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PROCEEDINGS mDONESIAN PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION

Sixteenth Annual Convention, October 1987

AN OVERVIEW OF SOURCE ROCKS AND OILS

IN INDONESIA

Kevin M.Robinson *

ABSTRACT obviously dependent on the original organic facies of it's

source rock.
Source rocks in the hydrocarbon productive basins in
Indonesia can be classified as lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic and The main objectives of this paper are to
marine. Lacustrine source rocks are the most productive, 1) Categorise the source rocks of the major hydrocarbon
and have sourced most of the oil in Central Sumatra, producing basins of Indonesia into lacustrine (non-mar-
some of the oil in the Sunda Basin and also possibly oil in ine algal), fluvio-deltaic (terrestrial) and marine (mar-
the West Natuna Basin. Fluvial-deltaic source rocks are ine algal).
the most common and widely dispersed and have sourced 2) Describe the general geochemical characteristics of the
oil in the majority of foreland (back-arc) basins of Western different source rock types.
Indonesia. Marine source rocks probably occur in Eastern
Indonesia, but are poorly documented. However, they may 3) Develop a scheme to classify Indonesian oils into lacust-
have sourced oil in the Salawati Basin and eastern Sulawesi. rine, fluvio-deltaic and marine based on detailed geo-
Positively identified producing source rocks are all Tertiary chemical analyses.
in age, although PrsTertiary (Permian/Jurassic) rocks are SCOPE
suspected to source oil in the Bintuni and Bula (Seram)
Basins and are also a possible source in eastern Sulawesi This paper attempts to cover all the major hydrocarbon
and the Banggai-Sula area east of Sulawesi. producing basins of Indonesia (Fig. 1). Identification of
Crude oils in Indonesia can also be characterized as
I
source rocks within the basins is primarily based on previ-
lacustrine, fluvio-deltaic and marine based on a range of ously published data and on experience gained in the area.
geochemical parameters, including pyrolysis-gas chromato- However, source rocks within some of the basins are
graphy on the oils asphaltene fraction and GC-MSbiomarker unknown, postulated or unconfirmed by detailed oil/source
data. Lacustrine oils sourced from non-marine algae are rock correlation studies. The oil classification is based on
generally low-medium gravity, waxy, low sulfur oils and detailed geochemical data on one .hundred selected oil
often contain'unusually high concentrations of C3O 4-methyl samples covering all the major hydrocarbon producing
steranes. Marine oils derived from marine algae are low- basins of Indonesia (Fig. 1).
medium gravity, low wax, medium-high sulfur oils and con- SOURCE ROCKS
tain C27-C29 diasteranes and steranes in relatively high
concentrations compared to other oil types. Fluvio-deltaic The major source rocks or suspected source rocks of
oils derived from higher plant, terrestrial organic matter are the hydrocarbon productive basins in Indonesia are given
medium-high gravity, waxy, low sulfur oils. They contain in Table 1 and discussed below by depositional environ-
abundant higher plant resin derived C30 alkanes and low ment.
concentrations of steranes which are dominated by C29
Lam strine
diasteranes and steranes.
Deep lacustrine productive source rocks containing non-
INTRODUCTION marine algae have only been positively identified in Cen-
Source rocks can be subdivided into different organic tral Sumatra (Pematang Brown Shale) and the Sunda
facies type based on microscopic and geochemical techni- Basin (Banuwati Shale) as shown in Table 1.These lacustrine
ques. The organic facies is dependent on the depositional shales were deposited in Eocene to Oligocene, isolated,
environment of the rock. Similarly crude oils can be charact- half graben, rift basins (Fig. 2). Lacustrine shales may also
erized into different genetic types, generally lacustrine, be the source of oil in the West Natuna Basin (Oligocene
terrestrial and marine, based on detailed chemical composit- Barat Shale, Pollock et aL, 1%4), although crude oil data
ion. The genetic category to which a crude oil belongs is suggests a different lacustrine depositional environment
-----_________ than that envisioned for the Pematang Brown Shale of Cen-
*) PT. CORELAB INDONESIA tral Sumatra. Lacustrine shale source rocks may exist else-
98

