What is

LO GIC
By Group: 01

UOG-BBA-5th-B
 081 M. ABDULLAH (LEADER)

GROUP 01 067 ALI RAZA

What is logic? Types, practical

114 AHMAD HASHMI

application, Philosophers and

importance. 87 SAMIA FIAZ

117 DUA FATIMA

introducing
LOGIC
Logic is the study of methods and
principles used to distinguish
between correct from incorrect
reasoning.
It helps to avoid mistake in our own
reasoning.
Ex:
-All squares are rectangles.
-All dogs have good sense of smell.
 introducing
Logic is the study of reasoning
and argumentation.

Logic is used in various fields,

including mathematics,
philosophy, and computer
science, to evaluate the validity
of arguments and to develop
clear, structured thought
processes.
 TYPES
There are several types of logic, with each
with its own Unique properties.

1. Formal logic
2. Informal logic
3. Symbolic logic
4. propositional logic
5. predctive logic
Formal Informal Symbolic
LOGIC
Definition: Deals with the
LOGIC LOGIC
structure and validity of
arguments using symbols and
rules. Definition: Focuses on the Definition: Uses symbols to
Example: If P implies Q, and P is evaluation of everyday represent logical statements
true, then Q is true. arguments and reasoning. and relationships.
"P implies Q" is a logical Example: Identifying lies in Example: Using symbols like "∧"
statement that means if political debates or (and), "∨" (or), and "→" (implies)
statement P is true, then advertisements. to represent logical
statement Q must also be true. Real-life example: A consumer propositions.
It's often represented by the uses informal logic to evaluate Real-life example: Computer
symbol "→". the claims made in a product scientists use symbolic logic to
Real-life example: In a commercial, determining if the design algorithms and create
courtroom, a lawyer uses formal arguments are logical and artificial intelligence systems.
logic to make a persuasive supported by evidence.
argument, to ensure that the
evidence and reasoning are
sound and consistent.
 Logic Types
Predictive LOGIC
PROPOSITIONAL Definition: Deals with the
logical relationships between
individuals and properties.
Definition: Deals with the logical relationships using old data to perdict future
outcomes.
between propositions.
Example: "All dogs are
Example: "If it rains, then the ground gets wet."
mammals."
Real-life example: A weather forecaster uses Real-life example: A biologist
propositional logic to predict the weather uses predicate logic to classify
based on various factors. organisms based on their
characteristics.
 Practical
APPLICATIONS
In essence, logic is an essential skill that helps us make
informed decisions, solve problems effectively, and
communicate effectively. It is a fundamental tool that we use
every day, often without even realizing it.
Illustration

Descion Making: Problem Solving:

• Choosing a Restaurant: If you prefer Italian food • Lost Keys: If you lose your keys and remember
and know there's an Italian restaurant nearby, the last place you saw them, you can logically
you might logically choose to eat there. search for them in that location.

• Career Path: You might decide to pursue a • Troubleshooting a Device: When a device
career in engineering because you enjoy math malfunctions, you might follow a logical
and science, using logical reasoning to connect troubleshooting guide, checking each potential
your interests to potential job paths. issue one by one.
 Practical
Critical Thinking:

• Evaluating Arguments: When someone presents

APPLICATIONS
an argument, you can use logic to assess whether
their reasoning is sound or if there are any
fallacies.

• Analysing Information: When reading news

articles or watching documentaries, you c on an
use logic to determine if the information
presented is credible and well-supported. Games and Puzzles:
• Chess: Chess strategy involves careful logical
Communication: planning and anticipating your opponent's
moves.
• Persuasion: When trying to convince someone of • Sudoku: Solving Sudoku puzzles requires logical
your point of view, you might use logical deduction and reasoning to place numbers
arguments to support your claims. correctly.

• Understanding Others: By understanding the

logic behind someone else's perspective, you can
better communicate and find common ground.
Importance of logic
• Logic plays a fundamental role in various aspects of life,
especially in critical thinking, decision-making, and problem-
solving.
• Here’s why logic is important:
• Foundation of Rational Thinking :
Logic provides the framework for reasoning. It helps people draw valid
conclusions from premises and avoid fallacies or errors in judgment.
• Problem Solving:
By applying logical principles, individuals can
break down complex problems into smaller, manageable parts
and analyze them systematically to find solutions.
• Effective Communication:
Logical thinking enables people to construct coherent arguments, making
their ideas clear and understandable, whether in writing or speech.
• Decision Making:
Logic helps evaluate the pros and cons of different choices, leading to more
informed and sound decisions, both in personal life and professional contexts.
Key aspects of logic:

• Key aspects of logic include:

• Propositions:
Statements that can be either true or false .
e.g: The sky is blue. True.
2 + 2 =5. False
• Arguments:
Sets of propositions, where some propositions (premises) support the truth of another
proposition (conclusion).
e.g: Premise 1: All fruits have seeds.
Premise 2: An apple is a fruit.
3. Conclusion: Therefore, an apple has seeds.
• Inference:
The process of deriving conclusions from premises.
e.g: Premise 1: All birds have feathers.
Premise 2: A penguin is a bird.
From these premises, we can infer:
Conclusion: Therefore, a penguin has feathers.
• Validity:
An argument is valid if its conclusion logically follows from its premises.
e.g: Premise 1: All cats are animals.
Premise 2: My pet is a cat.
3. Conclusion: Therefore, my pet is an animal.
• Soundness:
An argument is sound if it is valid and its premises are true. E
e.g: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. (True)
2. Premise : Socrates is a human. (True)
3. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (True)
Scope of logic as art as well as science
Dua Fatima
Roll No.22020920-117
Logic as science
• 1. Mathematics: Logic helps us prove mathematical
statements true or false. Like solving a puzzle!
• Example: “If it’s raining, the streets will be wet.” (True or
False?)
2. Computer Science: Logic is used to write computer
programs and apps. Like building with blocks!
Example: “If you click this button, the program will do that.”
Continue :-
• 3. Data Analysis: Logic helps us make sense of data and find
answers. Like solving a mystery!
• Example: “What’s the average age of people who bought this
product?”
• 4. Artificial Intelligence: Logic enables computers to think
and learn. Like a robot!
• Example: “If it’s sunny, the computer will suggest a picnic.”
Logic as art
• Creative Problem-Solving: Logic inspires innovative
solutions. Like thinking outside the box!
• Example: "How can we reduce waste in our community?“
• Argumentation Theory: Logic evaluates arguments and
helps us make informed decisions. Like weighing pros and
cons!
• Example: “Should we invest in renewable energy?”
Continue:-
• Communication: Logic ensures clear and effective
communication. Like writing a clear message!
• Example: "What's the main point of this article?“
• Interdisciplinary Examples:
• 1. *Philosophy of Science*: Logic examines scientific
theories and methods. Like questioning assumptions!
• Example: “Is this scientific theory reliable?”
Continue:-
• Logic in Law: Logic applies to legal reasoning and
argumentation. Like building a case!
• Example: “Is this evidence relevant to the trial?”
• Logic in Medicine*: Logic guides medical decision-making.
Like diagnosing a patient!
• Example: “What’s the most likely cause of this symptom?”
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