SHRI RAM GLOBAL OMR

PHYSICAL EDUCATION (048)

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
GENERAL MOTOR FITNESS TEST
YOGA & ASANAS
BADMINTON

STUDENT NAME: ANSH MILAN PANDYA

CLASS: XII
YEAR: 2024 – 25
SUPERVISOR NAME: MR. AMIT KUMAR PANDEY
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 I would like to express my gratitude to my school for offering me this

opportunity and providing all the necessary facilities to fulfill my project
requirements.

 I would like to convey my sincere gratitude to Mr. Mukhesh Singh,

Principal of Shri Ram Global School OMR, for their invaluable support in
ensuring the successful completion of this project.

 I wish to extend my gratitude to my P.E. teacher,

, for his invaluable guidance and support.

 I would like to express my gratitude to my parents for providing me with

the essential resources needed to complete this project.

 I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and classmates for

their support and motivation throughout the completion of this project.

ANSH MILAN PANDYA

 INDEX

S. CONTENT PAGE
NO. NO.
1. General Motor Fitness Test 1-6
2. Yoga 7
3. Asanas 8-20
4. Badminton 21-32
5. Bibliography 33
 General Motor Fitness Test
Motor fitness refers to the ability of an individual to perform the many physical
activities usually requiring a combination of strength, speed, agility, balance,
coordination, and endurance. Here are the following tests to asses one’s motor
fitness:
1. (a) Pull Ups (Boys): This test measures the total number of pull ups
(repetitions) done without taking a break on a horizontal bar.
Purpose: To test upper body muscular strength and endurance in the arms,
shoulders, and the muscles in the back.
Equipment: Pull up bar.
Procedure: The pull-up bar is adjusted to be hanging freely with arms
straight out for the boy. The boy should have an overhand grip on the
bar. The boy is sent through the test by asking him to pull his body
upward so that his chin clears the bar. One point is awarded for every
correctly performed pull-up. A trial attempt is given before the test.
(b)Flexed-arm Hangs (Girls): This test measures how long one can hold a
static position on a horizontal bar.
Purpose: To Test fitness of upper body strength and endurance in the
arms, shoulders, and the muscles in the back.
Equipment: Pull up bar.
Procedure: The pull-up bar is adjusted to be hanging freely with arms
straight out for the girl. The girl should have an overhand grip on the bar.
The girl is sent through the test by asking her to pull her body upward so
that her chin clears the bar with the help of a trainer. The duration of her
hold is taken as her score.

2. Flexed leg sit-ups: This test measures how many partial curl ups a person
can do.
Purpose: To test abdominal strength and endurance of abdominal muscles.
Equipment: Mat, timer, partner or anchor; supports stability during the
activity.
Procedure: The knees of the student are bent at an angle of 90 degrees,
with the bottoms of the feet touching the floor and hands behind the head,
fingers interlocked. In that position, the student contracts the abdominal
1
 Pull Ups

Flexed-arm Hangs

Flexed leg Sit-Ups

2
 muscles to elevate the upper part of the body towards the knees and fixes
the legs in that position. The maximum number of sit-ups
done in 60 seconds is taken as the score.

3. Shuttle Run: This test involves running back and forth between two points,
typically over a set distance. The goal is to complete the task as quickly as
possible.
Purpose: To test speed and agility.
Equipment: Two cones placed 30 feet apart, stopwatch.
Procedure: A distance of 30 feet is marked and parallel lines are shown. On
one side of the marked line, two wooden blocks 2x2x4 inches are kept. The
student stands behind the line opposite to the line where the
wooden block is placed. When the start signal is given, the student runs
towards the wooden blocks and picks up one of them, carrying it back to
the line from where the test began. Then places it behind the line, runs
back, picks up the second block and carries back to starting. line. There
are two trials allowed and the best score of the two is recorded.