where in Indonesia, particularly in the foreland (back-arc) well documented geochemically (Combaz and Matharel,
basins of Western Indonesia, where rifting occurred in the 1978; Durand and Oudin, 1979; Hoffman etd., 1984;
Early Tertiary behind a volcanic island arc system. Oudin and Picard, 1982; Schoell et aL, 1983; Schoell et
The deep lacustrine shales of Central Sumatra were de- aL, 1985). The major source rocks belong to the Middle
posited in subsiding basins, under tropical climatic condit- Miocene Balikpapan Group. It represents a phase of delta
ions. The lake had no annual turnover, resulting in anoxic progradation which has continued, with transgressive
bottom waters, which favoured preservation of organic mat- interruptions, through to the present day (Oudin and Pi-
ter rich in non-marine algae (Fig. 3;Williams e t a l , 1985). card, 1982). The sediments were deposited by an eastward
In shallow rift basins, where subsidence was only equal to flowing river system into a subsiding basin with a
the rate of deposition, humic rich lacustrine shales and north-south axis. A full suite of facies typical of deltaic
coals wiU have formed instead (Central Sumatra Coal zone, sedimentation were deposited (Fig. 4). Organic carbon con-
Table 1). tent is relatively high throughout the deltaic sediments
(often >2.%), but the best source rocks occur in the
Deep lacustrine shales are some of the most oils'product- delta plain where coals tend to be concentrated (Fig.
ive source rocks in the world. In Central Sumatra they ac- 5, Thompson, 1985).
count for over half of Indonesia's oil reserves (Woodside,
1984). Immature, lacustrine shales typically contain be- Generation of hydrocarbons within the Kutei Basin is
tween 1.0 to 10.0% total organic carbon and 50 to 100% largely controlled by maturity, as thick, extensive, organic
oil prone, fluorescent non-marine algal derived amorphous rich source rocks are present throughout a large part of the
kerogen. The pyrofysis yield (Sl+S2) is variable ranging basin. The top of the oil window in the basin is variable,
from 4.0 to 75.0 mg hydrocarbons/gm rock, but is often depending on temperature gradient, but in general is at
very high. Hydrogen indicies are typically in the 400 to about 2800 - 3000 meters (Schoell et aL, 1983). Oudin
900 range, with elemental kerogen hydrogen/carbon rat- and Picard (1 982) have demonstrated that overpressure
ios usually greater than 1.4 (Table 2). Specific non mar- may also be important in the hydrocarbon distribution
ine algae such as Botrycoccus braunii or the non-marine and type (oil or gas) within the Kutei Basin. In areas where
planktonic algae Pediastium spp can sometimes be ident- the oil window is completely within the overpressure zone,
ified in the samples, while input from Botryococcus and generated oil cannot be expelled and is transformed to in
dinoflagellates, can be inferred from GC-MS biomarker situ gas. The Kutei Basin hydrocarbon generation model
data (Wolf et aL, 1986; Brassel et al., 1986, Seifert and may also be applicable in the Tarakan basin, where sedi-
Moldowan, 1980). mentation occurred along similar lines.

Fluvio-DeltaicSource Rocks Fluvio-deltaic coal and shale source rocks have generated
large volumes of oil in Indonesia and account for the major
Fluvio-deltaic source rocks containing terrestrial de-
rived kerogen are the major source rocks of medium gravity, production of hydrocarbons in the Ardjuna and Kutei
waxy crude oils in many of the foreland basins of Indo- Basins. Fluvio-deltaic shale source rocks typically contain
nesia. In South Sumatra and N.W. Java (Sunda, Ardjuna, 2.0-10.0% total organic carbon with a pyrolysis yield of
Jatibarang) Basin, Oligocene Talang Akar coals and shales 6.0 to 20.0 mg hydrocarbons/gm rock. Coals usually con-
have been identified as a major source of the oil, while in tain 40.0 to 80.0% total organic carbon with very high py-
the Malacca Straits of Central Sumatra, Sihapas coals have rolysis yields of 150-300mg hydrocarbons/gm rock (Ta-
generated some of the oil (Table 1). ble 2).
In the East Java sea, Oligocene Kudjung I11 coals and Fluvio-deltaic coals and shales generally contain only
shales and in the Barito Basin, Eocene Tanjung coals and higher plant terrestrially derived organic matter, consisting
shales are speculated to be the source of the oil (Tabb 1). predominantly of vitrinite with secondary amounts of
Although neither of these correlations are proved in the cutinite and resinite. The total amount of waxy, oil prone,
published literature. In the offshore basins of East Kali- exinitic kerogen is usually in the 10-30%0 range. A small
mantan, thick Middle Miocene and possibly younger delt- percentage of the vitrinite may also have &me liquid hy-
aic coals and shales are a proven source of the offshore drocarbon potential, based on its fluorescence under U.V.
Kutei Basin oils, while thick Middle Miocene to Pliocene light. This is probably due to impregnation of the vitrinite
deltaics are the likely source of Tarakan oils (Table 1). with, or inclusions of, submicroscopic exinite. This type of
vitrinite, which is called desmocollinite (Stach, 1982),
The offshore deltaic sediments of the Kutei Basin are has a lower reflectance level than normal vitrinite. The
shales and coals typically have pyrolysis hydrogen indic-
ies in the 200-400 range and kerogen elemental hydro-
gen/carbon ratios of 0.8 to 1 .O.
Liquid hydrocarbon extracts from fluvio-deltaic source
 99

