CHAPTER 4

HYDRO POWER SYSTEM

IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN

EPO612-RENEWABLE ENERGY BKBA 3.9 - 0134887725
 Hydroelectric Power System
Content
• Working Principle

• Components of Hydro Power Plants

• Characteristics of Hydroelectric Power

• Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia

• Availability of Hydro Power Plants

Expected Outcome
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
• Describe the definitions and concept of Hydroelectric Power.
• Understand the principle of operation and its types.
• Relates an application of Hydroelectric power in Malaysia.

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 2

 Hydroelectric Power System
Motivation
• Water covers 71% of the Earth's
surface; the oceans contain 97.2% of
the Earth's water.
• The majority of water on Earth is sea
water.
• The collective mass of water found on,
under, and over the surface of a planet
is called the hydrosphere.
• Earth's approximate water volume is
estimated to be 326,000,000 cubic
miles.
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 Hydroelectric Power System
Motivation
• The water cycle, or hydrologic
cycle, refers to the continuous
exchange of water within the
hydrosphere, between the
atmosphere, soil water,
surface water, groundwater,
and plants.
• Water moves perpetually
through each of these regions
in the water cycle "..Padahal di antara batu-batu itu ada yang terpancar dan mengalir air
sungai daripadanya; dan ada pula di antaranya yang pecah-pecah terbelah
lalu keluar mata air daripadanya.."
(2:74)
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 Working Principle of Hydroelectric Power Plant
• A power system that utilizes the
potential energy of water for the
generation of electrical energy.

• Hydroelectric power plants are

generally located in hilly areas
where dams can be built easily,
and large water reservoirs can be
made.
• In a hydropower plant, a water
head is created by building a dam
across a river or lake. From the
dam, water is fed to a water
turbine.
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 5
Components of Hydropower System
• The major components of a hydroelectric plant are as follows.
1) Reservoir/Forebay 7) Draft tube
2) Dam & Intake structure 8) Tail race or outlet water way
3) Penstock
4) Surge tank
5) Hydraulic Turbines
6) Power house/station

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Components of Hydropower System
• The major components of a hydroelectric plant are as follows.

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 7

Components of Hydropower System
• Hydraulic Turbines may be of two classes:
1) Impulse Turbines or Velocity Turbines
2) Reaction Turbines of Pressure Turbines

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 8

Components of Hydropower System
• Hydraulic Turbines may be of
two classes:
1) Impulse Turbines or
Velocity Turbines
2) Reaction Turbines of
Pressure Turbines

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 9

 Quiz#3
It will cover these
information’s:
▪ General information of
Hydroelectric power
▪ Working principle of the
HPS
▪ Main components of the
HPS

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 10

 Characteristics of Hydropower System

• Hydropower plants generate electricity by water turbines which

operates by means of falling water.
• Hydropower transform the potential energy of a mass of water
flowing in a river or stream with a certain vertical fall (termed the
“head”)
• The potential annual power generation of a hydropower project is
proportional to the head and flow of water.
• Hydropower plants can vary in size from small community sized
plants (micro hydro) to very large plants supplying power to a
whole country
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 11
Advantages

• Fuel is not burned, so there is minimal pollution

• Water to run the power plant is provided free by nature
• Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas
emissions
• Relatively low operations and maintenance costs
• The technology is reliable and proven over time
• It’s renewable – rainfall renew the water in the reservoir
https://www.process-cooling.com/articles/90294-automatic-
water-filtration-for-hydroelectric-power-plants

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 12

 Disadvantages

• High investment costs

• Hydrology dependent
• In some cases, inundation of land and wildlife habitat
• In some cases, loss or modification of fish habitat
• In some cases, changes in reservoir and stream water quality
• In some cases, displacement of local populations

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Hydropower and the Environment

• Hydropower is nonpolluting, but does have environmental impacts

However…

• hydropower facilities can have large environmental impacts by

changing the environment and affecting land use, homes, and
natural habitats in the dam area.

