 2004), t =314.9 Ma.

Table 4 Major (wt%) and trace element (ppm) analysis of gabbroic rocks from the Niumaoquan layered intrusion
Rock Gabbro Hornblende gabbro Anorthosite Olivine gabbro
Sample NMQ−01 NMQ−03 NMQ−07 NMQ−08 NMQ−05 NMQ−09 NMQ−11 NMQ−12 NMQ−13 NMQ−19 NMQ−15 NMQ−17 NMQ−18
SiO2 42.77 42.53 44.05 43.22 41.8 41.5 41.81 47.1 45.12 45.12 40.73 38.78 40.35
TiO2 2.39 3.32 2.92 2.84 3.26 3.45 3.04 0.76 0.35 0.37 1.96 2.19 2.53
Al2O3 15.69 16.04 17.88 17.85 17.18 16.76 16.53 24.19 23.29 27.61 18.71 17.02 16.13
Fe2O3 6.17 5.93 5.2 5.04 4.68 7.94 4.97 3.23 2.02 2.4 7.42 7.96 9.29
FeO 9.42 8.46 8.12 8.41 8.89 7.18 9.56 3.74 5.44 2.09 7.64 9.47 7.71
MnO 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.27 0.08 0.14 0.05 0.17 0.18 0.19
MgO 8.08 7.86 6.36 6.55 6.71 6.48 6.97 3.14 6.68 2.31 6.2 7.67 7.49
CaO 11.31 10.59 11.44 12.16 11.87 11.95 12.3 14.72 14.69 17.15 13.56 13.71 13.42
Na2O 1.52 1.56 2.1 1.89 1.99 1.61 1.69 1.73 1.02 1.17 0.87 0.73 0.9
K2O 0.14 0.4 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.1 0.28 0.05 0.29 0.36 0.14 0.05
P2O5 0.1 0.24 0.2 0.23 1.89 1.33 1.28 0.11 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
LOI 0.78 1.66 0.21 0.24 0.11 0.42 0.05 0.37 0.35 1.09 1.21 0.56 0.81
Total 99.69 99.79 99.73 99.72 99.73 99.76 99.62 99.84 99.77 99.89 99.69 99.47 99.77
Sc 58.41 57.41 51.62 53.16 42.98 53.27 68.63 22.81 21.68 9.37 62.9 69.64 71.14
V 425 221 255 277 226 280 359 222 94 108 589 810 788
Cr 2.85 1.26 2.33 0.65 1.73 8.04 38.89 33.31 79.31 12.82 3.64 1.89 80.11
Co 36.64 24.57 27.82 29.01 26.77 24.2 38.06 19.99 36.73 12.28 45.5 61.62 41.96
Ni 3.4 2.1 2.35 4.48 2.58 2.21 3.88 11.42 19.68 8.32 2.4 2.83 25.15
Cu 16.28 10.58 11.34 13.09 10.3 11.18 13.12 23.14 29.96 8.15 27.36 37.17 110.5
Rb 3.73 18.39 2.25 2.73 2.42 1.66 3.27 11.02 1.56 10.47 13.7 3.71 1.08
Sr 351 334 423 403 410 343 438 398 345 402 284 198 191
Y 10.62 11.09 10.54 10.77 22.07 18.45 19.97 5.43 3.69 1.83 6.42 5.99 7.18
Zr 12.35 12.54 12.51 13.18 12.51 14.69 17.07 14.44 9.95 5.04 5.67 5.74 6.1
Nb 5.46 3.65 2.46 2.29 3.04 3.24 2.42 1.36 0.81 0.67 0.55 1.15 0.68
Cs 0.39 0.84 0.31 0.33 0.26 0.12 0.23 0.59 0.52 0.22 0.28 0.2 0.09
Ba 70.57 81.79 41.11 40.04 63.91 46.16 51.7 115.8 50.75 47.47 113.4 37.68 29.85
La 1.73 1.8 1.77 1.94 5.34 4.54 4.25 2.64 1.17 0.9 0.6 0.41 0.49
Ce 4.58 4.74 4.76 5.22 14.91 12.53 11.84 5.85 2.72 2.01 1.66 1.32 1.6
Pr 0.73 0.81 0.79 0.83 2.49 2.03 1.94 0.76 0.38 0.27 0.3 0.26 0.32
Nd 3.81 4.2 4.19 4.38 12.48 10.1 10 3.11 1.7 1.1 1.8 1.62 2.11
Sm 1.38 1.57 1.49 1.53 4.13 3.37 3.42 0.86 0.53 0.31 0.7 0.72 0.9
Eu 0.81 0.91 0.87 0.83 1.61 1.24 1.41 0.56 0.41 0.31 0.47 0.41 0.49
Gd 1.8 2.06 1.92 1.97 5.05 4.11 4.22 0.97 0.63 0.35 1.11 1.1 1.35
Tb 0.33 0.36 0.34 0.35 0.8 0.67 0.71 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.2 0.2 0.24
Dy 2.12 2.28 2.14 2.2 4.67 3.95 4.23 1.02 0.72 0.36 1.33 1.28 1.56
Ho 0.45 0.47 0.44 0.46 0.92 0.79 0.85 0.21 0.15 0.08 0.28 0.27 0.32
Er 1.22 1.27 1.19 1.24 2.35 2.03 2.2 0.59 0.41 0.2 0.75 0.72 0.86
Tm 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.29 0.26 0.29 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.1 0.1 0.12
Yb 1.03 1.05 1.00 1.06 1.7 1.6 1.71 0.51 0.38 0.19 0.6 0.59 0.7
Lu 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.23 0.21 0.24 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.09 0.08 0.1
Hf 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42 0.39 0.47 0.57 0.39 0.26 0.11 0.22 0.23 0.25
Ta 0.47 0.31 0.21 0.21 0.25 0.30 0.28 0.19 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.24 0.13
Pb 4.34 0.87 2.1 0.62 0.99 0.83 6.07 10.15 2.15 0.97 1.05 0.66 0.95
Th 0.17 0.1 0.11 0.15 0.24 0.22 0.26 2.15 0.14 0.07 0 0.01 0.01
U 0.05 0.11 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.1 0.11 0.44 0.06 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.12

estimated to be better than 5% for the reported values. (Figs. 6a and 6g) and TiO2, Fe2O3T, MnO, and Al2O3
Table 4 shows results of whole-rock major and trace increase (Figs. 6b, 6c, 6d, and 6e) with decreasing Al2O3,
element analyses. The large compositional variations which is consistent with fractionation/accumulation of
reflect large differences in the relative abundances of high-An plagioclase (Fig. 6). The composition variation of
cumulus minerals. For example, SiO2 and CaO decrease olivine gabbro and anorthosite are strongly controlled by
1870 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

the accumulation of high-An plagioclase (Fig. 6), whereas for 7 days. Procedural blanks were <50 pg for Sm and Nd
gabbro and hornblende gabbro are controlled by and <500 pg for Rb and Sr. Mass fractionation corrections
accumulations of Fe-Ti oxides and apatite, which is for Sr and Nd isotopic ratios were based on values of
suggested by rapid increases of TiO2, Fe2O3T, and P2O5 86
Sr/88Sr=0.1194 and 146Nd/144/Nd=0.7219. Typical within-
with deceasing Al2O3 (Figs. 6b, 6c, and 6h). run precision (2σ) for Sr and Nd isotopic ratios is better
The Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion generally consists than ±0.5%. The measured values for the JMC Nd
of olivine gabbro, anorthosite, gabbro, and hornblende standard and the NBS987 Sr standard were
143
gabbro, all of which contain variable rare Earth element Nd/144Nd=0.512109±3 and 87Sr/86Sr=0.710250±7 during
(REE) contents and different chondrite-normalized REE the data acquisition period.
