Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res.

2015; 4 (6): 315-321

ISSN (Online) 2249-6084 (Print) 2250-1029

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and

Phytopharmacological Research (eIJPPR)
[Impact Factor – 0.852]

Journal Homepage: [Link]

Review Article
Acacia arabica (Babool) - A Review on Ethnobotanical and Unani Traditional Uses
as well as Phytochemical and Pharmacological Properties
1 2 3
Mariyam Roqaiya , Wajeeha Begum , Rumaiza Jahufer
1
Reader, HOD, Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka ,India.
2,3
PG scholar, Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan, National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.

Article info Abstract

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine. Herbal medicines
Article History: have been the basis of treatment and cure for various diseases and physiological conditions in traditional
Received 3 March 2015 methods of practice such as Unani, Ayurveda and Siddha. A large fraction of the world population, especially in
Accepted 27 May 2015 the developing and underdeveloped countries still depends mainly on the traditional system of medicine.
Medicinal plants are the valuable and cheap source of unique phytochemicals which are frequently used in the
development of drugs against various diseases. The use of plants and plant products in medicines is getting
Keywords: popularized because the herbal medicines are cheap, easily available and have natural origin with higher safety
Acacia arabia, unani, Traditional, margins and lesser or no side effects. In Unani system of medicine Babool (Acacia Arabica) is considered as
Phytochemicals, plant having medicinal properties on various system of human body. Different parts of the plant including Bark,
Pharmacological. root, gum, leaves, pod and seeds have medicinal properties. The present review is an attempt to highlight the
various ethnobotanical and Unani traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on
Acacia arabica to which commonly known as Babool.

1. INTRODUCTION role of these polyphenols to the plant itself is not well implicit, but
According to World Health Organization (WHO) more than 80% of for the human kind they can be of prime strategies. The
the world's population relies on traditional medicine for their primary phytochemicals contribute chemically to a number of groups among
healthcare needs. Use of herbal medicines in Asia represents a which are alkaloids, volatile essential oils, phenols and phenolic
long history of human interactions with the environment. The glycosides, resins, oleosins, steroids, tannins and terpenes. 7 The
medicinal value of plants lies in some chemical substances that bark, root, gum, leaves and flowers have found use for skin
produce a definite physiological action on the human body. 1 diseases, diarrhoea, dysentery, cough, diabetes, eczema, wound
Acacia is the most significant genus of family: Leguminosae, first of healing, burning sensation and as an astringent, demulcent, anti-
all described by Linnaeus in 1773. It is estimated that there are [Link] tender twings are used as toothbrushes. 8
roughly 1380 species of Acacia worldwide.2 Acacia species—
commonly known as Babool (or babul), Egyptian mimosa, Egyptian 2. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
thorn, kikar, Indian gum, and red thorn—have long been used for Kingdom : Plantae
the treatment of various ailments. Dioscorides, the Greek physician Subkingdom : Tracheobionta
considered to be the father of botany, named it akakia, and it is Super division : Spermatophyta
from this word that the modern name, acacia, is derived. The origin Division : Magnoliophyta
of the word, acacia, is ―spiny,‖ which is a typical feature of the Class : Magnoliopsida
species.3 Ancient Greeks were well known to this tree in 300 BC. Subclass : Rosidae
This is also clear with this fact that Theophrastus, whose period is Order : Fabales
370 BC, mentioned about the gum of this tree by the name ‗kami‘. Family : Fabaceae
The English word is derived from the same word ‗kami‘. Now a day Genus : Acacia
it is known as Gum Arabic, this name was popular during the Species : nilotica 9
period, when it was imported in Arab in huge amount. 4 Out of Synonyms– Acacia nilotica (Lam.), Acacia scorpioides, Mimosa
several species, Acacia Arabica is one of the species that has been Arabica, Mimosa nilotica, Mimosa scorpioides 2,10
effectively utilized in folk medicine.5 It has been recognized
worldwide as a multipurpose tree (National Academy of Sciences 3. VERNACULARS
1980). It is naturally widespread in the drier areas of Africa, from Unani Tibbi Name: Aqaqia, kikar, Mughilan.11, 12Arabic:
Senegal to Egypt and down to South Africa, and in Asia from Ummughilan.13,14,15, 16 Persian: Kharemughilan,15 mughilan,13,17
Arabia eastward to India, Burma and Sri Lanka. The largest tracts madareghulan16 Urdu: Babool, Kikar, 15,16,17 Hindi: Kikar, Babool,18 ,
19, 20
are found in Sind. 6 It also serves as a source of polyphenols. The Babula, Babura,21 English: Indian gum arabic, Black babool,18,
19, 22
Thorn acacia, 10 Kannada: Jaali,Gobbli 20, 22, 23 Tamil:
Karuvelam 18, 19, 20, 22 Telugu: Nallatuma, 19, 20, 22, 24 Thumma 21
*Corresponding Author: Sinhala: Babbulae.11 Latin:Acacia Arabica,16, 25 Assamese:
Dr. Mariyam Roqaiya, Babala, Gujrati : Baval, Kaloabaval, Kashmiri: Sak, Punjabi:
Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan, Kikkar, Oriya: Babula, Babala, Marathi: Babhul, Babhula,
National Institute of Unani Medicine,
Bangalore, Karnataka (India) Bengali: Babla, Malayalam: Velutha Karuvelan. 21
[Link]. +91-7795291129
Email : [Link]@[Link]