rocks usually have high pristane/phytane. ratios e 3 . 0 ) due ses such as API Gravity, Weight % Sulphur and Gas Chromat-
to deposition in an oxik environment. They also have relat- ography, plus, more detailed analyses such as Carbon Iso-
ively high concentrations of waxy n-paraffins and C30 topes, Pyrolysis-GC on the oils asphaltene fraction and Gas
cyclic alkanes (identifiable by GC-MS) derived from higher Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) biomarker
plants. analysis on the saturate fraction of the oils. The characterist-
ics listed are for oils generated at normal thermal maturity
Marine Source Rocks levels (Ro 0.5 - 1.0%) and unaltered by processes such
Marine algal rich source rocks are the major source of oil as thermal or biological degradation or water washing.
in the world. But in Indonesia none have been positively Bulk Data
identified in the literature. However, based on crude oil
Bulk Data such as API gravity, weight percent sulfur,
characterization a marine carbonate or calcareous shale
gasoline range analysis and whole oil/saturate fraction gas
source is suspected in the Salawati Basin of Irian Jaya (Phoa
chromatography give useful indicators as to the source
and Samuel, 1986; Hughes, 1984) and in eastern Sulawesi of an oil, but are not detailed enough to positively ident-
(Table 1). Deposition of the source rock would have ify its genetic origin.
occurred under anoxic conditions in a restricted marine
basin. In Salawati a likely source is Early Miocene Klamo- Algal sourced oils, marine or non-marine, tend to
gun carbonates and shales (Fig. 6), while in eastern Sula- have low-medium API gravities (20-35O) and pristanelphy-
wesi Early Miocene shales and carbonates are a possible tane ratios less than 3.0. Initial differentiation of a non-
source or alternatively Jurassic marine shales and carb- marine algal oil from a marine algal oil can often be made
onates. based on sulphur content and wax content. Lacustrine
oils are typically high wax (C31/C19 > 0.4), low sulphur
Immature, marine source rocks capable of generating
oils in the Salawati Basin and Sulawesi area would typical-
(< 0.2 wt %); while marine oils are low wax ( < 0.4 C31/
C19), high sulphur ( > 0.2 wt %). Fluvio-deltaic sourced
ly be expected to contain 0.5 to 5.0% TOC, moderate to
oils usually are medium-high API gravity (30-50’); low
high pyrolysis yields (2.0-30.0 mg hydrocarbons/gm rock)
sulphur high wax crude oils (Table 3). They characterically
and an organic facies comprised mainly of oil prone, mar- have high pristanelphytane ratios 0 3.0) due to deposition
ine, algal derived amorphous kerogen. Pyrolysis hydrogen of the source rock in an oxic environment (Powell and
indicies should be in the 300-600 range and kerogen ele- McKirdy, 1975).
mental hydrogenlcarbon ratios > 1.2 (Table 2).
The n-alkane distribution of oils (Fig. 7) can also be
Re-Tertiav Source Rocks useful in distinguishing different oil types, although it
All the Indonesian source rocks positively identified is far from definitive. Lacustrine oils tend to have a bio-
and correlated to oil accumulations in the published liter- modal to broad n-alkane distribution due to input of C15-
ature are Tertiaty in age. However, potential Pre-Tertiary C19 and C23-C33 n-alkanes from non-marine algae
source rocks have been identified in Eastern Indonesia (Gelpi etal,1970; Moldometal., 1985) and have low Pris-
(Chevallier and Bordenave, 1986) and are related to pre- tanelnC17 ratios. Marine oils usually show a decreasing
break up of the Australian Plate in the Mid-Jurassic (Peck concentration of higher molecular weight n-alkanes (low
and Soulhol, 1986). In the Bintuni Basin of Irian Jaya wax content) and Pristane/nC17 ratios < 1.0. Fluvio-del-
two PrsTertiary sourced oil types possibly exist (Chev- taic (terrestrial) oils usually show a broad n-alkane distribut-
allier and Bordenave, 1986) The major source of most ion or a predominance of waxy (C20+) n-alkanes and
of these oils is thought to be Late to Early Permian Aifat Pristane/nC17 ratios > 1.0.
shales with Jurassic Tipuma shales or possibly Upper Permian Carbon Isotopes
Ainim coals acting as a source for the other oil type
(Wiriagar oiI).All of the source rocks in theBintuni Basin are Carbon isotopes on whole oil, saturate, aromatic and
suspected to contain a predominantly terrestrial organic other fractions of the crude oil have been used to differ-
facies despite the marine setting of some of them. entiate marine oils from terrestrial oils. But, Sofer (1984)
showed that this was invalid, based on a statistical analysis
In Seram (BuIa Basin) Early Jurassic-Late Triassic marine of a wide range of oils of known source. However, Sofer
carbonates and shales are the suspected source of Pleisto- demonstrated that marine oils could be distinguished from
cene and Triassic reservoired oils (o’Sullivan et al., 1985). terrestrial oils based on a Canonical value (G) calculated
While marine potential Jurassic source rocks are also pre- from the saturate and aromatic fraction carbon isotope
sent in the Banggai-Sula area east of Sulawesi. values (Table 3). In fact the Cv value differentiates algal
OILS sourced oils, marine or nonmarine ((3 < 0.47), from ter-
restrial (fluvio-deltaic) sourced oils (Cv > 0.47).
The diagnostic characteristics of deep lacustrine, flu-
vio-deltaic and marine sourced Indonesian oils are outlined Pyrolysis-GC
in Table 3. The oils are characterized based on bulk analy- Pyrolysis-GC on the oils asphaltenes is a relatively new,
100