4. Standing Long Jump: This test measures the distance a person can jump
without any run up.
Purpose: To test the strength of leg muscles and speed.
Equipment: Measuring tape, jump mat (optional).
Procedure: The student is required to stand behind the restraining line
with feet apart and bend knees and swing arms before Jumping. The
youth should land on both feet together. The distance from take-off line to
the heel is measured in Inches. The best of three trials is recorded as the
final score.

5. 50-Yards Dash: This test measures the shortest time a person takes to run
50 yards.
Purpose: To test the strength of leg muscles and speed.
Equipment: Stopwatch, measuring tape.
Procedure: The student is asked to run 50 yards from the start of the line
and the time taken is recorded to the nearest tenth of a second.

3
 Shuttle Run

Standing Long Jump

50-Yards Dash

600-Yard Dash
4
6. 600-Yard Dash (Run/Walk): This test measures the shortest time a person
takes to run 600 yards.
Purpose: To test the strength of leg muscles, stamina and speed.
Equipment: Stopwatch, 600-meter track or measured distance.
Procedure: The student is asked to run or walk 600 yards from the start of
the line and the time taken is recorded in minutes and seconds. These
test is performed either in an open field or and athletic field.

7. Sit and Reach Test: This test measures hamstring and lower back mobility
and flexibility.
Purpose: To test Hamstring and lower back flexibility.
Equipment: sit and reach box, measuring tape.
Procedure: The student is asked to sit on the floor with legs straight and
reach forward toward their toes or a scale, and hold the stretch briefly to
measure their flexibility.

8. (a) Push Ups (Boys): This test measures the total number of push ups
(repetitions) done without taking a break.
Purpose: To test upper body (chest, triceps and shoulder) strength.
Equipment: Push-up mat (optional).
Procedure: The boy is asked to starts in a plank position and then lower his
body to the point where his chest reaches the floor, then push up to full
extension. He does this for as many repetitions of push-ups as possible
without resting or losing proper technique. One point is awarded for every
correctly performed pull-up.
(b) Modified Push Ups (Girls): This test measures the total number of push
ups (repetitions) done without taking a break.
Purpose: To test upper body (chest, triceps and shoulder) strength.
Equipment: Push-up mat (optional).
Procedure: The girl is asked to starts in a modified plank position with her
knees touching the floor and then lower her body to the point where her
chest reaches the floor, then push up to full extension. She does this for as
many repetitions of push-ups as possible without resting or losing proper
technique. One point is awarded for every correctly performed pull-up.

5
Sit and Reach Test

Push Ups

Modified Push Ups

6
 Yoga
Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines that
aimed at controlling body and mind to attain various salvation goals, as
practiced in the Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions. Originating more than
5,000 years ago in ancient India, yoga is known to provide physical strength,
flexibility, and mental clarity. Regular practice of yoga has stress-
reducing effects, improves balance, and provides overall well-being. It is
appropriate for every age group and all fitness levels with a variety
of styles at hand-from calming, restorative postures to more energetic,
physically building flows.
Other Benefits of Yoga:
 improved respiration, energy and vitality,

 maintaining a balanced metabolism,

 weight reduction,

 cardio and circulatory health,

 improved athletic performance,

 protection from injury.

The elements of yoga encompass essential practices that guarantee overall

wellness. The practices are:
1. Asanas (Postures): Physical postures which generate strength, flexibility
and equilibrium.
2. Pranayama: These are the breathing techniques that regulate the flow of
energy and soothe the mind.
3. Dhyana (Mediation): The technique to attain mental clarity and focused
attention.
4. Yamas and Niyamas (Ethical Principles): These provide the structure for
ethical conduct and self-discipline.
5. Relaxation: Deep relaxation techniques which facilitate stress relief and
rejuvenation.
7
 Asanas
Asanas, the physical postures of yoga, are integral to Indian tradition and
philosophy. Developed thousands of years ago by ancient yogis, they were
designed to prepare the body for meditation and cultivate a balanced state of
being. Each posture supports flexibility, strength, and balance, while promoting
energy flow and improving overall health, making asanas a cornerstone of yoga
practice and holistic well-being.
The traditional number of asanas is the symbolic 84, but different texts identify
different selections, sometimes listing their names without describing them.
Following are some Asanas, Benefits & Contraindication for common lifestyle
diseases:

 Obesity: Obesity is commonly defined as having too much body fat. A BMI of
30 or higher is the usual benchmark for obesity in adults. Obesity increases
the risk of serious medical conditions.

