BASIC TIMBER AND STEEL DESIGN

ECS445

Topic 1: Structural Steel Design

1.1 Introduction to Steel Design
COURSE OUTCOME

CO1 : Design the basic structural components of steel

and timber using relevant codes of practice.

CO2 : Evaluate structural components of steel and timber for

safety adequacy using relevant codes of practice.

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PROGRAMME OUTCOME

PO3 : Design solution for complex engineering problems and design

systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with
appropriate consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal,
and environmental consideration (WK5 – Engineering Design).

PO5 : Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and

modern engineering and IT tools, including prediction and modeling, to
complex engineering problems, with an understanding of the limitations
(WK6 – Engineering Practice).

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LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

• Explain the concept of structural design.
• Identify the relevant code of practice to design steel structures.
• Understand basic concepts of structural steel element.
• Understand the steel design theory.
• Identify actions and load factors

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01 INTRODUCTION TO
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
04 STEEL DESIGN
THEORY

02
INTRODUCTION TO
RELEVANT CODE OF
PRACTICE
05 ACTIONS AND LOAD FACTORS

03
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
STRUCTURAL STEEL
ELEMENT

PRESENTATION OUTLINES
01 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• A process of material selection and determination of elements sizes
of the structure to be built.
• In consideration of the loadings subjected to the structure.

Idealisation of the Analysis to determine Production of detail

structure into frames Estimation of loads. the moments and Design of elements. drawings and bar
and elements. forces. schedules.

Design Processes
 The reaction from one element is a load on the next
and that the sequence of load transfer between
elements occurs in the order: ceiling/floor loads to
beams to columns to foundations to ground.

The designer must make an assessment of the future

likely level of loading, including self-weight, to which
the structure may be subject during its design life.

The design loads are used to calculate the bending

moments, shear forces and deflections at critical
points along the elements.

Load transfer between elements of a structure Finally, suitable dimensions for the element can be
determined.
 FUNCTION AND AESTHETIC
The arrangement of space, span, ceiling height, access ability and traffic flow must complement
the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be aesthetically pleasing.

SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

A structure must be strong enough to support all loadings safely.

ECONOMY AND COST EFFECTIVE

The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the client’s budget. The designer should take into
account not only the cost of materials, but also the buildability, construction time, cost of temporary
structures required and cost of maintenance.

MAINTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY Design

A structure should be designed to require minimum maintenance and be able to be maintained
with ease.
Consideration
Design Working Life
02 INTRODUCTION TO RELEVANT CODE OF PRACTICE
• Document that provides
recommendations for the design and
construction of structures.
• It contains detailed requirements
regarding loads, stresses, strengths,
design formulae and methods on
achieving the required performance of
completed structures.
03 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENT
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTION

GLASS STEEL BRICK

REINFORCED TIMBER METAL

CONCRETE
A.D.A.B: Create-B5
Introduction
• Steel became an important construction material since 19th century.

• Hot-rolled steel sections are commonly use as structural steel section for
the construction of steel buildings and connected together using rivets,
bolting and welding.

• Steel is a metal, which consists of an alloy of iron, carbon plus other

elements such as magnesium, manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
aluminum and others. The % of these elements control the properties
of steel such as tensile and ultimate strength.
 MELTING PROCESS
Materials are charged in a blast furnace
where hot air is pumped to melt iron and
fluxes at 1600°C.

RAW
MATERIALS

Iron ore,
limestone,
dolomite and
coal

REFINING
Into the ingots where
where further casting processes takes
reduction of place
impurities is
done in basic
oxygen furnace
(BOF) and scrap
into Electric arc
furnace (EAF)
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
ELEMENTS OF STEEL STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION
STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTION
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
 One of the most important physical properties of steel
is the stress-strain relationship
 This relationship is obtained by testing a steel coupon
using the UTM (Universal Testing Machine) in the
laboratory following the BS standard
 The tensile properties can be measured using coupon
shaped test pieces of circular or rectangular cross-
section where the loads are applied through threaded
or shouldered end
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Cross-section area: A

Elongation: ∆

Gage Length L

Standard test piece geometry steel coupon

 Stress is defined as the axial force divided by the initial

cross-area and strain is defined as the elongation
divided by initial gage length
 PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Stress
Ultimate U
s
stress
Strain
Hardening
Ys
Yield Stress Yield
Plateau
E (Young’s Modulus)

Strain
εy εst εu
Yield Strain-hardening
strain strain
Ultimate strain

 The Yield Stress (Ys) is defined as the stress beyond which the tension
coupon will have a permanent elongation when the load is removed
 For engineering purposes, the Yield Stress can also be considered as the
stress beyond which the stress is no longer proportional to strain
PROPERTIES OF STEEL

 It can be seen from the above figure that immediately

beyond yield stress, the strain can increase while the stress
remains constant. This region of constant stress is called
the “yield plateau”.

 In elastic region, the stress is proportional to strain. The

slope of the stress-strain relationship in the elastic region is
known as the Young Modulus (E).
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
 The Young’s Modulus, E, Shear Modulus G, and
Poisson ratio v are given :

• E = 210 000 N/mm2

• G = E/[2(1+v)] = 81000 N/mm2
• v = 0.3
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
Common Steel Sections
 There are two common structural steel grades used in the
construction of steel building as listed below:
 Grade S275 (or equivalently Grade 43) called Mild steel
 Grade S355 (or equivalently Grade 50) called High strength steel

High strength steel (HS)

Us, HS

Ys, HS Mild steel

Us, MS (MS)

Ys, MS

Comparison stress-strain
between
S275 and S355
ε
εy, HS εy, MS εu, HS εu, MS
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
 From this graph, it is noted that:

 Yield stress of the high strength steel (Ys,HS) is higher than

that of the mild steel (Ys,MS).
 Young’s modulus E is unchanged for the mild and the
high strength steel.
 The yield plateau is larger in mild steel than high
strength steel.
 The ratio of Us/Ys decrease in high strength steel
compare to mild.
 The ratio of εu/εy decrease in high strength steel than
mild steel.
04 STEEL DESIGN THEORY
05 ACTIONS AND LOAD FACTORS
THANK YOU