315
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

4. MAHIYAT (DESCRIPTION IN UNANI LITERATURE) Miqdare khurak (dosage): Stem bark:36gm,26 Stem bark: 20-30gm
There are two type of babool, one is black and other one is brown. for decoction.11 Gum:1-3 gm or 5-7 gm.17
Black trees have little thorns, more branches, black round big stem. Muzir (adverse effects): Chest disease, 26 Meda and Aant, 13, 17
Brown tree has more thorn, becomes old the wood become reddish Constipative.17
black. Both trees are up to 50 feet height, stem is 10 – 50 feet, Musl’eh (corrective): Banafsha, 26 Kateera wa shahad, 13, 17 Mirch
erect with diameter of 5- 12 feet with spreading branches. The bark siyah. 13
is thick, scaly, big; branches have thorn of ½ inch– 2 inches in Mazah (taste): It has bitter taste.13 Barks are astringent and
length, shiny, smooth and straight, brownish in colour arranged in mucilaginous.24 Leaves are astringent. 26
pairs. 10- 20 leaves are arranged in pairs on the tip of branches. Badal (substitute): Chal Amrood, 13, 17 Palas.13, 26
Flowers are golden yellow in colour, round with pleasant smell; Murakkabat (compound formulations): Habbe tape balghami,
flowering occurs during spring season. The pods of babool are 6 Habbe sil, Laooq sapistan, 17 Halwa-e babool, Habbe babool,
inches long, flat divided into 9-21 portions and each portion has one Safoofe babool, Khushtae Nuqra, Khushtae Qalai.16
seed and the number of seeds depends upon the length of the pod.
Each pod contain 9- 11(usually) or up to 31 seeds. Each seeds 5. ETHNO BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
separated by white thin fibrous layer. Its seeds are small flat; Acacia arabica is a moderate sized, almost evergreen tree 15, 22 with
initially green in colour becomes dark after drying. There is sticky a short trunk, a spreading crown and feathery foliage, found
resinous substance present inside the pod. In the month of March throughout the drier parts of India.18, 20, 22 Dark brown to almost
and April white and red colour gum is expressed from tree. 13,16, 26 black longitudinally fissured or deeply cracked bark. 18, 19, 22, 23 The
Parts used : Bark, root, gum, leaves, pod, seeds. 13, 15, 16, 18, 19 tree generally attains a height of 15m and girth of 1.2m, 18, 19, 22
Mizaj: (Temperament): Hot and Dry 20 (most), 26 Cold and Dry though tree up to a height of 30m with a girth of 3m have also been
0 13, 16, 17
2 recorded. Leaves 2.5 -5cm long, bipinnate with spinescent stipules,
Af’al (action): Qabiz (Astringent),13, 14, 17, 26 Habiskhoon pinnules narrowly oblong; flowers golden- yellow, fragrant, crowed
(Haemostatic),26 Mujaffif (Desiccant), Mubarrid (cooling), Muqawwi in long-stalked, globed heads, 1.5cm in diameter, forming axillary
(Tonic), 17 Mufatteh (Deobstruent), Muqai (emetic), Mundamile clusters of 2-5 head; 18, 19, 22, 27 pods white flat, containing 8-12
qurooh (wound healing), 26 Mumsick (Aphrodisiac), Muzeeqe farj seeds, 7.5-15cm, contracted between the circular seeds. 9,12, 18, 22 In
(constricts vagina), 13 Dafe bulgham (removes phlegm). 26 this tree flowers blossom during summer and fruits ripen during
Istemal (uses): winter. 18, 19, 28
It prevents leucorrhoea and drives back the uterus and anus when
they come out.16, 17, 26 Decoction of bark (1 part bark 10 part water)
boil it until water remains half, use this water after toilet as douche
for leucorrhoea and Gonorrhoea, also It tightens the vagina if used
locally. Also decoction of bark is used in excessive vaginal
bleeding, vaginal and rectal prolapse. Decoction of root bark
specially used for abdominal and uterine pain up to 84 gm.
Decoction of leaves is used in the form of nutool in prolapse.
Decoction and chewing of bark is useful in cough. It is useful in
infection of uterus. 26 It prevents slugging of breast: take the jelly
matter from unripe fruit and spread over a cloth and let it to air dry
when it becomes hard cover the breast and tight around the
neck.16, 26 It is useful as aphrodisiac. Unripe pod should be dried in
air, after crushing fried it in ghee and mix with sugar and make Fig.1 Flower and flower buds
powder, 12 gm is used in Gonorrhoea and burning micturition.
Tender leaves should be used for (after crushing) gargle and
application to mouth ulcer, throat pain, cleaning mouth, prevent
gum bleeding and tighten teeth. 26 Small branches used as miswak
which are very effective for strengthening of tooth. 17 Juice of leaves
prevents diarrhoea and dysentery orally and decoction of bark is
use as enema in diarrhoea. 17, 26 Drinking babool leaves juice drys
away secretion of uterus. Leaves, flowers, pods, bark and wood of
babool (panch ang) 3gm in powder form is used for leucorrhoea.
Cloth is socked in decoction of babool pods and then dried; this
procedure is repeated 7 times and when necessary use piece of
this cloth and put inside vagina; it helps in reducing vaginal
secretions. Also douching with decoction of covering of babool
pods with alam reduces white discharge in vagina. Babool gum Fig.2 Babool gum
fried with ghee and made halwa this is beneficial in vaginal
secretion and leucorrhoea. Roasted babool gum along with equal
quantity of geru, 7 gms of powder daily in the morning will help in
reducing menorrhagia.16 Juices of tender leaves or paste applied
for redness of eye and eye swelling.26 Drinking leaves juice in
amount of 7gm gives relief in burning micturition. Soak 3 buds in
water for overnight and morning after mashing; filtrates it and add
24 gm hot ghee and drink for 2 days and 3rd day drink the mixture
without ghee in 4-5 days use, gonorrhoea will go away. Green pods
of babool are fried in ghee and mix with 12 gm sugar, by eating this
will be useful in gonorrhoea and cystitis. Also 24 gm babool flower
socked in 250ml of water in clay bowl; in morning after mashing
and filtrating drink along with 24 gm misri helps in treating
gonorrhoea. Babool gum dissolved in water is used in the form of
Fig.3 Pods
douching of genital organs helps in burning micturition. Drinking
mucilage of Babool gum ends up sugar coming in urine in diabetes
5.1 Habitat
mellitus.16 Take leaves, bark, flower and gum in equal quantity in
A moderate-sized, almost evergreen tree with a short trunk, a
powder form orally to treat leucorrhoea, premature ejaculation,
spreading crown feathery foliage found throughout the drier parts
spermatorrhoea, night fall and decreased viscosity of semen.13, 14,
17, 26 of India, particularly in Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. 15, 23, 24
Panch ang, in equal proportion in powder form taking 6gm is
Also distributed in Pakistan, Arab, Africa, Burma, Sri Lanka and
beneficial in premature ejaculation and spermatorrhoea.16
Bangladesh.16, 24 It grows well in dry, hot arid climates with high

