~ "e", c.

'"

I
,}
1 '

APPENDIX A 1'1t
, i
,
ANALYSIS OF SLABS!~
'It!'\

A.t SCOPE Ii
(1) This appendixprovidesmethodsof analysisfor one-wayslabs,two-wayslabsand flat slabswhich !
are basedon the principles set out on Section3.8.

A.2 ONE-WAY SLABS

A.2.t General

(1) One-wayslabs transmit their load mainly in one direction (i.e. the direction of span). There is
no needto analyzethe actioneffectstransverseto the direction of spanarisingas a result of restrained
lateral stra,in.or the transversedisttibution of concentratedor line loads, or causedby a support
parallel to the direction of span, which has not bean taken into accountin the calculation. These
effectsshall, however, be takeninto accountby making suitable detailingprovisions.

A.2.2 D,is~ributi,O;n
of Concentrated Loads

(1) The width of slab which may be assumedto be effective in carrying a concentratedload may be
taken asfollows:

.(a) For solid slabs,the effective width may be takenasthe sumof the load width and 2.4x(1-x/L)
where x is the distancefrom the nearer supportto the sectionunder considerationand L is
..the span.
(b) For other slabs, exceptwhere speciallyprovided for, the effective width will dependon the
ratio of the transverseand longitudinal flexural rigidities of the slab. When these are
approximatelyequal, the value for the effective width as given for solid slabs may be used,
but as the ratio decreasesa smallervalue shall be taken. The minimumvalue which needbe
taken, however, is the load width plus 4x/L(1 -x/L) meterswhere x and L are as defined in
(a) aboveso that, for a sectionat mid-span,the effective width is equalto 1.0 meterplus the
load width.
(c) Where the concentratedload is near an unsupportededge of a slabthe effect,ivewidth shall
not exceedthe value in (a) or (b) aboveas appropriate,nor half that value plus the distance
of the center of the load from the unsupportededge(seeFig. A-I).

A.3 TWO-WAY SLABS

A.3.t General

I (1) The type of slab dealt with here is one composedof rectangularpanelssupportedat all four edges
by walls or beams stiff enoughto be treated as unyielding. This may be assumedto be the caseif
the requirementsfor the ratio betweenthe depth of a beam and its span are in accordancewith
Fig. A-2.
(2) Thesemethodsare intendedfor slabs with uniformly distributedloads. If a slab is subjectedto
concentratedor line loads, in additionto a uniform load, thesecan generallybe treatedby considering
them as equivalentuniform loads using approximaterules, provided that the'sumof the non-uniform
loads on a panel does not exceed20 percentof the total load.

. EBCS 2 -1995 107

.
 ,
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE

Load .
f=~::+~:~
~ T ~
,
Unsupported Effective Width
Edoe

-L
~Load
Width
X
1,2X (1- L

Figure A-I Effective Width of Solid Slab Carrying a ConcentratedLoad near an Unsupported
Edge
~- L, .\

r"'~} .!!.L ~
L,
Z. 5 (..!!..!.
Lx ) t

~ ~~r (II
/l
m
IIi -cz
hZ ~ I Z,5
h.
Z'5(""1:-;)
~ ,.

.1+"f ~'1~ to. -L (,.5LI)

.g~ WALL
t~ BEAM
r L, ~
Figure A-2 Support for Two-Way Slabs

A.3.2 Individual Panel Moments

(1) Moments for individual panels with edges either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated as:

ml = al (gd + Qd)Lz2 (A-I)

" Ilere mj is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference
al is the coefficient given in Table A-I as function of aspect ratio L)' /Lz and
support conditions
gd is the uniformly distributed design permanent load
qd is the uniformly distributed design live load
Lz is the shorter span of the panel
L)' is the longer span of the panel .

,
108 EBCS.2-1995
 .i APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

.Subscripts for momentsand moment coefficients(aJ have the following meanings:

$ support
f field (span)
x: direction of shorterspan
)' direction of longer span
(2) Notationsfor different critical momentsand edgenumbersare shown in Fig. A-3. Division of ,'

slab into middle and edgestrips is illustrated in Fig. A-4. .