1. Vajrasana:
Vajrasana is a simple meditative, sitting yoga posture that has several
possible benefits. Vajrasana gets its name from the Sanskrit word “Vajra”,
which means thunderbolt or diamond.
Procedure: To perform this asana, kneel on the ground with knees, ankles,
and toes touching, toes stretched back. Rest your palms on your knees,
keeping your upper body upright. Breathe deeply, evenly, and slowly.
Expand your chest and draw your abdomen inward to maintain the posture
with focus and stability.
Benefits:
 improve attention,
 reduce anxiety,
 improve flexibility,
 Helps in reducing hip fat,
 Enhances memory power,
 Cures problems related to menstruation,
 Prevents hernia and provides relief from piles,
 Ideal meditation asana for people with sciatica and sacral infections.

8
Vajrasana

Pavanamuktasana

9
 Contraindications:
 Not suitable for individuals with joint pain.
 People with spinal column issues should avoid it.
 Individuals with movement difficulties should practice with care.

2. Pavanamuktasana:
Pavanamuktasana is a healing pose that is effective in helping release gas in
the abdomen while massaging the entire back and spine.
Procedure: To perform this asana, Lie on your back with your legs extended
and arms by your sides. Inhale deeply, then exhale as you bend your right
knee toward your chest. Wrap your arms around the knee and lift your head,
bringing your chin or nose to it. Hold for a few breaths, then switch to the left
leg. Repeat 3-5 times for optimal results.
Benefits:
 Stimulates abdominal organs, aiding in improved digestion.
 Relieves digestive discomfort, including gas, bloating, and constipation.
 Helps release trapped gas and supports better gut function.
 Alleviates lower back pain by stretching the spine and hips.
 Enhances circulation and reduces muscle tension.
 Improves posture by strengthening the core muscles.
 Relieves stress and calms the mind, promoting relaxation.
 Stimulates the liver and kidneys, supporting detoxification.
Contraindications:
 Avoid if you have recent abdominal surgery or hernia.
 Use caution if you have severe neck or spinal issues.
 Pregnant women should not perform this asana.

 Diabetes: It is a chronic condition marked by high blood sugar due to

insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin use. The main types
include Type 1, an autoimmune disorder where the pancreas stops making
insulin; Type 2, often linked to lifestyle factors and insulin resistance; and
gestational diabetes, occurring during pregnancy and raising future diabetes
risk.

10
Ardhmatsyandrasana

Paschimottanasana

11
1. Ardhmatsyandrasana:
A common and easier variant of matsyandrasana is the
Ardhmatsyandrasana.
Procedure: To perform this asana, Start by placing the right heel under the
left thigh and crossing the left leg over the right thigh. Grip the left toe with
the right hand and rotate your head and torso to the left. Keep the trunk
moving sideways while holding this position. After finishing, switch sides and
repeat the process.
Benefits:
 it improves the flexibility of back muscles.
 It helps alleviate digestive problems.
 It supports the health of the prostate gland and gall bladder.
 It regulates bile and adrenaline secretion, aiding in diabetes management.
 It can be beneficial for treating conditions such as bronchitis, sinusitis,
constipation, menstrual disorders, urinary tract issues, and cervical
spondylitis.
 It enhances spinal flexibility and helps relieve stiffness in the neck and back.
 It improves blood circulation to the spinal cord and internal organs.
 It stimulates detoxification by improving liver function and aiding in the
elimination of toxins.
Contraindications:
 Individuals with sciatica or a slipped disc may find this asana helpful, but
should exercise caution.
 People with peptic ulcers, hernia, or hypothyroidism should practice this
asana under expert supervision.
 Women in the first trimester of pregnancy should avoid performing this
asana.