316
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

mean maximum temperature regimes (upto 500C) and very low 22, 34, 35, 36
It contain 12- 20% of tannin. 7, 11, 22, 33 Bark contain a large
minimum temperature (even below 0 0C) that is, even in deserts. 24 quantity of tannin.15
It can be propagated both by seeds and vegetative means. 23 Gum: Gum contains galactose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose and four
aldobiouronic acids, viz.6-o-(β-glucopyranosyluronicacid)-D-
5.2 Actions and uses galactose;6-o-(4-o-methyl-β-D-gluco pyranosyluronicacid)-D-
galactose; 4-o-(α-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D-galactose; and 4-
5.2.1 Bark : The bark is a powerful astringent11, 24, 29, 30 and bark is o-(4-o-methyl-α-D- glucopyranosyluronic acid)-D- galactose. 11, 18, 19,
22
used in leucorrhoea, haemorrhages, wounds, ulcers and decoction
in diarrhoea and vaginal secretions. 23 The extract is an astringent Fruit: It contains a high percentage of phenolic constituents
and injected to allay irritation in acute gonorrhoea and consisting of m-digallic acid, gallic acid, its methyl and ethyl esters,
leucorrhoea.31 Decoction of bark is largely used as an astringent. 32 protocatechuic and ellagic acids, leucocyanidin, m-digallic dimer
douche in gonorrhoea, cystitis, vaginitis, leucorrhoea, prolapse of 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavan-3-ol, oligomer 3,4,7-trihydroxy flavan
the uterus and piles. 30, 31, 32 It is used as demulcent, 24, 29, 31 3,4-diol and 3,4,5,7-tetrahydroxy flavan-3-ol and (-) epicatechol.
aphrodisiac 20, 23, 24 and shows anti- viral properties; an extract of Fruit also contains mucilage and saponins.36 It contain 32%
the bark completely inhibited the propagation of potato virus X. It is tannin.29
a powerful tonic. 27 The ground bark mixed with seeds of Sesamum Flowers and pods: It contains stearic acid, kaempferol-3-
indicum Linn. has been used for food. 22 The decoction largely used glucoside, isoquercetin, leucocyanidin. 11, 18 Pods contain tannin
as a gargle and mouth wash in cancerous and syphilitic affections 22.44%, expressed in terms of oxalic acid; Wood contain
31
sore-throat, toothache 18, 19, 22, 28, 33 and dry powder applied chlorides.32 Whole pods contain 12-19% of tannin and 18-27% after
externally in ulcers. 18, 19, 28 Decoction of bark is a valuable removal of seeds. 11, 22, 33. Seeds contain amino acids, fatty acids,
application in prolapses ani. 30 Stem bark is used in diarrhoea, ascorbic acid and tannin as a major constituent, 18, 19 sugar,
dysentery, diabetes, astringent, anthelmintic, in skin diseases, moisture 14%, ash 3-4% ; pods have got 22-44% tannin.15
cough and bleeding piles; gonorrhoea and as an antiasthmatic, 11, 20, Leaves: It contains apigenin, 6-8-bis-D-glucoside, rutin and 32%
23
diuretic, leprosy, leucoderma, bronchitis, seminal weakness, tannin.29, 36
utero-vesical disorders etc. 23, 24 The infusion of bark is given in
chronic diarrhoea and diabetes mellitus. The juice of bark mixed 7. ADVANCE RESEARCHES
with milk is dropped into the eye for conjunctivitis. The burnt bark
and burnt almond shell both pulverized and mixed with salt to make Antimicrobial Activity
a good tooth-powder. 31 The powdered bark of the plant with little Banso A (2009) has studied the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic
salt is used for treating acute diarrhea. 34 extracts of the stem bark against Streptococcus viridans,
5.2.2 Leaves: Infusion of tender leaves used as an astringent and Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and
remedy for diarrhoea and dysentery. 18, 19, 20, 28, 32 Also it is used in Shigella sonnei using the agar diffusion method and found the
headaches, eczema, abscess, ophthalmic disorders, 20, 23 in throat minimum inhibitory concentration of the stem bark extract of the
infection, urinary problems and gonorrhoea. 23 Bruised tender plant ranged between 35 and 50 mg/ml while the minimum
leaves formed into a poultice and applied to ulcers act as stimulant bactericidal concentration ranged between 35 and 60 mg/ml. 34 One
and astringent.2 Tender leaves crushed into a pulp are administered study was done by Rahiman et al (2012) to screen the antimicrobial
in dysentery and diarrhoea; decoction is used as an astringent activity of Acacia nilotica and was found to give the most potent
enemata. 31 Tender leaves crushed into a pulp are used as a gargle antimicrobial extract Noticeably no antimicrobial activity was found
in spongy gums, sore throat and as wash in haemorrhagic ulcers in methonolic bark extract of Acacia nilotica against the tested
and wound.15 bacteria except Bacillu ciurlans.37 Mahesh and Satish (2008)