Mxl

::L
jMY1

~ 4~~
Figure A-3 Notations for Critical Moments

(3) The positive momentcoefficientsin Table A-1 may be derived from 'the following equations.The
.negative moment coefficients are taken as 4/3 times the positive moment coefficients for the ~ame
direction.
(24 + 2nd + 1.Snd2)
~ a:tf = 1000 (A.2)

rv
'-4rj --fJ
(/l-~ + Jl--~)2 (A.3)

fJ = ~ {1 -? ~ ({1-~ + Jl--~)} (A.4)

y

where nd is the numberof discontinuousedg~ (0 ~ nd ~ 4)

r l' r 2, r 3' r 4are the ratios of negative moment capacityat edges1 to 4, respectively,
to the span moment capacityin the samedirection and take valuesof 4/3 for
continuousedgesor zero for discontinuousedges.

1 :~
r LY:o1I r Ly .1 ~
! Middle! M~;d~: '-
I I Strip I Strip T
! I I
-, I II f

~ II I L
f I Edge ~ !L.r ~ I- ~ \ Edge I:.!-:
4C Strip T 8 '-Strip 8

Figure .A~-4
Division of Slab into Middle and Edge Strips

.
.EBCS 2 -1995 109
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE .

(4) Slabsare consideredas divided in each direction into middle strips and edgestrips as shown in .
Fig. A-4, the middle strip being three quartersof the width and each edge strip one eighth of the
width.
(5) The maximum design momentscalculatedas above apply only to the middle strips and no
redistribution shall be made.

(65 Reinforcementin the middle strips shall be detailed in accordancewith Section7.1.7.

(7) Reinforcementin an edgestrip, parallel to the edge,neednot be lessthan the minimum given in
Section7.2.2.2 (minimum areasof tensionreinforcement).

A.3.3 Moments in Continuous Slabs

A.3.3.1General
(1) The first stageof designis to determinesupportand span momentsfor all panelsindividually by
treating their edgesas either simply supportedor fully fixed (seeSectionA,.3.2). External edgesare
generallyconsideredas simply supportedand continuousedgesare consideredas fully fixed in this
stage.

(2) If the slab is connectedwith an external wall or if any of its edgesis partly fixed and partly
simply supported,the following proceduremay be adopted:
(a) The ratio of the actual supportmomentto the bendingmomentof fully fixed slab, or the ratio
of the width of fixed part to the width of the simply supportedpart of the edgeis evaluated. .
(b) The bending momentsof the slab are then computedby interpolating between different
supportconditions. .

(3) For each $UPportover which the slab is continuousthere will thus generally be two different
supportmoments. The difference may be distributedbetweenthe panelson eitherside of the support
to equalizetheir moments,as in the momentdistributionmethodfor frames.

(4) Two methodsof differing accuracy,are given here for treating the effectsof this redistribution
on momentsaway from the support.

A.3.3.2 MethodI

(1) Method I may be used:

(a) When differences betweeninitial support momentsare less than 20 percentof the' larger .
moment, and
(b) only for internal structureswherethe live load doesnot exceed2.5 times the permanentload
(qk ~ 2.5gk) or 0.8 times the deadload for externalstructures(qk ~ 0.8gk).

In other caseseither Method II or other more accuratemethodsshall be used.

(2) ~I'~n Method I is used, dimensioningis nC!rmallycarriedout either using:

(a) Initial momentsdirectly, or

(b) basedon the averageinitial momentat the support.

.
110 EBCS 2 -1995 'w
 APPENDIXA: ANAL YSiSOF~ .!.!
Table A-I Bending Moment Coemclents fqr R~gular Panels Supported on Four SI~
with Provision for Torsion at Comers

Lon'lpan
Value3of L/Lz coeffic~ta,
Support Condition Caeft'. ..~ and~
1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0 for aU
valuetof
LILa

r~~~1 ~ 0.032 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.063 0.032

~'m~77/77~ ~ 0.024 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.048 0.024

t~~1 ~ 0.039 9.044 0.048 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.063 0.067 0.039
~77~7~ ~ 0.029 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.029