patterns. This reflects different mineral assemblages and Table 5 lists the Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes of whole-
varying abundances of intercumulus liquids. Olivine rock samples from the Niumaoquan intrusion. The initial
gabbros have the lowest REE content and display light Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of the Niumaoquan intrusion were
REE (LREE) depletion and slight positive Eu anomalies calculated using the zircon U-Pb age of 314.9 Ma from
(Fig. 7a), which is consist with large amounts of olivine this study. The calculated εNd(t) and (87Sr/86Sr)i values of
and clinopyroxene. Anorthosites are also characterized by the Niumaoquan intrusive rocks vary from +3.3 to +5.2,
low REE content and display LREE enrichment and and from 0.7039 to 0.7047 (Table 5), respectively, and are
significant positive Eu anomalies (Fig. 7a), possibly plotted on the mixing curve between depleted mantle
caused by accumulation of plagioclase, which is relatively (DM) and enriched mantle Ⅰ (EMI; Fig. 8a).
enriched in LREE and Eu. Gabbros have a moderate REE
content and display relatively flat REE patterns, with 5 Discussion
positive Eu anomalies (Fig. 7a). Hornblende gabbros have
the highest REE contents and are enriched in medium 5.1 Chronology
REE (MREE), displaying convex REE patterns (Fig. 7a). In this study, we analyzed magmatic zircon from the
This is possibly caused by crystallization of poikilitic Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion using laser
hornblende, which is enriched in MREE. The gabbroic ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
rocks show positive Sr and Ti anomalies, and show Th, (LA-ICP-MS), obtaining a concordia age of 314.9±0.74
Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf depletion (Fig. 7b). Olivine gabbro, Ma and a weighted 206Pb/238U age of 314.7±1.5 Ma (Fig.
anorthosite, and gabbro mainly display significant positive 5b). The zircon U-Pb age of the Niumaoquan intrusion we
Pb anomalies, whereas hornblende gabbro displays obtained in this study is much older than the previously
negative to slight positive Pb anomalies (Fig. 7b). published hornblende Ar-Ar age, which yielded a plateau
age of 289.7±2.4 Ma, and an Ar-Ar isochron age of
4.4 Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes 286.4±1.0 Ma (Li Dedong et al., 2012). Zircon U-Pb
Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopes were determined using an dating is more reliable for representing emplacement age
ISOPROBE-T thermal ionization mass spectrometer at the of mafic-ultramafic intrusions than the Ar-Ar method,
Beijing Research Institute of Uranium Geology. The rock which is characterized by a much lower closure
powders were treated with 0.3 N HCl for 1 h at 100°C, temperature and is more easily influenced by post-thermal
and dried after rinsing with purified water. The samples events. The hornblende Ar-Ar age of the Niumaoquan
were weighed and spiked with mixed isotope tracers and intrusion matches well with the extensive Early Permian
dissolved in Teflon capsules with HF + HNO3 at 120°C magmatism thermal event in eastern Xinjiang, which
Table 5 Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopic data of the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic rocks
Rock type Hornblende gabbro Anorthosite Olivine gabbro Gabbro
Sample No. N825-2 N825-4 N7104-1 N7104-2 N71013-3 N71013-14
Rb(ppm) 2.5 6.4 1.4 15.2 39.7 2.6
Sr(ppm) 449 459 332.44 108.28 459.48 188.71
87 86
Rb/ Sr 0.0159 0.0402 0.0123 0.407 0.2502 0.0398
87
Sr/86Sr 0.704159 0.704139 0.704055 0.705692 0.705149 0.70492
2δ 10 17 13 11 13 12
(87Sr/86Sr)i 0.7041 0.7040 0.7040 0.7039 0.7040 0.7047
Sm(ppm) 1.1 1.64 1 0.81 1.75 0.91
Nd(ppm) 4.2 6.7 2.4 2.88 6.75 2.14
147
Sm/144Nd 0.1607 0.1479 0.2515 0.1711 0.1571 0.2562
143
Nd/144Nd 0.512774 0.51278 0.512921 0.512834 0.512783 0.513025
2δ 17 14 15 22 15 15
(143Nd/144Nd)i 0.512444 0.512476 0.512404 0.512482 0.51246 0.512498
εNd(t) 4.1 4.73 3.33 4.85 4.42 5.17
Note: (87Sr/86Sr)i and εNd(t) were calculated relative to present-day chondrite values 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512638, 147Sm/144Nd = 0.1967, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7045, 87Rb/86Sr
= 0.0816, and λ(87Rb) = 1.42×10−11y−1, λ(147Sm) = 6.54×10−12y−1, t = 314.7 Ma.
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1871
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Fig. 6. Harker diagrams for the Niumaoquan layered intrusion.

Published data of the Niumaoquan gabbroic rocks are from Wang Yuwang et al. (2010), Li Dedong et al. (2012), and Wang et al. (2014).
1872 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Fig. 7. (a) Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and (b) spider diagram for the Niumaoquan layered intrusion.
Chondrite and primitive mantle values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

Fig. 8. (a) Sr-Nd isotope diagram and (b) εHf(t) vs. Zircon U-Pb age diagram for the Niumaoquan intrusion (after Zindler and
Hart, 1986).
Published data are cited from Zhou et al. (2004), Chai et al. (2008), Deng Yufeng et al. (2011, 2015), Tang et al. (2011, 2013), Li Dedong et al. (2012),
Chen Bin et al. (2013), Sun et al. (2013), and Wang et al. (2014). DM, depleted mantle; MORB, middle ocean ridge basalt; HIMU, mantle with high U/Pb
ratio; OIB, ocean island basalt; EMI and EMII, enriched mantle end-members.