2. Paschimottanasana:
Paschimottanasana or the Forward Bend in sitting posture benefits the
health of the abdominal organs.
Procedure: To perform this asana, sit on the floor with legs extended
forward and hold your toes with both hands. Exhale slowly, lowering your
head to touch your knees with your forehead. Inhale as you lift your head
back to the starting position
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 Benefits:
 Relieves back pain, sciatica, and asthma.
 Keeps the spine flexible and healthy.
 Eases gas and digestive issues like constipation.
 Treats abdominal disorders.
 Helps cure skin conditions.
 Prevents early bone ossification.
 Alleviates menstrual discomfort.
 aids in managing diabetes by actively engaging and stimulating the
abdominal organs.
Contraindications:
 People with back or spinal issues should practice this asana only under
expert supervision.
 Individuals suffering from asthma or other respiratory diseases should avoid
this posture.
 This asana is not suitable for those with an enlarged liver, spleen, or acute
appendicitis.

 Asthma: Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It is

caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which
makes it harder to breathe. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath and chest tightness.

1. Padahastasana: A variants of Uttanasana, the Padahastasana is yoga pose

where the toes are grasped, is a standing forward bending asana in modern
yoga as exercise.
Procedure: To perform this asana, Begin in Tadasana with feet together and
arms at your sides. Inhale, then exhale as you bend forward from the hips,
keeping your spine straight. Place your palms under your feet or hold your
ankles. Relax your head and neck, compressing your abdomen. Inhale to
return.
Benefits:
 Improves digestion by stimulating the abdominal organs.
13
Padahastasana

Trikonasana

14
 Relieves bloating and constipation through abdominal compression.
 Boosts circulation to the abdominal area, supporting its proper function.
 Enhances overall flexibility by stretching the hamstrings and spine.
 Calms the mind and reduces stress, aiding in stress-induced digestive
problems.
 Improves posture by lengthening the spine and aligning the body.
 Strengthens the legs and tones the lower body.
 Promotes mental clarity and focus by encouraging deep, mindful breathing.
Contraindications:
 Pregnant women should avoid this pose.
 Those with hernia, peptic ulcers, or severe lower back issues should not
perform this asana.
 Individuals with severe lower back problems should practice this pose with
caution.

2. Trikonasana:
Triangle Pose is a standing yoga pose that tones the legs, reduces stress, and
increases stability. The word "Trikonasana" comes from the Sanskrit words
"tri," (meaning "three"), "kona"(meaning "angle"), and "asana" (meaning
"pose").
Procedure: To perform this asana, stand with your legs apart and extend
your arms sideways at shoulder height. Tilt your torso sideways, lifting your
right arm upward while placing your left hand on the ground behind your
left foot. Hold the position briefly, then repeat on the other side.
Benefits:
 Reduces excess fat around the waistline,
 Helps in reducing obesity,
 Reduces stress, anxiety, back pain, and sciatica,
 Promotes height growth,
 Enhances blood circulation,
 Improves digestion and stimulates abdominal organs,
 Increases mental and physical equilibrium,
 Strengthens the legs, knees, arms, and chest.
Contraindications:
 Avoid if you have diarrhoea, high or low blood pressure, a back injury.
15
  Not suitable for individuals with cervical spondylitis.
 Avoid if you have vertigo, or during pregnancy.

 Hypertension: Asthma is a chronic lung disease affecting people of all ages. It

is caused by inflammation and muscle tightening around the airways, which
makes it harder to breathe. Symptoms can include coughing, wheezing,
shortness of breath and chest tightness.

