--- tenses: Present simple

- we use it to talk about things in general

- happens all the time
- happens repeatedly
- is true in general
- when the verb ends with: o, s, ch, sh, x
in the third person singular we add [es]
- form: subject + bare infinive ([bare infinive + es] for third person singular)
- do not/does not + V
- He gets up ... . => He does not get up ... .
=> He does get up ... .
=> Does he get up ... ?
=> When does he get up ... ?
- time markers: always, often, usually, sometimes, rarely, never, everyday ...
I [usually] ... , I am [always] ...

--- tenses: Past simple

- we use it to talk about finished actions or to express feeling
- all persons have the same form
- we add [ed] to the infinitive for the regular verbs
- when the verb ends with [cons + y] we remove the [y] and add [ied]
- cons + y => cons + ied
- cry => cried
- try => tried
- when the verb ends with [vowel + cons] we [double] the [cons] and add [ed]
- vowel + cons => vowel + double cons + ed
- stop => stopped
- regret => regretted
- some irregular verbs
- be => was/were
- eat => ate
- drink => drank
- grow => grew
- drive => drove
- we use the verb did/didn't with the verb to have
- we don't use the verb did/didn't with the verb to be

--- tenses: future simple

- to express simple future
- we use will
- we use [be going to]
- we use will to talk generally about: [future belieaves, opinions, hopes and
predictions]
- we use shall only with [I] and [We] to express suggestions only
- time markers: tomorrow, in a day, next month, ...
- probability markers: perhaps, probably, definitely, ...
- exemples: Perhaps it will snow tomorrow
I'll definitely finish my essay next month
we will probably do it tomorrow
we probably won't do it tomorrow
[subject + will + probability marker + verb + time marker]

--- tenses: present continuous

- we use it when the action is happening at the [time of speaking] or [around
now]
- with verbs that end with [e], we remove [e] and add [ing]
like => liking write => writing
- with verbs that end with [vowel + cons], we double the [cons] and add [ing]
sit => sitting swim => swimming
- with verbs that end with [ie], remove the [ie] and add [ying]
lie => lying die => dying
- use present continuous to talk about changing situations
wrong: the population of the world increases very fast
right: the population of the world is increasing very fast
right: the economic situation is already bad but it is getting worse

--- tenses: past continuous

- we use it when we describe a situation or many happening at the same time in
the past
- it's often contrasted with a sudden event
I was doing .... when I [past simple]
- form: [to be] in simple past + [verb + ing]
- when and while are replacing [during that time] and they are often followed by
a verb in the [past continuous]
- for non-continuous verbs we use past simple instead
wrong: Kim was wanting to go home
right: Kim wanted to go home

--- tenses: future continuous

- we use it to say that we will be at the middle of doing something at a certain
time
- mostly it's used to compare what we are doing now, to what we will be doing in
the future
- form: [will] + [be] + [Ving]
- we can use it with time markers like: at 5 o'clock, at that time tomorrow, this
evening, in 5 years' time ...
- we can use it to say that something will definitely happen

--- the present participle - ing

- mostly we use it with all continuous verb forms
- auxiliary present participle
I was playing computer games
- form
- when verb ends with e, remove e and add ing.
ex: like => liking, write => writing
- when verb ends with vowel + cons => double cons + ing
ex: sit => sitting, swim => swimming
- when verb ends with ie => replace ie with y + ing
ex: lie => lying, die: dying
- it can be used after verbs of movement, action and position
- she went shopping
- it can be used after vebs of perception in the pattern V + object + present
participle
to indicate the action being perceived
- ex: we saw him moving the lawn, Liz heard someone singing
- it can be used after verbs of movement, action and position to indicate
parallel activity
- ex: he sat looking at the pedestrians
- it can be used as an adjective
 - ex: an amazing movie, a burning barn
- it can be used to explain cause or reason
- ex: feeling hungry, I made myself a sandwitch
- ex: knowing that ...., ....