and to some extent experimental technique. The idea oils in Indonesia tend to have simple Triterpane distribut-
behind the analysis, is that asphaltene molecules are small ions containing only pentacyclic 17dhopkes from C27-
kerogen molecules and representative of the original kero- C35 plus moretanes and little else. The Tm/Ts ratio, which
gen in the source rock (Pelet et aL, 1986). Pyrolysis-GC of is maturity and organic facies influenced, is usually less
the asphaltenes can then be used to identify the original than 1.5 and Tricyclic Terpanes (not shown) are in low con-
kerogen type of the oil’s source rock, based on the general centrations or absent.
distribution of hydrocarbons on the pyrogram. This can Marine oils also have relatively simple hopane and mo-
then be used to characterize the oils into different oil retane distributions, but in Indonesia tend to have high
types (Fig. 8). Also the relative n-octene, m+p xylene and concentrations of C3 1 -C35 hopanes.. This is possibly due
phenol content of the oil’s asphaltenes can be quantified to deposition of the source rock in an anoxic calcareous
and plotted on a Ternary diagram. (Fig. 9, modified after environment, with high bacterial activity. Tm/Ts values
Larter, 1985) to determine oil type and the kerogen type tend to range from 3.0 to 1.0. In Indonesia 18doleanane
of the source rock. The pyrolysis-GC on the oil’s asphal- is often in relatively high concentrations in these marine
tenis is performed at 550OC. derived oils (Phoa and Samuel, 1986). This is thought to
A typical lacustrine oil pyrogram (Fig. 8) shows well be due to transportation of resistant higher plant resins
developed alkenes/alkanes doublets from C5-C35,with part- into the marine basin and not indicative of a terrestrial
icularly high concentrations of C15-C30 n-alkenes/n-al- source for the oil. Noticeable other C30 resin derived
kenes derived from non-marine algae. Characteristicly compounds, commonly found in association with la
aromatics and phenolic compounds are virtually absent oleanane, are absent or in very low concentrations. Marine
from the pyrogram. A typical marine oil asphaltene frac- oils also tend to have relatively high concentrations of
tion pyrogram shows a decreasing concentration of n-al- tricyclic terpanes.
keneln-alkane doublets with higher molecular weight and Fluvio-deltaic oils have very characteristic Triterpane dis-
moderate concentrations of aromatics and phenols. A flu- tributions with high concentrations of C30 higher plant
vio-deltatic oil shows a broad n-alkene/n-alkane distribution resin derived cyclic alkanes and the C30 compound 18d
and contains the highest concentration of aromatics and oleanane. This is in addition to the normal range of hopanes
phenols out of all the oils. Prist-l-ene also tends to be high and moretanes. The C30 derived compounds show charact-
in fluvio-deltaic oils. eristic peaks on the m/z 191, 163, 177,217,259 and 412
A plot of the oil’s n-octene, m+p xylene and phenol mass ion scans (Fig. 11). Tm/Ts ratios in terrestrially de-
content (Fig. 9) can clearly distinguish lacustrine oils from rived lndonesian oils tend to be relatively high and range
fluvio-deltaic oils. But marine oils, probably due to lack of from 6.0 to 1.O.
data, cannot be distinguished from lacustrine oils. Oils pre-
Steranes mfz 21 7
sumed to be from lacustrine sources in the West Natuna
Basin and some of the oils in the Sunda Basin plot away Steranes relative to hopanes tend to be in low concen-
from the deep lacustrine oils of Central Sumatra. This may trations in non-marine oils, whether they are lacustrine or
be due to deposition of the oils’ source rock in a different fluvial-deltaic in origin (Table 3). Typically sterane/l7d
lacustrine depositonal environment than that proposed hopane ratios are <0.2 in non-marine oils and X . 2 in
for Central Sumatra. Possibly it was shallower and/or more marine oils (Moldowan etal., 1985). Due to the low con-
saline? centration of steranes, it can be difficult to obtain good
sterane (m/z 217) scans in non-marine oils unless the GC
GC-MS Biornurker Data column of the GC-MS is overloaded.
Lacustrine, marine and fluvio-deltaic oils in Indonesia Deep lacustrine oils usually contain the full range of
can be distinguished based on Triterpane (m/z 191) and C27-C29 steranes and diasteranes (Fig. 12), albeit in very
Sterane content (m/z 217). Other biomarkers can also be low concentrations, and usually have a roughly equal con-
used such as Bicyclics (m/z 123), Isoprenoids (m/z 183), centration of C27 and C29 steranes (Table 3). However,
and Mono and Tri-aromatic Steranes (m/z 253, 231) but a characteristic of deep lacustrine oils in Indonesia is the
are not discussed here. Although it should be noted that unusually high concentration of C30 4-methyl steranes in
the aromatic biomarkers are normally used as a maturity many of the oils. These can be identified from m/z 231,
parameter, rather than as a correlation/depositional en- 414 scans and are also present on the m/z 217 scan (Fig.
vironment tool. 13). These compounds are believed to be derived from di-
noflagellates (Wolf et al., 1986; Brassel et al., 1986) but
mterpanes mfz 191 are also probably derived from non-marine planktonic
Triterpanes (m/z 191) are broadly similar for all oil algae.
types as bacterially derived 17d hopanes and moretanes are Marine oils contain a full range of C27-C29 steranes
always present in oils (Fig. 10). Deep lacustrine sourced and diasteranes (Fig. 12), which are usually seen in marine
 101