5.2.3 Gum: Fried in ghee and used in the preparation of studied methanol leaf and bark extracts of Acacia nilotica
sweetmeats.22 It is useful in diarrhoea, dysentery and diabetes showed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis,
mellitus and sore throat,11, 20, 31 extract of gum is astringent, styptic Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus
and tonic.18, 19, 20, 24, 28 It is used in dry cough, amoebic dysentery, aureus and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum and
antiasthmatic, tonic, analgesic and in oral cavity lesions.20 It is also antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Dreschlera turcica and
used as demulcent (soothing agent) for inflammatory conditions of Fusarium verticillioides.38 Hassan et al (2009) has tested
the respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts.11 It is used for burns.23 It antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic extract of Acacia arabica in vitro
act as cooling, expectorant, constipating, liver tonic, aphrodisiac, against seven bacterial species and two fungal species by well-
homeostatic, antipyretic and tonic. It is useful in cough, asthma, diffusion method and microdilution methods. The result of this study
diarrhoea, dysentery, seminal weakness and haemorrhages. 24 showed ethanolic extracts of these plants were effective on
Fried in ghee, the gum is useful as a nutritive tonic and aphrodisiac bacterial strains.1 Shazia et al (2011) has studied the antimicrobial
in cases of sexual debility. Powdered gum mixed with quinine is activity against medicinally important bacterial strains, such as
useful in fever cases complicated with diarrhoea and dysentery; Pseudomonas aurogenosa, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus
mixed with the white of an egg is applied on burns and scalds. aureus and Streptococcus cereviceae. The anti-microbial activity
Powdered gum is also used to arrest haemorrhages. The gum is was determined in methanolic extracts using agar well diffusion
administered in the form of mucilage in diarrhoea, dysentery and method. Result showed anti-bacterial activity against
diabetes mellitus.31 Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas vulgaris, Escherichia coli
5.2.4 Pods: Seeds are eaten roasted or raw in times of acute and anti-fungal activity against Streptococcus cereviceae. 39
scarcity.22 Pods when green is used as fodder.33 Pods decoction is Antimicrobial activity of the extracts against clinical isolates was
effective in urogenital diseases.11, 18, 19, 20, 22, 28, 33 Pods are performed by agar diffusion method. It exhibited potent activity
expectorant,15 used for impotency and dry cough. 20 Seeds are against all clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration
hypoglycaemic in normal rats; no such effect in diabetic rats. Seed for ethanol extract was 5 mg/ml while 10 mg/ml for petroleum ether
oil is antifungal.11 Pods are used as an astringent in diarrhoea.32 extract. These results may be helpful for rationale use of this plant
5.2.5 Flowers: Flowers are useful in reducing the body in the modern system of health care.40
temperature, ear ache and as a tonic, antidiarrheal, antidysenteric.
11, 20, 23
Anti-bacterial activity
5.2.6 Fruits: It is useful in diarrhoea, dysentery and diabetes. The methanol leaf and bark extracts of Acacia nilotica showed
5.2.7 Roots: Used for wound healing and burning sensation. 20 antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,
5.2.8 Extract: It is an astringent and injected to allay irritation in Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus aureus and
acute gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea.2 Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Malvacearum.38 Amin et al (2013)
has studied Methanol, acetone and water extracts of different parts
6. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS of Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile, Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton,
Bark: The bark is prosperous in phenolics, condensed tannin and Adhatoda vasica Nees, Fagoniaar abica L. and Casuarina
phlobatannin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid pyrocatechol, (+)- equisetifolia L. to evaluate the anti-bacterial activity against thirty
catechin, (-) epigallocatechin-7-gallate, and (-) epigallocatechin-5,7- four clinical isolates and two reference strains of H. pylori. Minimum
digallate, (-) epicatechin, (+) dicatechin, quercetin, (+) inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined
leucocyanidin gallate, sucrose and (+) catechin-5-gallate. 7, 9, 11, 18, 19, using the agar dilution method and compared with some standard

