Module 1

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1. Introduction
2. History of Artificial Intelligence
3. Evolution
4. Capabilities and Technologies
5. Intelligent Systems: Categorization of Intelligent System
6. Components of AI Program
7. Foundations of AI
8. Sub-areas of AI
9. Applications of AI
10.Current trends in AI.

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Artificial Intelligence:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent

machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions."

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two

words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-made," and
intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking
power."

In simple words, Artificial Intelligent system works like a Human Brain,

where a machine or software shows intelligence while performing given tasks:
such systems are called intelligent systems or expert systems.

You can say that these systems can “think” while generating output.

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Foundations of AI:

Artificial intelligence is the study of how to make machines do things

which at the moment human do better.

Historically, all four approaches have been followed by different group of

people with different methods.

 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

 Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach
 Thinking Rationally: The “Laws of Thought” Approach
 Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach

1. Acting Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

To judge whether the system can act like a human, Sir Alan Turing had
designed a test known as Turing test.

As shown in above figure, in Turing test, a computer needs to interact

with a human interrogator by answering his questions in written format.

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 Computer passes the test if a human interrogator, cannot identify whether
the written responses are from a person or a computer.

Turing test is valid even after 60 years of research.

For this test, the computer would need to possess the following capabilities:

 Natural Language Processing (NLP):

This unit enables computer to interpret the English language and

communicate successfully.

 Knowledge Representation:

This unit is used to store knowledge gathered by the system

through input devices.

 Automated Reasoning:

This unit enables to analyze the knowledge stored in the system

and makes new inferences to answer questions.

 Machine Learning:

This unit learns new knowledge by taking current input from the
environment and adapts to new circumstances, thereby enhancing the
knowledge base of the system.

2. Thinking Humanly: The Cognitive Modelling Approach:

Cognitive Science:

Cognitive science is the study of how the mind works, functions,

and behaves.

o As a scientific field of study, cognitive science requires applying

multiple existing disciplines such as philosophy, neuroscience, or

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 artificial intelligence in order to understand how the brain makes a
decision or performs a task.

In order to make machines think like human, we need to first

understand how human think.

Research showed that there are three ways using which human’s
thinking pattern can be caught.

 Introspection through which human can catch their own thoughts as they
go by.
 Psychological experiments can be carried out by observing a person in
action.
 Brain imaging can be done by observing the brain in action.

By catching the human thinking pattern, it can be implemented in

computer system as a program and if the program’s input output matches
with that of human, then it can be claimed that the system can operate
like humans.

3. Thinking Rationally: The “Laws of Thought” Approach:

 The laws of thought are supposed to implement the operation of the mind
and their study initiated the field called logic.
 It provides precise notations to express facts of the real world.

4. Acting Rationally: The Rational Agent Approach:

 A rational agent is the one that does “right” things and acts rationally so
as to achieve the best outcome even when there is uncertainty in
knowledge.
 As compared to other approaches this is the more general approach as,
rationality can be achieved by selecting the correct inference from the
several available.

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 History of Artificial Intelligence

 The term Artificial Intelligence (AI) was introduced by John McCarthy,

in 1955.
 He defined artificial intelligence as “The science and engineering of
making intelligent machines”.
 Mathematician Alan Turing and others presented a study based on logic
driven computational theories which showed that any computer program
can work by simply shuffling “0” and “1”.
 This inspired a group of researchers to think about the possibility of
creating an electronic brain.
 In the year 1956, a conference was conducted at the campus of
Dartmouth college where the field of artificial intelligence research was
founded.
 This conference was attended by John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen
Newell and Herbert Simon who are supposed to be the pioneers of
artificial intelligence research for a very long time.
 During that time period, Artificial Intelligence Systems were developed
by these researchers and their students.

Examples of Artificial Intelligent systems:

1. Game-Checkers: Computer played as an opponent.

2. Education-Algebra: For solving word problems.
3. Education-Math: Proving logical theorems.
4. Education-Language: Speaking English etc.