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26 1-280.
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Thompson, S., Copper, B.S., Morley, R.J.& Barnard, P.C.
Powell, T.G. & McKirdy, D.M. 1975. Geologic factors con- 1985. Oil generating coals. Proc. of the NPF Conf.
trolling crude oil composition in Australia and Papua 1984, Published Graham and Trotman Ltd., 59-74.
New Guinea. AAPG Bull, 59,1176-1 197.
Russel, K.L., Myers, W.C. & Sution, C. 1976. Organic Wahab, A. & Martono, D. 1985. Application of oil geochem-
istry for hydrocarbon exploration in Northwest Ja-
geochemistry as aid to exploration in eastern Java Sea.
wa. IPA Proc. 14th Ann. Conv., 635-657.
IPA Proc. 5th Ann. Conv., 69-80.
Samuel, L. 1980. Relation of depth to hydrocarbon dis- Williams, H.H., Kelley, P.A., Janks, J.S. & Christensen,
tribution in Bunyu. Island, N.E. Kalimantan.IPA Proc. R.M. 1985. The Paleogene Rift Basin Souce Rocks of
9th Ann. Conv., 417-432. Central Sumatra. IPA Proc. 14th Ann. Conv., 2,57-90.
Schoell, M., Teschner, M.,Wehner, H., Durand, B. & Oudin, Wolf, G.A., Lamb, N.A. & Maxwell, J.L. 1986. The origin
J.L. 1983. Maturity related biomarker and stable isc- and fate of 4-methyl steroid hydrocarbons. In: Advances
tope variations and their application to oil/source rock in organic Geochemistry 1985. Org. Geochem. 10,
correlation in the Mahakam Delta/Kalimantan. In: 965-974.
Advances in Organic Geochemistry 1981 (edited by Woodside, P.R. 1984. A look at the Petroleum Geology of
BjorGy, M.) John Wiley, 156-163. Indonesia. Oil and Gas Journal, Feb., 78-82.
 103