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
Classification of Hydropower System

According According According According According to

to capacity to head to to facilities transmission
purpose types system

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
1) According to capacity

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 16

Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
According to the height of water or water head.
• Low head scheme
• Medium head scheme
• High head scheme

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 17

Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
According to the height of water or water head.
• Low head
• Medium head
• High head

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
According to the height of water or water head.
• Low head
• Medium head
• High head

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 19

Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
According to the height of water or water head.
• Low head
• Medium head
• High head

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 20

Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head

Low head scheme Medium head scheme High head scheme

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 21
 Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
• The gross head, Hg: The vertical • A velocity at the outlet of the head gate,
difference between the water surface V = 2𝑔ℎ
elevations at the upstream and
downstream.
• The net effective head, Hn: The head
available for energy production.
Hn= Hg - (head loss)
• Hydraulic efficiency, eh: The ratio of net
head to gross head.
• Overall efficiency, Eff: eh x et x eg
et: efficiency of turbines
eg: efficiency of generators
Eff is around 60-70%
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 Characteristics of Hydropower System
2) According to head
EXAMPLE
Based on hydroelectric power plant as
shown in the given figure. If the head gate
has 5 gates of 0.91 m x 0.91 m leading to the
penstock and are fully opened,
Calculate
a. The net effective head
b. The quantity of water that enters the
hydraulic turbine in m3/sec

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
3) According to purpose

BASE LOAD PEAK LOAD

A plants that operate continuously to To cater the peak demands

meet the minimum level of power
demand 24/7

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
3) According to purpose
Base load plants (as well as other
energy converting facilities) are
characterized by a nominal
capacity rating. For example, if a
plant rated at 100 MW, it means it
can generate 100 MWh of
electricity per hour when working
at full capacity. The actual
generation can be less, depending
CF = [actual generated output] / [maximum possible output]
on the demand or operating
conditions, and can be
characterized by the capacity
factor (CF):
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 25
Characteristics of Hydropower System
4) According to facility types

Based on availability of water flow

• Run Off River type
• Storage (Reservoirs) type
• Pumped Storage type
• In-Stream

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 Characteristics of Hydropower System
4) According to facility types

• Run Off River type These are hydro power plants that utilize the stream
flow as it comes , without any storage being provided.

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 27

 Characteristics of Hydropower System
4) According to facility types

• Storage (Reservoirs) type A plant that essentially having an

upstream storage reservoir of
sufficient size, so as to permit
sufficient carry-over storage and thus
to develop a firm flow substantially
more than the minimum natural flow

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 Characteristics of Hydropower System
4) According to facility types

• Pumped Storage type generates power during peak

hours, but during the off-peak
hours, water is pumped back
from the tail water pool to the
head water pool for future use.

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 Characteristics of Hydropower System
4) According to facility types

• In-Stream When the velocity of water i.e. kinetic

energy flowing in the stream is used for
conversion into electrical power, then the
system is known as In-stream.

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Characteristics of Hydropower System
5) According to transmission system (Interconnection)

• Isolated (off-grid) power plants

Whenever a hydropower plant is set up in a remote area in order to meet
the local demands then such a hydropower is known as Isolated system

• Interconnected (on-grid) power plants

Whenever a hydropower plant is set up to meet the demands of areas
which at a fair distance from the plant, then the transmission of power
takes through the grid system. Such a setup is referred to as Connected to
grid.
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Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia

• How important HEP in Malaysia?

Malaysia’s Energy Policy has three clear objectives: to provide a secure and
cost effective supply, to ensure efficient utilization and to have the
minimal impact on the environment

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Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia

• How important HEP in Malaysia?

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 33

Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia

• First hydro power plant station in Malaysia?

In 1900, the Sempam Hydroelectric Power Station in Raub, built by the Raub Australian Gold Mining
Company became the first power station in Malaysia.