produced numerous mafic-ultramafic intrusions to the sourthern margin of Angara (Xiao et al., 2004).
distributed in multiple tectonic bodies, such as the Beishan Then, the Harlik Arc had accreted to Junggar (southern
Rift (Qin et al., 2011), the Middle Tianshan Massif (Wu margin of Angara) by the end of the Carboniferous (Xiao
Hua et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2011), the Jueluotage Belt et al., 2004; Charvet et al., 2007). Thus, the Niumaoquan
(Han Baofu et al., 2004; Zhou et al., 2004; Han et al., layered gabbroic intrusion is like other Early Permian
2010; Zhao et al., 2015; Shi Yu et al., 2017b), and the gabbroic intrusions in the Harlik Arc and was possibly
Dananhu-Tousuquan island arc (Wang Yalei et al., 2015). formed during a post-collision stage induced by a slab
Therefore, the Niumaoquan layered gabbroic intrusion that break-off (Yuan et al., 2010).
hosts a Fe-Ti oxide deposit was likely emplaced during the
Late Carboniferous, whereas the hornblende Ar-Ar age 5.2 Petrogenesis of the Niumaoquan intrusion
possibly recorded a post-thermal event in the Eastern Plagioclase grains are euhedral, occurring either as a
Tianshan. cumulus phase in gabbroic rocks, or as inclusions in
The Harlik Arc was formed by consumption of olivine and clinopyroxene crystals (Fig. 4a). These two
Kelameli ocean crust and the accretion of the Harlik Arc types of plagioclase in olivine gabbro have identical An
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1873
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

values (Table 1), suggesting that the plagioclase 5.3 Contamination and mantle source
crystallized from similar melt before the olivine and Crustal contamination may modify elemental and
clinopyroxene crystallized. Orthopyroxene mainly isotopic compositions during magma evolution. Minor
crystallized in the relatively evolved gabbroic phases, such crustal contamination might result in negative Nb-Ta
as gabbro and hornblende gabbro (Figs. 4c and 4d), and anomalies relative to large ion lithophile elements and
possibly crystallized after clinopyroxene. Fe-Ti oxides are LREE, but can also produce positive Zr-Hf anomalies due
mainly anhedral and grow interstitially to plagioclase, to enrichment of these elements in crustal materials (Zhao
olivine, and pyroxene (Figs. 4a, 4c, and 4d). Hornblende and Zhou, 2007; Zhao et al., 2010). The negative Zr-Hf
occurs either as a reaction rim of clinopyroxene, or as a anomalies observed in the basic rock spider diagrams (Fig.
poikilitic phenocryst enclosing plagioclase, clinopyroxene, 7b) suggest that little to no crustal contamination occurred.
orthopyroxene, and Fe-Ti oxides (Fig. 4d). Thus, the Most of the gabbroic samples from the Niumaoquan
textural relationship among minerals of the Niumaoquan intrusion have low Th/Ce (0–0.05) and Th/La (0–0.12)
gabbroic intrusion indicates that the general crystallization ratios, indicating that crustal contamination did not play a
sequence order was plagioclase → olivine → significant role in generating magmas. This is because
clinopyroxene → orthopyroxene → Fe-Ti oxides → continental crust has relatively high Th/Ce (~0.15; Taylor
hornblende. and McLennan, 1995) and Th/La (~0.30; Plank, 2005)
SiO2, Fe2O3T, MgO, CaO, and Al2O3 are the major ratios and mantle-derived magmas have low Th/Ce (0.02–
oxides of plagioclase, olivine, clinopyroxene, and 0.05) and Th/La (~0.12) ratios (Sun and McDonough,
hornblende of the Niumaoquan gabbroic rocks, accounting 1989). Their narrow range of (87Sr/86Sr)i values (0.7039 to
for more than 91.1wt % of the bulk rock (Table 4); 0.7047) and high positive εNd(t) (+3.3 to +5.2) and zircon
therefore, variations in these major elements could reflect εHf(t) values (+2.1 to +12.2; Figs. 8a and 8b), and the lack
the proportion and variation of cumulating silicate of a good correlation between εNd(t) and SiO2 further
minerals. With decreasing Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO decrease confirm the low level of crustal contamination.
(Figs. 6a and 6g) and Fe2O3T and Al2O3 increase (Figs. 6c Incompatible element pairs Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf have
and 6e). This is strongly controlled by the fractional similar geochemical properties and do not fractionate
crystallization of high-An plagioclase (Figs. 6a, 6c, 6e, during partial melting and fractional crystallization.
and 6g). Accumulation of early crystallized plagioclase However, the fractionation of Nb from Ta and Zr from Hf
during the differentiation process is also supported by mainly occurs in subduction zones (Stolz et al., 1996). The
positive Eu anomalies in the REE-chondrite normalized Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios of Niumaoquan gabbroic rocks
pattern (Fig. 7a) and positive Sr anomalies in the spider vary from 4.7 to 12.1 and 24.4 to 45.8, respectively, and
diagram (Fig. 7b). Therefore, crystallization and are different from those of primitive mantle (17.8 for Nb/
accumulation of high-An plagioclase strongly controlled Ta and 37 for Zr/Hf; Sun and McDonough, 1989) and
the evolution of the Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion and crust (8.3 to 16.7 for Nb/Ta and 33.9 to 36.4 for Zr/Hf;
contributed to the formation of anorthosite layers. Rudnick and Gao, 2004), suggesting that the Niumaoquan
Previous studies of plagioclase-melt equilibria gabbroic rocks might be related to subducted material. The
demonstrated that the Al2O3/SiO2 and CaO/Na2O ratios trace elements ratios, positive εNd(t), and zircon εHf(t)
and H2O content of the melt affect plagioclase An content values, as well as generally low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of
(Longhi et al., 1993; Panjasawatwong et al., 1995). the Niumaoquan intrusions are consistent with depleted
Additionally, pressure ranges of 2–3 kbar are optimal in mantle-derived magmas that had little interaction with
terms of element partitioning and phase equilibrium older continental crust. The isotopic data of the
relations for crystallizing An-rich plagioclase (Takagi et Niumaoquan intrusion is characterized by variable εNd(t)
al., 2005). Poikilitic hornblende from the hornblende (+3.5 to +5.2) and zircon εHf(t) (+2.1 to +12.2) values (Fig.
gabbro crystallized during the formation of the 8b), but relatively constant initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7039
Niumaoquan intrusion, and crystallization pressure to 0.7047), lying on the mixing trend of DM and EMI end-
calculated using barometry proposed by Ridolfi et al. member components (Fig. 8a). Usually, the EMI
(2008, 2010) suggested that the Niumaoquan intrusion component is related to lithospheric mantle, whereas
crystallization pressure varied in the range of 2.4–2.8 kbar enriched mantle II (EMII) component is associated with
(Shi Yu et al., 2017a). Therefore, early crystallized high- crustal material (Hawkesworth et al., 1990; Menzies,
An plagioclase of the Niumaoquan intrusion was likely 1990). Hence, we propose that the parental magma of the
formed by a basaltic melt characterized by high CaO/ Niumaoquan intrusion could have been generated by
Na2O, Al2O3/SiO2, and H2O contents under a pressure of asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction or ascending
2.4 to 2.8 kbar. asthenospheric melt contaminated by the lithospheric
1874 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

mantle. which preferentially concentrates Ni (Barnes et al., 1985).