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 Applications of Artificial Intelligence

1. Education:

Training simulators can be built using artificial intelligence

techniques. Software for pre-school children is developed to enable
learning with fun games. Automated grading, Interactive tutoring,
instructional theory are the current areas of application.

2. Entertainment:

Many movies, games, robots are designed to play as a character. In

games they can play as an opponent when human player is not available
or not desirable.

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3. Medical:

AI has applications in the field of Cardiology (CRG), Neurology

(MRI), Embryology (Sonography), complex operations of internal organs
etc. it can be also used in organizing bed schedules, managing staff
rotations, store and retrieve information of patient. Many expert systems
are enabled to predict the disease and can provide with medical
prescriptions.

4. AI in Agriculture:

Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labour,

money, and time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming
digital, and AI is emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as
agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in
agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

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5. AI in travel and transport:

AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from

making travel arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best
routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots
which can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.

Current trends in AI

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Artificial Intelligence has touched each and every aspect of our life. From
washing machine, Air conditioners, to smart phones everywhere AI is serving to
ease our life.

Following are the areas in which AI is showing significant advancements:

1. Deep Learning:

Many problems and application areas of AI like natural language and

text processing, speech recognition, computer vision, information retrieval,
and multimodal information processing empowered by multi-task deep
learning.

2. Machine Learning:
The goal of machine learning is to program computers to use example
data or past experience to solve a given problem. Many successful
applications of machine learning include systems that analyse past sales data
to predict customer behaviour, optimize robot behaviour so that a task can be
completed using minimum resources, and extract knowledge from
bioinformatics data.
3. Emotional AI:

Emotional AI, where AI can detect human emotions, is another

upcoming and important area of research. Computer’s ability to understand
speech will lead to an almost seamless interaction between human and
computer. With increasingly accurate cameras, voice and facial recognition,
computers are better able to detect our emotional state. Researchers are
exploring how this new knowledge can be used in education, to treat
depression, to accurately predict medical diagnoses.

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4. Internet of Things (IOT):
The concept of smarter homes, smarter cars and smarter world is
evolving rapidly with the invention of internet of things. The future is no far
when each and every object will be wirelessly connected to something in
order to perform some smart actions without any human instructions or
interference.

5. AI in shopping and customer service:

Using AI, customer’s buying patterns, behavioural patterns can be

studied and systems that can predict the purchase or can help customer to
figure out the perfect item. AI can be used to find out what will make the
customer happy or unhappy. For example, if a customer is shopping online,
like a dress pattern but needs dark shades and thick material, computer
understand the need and brings out new set of perfectly matching clothing
for him.

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 Components of AI program

AI is a vast field for research and it has got applications in almost all possible
domains. By keeping this in mind, components of AI can be identified as
follows:

1. Perception
2. Knowledge representation
3. Learning
4. Reasoning
5. Problem solving
6. Natural language processing (Language understanding)

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1. Perception:
 In order to work in the environment, intelligent agents need to scan the
environment and the various objects in it.
 Agent scans the environment using various sense organs like camera,
temperature sensor etc. This is called as perception.
 After capturing various scenes, perceiver analyses the different objects
in it and extracts their features and relationships among them.

2. Knowledge representation:
 The information obtained from environment through sensors may not
be in the format required by the system.
 Hence, it needs to be represented in standard formats for further
processing like learning various patterns, deducing inference,
comparing with past objects etc.
 There are various knowledge representation techniques like
prepositional logic and first order logic.
3. Learning:
 Learning is a very essential part of AI and it happens in various forms.
 The simplest form of learning is by trial and error.
 In this form the program remembers the action that has given desired
output and discards the other trial actions and learns by itself.
 It is also called as unsupervised learning.
 In case of rote learning, the program simply remembers the problem
solution pairs or individual items.
 In other case, solution to few of the problems is given as input to the
system, basis on which the system or program needs to generate
solutions for new problems. This is known as supervised learning.

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4. Reasoning:
 Reasoning is also called as logic or generating inferences from the
given set of facts.
 Reasoning is carried out based on strict rule of validity to perform a
specified task. Reasoning can be of two types: deductive or inductive.
 The deductive reasoning is in which the truth of the premises
guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
 In case of inductive reasoning, the truth of the premises supports the
conclusion, but it cannot be fully dependent on the premises.
 In programming logic generally deductive inferences are used.
 Reasoning involves drawing inferences that are relevant to the given
problem or situation.