1. Tadasana:
it is the Mountain pose, A standing asana in modern yoga as exercise; it is
not described in medieval hatha yoga texts. It is the basis for several other
standing asanas.
Procedure: To perform this asana, stand tall with feet together and arms at
your sides. Inhale, raise your arms overhead, and interlock your fingers.
Stretch your entire body upward while lifting your heels off the ground,
balancing on your toes. Keep your gaze forward and breathe steadily. Hold
the pose for a few seconds, then exhale and relax.
Benefits:
 Improves posture,
 Strengthens legs and core,
 Increases height,
 Improves circulation,
 Reduces stress and anxiety,
 Improves focus and concentration,
 Stimulates digestion,
 Improves lung function.
Contraindications:
 If you have low blood pressure you should not do this asana.
 In case of headaches or insomnia you should avoid doing this asana
 Individuals, who suffer from blood circulation problems such as fatty valves,
should not perform this asana.

2. Shavasana:
It's a resting and restorative pose, or asana, typically used at the end of a
yoga session. 16
Tadasana

Shavasana

17
 Procedure: To perform this asana, Lie flat on your back with arms relaxed
at your sides, palms facing upward, legs slightly apart, close your eyes,
breathe deeply and evenly, focus on each body part to release tension, and
remain still and aware for several minutes to achieve complete relaxation
before gently returning to a sitting position.
Benefits:
 Improves concentration and memory,
 Strengthens the nervous system,
 Increases energy levels,
 Improves blood circulation,
 Reduces stress and anxiety,
 Gives new vigour to both mind and body,
 Relieves aches and pains,
 Relaxes the body.
Contraindications:
 Do not perform this asana on uneven place.
 Do not overstretch your body while doing this asana
 Individuals, who have suffered from recent spinal injuries or head injuries
should not perform this asana.

 Back Pain: Back pain is a widespread issue, commonly caused by muscle

strain, poor posture, or injury. It can vary from mild discomfort to intense
pain, affecting movement and daily tasks. Contributing factors include age,
inactivity, and improper lifting.
1. Bhujangasana:
Bhujangasana, also known as Cobra Pose, is a backbend in yoga in which the
chest lifts while the lower body remains grounded.
Procedure: To perform this asana, Lie on your belly with hands near your
shoulders and legs together. Gradually straighten your arms, lifting your
chest, and tilt your head back. Hold briefly before returning to the starting
position. Repeat this asana 3-5 times for optimal results.
Benefits:
 Enhances blood circulation.
 Strengthens hand muscles.
 Improves flexibility and agility.
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 Bhujangasana

Urdhva Hastasana

19
  Relieves gas, constipation, and indigestion.
 Treats liver disorders.
 Supports urinary bladder health.
 Reduces obesity.
 Promotes a flexible and slender vertebral column.
Contraindications:
 Pregnant women should avoid practicing this asana.
 Individuals with hernia, back injuries, or recent abdominal surgeries
should refrain from performing this posture.
 People with severe spinal disorders should avoid this asana.

2. Urdhva Hastasana:
Urdhva Hastasana (Upward Salute) might seem like one of easiest poses in
yoga at first glance, but it requires attention and focus. Procedure: To
perform this asana, begin in Tadasana (Mountain Pose), standing tall with
feet together and arms at your sides. Inhale deeply, raising your arms
overhead with palms facing each other or touching. Stretch upwards,
lengthening your spine and relaxing your shoulders. Hold for a few breaths,
then exhale slowly, lowering your arms to return.
Benefits:
 Enhances flexibility in the back and torso.
 Promotes improved posture and balance.
 Stimulates circulation, aiding in muscle recovery and reducing tension.
 Strengthens the shoulders and arms.
 Alleviates back pain by lengthening and stretching the spine.
 Encourages better body alignment and awareness.
 Activates and energizes the core muscles.
 Improves lung capacity by opening the chest and enhancing breath
control.
Contraindications:
 Avoid if you have severe shoulder or neck injuries.
 Individuals with chronic vertigo or dizziness should practice with caution.
 Not recommended for those with high blood pressure unless cleared by
a healthcare professional.
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21
 BADMINTON
Badminton is a fast-paced sport that includes a shuttlecock and rackets and can
be played individually by two players, known as singles, or by two teams of two
players, known as doubles. The player attempts to hit the shuttlecock into the
opponent's court, hopefully beyond the boundaries set. Badminton can be
played indoors and outdoors, but the indoor setting is better because the
disturbance by the wind is less. Players need to use their rackets in order to hit
the shuttlecock without it touching the ground. Its motion should not cross the
limits. The game of badminton requires quick reflexes, agility, and better hand-
eye coordination. It is a very effective cardiovascular exercise that leads to the
development of muscle strength, flexibility, and endurance. Badminton is
enjoyed worldwide, for it is accessible and enjoyable.