317
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

antibiotics like amoxicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline and Molluscicidal properties

metronidazole, used in the triple therapy for H. pylori eradication. Yousif M. (2009) has observed that lethal doses of plant that
Methanol and acetone extracts from Acacia nilotica and Calotropis caused 100% mortality (LC100) of the adult B. truncatus snails
procera exhibited stronger anti-H. pylori activity than metronidazole, were 112.50 ppm (55). Ayoub, S. M. (1982). Acacia nilotica have
almost comparable activity with tetracycline, but were found to be demonstrated the highest Molluscicidal Properties due to tannin
less potent than amoxicillin and clarithromycin.41 Mohan Lal Saini activity (18-23%) (56). Hussein Ayoub (1985) exhibited highest
et al (2008) examined comparative antimicrobial studies of Acacia activity using acetone, alcohol and aqueous extracts of the fruits
species and A. nilotica exhibited highest activity against three and stem bark of these species are reported against the two snail
bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and species which host schistosomes in the Sudan i.e.B. truncatus and
Salmonella typhi.42 The antibacterial activity of seed extracts of A. B. pfeifferi. 9
nilotica, P. Juliflora and L. Leucocephala was determined in vitro
using disc diffusion method against different bacterial strains viz. S. Anti -diarrheal activity
aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonae S. typhi. Dried The petroleum ether, methanolic and water extracts was evaluated
powder was subjected to successive hot extraction method to for its antidiarrhoeal activity. Only methanolic extract showed
obtain various extracts viz. n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, alcohol significant antidiarrhoeal activity against castor oil and magnesium
and water. Assay was performed at a dose of 100mg/ml, compared sulphate induced diarrhoea and barium chloride induced peristalsis
to standard Amikacin (30mg/ml). Maximum inhibition zone of 10mm using swis albino rat.48 Three experiment (castor oil induced
was observed by acetone,alcohol and water extracts of A. nilotica, diarrhea, gasterointestinal enteropooling and gasterointestinal
against E. coli, S. typhi, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa respectively.43 movement of charcoal in albino rats) was conducted to ascertain
the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Acacia nilotica at a dose rate
Anti-fungal activity of 200, 400 and 600mg/kg on diarrhea. Twenty five (25) Wister
The extracts, produced by 80% methanol, from leaf, bark and seed Albino rats of both sexes weighing between 100-170g were used
of three medicinal plants namely neem (Azadirachta indica A. for each experiment. The results showed that the fraction
Juss), kiker (Acacia nilotica L.) and jaman (Eugenia jambolana L.), insignificantly (P>0.05) reduced the number of unformed faeces at
were assessed for their antifungal activities against two fungal all the doses tested.49
strains viz. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus using disc
diffusion method and micro dilution broth susceptible assay. Result Anti-malarial activity
showed all the extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against [Link] Aqueous root extract of A. nilotica was analyzed for antiplasmodial
and [Link].44 Mohan Lal Saini et al (2008) examined activity in mice. Five groups, of five mice in each group were used.
comparative antimicrobial studies of Acacia species and A. nilotica Group 1 or control, was administered with 10ml distilled water/kg
exhibited highest activity against two fungal strains Candida body weight; groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered with 100, 200,
albicans and Aspergillus niger.42 The crude methanolic plant extract and 400 mg extract/kg body weight, respectively, while group 5 was
of A. arabica showed considerable anti-fungal activity against administered with 5 mg chloroquine/kg body weight. The results of
Streptococcus cereviceae.9,39 Dried fruits are active against C. this study showed that the aqueous root extract of Acacia nilotica is
albicans and used to treat oral candidiasis.9 Its fatty oil and safe and has anti plasmodial activity.47 The root extracts of A.
unsaponifiable matter were found to possess antibacterial and nilotica was active against Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium
antifungal properties.45 falciparum in mice; Ethyl acetate extract of A. nilotica have highest
antiplasmodial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum.9
Anti-viral activity
Parmar et al (2010) has investigated Acacia arabica for preliminary Anti-inflammatory activity
phytochemical analysis and characterization by various Fresh flowers of Acacia arabica willd were extracted with 80%
instrumental techniques. Methanolic extracts of Acacia arabica alcohol and the concentrated extract was fractionated in the usual
seeds was very good antibacterial activity and also minimum way. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to contain isoquercetin.
inhibitory concentrating of different virus using HEL cell cultures The structure was characterized by UV, NMR, Paper
HeLa cell cultures Vero cell cultures but Minimum inhibitory Chromatographic and Chemical studies. The yellow pigment was
concentration (MIC) of Herpes simplex - 1 and 2, vaccinia virus, found to contain promising results with respect to acute and chronic
vesicular stomatitis and Herpes simplecx-1 (TK ACVI) were anti-inflammatory studies. It also showed considerable percentage
observed very good antiviral activity of Acacia arabica seeds protection of bacteriostatic effect on Bacillus subtilis, a gram
DMSO extracts.46 Methanolic extract of the plant is active against positive organism.50
two animal viruses; Newcastle Disease and Fowl pox Viruses. 9 The
crude extract of the leaves of the plant showed in vitro antiviral Immunomodulatory effect
activity against the Turnip mosaic virus. There was a decrease in Hot aquous extract of [Link] revealed both proliferative and
lesions numbers on the hosts Chenopodium amaranticolor (93.77 inhibitory effects on the rat splenocytes and IL-10 release
%) and C. album (80.2 %). There was also decrease in lesions depending on the dose.5
when the extract was on the host leaves. The bark extract inhibited
the potato virus.2 Haemostatic property
In a study the potential of the polymeric component of aqueous
Antibiotic activity extracts of gum acacia (GA) and the seeds of M. oleifera (MSP) in
The plant extract showed potent antibiotic activity against four wound management was evaluated. The results revealed that both
bacterial species: gram positive; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus biopolymers were hemostatic and hasten blood coagulation. They
albus, Streptococcus faecalis; gram negative, Escherichia coli and showed shortening of activated partial thromboplastin time and
two fungal species: Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus prothrombin time and were non-cytotoxic in nature.51
examine by using paper disc diffusion method.9 Anti-thrombotic activity
A study was carried out by Bukhtiar H. Shah et al that the extract of
Anti-malarial activity Acacia nilotica (A. nilotica) have capacity to blocked platelet
Aqueous root extract of A. nilotica was analyzed for antiplasmodial aggregation mediated by platelet agonists, arachidonic acid (0.75
activity in mice. Five groups, of five mice in each group were used. µM), ADP (4.3 µM), platelet activating factor (800 nM) and collagen
Group 1 or control, was administered with 10ml distilled water/kg (638 nM) in a dose-dependent manner. The findings revealed that
body weight; groups 2, 3 and 4 were administered with 100, 200, the antiplatelet aggregatory activity of the extract of A. nilotica is
and 400 mg extract/kg body weight, respectively, while group 5 was mainly due to blockade of Ca2+ channels, although evidence also
administered with 5 mg chloroquine/kg body weight. The results of suggests that the involvement of protein kinase.4, 9, 25
this study showed that the aqueous root extract of Acacia nilotica is
safe and has anti plasmodial activity.47 The root extracts of A. Hypoglycaemic activity
nilotica was active against Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium The antidiabetic effects of hydroalcohiolic extracts of Acacia
falciparum in mice; Ethyl acetate extract of A. nilotica have highest Arabica investigated in diabetic rats. The Alloxan monohydrate was
antiplasmodial activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum.9 used to induce the diabetes in normal rats. The tolbutamide 80
mg/kg p.o. was used the standard antidiabetic throughout the study