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 Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia
• List of hydropower State Hydropower Plant Scheme MW
Perak Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station Sungai Perak 72
station in Malaysia Chenderoh Power Station Sungai Perak 40.5
Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station Sungai Perak 120
Sungai Piah Upper Power Station Sungai Perak 14.6
Sungai Piah Lower Power Station Sungai Perak 54
Temenggor Power Station Sungai Perak 348
Terengganu Sultan Mahmud, Kenyir Sungai Terengganu 400
Kelantan Pergau Dam Sungai Pergau 600
Pahang Sultan Abu Bakar, Jor Power Station Cameron Highlands 100
Ulu Jelai Power Station (completed 2016) Cameron Highlands 372
Sultan Idris Woh Power Station Cameron Highlands 150
Odak Power Station Cameron Highlands 4.2
Habu Power Station Cameron Highlands 5.5
Kampong Raja Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.8
Kampong Terla Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.5
Robinson Falls Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.9
Sarawak Bakun Dam 2400
Batang Ai Dam 100
Murum Dam 944
Sabah Tenom Pangi Dam 66
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 35
 Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia
• List of hydropower State Hydropower Plant Scheme MW
Perak Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station Sungai Perak 72
station in Malaysia Chenderoh Power Station Sungai Perak 40.5
• Types: Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station Sungai Perak 120
Sungai Piah Upper Power Station Sungai Perak 14.6
Sungai Piah Lower Power Station Sungai Perak 54
Temenggor Power Station Sungai Perak 348
Terengganu Sultan Mahmud, Kenyir Sungai Terengganu 400
Kelantan Pergau Dam Sungai Pergau 600
Pahang Sultan Abu Bakar, Jor Power Station Cameron Highlands 100
Ulu Jelai Power Station (completed 2016) Cameron Highlands 372
Sultan Idris Woh Power Station Cameron Highlands 150
Odak Power Station Cameron Highlands 4.2
Habu Power
Power Station
Station Cameron Highlands 5.5
Kampong Raja Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.8
Kampong Terla Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.5
Robinson Falls Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.9
Sarawak Bakun Dam 2400
Batang Ai Dam 100
Murum Dam 944
Sabah Tenom Pangi Dam 66
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 36
 Hydroelectric Power in Malaysia
• List of hydropower State Hydropower Plant Scheme MW
Perak Sultan Azlan Shah Bersia Power Station Sungai Perak 72
station in Malaysia Chenderoh Power Station Sungai Perak 40.5
• Types: Sultan Azlan Shah Kenering Power Station Sungai Perak 120
Sungai Piah Upper Power Station Sungai Perak 14.6
Sungai Piah Lower Power Station Sungai Perak 54
Temenggor Power Station Sungai Perak 348
Terengganu Sultan Mahmud, Kenyir Sungai Terengganu 400
Kelantan Pergau Dam Sungai Pergau 600
Pahang Sultan Abu Bakar, Jor Power Station Cameron Highlands 100
Ulu Jelai
Jelai Power
Power Station
Station(completed
(completed2016)
2016) Cameron Highlands 372
Sultan Idris Woh Power Station Cameron Highlands 150
Odak Power Station Cameron Highlands 4.2
Habu Power Station Cameron Highlands 5.5
Kampong Raja Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.8
Kampong Terla Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.5
Robinson Falls Power Station Cameron Highlands 0.9
Sarawak Bakun Dam 2400
Batang Ai Dam 100
Murum Dam 944
Sabah Tenom Pangi Dam 66
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Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric Power Station (Generation Dept)

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 38

Stesen Janaelektrik Ulu Jelai
Bahagian Penjanaan TNB

39
 Skop Kerja Projek Pembekal Perkhidmatan
Penyelaras Projek TNB Energy Venture
Perunding Projek SMEC International Pty. Ltd. /
SMEC Malaysia Sdn. Bhd
Kontraktor Utama Tindakan Megah Sdn. Bhd. (TMSB)
(Empangan & Bangunan) - Salini Consortium (Italy)
Kontraktor (M&E)
Andritz Hydro (Austria)
(Penjana & Tarbin)

Ulu Jelai Hydro Electric Project (UJHEP)

41
 400
369.00
350

300
Keluasan (km²)
250

200 152.00
150

100
0.53
50
4.30
0
0.85
SAB
Temenggor
Kenyir
Pergau
UJ
Takungan Air Empangan TNB
42
 14000 13,600.00

12000

10000
Kapasiti (Mm³)
8000
6,050.00
6000

4000

2000 6.40
62.50
0 18.60

SAB
Temenggor
Kenyir
Pergau
UJ
Takungan Air Empangan TNB

43
Jenis Stesen Hidro

Struktur Stesen Stesen Bawah Tanah

Jenis Tarbin Francis: menegak

Kapasiti 372 MW (2 Unit x 186 MW)