 Badminton Field & Equipment:

A standard badminton court is rectangular in shape and is split into two
sections by a net. The dimensions of the court differ based on whether the
game is being played as singles or doubles.

Court Measurements:

 Length: 13.4 meters (44 feet)

 Width:
For singles: 5.18 meters (17 feet)
For doubles: 6.1 meters (20 feet)
 Net Height:
At the centre: 1.524 meters (5 feet)
At the posts: 1.55 meters (5 feet 1 inch)
 Service Area:
Length: 6.7 meters (22 feet)
Width: 2.59 meters (8.5 feet) for singles and 3.05 meters (10 feet) for
doubles
 Clearance: A minimum ceiling height of 9 meters (29.5 feet) above the
playing surface for professional play.

Court Layout:

 Side-lines: Outer boundary lines marking the width of the court. For
singles, the inner side-line is used, while for doubles, the outer side-
22
23
 line is used.
 Baselines: The back boundary lines marking the length of the court. The
baseline for singles is the same for both singles and doubles play.
 Centre Line: Divides the court into two halves lengthwise, from the net to
the back baseline.
 Service Lines: Marked 6.7 meters from the net (for singles), with a second
line for doubles extending to 3.05 meters. Each side has two service boxes,
one on the left and one on the right of the centre line.
 Centre Spot: The point where the centre line intersects the baseline, used
as a reference for serving.
 Surface: The surface of the court is typically made from materials such as
wood, synthetic rubber, or acrylic, providing sufficient grip for players. A
smooth, flat surface is important for safety and consistency during play.

Additional Layout Features:

 Net: The net divides the court into two equal parts and runs horizontally
along the width of the court.
 Post: The net is supported by posts, which are placed at a distance of 0.8
meters (2.6 feet) from the side-lines.
 Markings: All lines on the court should be 40mm (1.57 inches) wide and
should be of a solid colour, typically white or yellow.

Player Positioning:

 Players serve from the right side of their court when the score is even and
from the left side when the score is odd.

 In doubles, players switch sides after each point won, with one player
serving to the opponent’s diagonal service box.

 This layout ensures that the court is suitable for all forms of badminton
play, with clear boundaries for both singles and doubles matches.

Equipment:

 Badminton Racket: it is a flexible and light tool that aids in playing the
game by striking the shuttles, which is made either of graphite or
aluminium.
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25
  Shuttlecock: more commonly known as birdie is a Masked weighted object
which flies when struck in the game.
 Badminton Net: A two-part in the middle of the court raised on posts with
centre’s height from the ground of 1.524 meters (5 feet).
 Badminton Shoes: These are shoes with non-marking soles and are
comfortably built to enhance the player’s stability and enable swift
movements.
 Badminton Clothing: Balance-weighted shirts and shorts for easy
movement and comfort while players engage in the sport.
 Grip Tape: This is a material that is placed on the racket’s handle in order
to provide a good grip of it.
 Optional Accessories: Things such as a shuttlecock tube, towels as well as a
water bottle that assist in carrying out these tasks.

 Rules of Badminton:
General Rules:

 A match consists of the best of three games, with each game played to 21
points.
 Players score a point when they win a rally, regardless of who served (rally
scoring system).
 A player must win a game by at least a 2-point margin. If the score reaches
29-29, the first to 30 points wins.