The enrichment of metallogenic elements and elevation
5.4 Origin of the ore of oxygen fugacity are two major issues in producing the
The variation of εNd(t) and εHf(t) values of mafic- Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide deposit. Fractional
ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan formed crystallization of high-An plagioclase strongly controlled
during the post-collision stage suggest that mafic the evolution of the Niumaoquan gabbroic intrusion (Figs.
magmatism progressed from lithosphere-derived to 6a, 6c, 6e, and 6g), which was supported by positive Eu
asthenosphere-derived melts over time (Zhou et al., 2004; anomalies in chondrite-normalized REE patterns (Fig. 7a),
Sun et al., 2013; Deng et al., 2015). The Niumaoquan is a and positive Sr anomalies in the spider diagram (Fig. 7b).
prominent mafic-ultramafic intrusion that hosts Fe-Ti Anorthosite layers of the Niumaoquan intrusion were
oxide ore, and its εNd(t) and (87Sr/86Sr)i plot on the DM and formed by accumulation of early crystallized high-An
EMI mixing trends (Fig. 8a) is significantly different from plagioclase, and its formation would induce efficiently
that of Early Permian Ni-Cu sulfide mineralized mafic- enriched metallogenic elements (e.g., Fe, Ti, and V) in the
ultramafic intrusions in the Eastern Tianshan, which are residual melt.
mainly mixed products of DM and EMⅡ (Chai et al., Precipitation of titanomagnetite from silicate magmas
2008; Tang et al., 2011). Consequently, it is reasonable to depends largely on the melt’s Fe2O3/FeO ratio, which is a
speculate that the Fe-Ti oxide enrichment of the function of the magma’s fO2, temperature, and H2O
Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide deposit possibly benefited from content (Reynolds, 1985; Kress and Carmichael, 1991).
the interaction between upwelling asthenospheric melts Crystallization of titanomagnetite from basaltic liquid is
and metasomatized lithospheric mantle. During the early controlled largely by temperature and fO2 (Hill and
stages of the post-collision stage, upwelling Roeder, 1974). Fractional crystallization of mafic-
asthenospheric melts would have encountered a thicker intermediate magma eventually leads to saturation in
metasomatized lithospheric mantle. Thus, addition of a Fe2O3-bearing phases, such as chromite and
metasomatized lithospheric component possibly titanomagnetite. A completely solid solution exists
contributed to the genesis of the Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide between chromite and titanomagnetite at magmatic
deposit. temperatures (Evans and Moore, 1968), in which
The parental magma composition of the Niumaoquan titanomagnetite is the low-temperature component.
gabbroic layered intrusion is difficult to estimate, because Therefore, the onset of titanomagnetite precipitation in the
of the absence of chilled margins. Regional diabase dykes Niumaoquan intrusion may reflect a significant overall
wildly distributed in the Qijiaojing and Balikun areas, decrease in the residual melt temperature. The Fe2O3/FeO
emplaced at 314.7±1.5 Ma (Cui Fanglei et al., 2015), are ratio and Fe2O3 content of the parental magma would be
coeval with the Niumaoquan intrusion, and possibly elevated with the crystallization of ilmenite and Fe2+-
represent the Niumaoquan intrusion’s parental magma. bearing silicates, such as olivine, orthopyroxene, and
The diabase dykes are characterized by low TiO2 content clinopyroxene. This is evidenced by higher Fe2O3T content
(average 1.1wt%) and moderate Ti/Y ratios (average 384; in ore-bearing gabbroic phases, e.g., hornblende gabbro
Cui Fanglei et al., 2015), which are significantly lower and gabbro, than in olivine gabbro and anorthosite (Table
than the high-Ti basalt in Emeishan large igneous 4).
province. Fe-Ti oxide deposits associated with gabbros are Anhydrous silicate fractionation in a closed system will
mainly crystallized from evolved basaltic melts of evolved also increase the H2O content of the residual melt. H2O
picritic melts, such as the Fe-Ti oxide deposits in the content has complex effects on fO2 in water-
Panxi district (Zhou et al., 2005; Song et al., 2013; Luan et undersaturated basaltic magmas (Eggler and Burnham,
al., 2014; Fan Hongpeng and Zhu, 2017) and the Wajilitag 1973). It has been suggested that more than 2wt% H2O in
and Mazaertag deposits in the Tarim craton (Cao Jun et a basaltic melt could theoretically oxidize slightly more
al., 2017; Cao and Wang, 2017). The Niumaoquan than 15% of FeO in the melt into Fe2O3. Centimeter-scaled
gabbroic intrusion hosts low Fo value olivine grains (76 to poikilitic hornblende is ubiquitous in the hornblende
70; Wang Shuo et al., 2012), suggesting that the parental gabbro (Fig. 4d), which is possibly a high fractionation
magmas were highly evolved. The magnetite ores and product for hosting the most evolved plagioclase (An: 66.9
gabbroic rocks of the Niumaoquan intrusion are relatively –82.3; Table 1). The occurrence of poikilitic hornblende in
rich in Cu, resulting in high Cu/Ni ratios (average 4.9; the Hongge gabbro in the Panxi district suggests that the
Table 4), a feature characteristic of a fractional H2O content in the residual magma possibly reached 2wt%
crystallization degree (Zhou et al., 2005). The depletion of to 3wt% (Luan et al., 2014). Therefore, the H2O content of
Ni relative to Cu can be explained by fraction of olivine, the residual magma gradually increased and reached 2wt%
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1875
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

to 3wt % during the formation of the Niumaoquan State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Northwest
hornblende gabbro, and could have positively affected the University, and Professor Qian Mao, Yuguang Ma and Di
increase of the Fe2O3/FeO ratio. Zhang at Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese
Lindsley et al. (1968) demonstrated that magma Fe2O3/ Academy of Sciences for laboratory analysis.
FeO ratios increase with an increase in alkali content, and
termed this the alkali-ferric iron effect. The Fe2O3/FeO Manuscript received May 24, 2017
ratio would tend to rise in the residual liquid during accepted Jan. 10, 2018
fractional crystallization, which would be enhanced by edited by Liu Lian
falling temperature. Progressive fractional crystallization
of silicate minerals led to an increase in alkali content in References
the evolved gabbroic rocks (Fig. 6f), which may represent Andersen, T., 2002. Correction of common lead in U-Pb analyses
an important mechanism by which the Fe2O3/FeO ratio in that do not report 204Pb. Chemical Geology, 192(1): 59–79.