~/// //"/"/~ ~ 0.039 0.049 0.056 0.062 0.068 0.073 0.082 0.089 0.039
1--~__J ~ 0.030 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.030

I/////////~ ~ 0.047 0.056 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.093 0.047
L~ ~ 0.036 0.042 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.036

0 S
~
~:
0.046 0.050 0.054 0.057 0.060 0.062 0.067 0.070
0.034 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.045' 0.047 0.050 0.053
-
0.034

0 :: 0.~34 0.~46 0.~56 0.~5 0.~72 0.~78 0.~1 O.~OO ~:::

I//~//""""""'I~ ~ 0.057 0.065 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.084 0.092 0.098 -

L_~J ~: 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.060 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.044

~ ~ 0.058
8 ~~ 0.044 0.054 0.063 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.096 0.105 0.044
"" .

II ~
9 II ~"" 0.056 0.065 0.074 0.081 0.087 0.092 0.103 0.111 0.056

,
 ETHIOPIANBUILDINGCODESTANDARDFORSTRUCTURALUSEOF CONCRETE .

A.3.3.3 Method11 .
(1) In this method considerationof the effects of changesof support momentsis limited to the adjacent
spans. Since no effects on neighboring support sectionsneedbe c.onsidered,only a simple balancing
operationis required at eachedgeand no iterative processis involved.
,
(2) The procedurefor applying Method II, is as follows:

(a) Supportand span momentsare first calculatedfor individual panelsby assumingeach panelto be
fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficientsgiven in Table A-I as describedin Section
A.3.2.
(b) The unbalancedmomentis distributed using the momentdistributionmethod. The relative stiffness
of eachpanel shall be taken proportional to its gross momentof inertia divided by the smallerspan.
(c) If the support momentis decreased,the span momentsn1:vand ~ are then increasedto allow for
the changesof supportmoments. This increaseis calculatedas being equalto the changeof the
3upportmomentmultiplied by the factors given in Table A-2. If a support momentis increased,no
adjustmentshall be madeto the spanmoments.

A.3.4 Elastic Values of Support Moments

(1) The abovemethodsgive averagevalues of supportmoments. In caseswhere maximum elastic moments'

should be considered(e.g. in watertight structures),elastic theory must be used.

,
A.3.S wads on Supporting Beams

(1) The designloadson beams supportingsolid slabs spanningin two directions at right anglessupporting
uniformly distributed loads may be assessedfrom the following equations:

Vx = .Bvx(gd+ qJLx (A.5)

Vy = .Bvy(gd
+ qJLx (A.6)

(2) Table A-3 gives values of load transfer coefficients.The assumeddistribution of the load on a
supportingbeam is shown in Fig. A-5.

(3) The designload on a beamdetermined in accordancewith (1) and (2) above, may be taken as the
maximum shear in the slab at the center of support.II

'I
112 EBCS2 -7995 ~
 "

APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

Table A-2 Factors for Adjusting Span Moments m~ and mJ!

~--ILa ~Lx
L,ILx 1"~._~.'Iy'.~ t,

Cx C, Cx c,

1.0 0.380 0.280 0.280 0.380

1.1 0.356 0.220 0.314 0.374
1.2 0.338 0.172 0.344 0.364
1.3 0.325 0.135 0.373 0.350
1.4 0.315 0.110 0.398 0.331
1.5 0.305 0.094 0.421 0.310
1.6 0.295 0.083 0.443 0.289
1.7 0.285 0.074 0.461 0.272
1.8 0.274 0.066 0.473 0.258
1.9 0.258 0.060 0.481 0.251
2.0 0.238 0.055 0.484 0.248

EBCS 2 -1995
 I

,
I
, .
~
'c"
';;I~ ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL
~- USE
-~- OF CONCRETE
;;~'c
ft" Table A-3 Shear Force Coefficients for Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Panels Supported on Four Sides with Provision for

Torsion at Corners

Edge .B1afor values of L/Lz

Type of panel .Bvy
and location 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2.0

0 'Continuous 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

0 Continuous 0.36 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.36
2 Discontinous 0.24

~"~~ Continuous 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.36
~--=-J Discontinous 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 -