Serving Rules:

 The serve must be delivered underhand, with the shuttlecock hit below the
server's waist height (defined as the bottom of the ribcage).
 The server must stand within their service court and hit diagonally to the
opponent’s service court.
 In singles:
Serve from the right side when the score is even.
Serve from the left side when the score is odd.
 In doubles:
The serving side alternates between players after each point.
A service fault occurs if the shuttlecock lands outside the correct service
area or is served incorrectly.

26
 During Play:

 The shuttlecock must not touch the ground; rallies continue until it does.
 Players must not touch the net with their racket or body during play.
 The shuttle must cross the net and land within the opponent’s court
boundaries.
 If the shuttle lands on the line, it is considered in.

Court Boundaries:

 For singles, the inner side-lines and back baseline are used.
 For doubles, the outer side-lines and the back baseline (except during the
serve) are used.

Faults:

 Hitting the shuttlecock twice in a row by the same player.

 Failing to return the shuttlecock before it touches the ground.
 The shuttlecock going out of bounds or failing to cross the net.
 Obstructing or distracting the opponent intentionally.

Let (Replayed Point):

 A let is called if the shuttle gets stuck in the net after a serve, if there is
interference, or if players disagree about a line call.
 No point is awarded, and the rally is replayed.

Player Conduct:

 Players must not use abusive language or intentionally delay the game.
 Players should not deliberately distract or hinder the opponent.

Intervals and Breaks:

 A 1-minute break is allowed when the leading player reaches 11 points in

each game.
 A 2-minute break is allowed between games.

 Terminologies in Badminton:
General Terms:

 Rally: A sequence of back-and-forth shots between players during a point.

27
 Serve: The act of starting a rally by hitting the shuttlecock.
 Fault: A violation of the rules that ends the rally and awards a point to the
opponent.
 Let: A situation where the rally is stopped and replayed without changing
the score.

Shots and Techniques:

 Clear: A high, deep shot aimed toward the opponent's backcourt.

 Drop Shot: A gentle shot that barely clears the net and lands near the
opponent’s frontcourt.
 Smash: A powerful, downward shot aimed to win the rally.
 Drive: A fast, flat shot hit directly over the net.
 Net Shot: A shot played delicately near the net to force the shuttlecock to
fall steeply.
 Lift: A defensive shot that sends the shuttlecock high into the opponent’s
court.
 Push: A gentle shot aimed at the midcourt area.

Court and Equipment Terms:

 Baseline: The back boundary line of the court.

 Side-line: The side boundary lines for singles or doubles play.
 Service Court: The area where the server must deliver the shuttlecock.
 Net Kill: A strong shot played close to the net to end a rally.
 Net Cord: When the shuttlecock touches the net but still lands in the
opponent's court.

Game Scoring Terms:

 Love: A term used to denote a score of zero.

 All: A term used when both players or teams have the same score (e.g.,
"15-all").
 Game Point: The point that, if won, secures the game for a player or team.
 Match Point: The point that, if won, secures the match for a player or
team.
 Deuce: A tie at 20-20 where a 2-point lead is required to win the game.

Player Positions and Movements:

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  Forecourt: The front area of the court near the net.

 Midcourt: The middle area of the court.

 Backcourt: The area near the baseline.
 Stance: The posture or position a player takes before hitting a shot.
 Footwork: The movement of the feet to position oneself for a shot.

Game Formats:

 Singles: A match where one player competes against another.

 Doubles: A match where two players on one team compete against
another team of two players.
 Mixed Doubles: A doubles match with one male and one female player on
each team.

Specialized Terms:

 Birdie: Another name for the shuttlecock, commonly used in informal

settings.
 Flick Serve: A deceptive serve played quickly to send the shuttlecock over
the opponent’s head.
 Hairpin Net Shot: A precise shot that follows a tight curve over the net.
 Dribble: A gentle tap of the shuttlecock at the net to force a weak return.