Barnes, S.J., Naldrett, A.J., and Gorton, M., 1985. The origin of
a fractionating magma increases.
the fractionation of platinum-group elements in terrestrial
Therefore, accumulation of early crystallized magmas. Chemical Geology, 53(3): 303–323.
plagioclase induced metallogenic elements enriched in the Blichert, T.J., and Albarede, F., 1997. The Lu-Hf geochemistry of
residual melt, and crystallization of Fe2+-bearing the chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system.
magnesian minerals followed by plagioclase elevated Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148: 243–258.
Cao Jun and Wang Qimeng, 2017. Petrogenesis and
oxygen fugacity, which led to the mineralization of the
Metallogenesis of the Mazaertag Layered Intrusion in the
Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide deposit. Tarim Large Igneous Province, NW China. Acta Geologica
Sinica (English Edition), 91(5): 1653–1679.
6 Conclusions Cao Jun, Tao Jihua and Wang Xuan, 2017. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb
Ages of the Wajilitag Igneous Complex: Constraints on the
The Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide deposit hosted by a Origin of A-type Granitoids in the Tarim Large Igneous
Province, NW China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English
layered gabbroic intrusion was emplaced during Late
Edition), 91(6): 2318–2320.
Carboniferous, with a zircon U-Pb age of 314.9±0.74 Ma, Chai, F.M., Zhang, Z.C., Mao, J.W., Dong, L.H., Zhang, Z.H.,
during the early post-collision stage. The Niumaoquan and Wu, H., 2008. Geology, petrology and geochemistry of
intrusion was derived from DM, which had been the Baishiquan Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in
metasomatized by subducted slabs, and the parental Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for tectonics and genesis of
ores. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32(2-4): 218–235.
magma had interacted with lithospheric mantle during its
Charvet, J., Shu, L.S., and Laurent-Charvet, S., 2007. Paleozoic
ascent. The mixed derivation of DM and EMI possibly structural and geodynamic evolution of eastern Tianshan (NW
produced a Fe-enriched basaltic magma. The ore bodies China): welding of the Tarim and Junggar plates. Episodes, 30
hosted in the evolved gabbroic phase mainly benefited (3): 162–186.
from enrichment of metallogenic elements by the Chen Bin, He Jingbo, Chen Changjian and Muhetaer Zari, 2013.
crystallization of large amounts of plagioclase, and Nd-Sr-Os isotopic data of the Baishiquan mafic-ultramafic
complex from East Tianshan’ and implications for
elevated oxygen fugacity due to crystallization of Fe2+-
petrogenesis. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 29(1): 294–302 (in
bearing silicate minerals, such as olivine and Chinese with English abstract).
clinopyroxene. Therefore, the formation of the Chen, W.T., Zhou, M.F., Gao, J.F., and Zhao, T.P., 2015.
Niumaoquan Fe-Ti oxide ore in the evolved gabbroic Oscillatory Sr isotopic signature in plagioclase megacrysts
phases benefited from a combined effect of interaction from the Damiao anorthosite complex, North China:
Implication for petrogenesis of massif-type anorthosite.
with lithospheric mantle and high fractional
Chemical Geology, 393–394: 1–15.
crystallization. Cui Fanglei, Wang Xiaowei, Xu Xueyi, Ma Zhongping, Zhu
Xiaohui and Sun Jiming., 2015. Geochronology and genesis
Acknowledgments of the diabase-dykes from Qijiangjing-Balikun area in Eastern
Tianshan mountain. Northwestern Geology, 48(2): 43–56 (in
This study was financially supported by the National Chinese with English abstract).
Deng Yufeng, Song Xieyan, Chen, Liemeng, Chen Songlin,
Natural Science Foundation of China (41372102), and
Zhang Xinli and Li Jun, 2011. Features of the mantle source
Chinese Geological Survey Project (DD20160071). We of the Huangshanxi Ni-Cu sulfide-bearing mafic-ultramafic
are indebted to two anonymous reviewers, whose intrusion, eastern Tianshan. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27(12):
insightful and constructive reviews have greatly improved 3640–3652 (in Chinese with English abstract).
the paper. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Fang Ma and Deng, Y.F., Song, X.Y., Chen, L.M., Zhou, T.F., Pirano, F., Yuan,
F., Xie, W., and Zhang, D.Y., 2014. Geochemistry of the
Baoling Huang at Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and
Huangshandong Ni-Cu deposit in northwestern China:
Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Zhang Hong at the Implications for the formation of magmatic sulfide
1876 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

mineralization in orogenic belts. Ore Geology Reviews, 56(1): with English abstract).
181–198. Li Dedong, Wang Yuwang, Long Lingly, Wang Jingbin, Wang
Deng, Y.F., Song, X.Y., Hollings, P., Zhou, T.F., Yuan, F., Chen, Lijuan and Zou Tao, 2012. Chronology and geochemistry of
L.M., and Zhang, D.Y., 2015. Role of asthenosphere and the transitional mineralized mafic-ultramafic rock bodies in
lithosphere in the genesis of the Early Permian Huangshan the Eastern Tianshan mountains. Geological Review, 58(6):
mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Northern Tianshan, NW 1145–1160 (in Chinese with English abstract).
China. Lithos, 227: 241–254. Li Dedong, Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Xie Hongjing and Shi
Eggler, D.H., and Burnham, C., 1973. Crystallization and Yu, 2016. Chronology and geochemistry characteristics of
Fractionation Trends in the System Andesite-H2O-CO2-O2 at Yaxi Fe-Ti oxide deposit. Mineral Deposits, 35(s1): 161–162
Pressures to 10 Kb. Geological Society of America Bulletin, (in Chinese).
84(8): 2517–2532. Li, H.M., Li, L.X., Zhang, Z.C., Santosh, M., Liu, M.J., Cui,
Evans, B.W., and Moore, J.G., 1968. Mineralogy as a function of Y.H., Yang, X.Q., Chen, J., and Yao, T., 2014. Alteration of the
depth in the prehistoric Makaopuhi tholeiitic lava lake, Damiao anorthosite complex in the northern North China
Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 17(2): 85 Craton: Implications for high-grade iron mineralization. Ore
–115. Geology Reviews, 57(3): 574–588.