--- gerund - ing

- the gerund looks like present participle, but it's used as a noun
ex: cooking at home can help you save money
- same form of present participle are applied to gerund too
- form
- when verb ends with e, remove e and add ing.
ex: like => liking, write => writing
- when verb ends with vowel + cons => double cons + ing
ex: sit => sitting, swim => swimming
- when verb ends with ie => replace ie with y + ing
ex: lie => lying, die: dying
- adding [not] to form negative
- it can function as a subject of the sentence
ex: [Smoking] causes lung cancer
- it can function as a complement of the verb to be
ex: the hardest thing about [learning] runssian is [memorizing] the verbs
- it can be used after prepositions
ex: there is no point [in] going back ...
- it can be used after phrasal verb
ex: I [ended] [up] buying a new computer

--- past participle

- it refers to the form of the verb which is used in forming perfect and passive
tenses
- sometimes it is used as an adjective
- form:
- regular verbs: add ed
ex: paint => painted
- no form for irregular verbs
- past participle can be used in perfect tenses
ex: I've eaten too much. James had already left when Pam arrived. we will have
landed by that hour.
- passive voice
ex: he was driven by ... the dress was made
- can be used as an adjective
ex: he has a broken arm. Her purse was stolen.
- exemples
know => known, tell => told, begin => begun, wake => woken
arrive => arrived, strike => struck, send => sent, give => given
write => written, do => done, set => set, put => put

--- tense: present perfect

- it is used to describe past events that are connected to the present
- form: have/has + past participle of the verb
ex: I have already seen that movie
have I seen that movie ?
- it can be used to describe experiences in our life up to now
ex: I've been to Spain and Portugal
I haven't been there yet
- it can be used to describe a past event that still has effect on the present
Ex: He has broken his foot. his foot is still in a cast
- it can be used to describe a situation that started in the past and continues
until the present
ex: I've lived here for 20 years.
- it can be used to describe a past event that has result in the present
ex: Peter has read 60 pages of this book so far. there are 100 pages left.

--- tenses: past perfect

- we use it to show clearly that one past event happened before another past
event
- we use it in the earlier events
when I arrived at the party nobody was there, they [had gone] home.
- form: had + past participle of the verb
ex: Kate had gone. She hadn't gone. had She gone ? She'd gone to bed
- the past perfect (I had done) is the past of the present perfect (I have done)
- we can use it with phrases like: think, know, be sure, realize, remember,
suspect, understand ...
ex: I was sure I hadn't ... when I got home I realized I had ...
- better use it in case of "before" and "after"

--- tenses: future perfect

- we use it to look back from one point in the future to an earlier event.
ex: by next week I will have written 20 pages ...
- from: will + have + past participle of the verb
ex: John will have arrived here by ...
- we can use it with: by + time expression
ex: ..... by Friday
- we can use it with time markers such as: when, as soon as, before, by the
time...
- the future perfect is used for actions that will by completed by a particular
time
if the time is not mentioned use the future simple instead

--- tenses: present perfect continuous

- we use it to talk about a long action started from the past and has recently or
just stopped
- form: have/has + been + verb-ing
ex: it has been snowing all night
- common time markers: all day, all morning, for day, for ages, lately, recently,
since...
- don't use non-continuous verbs, use present perfect instead

--- tenses: past perfect continuous

- we use it to talk about a long action started in the past and continues up
until another time in the past
ex: sammy had been playing with his food when his mom walked into the kitchen
- form: had + been + verb-ing
- common time markers: all day, all morning, for day, for ages, when...
- don't use non-continuous verbs, use past perfect instead

--- tenses: future perfect continuous

- we use it to talk about a long action started in the past|present|future and
expected to continue in the future
 ex: when peter turns 40, he will have been painting for 35 years.
- form: will + have + been + verb-ing
- we use future perfect continue with: [by] + time expression
ex: by 2025 he will have been living in london for 11 years.
- common time markers: when, as soon as, before, by the time...
- don't use non-continuous verbs, use future perfect instead

--- verb conjugation

- to be in present simple:
- I am => I'm - We are => We're
- You are => You're - You are => You're
- He/She/It is => (He/She/it)'s - They are => They're
- to be in past simple
- I was - We were
- You where - You were
- He/She/It was - They were
- when the subject is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected
by the conjugation [and], we use a plural verb
- Brothers and sisters [don't] often get along.
- the following words are singular and must be followed by a singular verb
each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anyone,
anybody, nobody, somebody, someone, no one
- when a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural
noun or pronoun joined by [or] or [nor], the verb should agree
with the part of the verb that is closer (the rule of proximity)
- example: The teacher or the students write homework on the board
The students or the teacher writes homework on the board
- the inverted subject: when the sentence is beginning with [there is] or [there
are]
the subject follows the verb ([is] or [are])
- when using portion words (a lot, a majority, some, all) the verb should be
conjugated to the noun after "of".
- example: there [is] a lot of [fuss] arround his arrival
there [are] a lot of [people] in the room
- collective nouns are words that refer to more than one person, but are
considered singular
- example: My family is big, group, committee, class, team ...
- non-continuous verbs: love, hate, know, want... aren't used in any continuous
tenses