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Instruamp 1

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60 views6 pages

Instruamp 1

Uploaded by

p29180373
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER

Objective

The objective of this experiment is to perform transient and AC analysis of an instrumentation amplifier in Cadence
and evaluate its Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR).

Introduction

An instrumentation amplifier is a high-gain, differential amplifier with high input impedance, commonly used for
precise low-level signal amplification. It is widely utilized in sensor applications and bio-potential measurements due
to its ability to reject common-mode signals.

The key performance metrics of instrumentation amplifiers include:

 Gain: The ratio of the output signal to the differential input signal.

 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): The ability of the amplifier to reject common-mode signals,
calculated as the ratio of the differential gain to the common-mode gain, typically expressed in decibels
(dB).

 Bandwidth: Frequency range where the amplifier operates effectively.

In this experiment, the transient and AC analysis of an instrumentation amplifier is performed using Cadence
Virtuoso, and the CMRR is computed.

Procedure

1. Designing the Instrumentation Amplifier

 The instrumentation amplifier is built using three OPAMPs:

o Two amplifiers are configured in the first stage for differential signal amplification.

o The third OPAMP is used in the second stage to subtract the signals and amplify the differential
signal further.

 Resistors are selected to set the gain of the amplifier as per the design equation:

where:

o R1 = input resistors.

o Rg = gain resistor.

2. Transient Analysis

 A differential input signal is applied across the inputs of the instrumentation amplifier.

 The simulation is run in transient analysis mode to observe the time-domain behaviour of the amplifier.

 Output voltage is plotted to observe amplification and any distortion or delay introduced by the amplifier.

3. AC Analysis

 An AC signal is applied to the inputs to study the frequency response of the amplifier.

 The AC analysis is performed to observe the magnitude and phase response of the amplifier over a range
of frequencies.

4. CMRR Calculation
 To calculate CMRR, two simulations are run:
o Differential-mode analysis: Differential signals are applied to both inputs, and the differential gain
is measured.

o Common-mode analysis: A common signal is applied to both inputs, and the common-mode gain
is measured.

 The CMRR is calculated using the following formula:

where:

Adiff is the differential gain.

Acm is the common-mode gain.

Circuit

Results

1. Transient Analysis

 The transient response shows the amplifier's ability to amplify the input differential signal.

 No significant phase shift or distortion is observed, indicating good transient performance.

2. AC Analysis

 The AC analysis shows that the instrumentation amplifier exhibits a flat gain response in the
desired frequency range with a bandwidth of approximately

3. CMRR

 Differential gain: The differential gain was measured as

 Common-mode gain: The common-mode gain was measured as

 CMRR Calculation:
CMRR was calculated to be dB, indicating the amplifier's high rejection of common-mode signals, which
is critical for noise rejection in sensor applications.
Graph

Transient Analysis

1).Common Mode

2).Differential Mode
AC Analysis

Discussion

 The transient analysis confirmed that the amplifier can accurately amplify low-level differential
signals without introducing significant distortion.

 The AC analysis provided insights into the bandwidth and frequency stability of the amplifier, indicating
its suitability for applications requiring a wide range of operating frequencies.

 The calculated CMRR shows that the instrumentation amplifier effectively rejects common-mode noise,
an essential characteristic in real-world sensor applications where noise immunity is critical.

Conclusion

In this lab, we successfully designed and simulated an instrumentation amplifier using Cadence. Through transient
and AC analysis, we verified the amplifier's performance and calculated the CMRR. The amplifier exhibited excellent
signal amplification and noise rejection, making it ideal for precision applications.

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