318
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

and the results indicated that 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight of all effect of plant extract is independent of muscarinic receptor
hydroalcoholic test extracts reversed the altered glucose, stimulation or adrenoceptor blockade.57
cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL levels in diabetic rats
significantly and in dose dependent manner.52 About 94% seed diet Anticancer and Antimutagenic activity
of Acacia arabica showed hypoglycemic effect in rats through Punar Dutt Meena et al (2006) report the chemopreventive activity
release of insulin. The plant extract acts as an antidiabetic agent by of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) gum, flower and leaf aqueous extracts, on
acting as secretagouge to release insulin. It induces hypoglycemia 7,12–dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin
in control rats but not in alloxanized animals. 53, 54 Powdered seeds papillomagenesis in male Swiss albino mice. A significant reduction
of A. arabica when administered (2, 3 and 4 g/kg body weight) to in the values of tumor burden, tumor incidence and cumulative
normal rabbits, induces hypoglycemic effect by initiating release of number of papillomas was observed in mice treated by oral gavage
insulin from pancreatic beta cells. 53, 54, 55 with the Acacia nilotica gum, flower and leaf extracts as compared
with the control group.8 Acacia inhibits tumour cell growth and
Anti-oxidant activity selectively toxic to tumour cells at very low doses, also shown to
Antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate soluble fraction of A. arabica have potent cytotoxicity activity against human T-cell leukemia.25
bark by in vitro lipid peroxidation model was carried out by tertiary KM Sakthivel et al(2012) studied the effect of A. nilotica extract
butyl hydroperoxide induced lipid peroxidation and the most active against Dalton‘s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) induced solid and ascitic
fraction were identified by TLC and in vivo experiment in most tumors in BALB/c mice. Experimental animals received [Link]
active fraction were carried out with 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg oral extract (10 mg/[Link]) intraperitoneally for 10 and 14 consecutive
dose in carbon tetra chloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats and it is days before induction of solid and ascitic tumors, respectively.
hypothesized that flash chromatographic fraction of ethyl acetate Treatment with [Link] extract significantly decreased the
extract exhibited maximum activity with in vitro lipid peroxidation development of tumor.59
and 150 mg/kg dose of carbon tetra chloride shows marked liver
protection in in vitro model.10 The extracts, produced by 80% Abortifacient Activity
methanol, from leaf, bark and seed of three medicinal plants Nath et al (1992) studied aqueous or 90 % ethanol extracts of the
namely neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), kiker (Acacia nilotica L.) plants of interest in rats orally dosed for 10 days after insemination
and jaman (Eugenia jambolana L.), were assessed for their with special reference to see the effect on foetal development. Leaf
antioxidant activity. The results showed that among the different extracts of Moringa oleifern and Adhatoda vasica were 100%
parts of the investigated plants, neem leaf extract possessed abortive at doses equivalent to 175 mg/kg of starting dry material.
highest activity to scavenge DPPH (71.54%) followed by kiker leaf Only the flowers of Acacia arabica and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
and jaman leaf with contribution at 66.54% and 54.27%, appeared to lack teratologic potential at the doses tested. 60
respectively.44 Acacia species are rich source of polyphenolic
compounds, known to have strong antioxidant properties that help Anti-helminthic activity
in prevention and therapy of various oxidative stress related In vitro methanolic extract of Acacia nilotica fruit exhibit anthelmintic
diseases including cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and cancer.9, activity against Haemonchus contortus at LC50 = 512.86 and
56
194.98 μg/ml concentration by the adultmotility assay, the egg
hatch test and the larval development assay.9
Antiproteolytic activity
Inhibition of total proteolytic (caseinolytic), tryptic (by hydrolysis of Milk production
benzoyl arginine p-nitroanilide) and chymotryptic (by hydrolysis of Study performed by Z Lompo-Ouedraogo and others (2004) to
acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester) activities by ten species of legume determine the effect of an aqueous extract of AN on milk production
seeds on human and bovine pancreatic proteases were studied. in rats. Female rats that received oral doses of aqueous extract of
Acacia seeds extracts displayed more pronounced action on this plant during their first lactation produced about 59% more milk
human trypsin and chymotrypsin, it was more effective in inhibiting than controls (P<0·01). The extract of AN was found to stimulate
the total proteolytic activity of the bovine system.2 the synthesis and release of prolactin (PRL) significantly (P<0·05).
In addition, the mammary glands of oestrogenprimed rats treated
Antispasmodial activity with the extract showed clear lobuloalveolar development with milk
Acacia nilotica (methanolic extract) inhibited the spontaneous secretion. This study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of AN
contraction of rabbit jejunum in a dose-dependent (0.1– 3.0 mg/mL) can stimulate milk production and PRL release in the female rat.61
manner. It also inhibit K+-induced contractions, The mechanism
behind it is calcium channel blockade that results in lowering of 8. CLINICAL STUDIES
blood pressure effect.57 Tangade et al (2012) has studied anti-plaque and anti-gingivitis
properties of Acacia arabica containing toothpaste. Sixty subjects
Antiulcer activity with gingivitis were randomly assigned to a test group (Acacia
In a study by Bansal and goel (2012), different extracts [ethanolic, arabica-containing toothpaste) or control group (regular
50% hydroethanolic (50:50), 70% hydroethanolic (70:30) and toothpaste). An analysis of plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI)
aqueous] of young seedless pods were examined in pylorus ligation and bleeding on probing index (BOP%) were carried out at baseline
induced gastric ulcers in rats. Various parameters like, volume of and after 28 days followed by a washout period. Result showed
gastric acid secretion, pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index , reductions in PI, GI and BOP% in the Acacia arabica containing
mucin content and antioxidant studies were determined and were toothpaste compared with regular toothpaste.62
compared between extract treated, standard and vehicle control A prospective, randomized, placebo and positively controlled
following ulcer induction. The most active extract was also clinical trial was designed to evaluate the short-term clinical effects
evaluated in swimming stress induced and NSAID induced gastric of a commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica in the
ulceration. Results showed significant antiulcer activity in pyloric reduction of plaque and gingival inflammation in subjects with
ligation induced ulceration. Even more the 70% hydroethanolic gingivitis. Ninety subjects diagnosed with chronic generalized
extract showed better protection as compared to 50% gingivitis were selected and randomly divided into three groups:
hydroethanolic extract. Further 70 % hydroethanolic extract also Group I – placebo gel, Group II – gumtone gel and Group III – 1%
showed significant mucoprotection.58 chlorhexidine gel. Gumtone gel showed significant clinical
improvement in gingival and plaque index scores as compared to a
Anti-hypertensive activity and vasoconstriction activity placebo gel. This improvement was comparable to 1%
A methanol extract of Acacia nilotica pods (AN) caused a dose- chlorhexidine gel. Unlike chlorhexidine gel, gumtone gel was not
dependent (3–30 mg/kg) fall in arterial blood pressure. Treatment of associated with any discolouration of teeth or unpleasant taste. 63
animals with atropine abolished the vasodilator response of Double-blind, randomized control trial sought to evaluate the clinical
acetylcholine (ACh), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the effects of 3 mouthrinses against salivary mutans streptococci (MS).
plant extract remained unaltered. Phentolamine (an α-adrenergic Ninety high-caries risk volunteers were randomly assigned to 3
blocker) abolished the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine groups, each group using a selected mouthrinse BID for 30 days.
(NE), whereas pretreatment of the animal with AN, did not modify Subjects in Group 1 rinsed with 10 ml of 50% Acacia nilotica ,
the NE response. These results indicate that the antihypertensive Group 2 subjects rinsed with 10 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine (active