TABLE 1
SOURCE ROCKS OF INDONESIA

HYDROCARBON BASIN* MAJOR SOURCE AGE DEPOSITIONAL ORGANIC GENERAL SOURCE ROCK
PRODUCTIVE TYPE ENVIRONMENT FACIES OIL TYPE REFERENCE
BASINS OF SOURCE ROCK

North Sumatra Foreland Baong shales? M-L.Miccene Marine Marine algal/ Gas/Lght 01 Situmeang and DavIes,
Terrestrial. 1986
Bampo? ) Marine Marine algal/ Soeparjadi 1983
)- Oligocene- Marine Terrestrial Kingston, 1978
Bruksah?? ) E.Miocene Deltaic Terrestrial/Non
marine algal
Central Sumatra Foreland Pematang Eocene- Deep Lacustrine Non-marine algal GM. Gravity, Williams et al.,
Brown shale Oligocene waxy, L. 1985
(major) Su l p h u r
Coal zone Shallow lacus- Terrestrial Condensatel
(minor) trine/marsh-bog light oil
Central Sumatra Foreland Sihapas coal E.Miocene Fluviodeltaic Terrestrial M. Gravity, Macgregor and McKen-
(Malacca Straits) and coal shale zie 1986
sulphur
Pematang brown Eocene- Deep lacustrine Non-marlnc algal L-M. Gravity, Lee, 1982
shale? Oligocene waxy, L.sulphur
South Sumatra Foreland Talang Akar Late Oligo- Fluviodeltaic Terrestrial M-H Gravity
coals/coaly cene-Early oil, L-Mod.
shales Miocene waxy, L. s u l p h u r /
condensate
N.W. Java Foreland Banuwati shales Early Oli- Deep lacustrhc Non marlne algal M. Gravity Mob, 1'"s
(Sunda) gocene waxy, L.s,ulphur
Talang Akar Oligocene Fluvio-Deltaic Terrestrial Bushnell and Atmawan
coals/shales -E. Miocene 1986
N.W. Java Foreland TalangAkar Oligocene- FluvIo-Deltaic Terrestrial M. Gravity, Gordon, 1985
(Ardjuna coals/coaly E. Miocene waxy, low Wahab and Martono,
Jatibarang) shales sulphur 1985
E. Java Sea Foreland Kudjung Oligocene Fluviatile Terrestrial M. Gravity, Soeparjadiet all973
Unit 111shales mod waxy, low Russel, 1976
and coals? sulphur Bishop, 1980
West Natuna Cratonic Barat shales? Late Oligo- Lacustrine Non-marine algal/ M-H Gravity, Pollock et al. 1984
cene bacterial/terres- low-mod waxy,
trial low s u l p h u r
Barito Foreland Tanjung coals?/ Eocene Fluvio-Deltaic Terrestrial M. Gravity, Siegar and Sunaryo,
shales? waxy, low s u l p h u r 1980
Kutei Foreland Balikpapan Middle Deltaic Terrestrial M. Gravity, Dunand and Oudin
coals and Miocene and waxy, low 1979
shales and Younger sulphur Thompson et al,
Younger Deltaics 1985
Foreland Latin coals and M. Miocene Deltaic Terrestrial M. Gravity, Samuel, 1980
shales? waxy, low
Tarakan and Bu- Pliocene sulphur
nyu coals and
shales?
E. Sulawesi Inner Arc E. Miocene Early Miocene Marine Marine algal L-M. Gravity -
(Banggai/Sula) shales and car- Low wax, mod-
nonates? high s u l p h u r
Jurassic shales Jurassic Marine Marine algal
and carbonates?
Bula (Seram) Inner Arc Manusela Early Jurassic Marine Marine Akgal? Low-M. Gravity O'Sullivan et al.,
carbonateslcalc low wax, mod- 1985
shales? Late Triassic high s u l p h u r
Salawati Foreland Klamogun Early Miocene Marine algal/ L-M. Gravity, Phoa and Samuel,
carbonates1 minor terrestrlal low wax, mod- 1986
shales? high sulphur Hughes, 1986
Siga shales Oligocene Marine Marine algal/
carbonates? Minor terrestrial
Bintuni Foreland Tipuma shales? M. Jurassic Shallow marine Terrestrial Chevallier and Bor-
(minor) denave, 1986.
Ainim coals? Late Permian Fluvial-Deltaic Terrestrial H. Gravity,
(minor) LOW wax,
M a t shales? LateEarly Shallow Marine Terrestrial Low sulphur
(mdor) Permian
~~