Fan Hongpeng and Zhu Weiguang, 2017. Early Crystallized Li, L.X., Li, H.M., Li, Y.Z., Yao, T., Yang, X.Q., and Chen, J.,
Titanomagnetite from Evolved Magmas and Magma Recharge 2015. Origin of rhythmic anorthositic-pyroxenitic layering in
in the Mesoproterozoic Zhuqing Oxide-Bearing Gabbroic the Damiao anorthosite complex, China: Implications for late-
Intrusions, Sichuan, SW China. Acta Geologica Sinica stage fractional crystallization and genesis of Fe-Ti oxide ores.
(English Edition), 91(2): 486–499. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 113: 1035–1055.
Feng Yanqing, Qian Zhuangzhi, Duan Jun, Sun Tao, Xu Gang, Lindsley, D.H., Carmichael, I.S.E., and Nicholls, J., 1968. Iron-
Jiang Chao, Ren Meng and Chen Hongjun, 2017. Genesis and titanium oxides and oxygen fugacities in volcanic rocks: A
Ore-forming Potential of Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions in the correction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 73(10): 3351–
Western Part of East Tianshan Cu-Ni Metallogenic Belt, 3352.
Xinjiang. Acta Geologica Sinica, 91(4): 792–811 (in Chinese Liu, Y., Gao, S., Hu, Z., Gao, C., Zong, K., and Wang, D., 2010.
with English abstract). Continental and oceanic crust recycling-induced melt-
Han Baofu, Ji Jianqing, Song Biao, Chen Lihui and Li Zonghuai, peridotite interactions in the Trans-North China Orogen: U-Pb
2004. SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of Kalatongke No. 1 and dating, Hf isotopes and trace elements in zircons of mantle
Huangshandong Cu-Ni-bearing mafic-ultramafic complexes, xenoliths. Journal of Petrology, 51(51): 537–571.
North Xinjiang, and geological implications. Chinese Science Longhi, J., Fram, M.S., Auwera, J.V., and Montieth, J.N. 1993.
Bulletin, 49(22): 2424–2429. Pressure effects, kinetics, and rheology of anorthositic and
Han, C.M., Xiao, W.J., Zhao, G.C., Ao, S.J., Zhang, J.E., Qu, related magmas. American Mineralogist, 78(9-10): 1016–
W.D., and Du, A.D., 2010. In-situ U-Pb, Hf and Re-Os 1030.
isotopic analyses of the Xiangshan Ni-Cu-Co deposit in Luan, Y., Song, X.Y, Chen, L.M., Zheng, W.Q., Zhang, X.Q., Yu,
Eastern Tianshan (Xinjiang), Central Asia Orogenic Belt: S.Y., She, Y.W., Tian, X.L., and Ran, Q.Y., 2014. Key factors
Constraints on the timing and genesis of the mineralization. controlling the accumulation of the Fe-Ti oxides in the
Lithos, 120(3–4): 547–567. Hongge layered intrusion in the Emeishan Large Igneous
Hawkesworth, C.J., Kempton, P.D., Rogers, N.W., Ellam, R.M., Province, SW China. Ore Geology Reviews, 57(57): 518–538.
and van Clsteren, P.W., 1990. Continental mantle lithosphere, Mao Jingwen, Yang Jianmin, Qu Wenjun, Du Andao, Wang
and shallow level enrichment processes in the Earth’s mantle. Zhiliang and Han Chunming, 2003. Re-Os Age of Cu-Ni Ores
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 96(3): 256–268. from the Huangshandong Cu-Ni Sulfide Deposit in the East
Hill, R., and Roeder, P., 1974. The Crystallization of Spinel from Tianshan Mountains and Its Implication for Geodynamic
Basaltic Liquid as a Function of Oxygen Fugacity. Journal of Processes. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 77(2):
Geology, 82(6): 709–729. 220–226.
Jahn, B.M., Windley, B., Natal'in, B., and Dobretsov, N., 2004. Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., Zhang, Z.H., Chai, F.M., Wu, H., Chen,
Phanerozoic continental growth in Central Asia. Journal of S.P., Cheng, L.S., Yang, J.M., and Zhang, C.Q., 2008. A
Asian Earth Sciences, 23(5): 599–603. review of the Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in the Chinese Tianshan
Jahn, B.M., Wu, F.Y., and Chen, B., 2000. Massive granitoid and Altay orogens (Xinjiang Autonomous Region, NW
generation in Central Asia: Nd isotope evidence and China): Principal characteristics and ore-forming processes.
implication for continental growth in the Phanerozoic. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32(2–4): 184–203.
Episodes, 23(2): 82–92. Mao, Y.J., Qin, K.Z., Li, C.S., Xue, S.C., and Ripley, E.M., 2014.
Kress, V.C., and Carmichael, I.S.E., 1991. The compressibility of Petrogenesis and ore genesis of the Permian Huangshanxi
silicate liquids containing Fe2O3, and the effect of sulfide ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Central
composition, temperature, oxygen fugacity and pressure on Asian Orogenic Belt, western China. Lithos, 200(1): 111–125.
their redox states. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Menzies, M.A., 1990. Arcaean, Proterozoic and Phanerzoic
108(1–2): 82–92. lithspheres. In: Menzies, M.A. (Ed.), Continental mantle.
Lei Wanshan, Xu Peng, Guo Junfeng, Xiao Liang, Li Oxford Science Publications, 67–86.
Xiangchuang and Li Yong, 2016. LA-ICP-MS Zircon U-Pb Panjasawatwong, Y., Danyushevsky, L.V., Crawford, A.J., and
Dating, Geological and Geochemical Features of Sujishan Harris, K.L., 1995. An experimental study of the effect of melt
Gabbro Pluton, Eastern Bogda Mountains’ and Their Tectonic composition on plagioclase-melt equilibria at 5 and 10 kbar:
Significances. Geological Review, 62(2): 317–330 (in Chinese inplications for the origin of magmatic high-An plagioclase.
 Oct. 2018 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Vol. 92 No. 5 1877
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 118(4): 420–432. Hongjing, Long Lingli, Zou Tao, Li Dedong and Zhou
Plank, T., 2005. Constraints from Thorium/Lanthanum on Guochao, 2018. Physicochemical Control of the Early
sediment recycling at subduction zones and the evolution of Permian Xiangshan Fe-Ti Oxide Deposit in Eastern Tianshan
the continents. Journal of Petrology, 46(5): 921–944. (Xinjiang), NW China. Journal of Earth Science, 29(3): 520–
Qin Kezhang, Fang Tonghui, Wang Shulai, Zhu Baoqing, Feng 536.
Yimin, Yu Haifeng and Xiu Qunye, 2002. Plate tectonics Soderlund, U., Patchett, J.P., Vervoort, J.D., and Isachsen, C.E.,
division, evolution and metallogenic settings in Eastern 2004. The Lu-176 decay constant determined by Lu-Hf and U
Tianshan mountains, NW-China. Xinjiang Geology, 20(4): -Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions.
