C
SS
WINDS, CLIMATE, OCEAN CURRENTS
R
A
RM
PA
Pressure difference causes wind because
-
Warm air Rises > -> Low pressure
->
Cold air -> Sink -> High pressure
-
Wind: High pressure -> Low pressure
C
SS
High pressure
⑰14
Polar cell Low pressure
LP
cr
Ferrel cell
HP
Warm air rises
are
R NP
-
Polar Easterlies
A
Cold air sinks down
↓1
↓ ↓ ↓ Forces: Coriolis Force
!
Westerlies
- Tropic of ↓a
x14
Due to rotation
RM
44HP North East
E↓
5
Cancer HP HP
↓ ↓ ->Easterlies
!
LP LP LP NH Right
0 -
↑HP ↑ HP ↑ HP SH Left
I
->
South East
Tropic of
Easterlies
Capricorn
Westerlies
4 Wind name: Due to
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* ry4
--
-
↑ direction of origin
Tropical Easterlies SP
Hadley cell Meeting point of these two zones
is known as ITCZ Zone (Inter
(NE + SE)
Doldrum I Tropical Convergence Zone)
Here: v Zone is seen ↓
here Shifts upward to Tropic of Cancer in
- Coriolis force is zero
Winds relatively calm summer and shifts to Tropic of
Capricorn during winter
Subpolar high
Subpolar low
Subtropical high Trade winds: Permanent winds
Equatorial low ↓ ↓
Easterlies Westerlies
(East direction) (West direction)
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↓ ↓
Tropical Polar
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Horse latitude: seen in 30 N/30 S
-
-
when at higher latitude, wind rotates a
Coriolis force -> Max at poles
↓ -> lot and blows parallel to isobar
Zero at equator
R
Ferrel cell
Tropopause in Arctic zone
o
A
Tropopause in
temperate zone
RM
Horse latitude
PA
↑
Geostrophic winds: winds that blow parallel to isobars
-
-
Isobars: line connecting the points having same pressure
- -
Blowing only in local area
-
C
Cold winds Europe winds:
I
1. Bora
-
cold winds
~
2. Mistral
SS
Foehn winds: warm
-
winds
wind
~ Blows in
0-
Alps T
> - In India: Loo
18
-
o
-
↑ -Crosses Mediterranean Sea
North America winds:
I
1. Chinook
R ⑳O ⑫
Warm wind in
Australia
! I
Warm winds
2. Santa ana
A
-
①
RM
Also known as Snow eater
- It is a katabatic wind In Africa all the winds are warm/hot:
I
-
Cold wind that blows in 1. Sirocco: Starts from Sahara
South America Desert, causes blood rain
Snow melts it
-
Local winds 2. Khamsin: it blows in Egypt
3. Harmattan: also known as Doctor
............
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Warm winds Cold winds wind because of Guinea Coast.
PA
Wind This wind provides health
benefits to local people
Anabatic wind Katabatic wind
Sea Breeze Wind blows from sea
- to land
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Or
Land 0
Sea
n
-333)
SS
Low pressure = Heats up slowly
Heats up quickly
- Water ↓
High pressure
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Land Breeze
A
ble -
-Low pressure
High pressure = -
RM
Land: heats up and cools down quickly
. Water: heats up and cool down slowly
Centre where wind meet is called
Cyclones HP Eye of Cyclone
I
PA
- -
-
In NH, the wind will rotate
↑
At Equator, the Coriolis force anticlockwise
is zero -> No cyclone N
=
HP HP
LP
-> no clouds, calm
area, no rainfall
HP
Conditions favourable:
-
1. Large Sea Surface temperature
2. Coriolis force
3. Small variation in vertical wind speed
4. Pre-existing weak LP area
C
-
During cyclone, Cumulonimbus clouds are formed->Causes heavy rain and
thunderstorms
SS
Cyclone at High Latitudes are caused due to Frontogenesis
↓
Fronts
↓
Two different air masses are
formed/meet
R ↓
Causes Extratropical/Temperate Cyclone
A
/
Difference in Tropical and Temperate cyclone
RM
Tropical
-
Temperate
-
-
Only in Sea In land/sea
&
More destructible -
Less destructible
PA
I Not frequent -
More frequent
/ Flows East to West Flows from West to East
Anticyclone: forms around high pressure
-
LP
Cyclone Anticlockwise
LP
i HP LP
C
LP
- -
Clockwise direction
NH -> Anticlockwise Clockwise
SS
SH -> Clockwise Anticlockwise
Different names of cyclones:
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1. Atlantic Ocean: Hurricane
2. Australia: Willy-Willy
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3. Western Pacific/South China Sea: Typhoon
A
4. Indian Ocean: Cyclone
RM
Koeppen Climatic Classification
S Weather: short term
Mediterranean Sea: Cs
- Climate: long term -> Roughly 30 years data is taken
Koeppen in #
1918
1884 -> Empirical Climatic Classification
PA
↓
-
Used capital and small letters used
/
Climatic groups represented with
different codes On temperature basis
A B C D E H
-
↑I 5 major climatic groups
On precipitation basis
Steppe Koeppen’s Classification
w: winter dry
-
↑ A: Tropical
S
I
B: Dry Climate s: summer dry
↓
W C: Warm Temperate m: monsoon
↓
C
Desert D: Cold Snow Forest f: full baarish
E: Polar type (cold)
SS
Tundra type of climate due to extreme conditions
But
cold polar/tundra
-R cold snow
My
A
forest
RM
⑧ f
-
Tropics
K
Monsoon
PA
A
Winter dry
Ocean Currents
- -
Moves due to:
-
↑
Tides
↑
Waves
-
Tsunami new found land
60
C
⑧
SS
Humboldt =O
current
TRICK
R
A
B P company G O L F W C California
↓ ↓
Benguela
↓
Peru
xd↓↓4 1
RM
Greenland Oyashio Labrador Falkland West Canary California
Australian
a
I Drift ↑
Cold Ocean Current
Reasons of origination: Cold air: water holding capacity less
PA
-
-
1. Heating by Sun -
Warm air: water holding capacity high
2. Wind
3. Density different
4. Coriolis force Types of Ocean Currents
5. Coastline of continents
Surface: 10% Deep Sea: 90%
Effects:
-
1. Warm ocean current + cold ocean current -> Best fishing zones
↓
Creates foggy conditions: worset for Harbouring
2. Cold ocean current: creates desert
↓
C
Max. desert seen on Western side of the continent
SS
North America
o ⑧
R
O OhNamib o
⑪
Great Australian Desert
A
World’s driest desert Desert Gibson Desert
RM
-
Grasslands: areas where there is not much precipitation (Rainfall)
nor rainfall
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