* Based on Fletcher and Soeprrjadi 1976

?? Uncertain
 Table 2
CHARACTERISTICSOF TYPICAL
INDONESIAN IMMATURE SOURCE ROCKS

Type Lithology TOC Pyrolysis Yield Kerogen %Oil Hydrogen Kerogen Pristane/
Wt% SltS2 Type Prone Index Elemental Phytane
mg H C / p rock Kerogen H/C Ratio of Extract

Deep
Lacustrine Shales 1 .o-10.0 4.0-75.0 Amorphous/ 50-100 400-900 >1.4 1 .O to 2.5
Alginite

Fluvio
Deltaic Shales 2-1096 (Sh) 6.0-20.0 Vitrinite/ 10-30 200-400 0.8-1.0 >3.0
and Coals 40-80% (Cl) 150.0-300.0 minor
cutinite, resinite

Marine Shales 0.5-5.00 2.0-30.0 Amorphous/ 70-100 300-600 1.2-1.4 <2.5

and Carbonates Alginite
 Table 3
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR OIL TYPES
IN INDONESIA

API Wt% Pris

- nC31
- 6 13C Cv Steranes Tm/Ts C30 STERANES C30
Gravity Sulfur B Y nC19 17a Hopanes Resins % C2920R 4-Methyl
C2920R+C2720R Steranes

Deep
Lacustrine 20-35 43.2 3.0-1.5 >0.4 <0.47 ~ <O.2 1.50-0.20 LOW <65% LOW-High

Fluvio-
Deltaic 30-50 <9.2 >3 .O X.4 >0.47 <0.2 6.0-1.0 V.high 100% Low-Absent

Marine 20-30 >0.2 2.5-1 .O <0.4 <0.47 >0.2 3.0-1.0 Low-Absent <50% Low-Absent

Pris = Pristane Tm = C27 17a Trisnorhopane

PhY = Phytane Ts = C27 18aTrisnorhopane
6 13C C, = Sofers (1984) Canonical variable

cv = -2.53 6 13Csat+ 2.22 6 13Ch0 - 11.65

106,

Y
0
. 0
0
- - 2
a J
w w
W

a m
~a
o m
3-
* w
>
a-

a
z
~

0
m
a
a
0
0
cr
c3
>.
I
w
I
l-
0 t
 107

C E N T R A L SUMATRA
LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCK DEPOSITED
IN HALF G R A B E N RIFT B A S I N

. +, .. ...
,
. ,-
EN ECHELON ,GRABENS

BALAM AND RANGAU BASINS

CENTRAL SUMATRA

+ +
f t

+ +
t + +
+ + c + + +

n- G R A B E N (MIDDLE EOCENE): RAPID BLOCK- R O T A T I O N , DEVELOPMENT

OF DEEP ANOXIC L A K E WITH SLOW DEPOSITION OF PEMATANG
BROWN SHALE FORMATION.

A f t e r Williams e t .al 1985

FIGURE 2
 ”
0
M

W
 109

RELATIONSHIP O F O I L P R O N E SOURCE R O C K T O
MODERN D E L T A I C ENVIRONMENT

FIGURE 4
110

I I I
ll7OE \ 118OE 119 O E

HANDIL F I E L D
-ssw

2.s

0 a5
+ 60Km

L...
Il’lOE Il8OE 119.E
I I SCALE I

LEGEND
mi BACK DELTA PLAIN PRODELTA W I T H FAIR SOURCE ROCKS

DELTA PLAIN WITH VERY GOOD MARINE S H E L F

SOURCE ROCKS

DELTA F R O N T
After Thomron a t 01 1985. ond Moanior a t 01 19T5)

FIGURE6 - D E L T A I C MIOCENE SOURCE ROCKS - K U T E I BASIN

 ' .

GENERALIZED
M I o c E N E PAL E'OG EO G R A P HIC MAP
--
a 10 20 K m OF f
-
k .-..
SALAWATI B A S I N '
14 M o d i f i e d f r o m Gibson - Robinson 1986 1

S U G G E S T E D D E P O S I T I O N O F M A R I N E SOURCE
ROCK
SALAWATI BASIN c
c
c
FlGURE 6
112
z
0

n
c)

z m

0 0
n m
0
 113

P Y R O L Y S I S - G C O F C R U D E OIL A S P H A L T E N E S

L A C U S T R I N E OIL
T Y P E I KEROGEN

In I

MARINE OIL
T Y P E 11 KEROGEN

I0 = n C 10 ALK ENE /ALKANE

T = TOLUENE
X = m t p XYLENE
Pf = - -
P R l S T I ENE

T 8 X I
PHENOLS/ALKYLBENZENES
\ F L U V I O - DELTAIC O I L
T Y P E 1II KEROGEN

FIGURE 8
114

P Y R O L Y S I S - G C C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F CRUDE OIL ASPHALTENES

