2024 - 2025
SUBMITTED BY: Athiyan
SUBMITTED TO: Mrs.Bhagya, lecturer(Physics)
I am Athiyan of Class 12th A2 on Marai malai Adigal
Higher secondary school Embalam Puducherry.I Would
Like to express my Sincere Gratitude to our Respected
Vice Principal Mrs. Chithra for Encouragement and help
from Time to Time during my Tenure as a Student of
Class 12th A2.
I also express my Sincere Gratitude towards My Physics
Teacher Mrs. Bhagya for helping me in completing
the Project by useful Ideas and Guidelines. I thank him
for encouraging me throughout and helping in all
possible ways.
I would also like to express my hearty gratitude to my
Friends for their support in completion of the project.
I also thank my parents for their vital support and also
for Encouragement and Motivation given to me for the
completion of the project.
Name: Athiyan
Class: XII-A2
This is to certify that Athiyan of class 12th A2 has Worked
on the Physics Project entitled “To investigate the
relation between the ratio of (i) Input and output
voltage, (ii)Number of turnings in the secondary coil
and primary coil of a self made transformer”. He has
put on his sincere efforts to collect the reading
materials and has devoted sufficient periods of Practical
laboratory work to complete this project. This project
may be considered as Practical fulfilment of All India
Senior School Certificate Exam (AISSCE) 2024-2025
conducted by CBSE.
Teachers’ signature Principal’s Signature
External Examiner’s Signature
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2.Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer
Aim
Introduction
Types Of Transformers
Theory And Mathematical Derivations
Simple Circuit Diagram
Circuit Diagrams Of Step-up and Step-Down Transformers
Apparatus Required to make our Own Transformer
Uses of Transformers
Bibliography
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The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing strength
of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it
weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.
A transformer which increases the
voltages.
A transformer which decreases
the A.C. voltages.
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current
in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In
a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt__________________ (1)
and
Es = -Ns dф/dt__________________ (2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np__________________ (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given
by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E
o output e.m.f / input e.m.f
o Ns / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn on transformation ratio.
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In a step-down transformer, There are many turns on the
secondary winding than in the primary winding in the step-up
transformers. Thus, the voltage supplied in the secondary
transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding. Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the
transformer converts low voltage, high-current to high voltage-
low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.
You can find step-up transformers located near power plants
that are designed to operate megawatts of power. Apart from the
power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for local
and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires
about 50,000 volts to work. Even a micro-wave oven requires a
small step-up transformer to operate.
In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are
fewer than the primary windings. In other words, the
transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary
voltage. So, the transformer is designed to convert high-voltage,
low-current power into a low-voltage, high current power and it
is mainly used in domestic consumption.
A common case of step-down application is in the case of door
bells. Normally, door bells use 16 volts, but most household power
circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-down
transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower
voltage before supplying it to the doorbell.
Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts
electricity to the 110 volts required in most domestic equipment.
Iron Rod
Copper Wire
Hot Wire Ammeter
Hot Wire Voltmeter
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.
In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON advertisement.
Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.
Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long
distances:
Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc.
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.org
Physics NCERT
Pradeep’s Physics
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