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DCSD Exp1

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DCSD Exp1

Uploaded by

karanmjangid
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Experiment No.

-1
Date of Performance:
Date of Submission:
Circuit Implementation/
Program Execution/formation/ Timely
Viva Experimen
correction/ Submission Sign with Date
Answer t Total
ethical practices
s

(06) (01) (03) (10)

Experiment

No. 1

1.1 Aim: Realization of basic gates using Universal

logic gates.

1.2 Course Outcome: Demonstrate an understanding of the logic gates and implement
combinational circuits.

1.3 Learning Objectives: To Implement and verify the truth table of basic logic gates
using Universal logic gates.

1.4 Requirement: Trainer kit, IC 7400, IC 7402, Connecting wires

1.5 Related Theory:


A universal gate is a gate which can implement any Boolean function without need to use any
other gate type. The NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. In practice, this is advantageous
since NAND and NOR gates are economical and easier to fabricate.

NAND gate:
The NAND gate produces a LOW output when all of the inputs are HIGH. The abbreviation for
this gate is NAND & the operation is the same as AND followed with NOT. When any of the
inputs are LOW, the output is HIGH. The standard symbol for an NAND gate is shown in figure
below along with the associated Truth table.
IC 7400 PIN DIAGRAM

NOR gate:
The NOR gate produces a HIGH output when all of the inputs are LOW. The abbreviation for this gate is
NOR & the operation is the same as OR followed with NOT. When any of the inputs are HIGH, the output
is LOW. The standard symbol for an NOR gate is shown in figure below along with the associated Truth
Table.
IC 7402 PIN DIAGRAM

NAND Gate as a Universal Gate:


To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NAND gates, we will show that the AND,
OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
Implementing an NOT Using only NAND Gate
A NOT produces a complement of the input. It can have only one input, tying the inputs of a NAND gate
together. Now it will work as a NOT gate.
Its output is
Y = (A.A)’ = (A)’

Implementing AND Using only NAND Gates


A NAND produces a complement of AND gate. So, if the output of a NAND gate is inverted, overall
output will be that of an AND gate.

Y = ((A.B)’)’ = (A.B)
Implementing OR using only NAND Gates
From DeMorgan’s theorems:
(A.B)’ = A’ + B’ = (A’.B’)’ = A’’ + B’’ = A +B
So, give the inverted inputs to a NAND gate, obtain OR operation at output

NOR Gate as a Universal Gate


To prove that any Boolean function can be implemented using only NOR gates, we will show that the
AND, OR, and NOT operations can be performed using only these gates.
Implementing a NOT Using only NOR Gate
A NOT produces a complement of the input. It can have only one input, tying the inputs of a NOR gate
together. Now it will work as a NOT gate.
Its output is
Y = (A+A)’ = (A)’
Implementing OR Using only NOR Gates
A NOR produces a complement of OR gate. So, if the output of a NOR gate is inverted, overall output
will be that of an OR gate.
Y = ((A+B)’)’ = (A+B)

Implementing AND Using only NOR Gates


From DeMorgan’s theorems:
(A+B)’ = A’B’ = (A’+B’)’ = A’’B’’ =AB

So, give the inverted inputs to a NOR gate, obtain AND operation at output.
1.6 Procedure:

1. Place the breadboard gently on the observation table.


2. Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow line of the breadboard, so
there is no shortage of voltage.
3. Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is connected to the
last pin of the IC (14 place from the notch).
4. Connect the ground of IC (7th place from the notch) to the ground terminal provided on
the digital lab kit.
5. Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs by using connecting wires. (In accordance
with the IC provided).
6. Connect output pins to the LED on the digital lab kit.
7. Switch on the power supply.
8. If LED glows then output is true, if it doesn’t glow output is false, which is numerically
denoted as 1 and 0 respectively.
9. Verify the truth table.

1.7 Precautions:

1. All IC’s should be checked before starting the experiment.


2. All the connections should be tight.
3. Always connect ground first and then Vcc.
4. Use a suitable wire should be used for different types of circuits.
5. The kit should be off before changing the connections.
6. After the completion of the experiment, switch off the supply of the apparatus
1.8 Conclusion:
In conclusion, we successfully realized basic logic gates using universal gates. The designed
circuits were tested, and the outputs matched the expected results, verifying the correctness of
the implementation.
1.9 Questions:

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