319
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

control), and subjects in Group 3 rinsed with saline water (passive 5. Sharma AK, Kumar A, et al. Studies on Antimicrobial and
control). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline, Immunomodulatory Effects of Hot Aqueous Extract of
30, and 60 days. MS were cultured on mitis salivarius bacitracin Acacia nilotica L. Leaves against Common Veterinary
agar, and colony counts were obtained. There were significant Pathogens. Veterinary Medicine International 2014.
decreases in the MS colony count in the A. nilotica and 6. Bargali K, Bargali SS. Acacia nilotica: a multipurpose
chlorhexidine groups at 30 days (85% and 83%, respectively) and leguminous plant. Nature and Science, 2009;7(4): 11-19.
at 60 days (65% and 63%, respectively) ( P < 0.0001). The 7. Ali A, Akhtar N, et al. Acacia nilotica: A plant of
antibacterial action of A. nilotica against MS was similar to that of multipurpose medicinal uses. Journal of Medicinal Plants
chlorhexidine.3 Research 2012; 6(9):1492-1496.
One study was conducted to assess the effect of Indian Gum 8. Meena PD, Kaushik P, et al. Anticancer and Antimutagenic
Arabic pods powder on blood glucose and lipid levels of type 2 Properties of Acacia nilotica (Linn.) on 7,12- Dimethylbenz
diabetic subjects. Forty five subjects with type 2 diabetes: age 45- (a) anthracene-induced Skin Papillomagenesis in Swiss
65 years, male or female, not on insulin therapy, not taking Albino Mice. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
medicine for other health conditions and fasting blood glucose 2006; 7: 627-632.
levels between (110–300 mg/dl) were divided randomly in three 9. Malviya S, Rawat S, et al. Medicinal attributes of Acacia
groups. Group I, II and III consumed 2, 3 and 4 g of pods powder nilotica Linn- A comprehensive review on ethno
daily, respectively for four weeks. After 28 days the pods powder pharmacological claims. Int J of Pharm and Life Sci 2011
reduced the fasting blood glucose (10–19%), post prandial (7-35%), June; 2(6): 830- 837.
triglyceride (6-18%), LDL (7–10%), total cholesterol (5-11%), VLDL 10. Katiyar S, Patidar D, et al. Some Indian Traditional
(7-15%), HDL cholesterol (5-10%) and blood pressure (8-13%) of Medicinal Plants With Antioxidant Activity: A Review.
the subjects. Changes were significant in the post prandial glucose International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,
level, triglyceride and VLDL cholesterol and blood pressure levels Engineering and Technology 2013; 2(12): 7303-7314.
of the third group of subjects who were taking 4 g of pods powder 11. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants. India: Springer; 2007:4-
daily.64 5.
A prospective, single blind, standard controlled randomized clinical 12. Anonymous. Medicinal Plants in Folklores of Northern
trial on 45 patients (30 patients in test group and 15 in control India. 1st ed. New
group) with complaint of abnormal vaginal discharge or Delhi: CCRUM; 2001: 23.
vulvovaginal pruritus. Married patients aged 18- 45 years with 13. Hakeem MAH. Bustan ul Mufradat. New Delhi: Idarae
regular cycles and diagnosed as having BV were included in this Kitabul Shifa; 2002: 120.
study. Decoction of Chal babool was given orally (30gms twice 14. Kabeeruddin M. Ilmul Advia Nafeesi. New Delhi: Ejaz
daily) for one month and standard drug Tab. Metronidazole (400mg Publishing House; 2007: 245.
twice daily) for 7 days was given in test and control group 15. Syed HM. Hamdard Pharmacopeia of Eastern Medicine.
respectively. For diagnosis and cure rate of bacterial vaginosis, 2nd ed. New Delhi: Sri Satguru publications; 1997: 353-
Amsel‘s criteria were used. Results: There was a significant 354.
improvement in the subjective and objective parameters; test drug 16. Chughtai HGM, Chughtai HF. Rehnumae Aqaqeer. Vol I.
was found to have similar effective as in control drug in the New Delhi: Ejaz Publishing House; 2004: 229-240.
management of Bacterial Vaginosis (P =1.000) statistically.65 17. Kabeeruddin M. Makhzanul Mufradat. New Delhi: Ejaz
Single blind, plain controlled randomized study was conducted to Publication House; YNM: 118-119.
evaluate the efficacy of Aqaqia (Acacia arabica) in improving 18. Chatterjee A, Pakrashi SC. The Treatise on Indian
Woman‘s Quality of Life in Nutue Rehm (Uterine Prolapse) with well Medicinal Plants. Vol II. New Delhi: NISCIR; 2000: 51-53.
validated Prolapse-Quality of Life (P-QOL) Questionnaire. Thirty 19. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar T. A
subjects diagnosed with uterine prolapsed were selected and Handbook of Medicinal Plants. Joudhpur: Agrobios; 2009:5-
randomly divided into two groups: Group I – test group (Acacia 6.
arabica powder orally as well as pessary with pelvic floor muscle 20. Gupta AK, Tandon N. Indian medicinal plants. Vol I. New
exercise) l, Group II-control group (Vitamin B complex with pelvic Delhi: ICMR;
floor muscle exercise). Clinical evaluation was undertaken using 2004: 57-59.
the P-QOL questionnaire. The test group shows a significant 21. Anonymous. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India Part I
improvement in quality of life in uterine prolapse patient as Vol I. Government of India Ministry of Health and Family
compared to a control group.47 Welfare Department of AYUSH. YNM: 29-30.
22. Anonymous. The Wealth of India, Raw materials. Vol I: A.
9. CONCLUSION New Delhi: NISCIR; 2003: 37- 41.
As the pharmacologists are looking forward to develop new drugs 23. Pullaiah T. Encyclopaedia of World Medicinal Plants. Vol I.
from natural sources, development of modern drugs from Acacia New Delhi: Regency Publications; 2006:26-28.
arabica can be emphasized for the control of various diseases. It 24. Prasad G, Reshmi MV. A manual of medicinal trees. India:
contains a number of phytoconstituents, which are the key factors Agrobios;
in the medicinal value of this plant. It is quite evident from this 2007:97-100.
review that Acacia arabica is an important medicinal herb and 25. Zahoor N, Usmanghani K, et al. Pharmacological activities
extensively all types of medicinal systems. It elicits on all aspects of of Acacia arabica. Crown Journal of Medicine 2011 Nov;
herb and throws the attention to set the mind of the researchers to 1(2): 09-11.
carry out the work for developing the new formulations which can 26. Ghani N. Khazainul Advia. New Delhi: Idarae Kitabul Shifa;
ultimately beneficial for the human being. YNM: 339-340.
27. Lindley J. Flora [Link] Delhi: Ajay Book Service;
REFERENCES 2001:269.
28. Narayan DP, Kumar U. Argo‘s Dictionary of Medicinal
1. Hassan A, Rahman S, et al. Antimicrobial activity of some Plants. India (Jodhpur): Updesh Purohit for Agrobios;
plant extracts having hepatoprotective effects . Journal of 2005:3.
Medicinal Plants Research 2009; 3(1): 20-23. 29. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian
2. Rajvaidhya S, Nagori BP, et al. A REVIEW ON Acacia Medicinal Plants.6th ed. New Delhi: NISCIR; 2002:2.
arabica - An Indian Medicinal Plant. IJPSR 2012; 3(7): 30. Waring EJ. Pharmacopoeia of India. Delhi: Asiatic
1995-2005. Publishing House; 2010:77.
3. Gupta D, Gupta RK. Investigation of antibacterial efficacy of 31. Nadkarni KM. Indian Plants and Drugs with their Medical
Acacia nilotica against salivary mutans streptococci: a properties and Uses. New Delhi: Srishti Book Distributors;
randomized control trial. General Dentistry 2015 January- 2005: 4-5.
February; 23-27. 32. Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D. Pharmacographia
4. Mohammad R, Shariq S, et al. Bark of Acacia Arabica – A Indica - A History of
Nature‘s Gift: An Overview. Int. Res. J. Medical Sci. 2014; the principal drugs. Vol I. New Delhi: Srishti Book
2(5): 20-24. distributors; 2005; 556.