Purata Operasi Stesen 2.6 jam sehari

Tarikh Permulaan Projek 1 Mac 2011

Tarikh Pengisian Air

18 Januari 2016
Takungan
Unit 2 = 15 Ogos 2016
Tarikh Operasi Komersial
Unit 1 = 27 September 2016

https://energystorage.org/spinning-reserve/
Kapasiti Pepasangan
Tarbin 2 x 191 MW
Penjana 2 x 186 MW
Tinggi Keupayaan Stesen 321 m
Kuantiti Keupayaan Stesen 2 x 64 m3/s
Kelajuan Putaran Tarbin 333 rpm
Tahap Operasi Takungan Air
Tahap Maksimum Operasi (FSL) 540 m
Tahap Minimum Operasi (MOL) 530 m
Skim Terowong Air ke Empangan
Terowong Air Lemoi 7.5 km
Terowong Air Telom 8.4 km
Terowong Stesen
Terowong Air Utama 4.8 km
Penstock 198 m
Terowong Alur Keluar 1.7 km
45
 Telom Intake
Lemoi Intake
EL 552.5 m EL 553.4 m

Empangan Susu
EL 540 m

Sungai Terowong
Telom Bawah Tanah
EL 190 m

EL 180 m

7.5 km 8.4 km
1.7 km 4.8 km 46
Jenis Empangan: Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Ketinggian: 88m
Lebar: 512m
Konkrit Pembinaan: 730,000 m³

Takungan
Air Susu

Bottom Outlet
(EL.458.50m)
47
 Bottom
Jalan Outlet Jambatan
Senggaraan Senggaraan

48 48
 Lapangan
Suis
275kV
Stesen
Bawah Tanah Bangunan
Kawalan
Penjanaan
(GCB)

Empangan
Susu
3 jenis tarbin hidro yang biasa digunakan:

❑ Pelton – Tinggi keupayaan 400m sehingga 2000m

❑ Francis – Tinggi Keupayaan 30m sehingga 650m
Tinggi keupayaan Stesen TNB Ulu Jelai = 321m
❑ Kaplan – Tinggi Keupayaan 3m sehingga 75m

Aliran Air,
Q (m3/s)
Tinggi
keupayaan,
h (m)
 321m

64m3/s

Ulu Jelai Hydroelectric Power

= 𝑛𝜌𝑄𝑔ℎ
= 0.9445 x 1000 kg/m3 x 64.34 m3s x 9.8 m/s2 x 321 m
= 191 MW
Operating Floor

Generator Floor

Turbine Floor

Spiral Casing
MIV Floor

Draft Tube
53
54
 UNIT 1

UNIT 2

55
56
57
 Disclaimer

All information contained herein are solely for the purpose of this presentation only
and cannot be used or referred to by any party for other purposes without prior
written consent from TNB. Information contained herein is the property of TNB and
it is protected and confidential information. TNB has exclusive copyright over the
information and you are prohibited from disseminating, distributing, copying,
reproducing, using and /or disclosing this information.

58
Availability of Hydro Power Plants
• Streamflow data are required to estimate the availability of water for
power generation.

• Flow-Duration curves may be generated to study the variation of flow in the

river but they cannot provide info about chronological sequence of flow.

• Used particularly for run-of-river projects.

• Not applicable for more than one project.
• Procedure for determining the power-
duration curve and average
• annual energy production

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Availability of Hydro Power Plants
• Sequential streamflow routing method is used.
• Computes the energy output for each time interval in the period of analysis
• The method considers the effect of reservoir operation based on the
continuity equation.
• This method is repeated for various installed capacities to determine an
optimum size (installed capacity) that maximizes the annual energy
production.
• Procedure best suits to computer application.

• To estimate the power potential of the river or reservoir, Sequential

streamflow routing method considers:
• tailwater rating curve,
• reservoir operation studies, and
• downstream flow information
EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 60
Availability of Hydro Power Plants
• Hydroelectric Power, P = γ Q Hg e

• Generated Energy, E = γ Q Hg e ∆t

where P: power (kW) γ : specific weight of water (kN/m3)

Q : discharge (m3/s)
Hg: gross head (m)
e : overall efficiency, e = eh eg et (%)
E : hydroelectric energy (kWh)
∆t: time interval for power generation (hours)

*Electric energy is generally expressed in terms of its annual value (∆t=8760 hr)

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 61

Availability of Hydro Power Plants
• The installed capacity, Pins: The maximum power that a generator can
• develop.

• The load factor = (Average Power) / (Max. Power)

• Average annual plant factor (L) = E /(8760 Pins)

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 62

 Quiz#4
It will cover these
information’s:
▪ Hydro power system in
Malaysia
▪ Applications of surface
and underground system
▪ Availability of the system

EPO612 – RENEWABLE ENERGY IR. DR. MOHD NAJIB MOHD HUSSAIN 63