5. Problem solving:
 AI addresses huge variety of problems. For example, finding out
winning moves on the board games, planning actions in order to
achieve the defined task, identifying various objects from given
images, etc.
 Problem solving methods are divided into general purpose methods
and special purpose methods.
 General purpose methods are applicable to wide range of problems
while special purpose methods are customized to solve particular type
of problems.

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6. Natural language processing:
 Natural Language Processing involves machines or robots to
understand and process the language that humans speak, and infer
knowledge from the speech input.
 It also involves the active participation from machine in the form of
dialog i.e. NLP aims at the text or verbal output from the machine or
robot.
 The input and output of an NLP system can be speech and written text
respectively.

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 Sub-areas of AI

Following are the most common subfields of AI:

o Machine Learning
o Deep Learning
o Natural Language processing
o Expert System
o Robotics
o Machine Vision
o Speech Recognition

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Machine Learning:

Machine learning is a part of AI which provides intelligence to machines

with the ability to automatically learn with experiences without being explicitly
programmed.

o It is primarily concerned with the design and development of algorithms

that allow the system to learn from historical data.
o Machine Learning is based on the idea that machines can learn from past
data, identify patterns, and make decisions using algorithms.
o Machine learning algorithms are designed in such a way that they can
learn and improve their performance automatically.
o Machine learning helps in discovering patterns in data.

Deep Learning:

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning which provides the ability

to machine to perform human-like tasks without human involvement. It
provides the ability to an AI agent to mimic the human brain. Deep learning can
use both supervised and unsupervised learning to train an AI agent.

o Deep learning is implemented through neural networks architecture hence

also called a deep neural network.
o Deep learning is the primary technology behind self-driving cars, speech
recognition, image recognition, automatic machine translation, etc.

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Natural Language processing:

Natural language processing is a subfield of computer science and

artificial intelligence. NLP enables a computer system to understand and
process human language such as English.

NLP plays an important role in AI as without NLP, AI agent cannot work

on human instructions, but with the help of NLP, we can instruct an AI system
on our language. Today we are all around AI, and as well as NLP, we can easily
ask Siri, Google or Cortana to help us in our language.

Expert System:

An expert system is an application of artificial intelligence. In artificial

intelligence, expert systems are the computer programs that rely on obtaining
the knowledge of human experts and programming that knowledge into a
system.

Expert systems emulate the decision-making ability of human experts. These

systems are designed to solve the complex problem through bodies of
knowledge rather than conventional procedural code.

One of the examples of an expert system is a Suggestion for the spelling error
while typing in the Google search box.

Robotics:

o Robotics is a branch of artificial intelligence and engineering which is

used for designing and manufacturing of robots.

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 o Robots are the programmed machines which can perform a series of
actions automatically or semi-automatically.
o AI can be applied to robots to make intelligent robots which can perform
the task with their intelligence. AI algorithms are necessary to allow a
robot to perform more complex tasks.

Machine Vision:

Machine vision is an application of computer vision which enables a

machine to recognize the object.

Machine vision captures and analyses visual information using one or

more video cameras, analog-to-digital conversations, and digital signal
processing.

Machine vision systems are programmed to perform narrowly defined

tasks such as counting objects, reading the serial number, etc.

Computer systems do not see in the same way as human eyes can see, but
it is also not bounded by human limitations such as to see through the wall.

With the help of machine learning and machine vision, an AI agent can
be able to see through walls.

Speech Recognition:

Speech recognition is a technology which enables a machine to

understand the spoken language and translate into a machine-readable format. It
can also be said as automatic Speech recognition and computer speech
recognition. It is a way to talk with a computer, and on the basis of that
command, a computer can perform a specific task.

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 Today there are various software or devices which contains speech
recognition technology such as Cortana, Google virtual assistant, Apple Siri,
etc.

Intelligent Systems

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