320
 Mariyam Roqaiya et al / Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. Res. 2015; 4 (6): 315-321

33. Anonymous. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi: 50. Rajendran A, Priyadarshini M, et al. Phytochemical studies
NISCIR; 2000:6-7. and pharmacological investigations on the flowers of
34. Banso A. Phytochemical and antibacterial investigation of Acacia Arabica. African Journal of Pure and Applied
bark extracts of Acacia nilotica J Med Plant Res 2009 Feb; Chemistry 2010; 4(10): 240-242.
3(2): 082-085. 51. Bhatnagar M, Parwani L, et al. Hemostatic, antibacterial
35. Yasir M, Shrivastava R, et al. Hypoglycaemic and biopolymers from Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Moringa
Antihyperglycemic Effects of Different Extracts and oleifera (Lam.) as potential wound dressing materials.
Combinations of Withania coagulans Dual and Acacia Indian J Exp Biol. 2013; 51(10): 804-810.
arabica Lamk in Normal and Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. 52. Patil RN, Patil RY, et al. Study of Some Medicinal Plants
Pharmacognosy Communications 2012 Apr-Jun; 2(2): 61- for Antidiabetic Activity in Alloxan Induced Diabetes.
66. Pharmacologyonline 2010; 1: 53-60.
36. Hammouda et al. A guide to medicinal plants in North 53. Kavishankar GB, Lakshmidevi N, Murthy et al. Diabetes
Africa. YNM. [cited on 24/09/12] Available at and medicinal plants-A review. Int J Pharm Biomed Sci
[Link]. 2011; 2(3): 65-80.
37. Nagumanthri V, Rahiman S, et al. In vitro Antimicrobial 54. Kundlikrao IR. Antidiabetic Drugs in Ayurveda. Int. Res. J.
activity of Acacia nilotica, Ziziphus mauritiana, Bauhinia Pharm. 2013; 4(6): 21-24.
variegate and Lantana camara against some clinical 55. Patel DK, Prasad SK, et al. An overview on antidiabetic
isolated strains. IJST (2012) A2: 213-217. medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property. Asian
38. Mahesh B, Satish S. Antimicrobial Activity of Some Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 320-330.
Important Medicinal Plant Against Plant and Human 56. Dhabhai K, Bhargav S, et al. In vitro and In Vivo
Pathogens. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2008; Antibacterial comparative study in Acacia nilotica L. Int J
4(S): 839-843. Pharm Pharm Sci 2012; 4(1):174- 175.
39. Shazia M, Saadia MA, et al. Anti-Microbial screening of 57. Gilani A H, Shaheen F, et al. Studies on antihypertensive
some medicinal plants extracts. International Journal of and antispasmodic activities of methanol extract of Acacia
Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 2011; 2 (4):1258- nilotica pods. Phytotherapy Research 1999; 13(8): 665-
1264. 669.
40. Deshpande SN. Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In 58. Bansal VK, Goel RK. Gastroprotective effect of Acacia
Vitro Investigation of Antibacterial Activity of Acacia nilotica nilotica young seedless pod extract: Role of polyphenolic
against Clinical Isolates. Journal of Pharmacognosy and constituents. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine
Phytochemistry 2013; 1(5): 23-27. 2012; 523-528.
41. Amin M, Anwar F, et al. Anti-Helicobacter pylori and Urease 59. Sakthivel KM, Kannan N, et al. Anticancer Activity of Acacia
Inhibition Activities of Some Traditional Medicinal Plants. nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex. Delile Subsp. indica Against Dalton‘s
Molecules 2013; 18: 2135-2149. Ascitic Lymphoma Induced Solid and Ascitic Tumor Model.
42. Saini M.L. Comparative Pharmacognostical and Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012; 3989-
antimicrobial studies of Acacia species (Mimosaceae). 3995.
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2008; 2(12):378-386. 60. Nath D, Sethi N, et al. Commonly used Indian abortifacient
43. Srivastava M, Kumar G, et al. Phytochemical studies and plants with special reference to their teratologic effects in
Antimicrobial activity of Babool seeds. Journal of Scientific rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1992; 36:147- 154.
and Industrial research 2014; 73: 724-728. 61. Eline MB, Ouedraogo ZL, et al. Effect of aqueous extract of
44. Naseer R, Sultana B. Variations in Phenolics, Antioxidant Acacia nilotica ssp adansonii on milk production and
and Antifungal activities among different parts of selected prolactin release in the rat. J Endocrin 2004; 182:257–266.
medicinal plants. Pak. J. Bot. 2014; 42(2): 705-712. 62. Tangade PS, Mathur A, et al. Anti-gingivitis Effects of
45. Ray AB, Sarma BK, Singh UP. Medicinal Properties of Acacia arabica-containing Toothpaste. The Chinese
Plants: Antifungal, Journal of Dental Research 2012; 15(1): 49-53.
Antibacterial and Antiviral Activities. India: IBDC; 2004:3-4. 63. Pradeep AR, Happy D, et al. Short-term clinical effects of
46. Parmar KA, Patel AN, et al. Anti viral in HEL cell, HeLa commercially available gel containing Acacia arabica: a
cell cultures, antibacterial and antioxidant activity of Acacia randomized controlled clinical trial. Australian Dental
arabica seeds extracts by the use of DPPH free radical Journal 2010; 55: 65–69.
method. J. Chem. Pharm. Res.2010; 2(4):324-332. 64. Pareek P, Choudhry M. management of type 2 Diabetics by
47. Farzana MUZN, Tharique IA, et al. A review of Indian Gum Arabic (Acacia nilotica) Pods Powder.
ethnomedicine, phytochemical and pharmacological International Journal of Food and Nutritional Sciences
activities of Acacia nilotica (Linn) willd. Journal of 2013; 2(2): 77-83.
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2014; 3 (1): 84-90. 65. Jahufer R, Begum W. Efficacy of Bark of Acacia arabica in
48. Komal, Sunil K, et al. Herbal Approaches for Diarrhoea. Management of Bacterial Vaginosis : A Randomized
IRJP 2013, 4(1): 31-38. Controlled Trial. Int J Cur Res Rev 2014; 6(01): 79-88.
49. Sanni S, Thilza IB, et al. The effect of acacia nilotica pob
ethyl acetate fraction on induced diarrhea in albino rats.
New York Science Journal 2010;3(8): 16-20.

321