 Skills in Badminton:

Basic Skills:

 Grip: Properly holding the racket in either the forehand or backhand grip to
exert control and accuracy.
 Stance: A balanced and ready position that makes it easy to react almost
instantly during the game.
 Footwork: The ability to cover the court fast enough to get to the
shuttlecock.

Serving Skills:

 Short Serve: A low serve that clears the net and is aimed well enough to
restrict the attacking play of the opponent.
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 Long Serve: A deep, fast serve directed to the opponent’s backcourt, also
applicable in singles play.
 Flick Serve: A fast and tricky serve that serves over the head of the
opponent.

Stroke Skills:

 Overhead Stroke: Striking the shuttlecock from above the head, which is
used for both clears, smashes, and drops.
 Underhand Stroke: Striking the shuttlecock from below the waist,
commonly applied in defensive shots such as lifts.
 Backhand Stroke: A stroke where the shuttlecock is hit with the back of the
racket, advantageous for shots on the non-dominant side.

Offensive Skills:

 Smash: A stroke made in a downward direction with force to finish the rally
as soon as possible.
 Drop Shot: A light shot that lands near the net and surprises the opponent.
 Drive: A horizontal and fast shot directed towards the opponent,
maintaining the defence.

Defensive Skills:

 Clear: A high and deep shot technique aimed at sending the opponent to
their backcourt, making room.
 Lift: A defensive shot technique where the player lifts the shuttlecock very
high across to the opponent’s court.
 Net Block: A shot played to counterattack a smash by pushing the
shuttlecock gently over the net.

Net Play Skills:

 Net Shot: A soft stroke that passes over the net very slightly, compelling
the opponent to stretch.
 Hairpin Shot: A very sharp shot taken just over the net, dropping down
sharply.
 Net Kill: Played very close to the net, this aggressive shot hits the refrain
end gracefully.

Tactical Skills:
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  Deception: The use of any body language by players to mislead the
opponent.

 Major Badminton Tournaments:

 BWF World Championships: Championships organized by Badminton World

Federation to declare the world champions in all disciplines without any
prize money but with a lot of ranking points to offer.
 Thomas Cup: This is the men's team championship that takes place every
two years and presents the best men badminton teams in the world in a
team event.
 Uber Cup: The Thomas Cup for women presenting top tier female teams
across the world in a competition held once in two years.
 Sudirman Cup: A mixed-team championship with titles contested in all five
badminton disciplines that is held every two years.
 Olympic Games: A world contest held after every four years where players
play for their respective countries and where badminton has been a core
event since the year 1992.

 Famous Badminton Personalities:

 Saina Nehwal (India): Olympic bronze medallist and India’s first female
shuttler to reach the World No. 1 ranking.
 PV Sindhu (India): Olympic silver and bronze medallist and the first Indian to
win the BWF World Championships.
 Lin Dan (China): Two-time Olympic champion and five-time World
Champion, widely regarded as one of the greatest badminton players of all
time.
 Lee Chong Wei (Malaysia): A three-time Olympic silver medallist and one of
the most consistent and celebrated badminton players.

 Sports Awards in Badminton:

 BWF Player of the Year Award.

 Thomas Cup and Uber Cup Titles.
 BWF World Championships Gold, Silver, and Bronze Medals.
 Olympic Medals (Gold, Silver, Bronze).
 Sudirman Cup Trophy.

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 Arjun Award (Indian Sports Award for Excellence in Sports):
Saina Nehwal – 2009
PV Sindhu – 2013
 Padma Shri (India's Fourth Highest Civilian Award):
Saina Nehwal – 2010

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 Bibliography
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton_World_Federation
 www.scribd.com
 search engines: www.google.com
 Saraswati HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION XII By- Dr V K Sharma MA,
MPEd, PhD, Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, DAV College, Cheeka
(Kaithal), Haryana.

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