302–308 (in Chinese with English abstract). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(3): 311–324.
Qin, K.Z., Sun, B.X., Sakyi, P.A., Tang, D.M., Li, X.H., Sun, H., Song, X.Y, Qi, H.W., Hu, R.Z., and Chen, L.M., 2013. Formation
Xiao, Q.H., and Liu, P.P., 2011. SIMS zircon U-Pb of thick stratiform Fe-Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and
geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic- frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma:
ultrafic intrusions in eastern Tianshan and Beishan in Evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China.
correlation with flood basalts in Tarim basin (NW China): Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 14(3): 712–732.
constraints on a ca. 280 Ma mantle plume. American Journal Stolz, A.J., Jochum, K.P., Spettel, B., and Hofmann, A.W., 1996.
Science, 311(3): 237–260. Fluid- and melt-related enrichment in the subarc mantle;
Reynolds, I. M., 1985. The nature and origin of titaniferous evidence from Nb/Ta variations in island-arc basats. Geology,
magnetite-rich layers in the upper zone of the Bushveld 24(7): 587–590.
complex: a review and synthesis. Economic Geology, 80(4): Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic
1089–1108. systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle
Ridolfi, F., Puerini, M., Renzulli, A., Menna, M., and composition and processes. In: Saunders, A.D., Norry, M.J.
Toulkeridis, T., 2008. The magmatic feeding system of El (Eds.), Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society,
Reventador volcano (Sub-Andean zone, Ecuador) constrained London, Special Publication, 42, 313–345.
by texture, mineralogy and thermobarometry of the 2002 Sun, T., Qian, Z.Z., Deng, Y.F., Li, C., Song, X.Y., and Tang, Q.,
erupted products. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal 2013. PGE and isotope (Hf-Sr-Nd-Pb) constraints on the
Research, 176(1): 94–106. origin of the Huangshandong magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit
Ridolfi, F., Renzulli, A., and Puerini, M., 2010. Stability and in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Northwestern China.
chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: Economic Geology, 108(8): 1849–1864.
an overview, new thermobarometric formulations and Sun Tao, Qian Zhuangzhi, Xu Gang, Duan Jun, Li Wanting and
application to subduction-related volcanoes. Contributions to Zhang Aiping, 2017. SHRIMP Zircon U-Pb Age of the
Mineralogy and Petrology, 160(1): 45–66. Sidingheishan Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusion in the Southern
Rudnick, R.L., and Gao, S., 2003. Composition of the Margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China and its
continental crust. In: Holland, H.D., Turekian, K.K. (Eds.), Petrogenesis implication. Acta Geologica Sinica (English
Treatise on Geochemistry. Elsevier-Pergaman, 1–64. Edition), 91(3): 1155–1156.
Safonova, I.Y., Buslov, M.M., Iwata, K., and Kokh, D.A., 2004. Takagi, D., Sato, H., and Nakagawa, M. 2005. Experimental
Fragments of Vendian-Early Carboniferous Oceanic Crust of study of a low-alkali tholeiite at 1-5 kbar: optimal condition
the Paleo-Asian Ocean in Fold Belts of the Altai-Sayan for the crystallization of high-An plagioclase in hydrous arc
Region of Central Asia: Geochemistry, Biostratigraphy and tholeiite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 149(5):
Structural setting. Gondwana Research, 7(3): 771–790. 527–540.
Safonova, I.Y., Seltmann, R., Kröener, A., and Sun, M., 2011. A Tang, D., Qin, K., Su, B., Sakyi, P.A., Liu, Y., Mao, Q., Santosh,
new concept of continental construction in the Central Asian M., and Ma, Y., 2013. Magma source and tectonics of the
Orogenic Belt (compared to actualistic examples from the Xiangshanzhong mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Central
Western Pacific). Episodes, 34(2): 186–194. Asian Oorogenic Belt, NW China, traced from geochemical
Sengör, A.M.C., Natal'in, B.A., and Burtman, V.S., 1993. and isotopic signatures. Lithos, 170(6): 144–163.
Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal Tang, D.M., Qin, K.Z., Li, C.S., Qi, L., Su, B.X., and Qu, W.J.,
growth in Asia. Nature, 364: 299–307. 2011. Zircon dating, Hf-Sr-Nd-Os isotopes and PGE
Shi Yu, Wang Yuwang and Wang Jingbin, 2017a. Relationship geochemistry of the Tianyu sulfide-bearing mafic-ultramafic
between amphibole-porphyric gabbroic rocks and Fe-Ti oxide intrusion in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China.
ore deposits of the East Tianshan. Geoscience Frontiers, 24 Lithos, 126(1–2): 84–98.
(6): 80–97 (in Chinese with English abstract). Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S., 1995. The geochemical
Shi Yu, Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin and Li Dedong, 2016. evolution of the continental crust. Reviews of Geophysics, 33
Mineralogical characteristics and petrogenetic significance of (2): 241–265.
the amphibole in the Weiya V-Ti-magnetite deposit in the Wang Jingbin, Wang Yuwang and Zhou Taofa, 2008.
eastern Tianshan. Mineral Exploration, 7(1): 45–52 (in Metallogenic spectrum related to post-collisional mantle-
Chinese with English abstract). derived magma in north Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24
Shi Yu, Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Wang Lijuan, Li Dedong (4): 743–752 (in Chinese with English abstract).
and Long Lingli, 2017b. Olivine Composition of Erhongwa Wang Shuo, Qian Zhuangzhi, Sun Tao and Gao Ping, 2012.
Complex, East Tianshan, and Its Implications to CuNi-VTiFe Magmatic evolution and source characteristics of the ore-
Composite Mineralization. Earth Science, 42(2): 325–338 (in bearing intrusive body in the Niumaoquan magnetite deposit,
Chinese with English abstract). Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 31(4): 497–512
Shi Yu, Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Zhao Lutong, Xie (in Chinese with English abstract).
1878 Vol. 92 No. 5 ACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (English Edition) Oct. 2018
http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/index.aspx http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/ags

Wang Yalei, Zhang Zhaowei, Chen Shoubo, Zhang Jiangwei, Li Xiao, W.J., Zhang, L.C., Qin, K.Z., Sun S., and Li, J.L., 2004.
Kan and You Minxin, 2017. Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Paleozoic accretionary and collisional tectonics of the eastern
Potential Analysis of Mafic Intrusion in the Hongshigangbei Tianshan (China): Implications for the continental growth of
Ni-Cu-Sulfide Mineralization in East Tianshan, Xinjiang. Acta central Asia. American Journal Science, 304: 370–395.