-
USING D I S T R I B U T I O N O F N O C T E N E m + p X Y L E N E A N D
PHENOL

N OCTENE
100 Y o
T Y P E III = KEROGEN T Y P E
*.M A R I N E
OILS
D e e p Lacustine Oils (SALAWAT1,SULAWESI)

Sunda Basin 1

Shallow Lacustine Oils

(W.Natuna /Sunda Basin)

-
Fluvio Deltaic Oils
[ N .W. Java ,East Java,
Kutei ,Tarakan ,

T Y P E 111

too O/O
100 ./a
M.P. XYLENE PHENOL

FIGURE 9
 115

L L -
0 w w k!

It II It ti II

o a
a >
j i -
0
116

F L U V l O - DELTAIC OILS - IDENTIFICATION O F RESIN DERIVED

C 3 0 CYCLIC A L K A N E S
30
C29

M / Z 191
TRITER PAN ES
R = C 3 0 C Y C L I C ALKANES
OL = l a d OLEANANE
C 3 0 = HOPANES
Ts,Tm= C 2 7 H O P A N E S

29
n M / Z 217
STERANES
29- STERANES

M/Z 163

B
M / Z 412
C 3 Q PARENT IQN

1 IR ,C30

FIGURE 11
 LACUSTRINE OIL
T Y P E I KEROGEN
'N 217.00 -C29 M/CBOMl CRUDE OIL T Y P E S O F INDONESIA
I
STERANES M I 2 217

LEGEND
C27 REGULAR STE'RANES
C 2 9 M / C 3 0 M - 4 - M E T H Y L STERANES
R :: C 30 R E S I N D E R I V E D C Y C L I C A L K A N E S .
-._ . . . . . -
-
-
. I-
-, C 2 7 I DIASTERANES
-
B 41 42 43 44 45 46 4? 48 49 50

MARINE OIL F L U V l O -DELTAIC OIL

TYPE I1 KEROGEN T Y P E 111 KEROGEN

rc
20 R
I

D -. .
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 '
.
3

FIGURE 12
118

LACUSTRINE OIL *IDENTIFICATION O F C 30 4-METHY L

S T E R A N E S FROM M / Z 217,231 AND 414 IONS
ION 217.00

METHYL
ERANES

I4oJ ! O N 414.00 Ill I

30-

ao-
 119

-
-I
0
v ) -
W I -

4
m
N

r-
N

W
z
a

r n d
w o
z
a -

m
J 0
0 m

N
w
-
H
I-
W t
-
0
t-
z
W
J t
0 w
a
 c
191.20 t
4
30 0

4 00-

K U T E l BASIN OIL COMPARISON O F TRITERPANES ( M / Z 191 1 IN

SOUTH SUMATRA ,TARAKAN AND K U T E I
BASIN FLUVIO DELTAIC SOURCED O I L S
-
388-

LEGEND
C29 = HOPANE
Tm/Ts : C 2 7 HOPANE
C3I R = C 3 0 R E S I N DERIVED C Y C L I C A L K A N E
OL : 18 OLEANANE
2 4 - 4 = C 2 4 TETRACYCLIC TERPANE

10 20 30 40

I O N 191.20 I I O N 191.20
C30
600- C 30

TARAKAN BASIN O I L SOUTH SUMATRA OIL

4 00 500-

400-
300-

200-
c29
,CJI
t IR
100- RllTn
0’ .
28
L 3e 48 50 -
60

FIGURE15
 121

COMPARISON O F S T E R A N E S ( M / Z 217) IN SOUTH S U M A T R A , T A R A K A N

AND KUTEI B A S I N F L U V I O - DELTAIC S O U R C E D OILS
R

M / Z 217 TARAKAN BASIN O I L

LEGEND
C 29 = STERANES
= DIASTERANES
C 2 9 .I
R = C 3 0 R E S I N DERIVED
CYCLIC A L K A N E S

bl/Z 217

S O U T H SUMATRA OIL

c29

ljh
bl/Z 217

K U T E I BASIN O I L

c29
m
c29

L
FIGURE 10
 C2850c20R
S T E R A N E C O M P O S I T I O N OF I N D O N E S I A N
CRUDE OIL T Y P E S

( AC?cr Huang and M e i n s c h l e r , 1979 1

Lacustrine / M a r i n e o i l s

luvlo Del taic oils

-

C2g5d20R

FIGURE 17