Geologica Sinica, 91(4): 776–791 (in Chinese with English Yuan, C., Sun, M., Wilde, S., Xiao, W.J., Xu, Y.G., Long, X.P.,
abstract). and Zhao, G.C., 2010. Post-collisional plutons in the Balikun
Wang Yalei, Zhang Zhaowei, You Minxin, Li Xin, Li Kan and area, East Chinese Tianshan: Evolving magmatism in response
Wang Bolin, 2015. Chronological and geochemical to extension and slab break-off. Lithos, 119(3–4): 269–288.
characteristics of the Baixintan Ni-Cu deposit in Eastern Yuan, H.L., Gao, S., Dai, M.N., and Liu, X.M., 2008.
Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, and their implications for Ni- Simultaneous determinations of U-Pb age, Hf isotopes and
Cu mineralization. Geology in China, 42(3): 452–467 (in trace element compositions of zircon by excimer laser ablation
Chinese with English abstract). quadrupole and multiple collectors ICP-MS: Chemical
Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Wang Lijuan and Long Lingli, Geology, 247(1–2): 100–117.
2008. Zircon U-Pb age, Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry and Zhang Zunzhong, Gu Lianxing, Wu Changzhi, Li Weiqiang, Xi
geological significances of the Weiya mafic-ultramafic Aihua and Wang Shuo, 2005. Zircon SHRIMP Dating for the
complex, Xinjiang. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 24(4): 781–792 Weiya Pluton, Eastern Tianshan: Its Geological Implications.
(in Chinese with English abstract). Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 79(4): 481–490.
Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Wang Lijuan and Long Lingli, Zhang Zunzhong, Gu Lianxing, Wu Changzhi, Zhai Jianping, Li
2009. Characteristics of two mafic-ultramafic rock series in Weiqiang and Tang Junhua, 2007. Early Indosinian Weiya
the Xiangshan Cu-Ni-(V) Ti-Fe ore district, Xinjiang. Acta Gabbro in Eastern Tianshan, China: Elemental and Sr-Nd-O
Petrologica Sinica, 25(4): 888–900 (in Chinese with English Isotopic Geochemistry, and Its Tectonic Implications. Acta
abstract). Geologica Sinica (English Edition), 81(3): 424–432.
Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Wang Lijuan, Long Lingli, Tang Zhao, J.H., and Zhou, M.F., 2007. Geochemistry of
Pingzhi, Liao Zhen and Zhang Huiqiong, 2010. Petrographic Neoproterozoic mafic intrusions in the Panzhihua district
and lithogeochemical characteristics of the mafic-ultramafic (Sichuan Province, SWChina): implications for subduction
complex related to CuNi-VTiFe composite mineralization: related metasomatism in the upper mantle. Precambrian
Taking the North Xinjiang as an example. Acta Petrologica Research, 152(1): 27–47.
Sinica, 26(2): 401–412 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhao, J.H., Zhou, M.F., and Zheng, J.P., 2010. Metasomatic
Wang Yuwang, Wang Jingbin, Wang Lijuan, Peng Xiaoming, Hui mantle source and crustal contamination for the formation of
Weidong and Qin Quanxin, 2006. A Intermediate Type of Cu- the Neoproterozoic mafic dike swarm in the northern Yangtze
Ni Sulfide and V-Ti Magnetite Deposit: Xiangshanxi Deposit, Block, South China. Lithos, 115(1–4): 177–189.
Hami, Xinjiang, China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 80(1): 61–73 Zhao, Y., Xue, C.J., Zhao, X.B., Yang, Y.Q., and Ke, J.J., 2015.
(in Chinese with English abstract). Magmatic Cu-Ni sulfide mineralization of the Huangshannan
Wang, S., Sun, F.Y., Qian, Z.Z., and Gao, P., 2014. Magmatic mafic-ultramafic intrusion, Eastern Tianshan, China. Journal
evolution and metal element enrichment during formation of of Asian Earth Sciences, 105: 155–172.
the Niumaoquan magnetite ore deposit, Xinjiang, China. Ore Zhong Hong, Hu Ruizhong, Zhu Weiguang and Liu Bingguan,
Geology Reviews, 63(2): 64–75. 2007. Genesis and mineralization of layered intrusions. Earth
Wu Hua, Li Huaqin, Mo Xinhua, Chen Fuwen, Lu Yuanfa, Mei Science Frontiers, 14(2): 159–172 (in Chinese with English
Yuping and Deng Gang, 2005. Age of the Baishiqun mafic- abstract).
ultramafic complex, Hami, Xinjiang and its geological Zhou, M.F., Lesher, C.M., Yang, Z.X., Li, J.W., and Sun, M.,
significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(4): 498–502 (in 2004. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of 270 Ma Ni-Cu-(PGE)
Chinese with English abstract). sulfide-bearing mafic intrusions in the Huangshan District,
Xiao Qinghua, Qin Kezhang, Tang Dongmei, Su Benxun, Sun eastern Xinjiang, northwest China; implications for the
He, San Jinzhu, Cao Mingjian and Hui Weidong, 2010. tectonic evolution of the Central Asian orogenic belt.
Xiangshanxi composite Cu-Ni-Ti-Fe deposit belongs to Chemical Geology, 209(3): 233–257.
comagmatic evolution product: evidences from ore Zhou, M.F., Robinson, P.T., Lesher, C.M., Keays, R., Zhang,
microscopy, zircon U-Pb chronology and petrological C.J., and Malpas, J., 2005. Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and
geochemistry, Hami, Xinjiang, NW China. Acta Petrolgica Metallogenesis of the Panzhihua Gabbroic Layered Intrusion
Sinica, 26(2): 503–522 (in Chinese with English abstract). and Associated Fe-Ti-V Oxide Deposits, Sichuan Province,
Xiao, W.J., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Sun, M., Lin, S.F., Chen, H.L., SW China. Journal of Petrology, 46(11): 2253–2280.
Li, Z.L., Li, J.L., and Sun, S., 2008. Middle Cambrian to Zindler, A., and Hart, S.R., 1986. Chemical geodynamics.
Permian subduction-related accretionary orogenesis of Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 14: 493–571.
Northern Xinjiang, NW China: Implications for the tectonic
evolution of central Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32 About the first author
(2): 102–117. SHI Yu, Male; born in 1986 in Huayuan County, Hunan
Xiao, W.J., Mao, Q.G., Windley, B.F., Han, C.M., Qu, J.F., Province; PhD candidate of geology, School of Earth Sciences
Zhang, J.E., Ao, S.J., Guo, Q.Q., Ckeven, N.R., Lin, S.F., and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing. He
Shan, Y.H., and Li, J.L., 2010. Paleozoicmultiple accretionary is now interested in the study on petrology of mafic-ultramafic
and collisional processes of the Beishan Orogenic Collage. intrusions. E-mail: [email protected]; phone:
American Journal Science, 310(10): 1553–1594. 18911384986.