F~~~ Continuous 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.40
L__~_J Discontinous 0.26 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.38 0.40 0.26

r~~1 ~ontin~ous 0.40 0.43 0.45 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.54 -
~,?:~??~ Discontmous 0.26

Q 6
Continuous
"
Discontmous 0.26 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.44 0.47
0.40
-

D Continuous 0.45 0.48 0.5I 0.53 0.55 0.57 0.60 0.63 -

Discontinous 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.30

Q Continuou!l 0.45
Discontinous 0.30 0.33 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.45 0.48 0.30

Q Di~l.'onti/1ou!l 0.33 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.33

V.
A ~+~Wt+1-~ A
~ L ~

f1~ure A.5 Distrihution or Load on a Beam Suppclrting a Two-Way Spanning Sluh

~-~.. .GG~ (il;; -

 .APPENDIX A: ANAL YSiS OF SLABS

.,
A.4 FLAT SLABS
A.4.1 Scope tti c

(1) The provision 'given in this chapterare for the design of flat slabs supportedby a generallyrectangular ;
arrangementof columnsand where the ratio of the longer to the shorter spansdoes not exceed2. i\
r f
11
!
A.4.2 Definitions ~
#

(1) Column strip is a design strip with a width on eachside of a columncenter-lineequal to O.25Lxor if
drops with dimensionnot lessthan L,.tI3areusoo..a width equal to the drop dimension.

(2) Middle strip is a designstrip boundeAiby two column.strips.

(3) The division of panels in flat slabsinto columnInd middle strip is illustrated in Fig. A-6.

A.4.3 Analysis or Flat Slab Structur~

1,
A.4.3.1 General f
;
I
V
:
.(1) A flat slab including supportingcolumnsor walls may be analyzedusing the equivalentframe method 1.
(Se..."'tion
A.4.3.2) or. where applicable.the simplifioo method(Section~.4.3.3). !
.;
\
I
(2) For both methodsof analysis.the negative momentsgr~ than thoseat a distance h)2 from the I
center-lineof the column may be ignoroo providoo the momentMoobtainedas the sum of the maximum !
positive design momentand the averageof the negativedesignmomentsin anyone spanof the slab for the I
whole panel width is suchthat: ;
!
,I
Mo ~ (gtl + qtl)I.z(Li -~;. (A.1) \
8 3 I
;

i
where Li is the panel length parallel to span, measuredfrom centersof columns \
Lz is the panelwidth. measuroofrom centersof columns ;!
hc is the effective diameterof a column or columnhead(see (3) below). I I

t Wh.enthe above condition is not satisfioo,the negativedesign momentsshall be increas.ed.

.
(3) The effective diametc;cof a columnor column headhc is the diameterof a circle whoseareaequalsthe l
.I
cross-sectional area of the column or. if column heads are used, the area of the column heOO basoo on the 1
,

effective dimensionsas defined.in (4) below. In no caseshall hcbe takenas greaterthan one-quarterof the I!

shortest span framing into the column.

,,.
(4) The effective dimensions of a column head for use in calculation of hc (see (3) above) are limit~ t

.according to the depthof the head. In any direction, the effective dimensionof a headL~ shall betaken as

.~E;-- EBCS 2 -7995 115 1':~

c:j
 ,

.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE
---

I I

Middle

-"t--
I Lx I
\ I ~ I
I
I I
P
'-

Ly

Ignore DropIf
~ .Dr~p ~ Dim~n~on<LX/S
,-
I

Middle S

Ly

Ignore Drop If
Dimensjon
i. I... thanLx/S

.
Figure A-6 Division or Paneb in Flat Slabs ,

the lesserof the actualdimensionLho' or Lh.-, where LI..- is given by:

4

Lh.- = Lc + 2dh (A.8)

I

For a flared head, the actual dimensionLhois that measuredto tt~ centerof the reinforcing steel(see.Fig.
I A-7). .
(5) For the purposesthis sectiona drop may only be consideredto influencethe distribution of moments
within the slab where the smaller dimensionof the dr.opis at leastone third of the smallerdimensionof the
surroundingpanels. Smaller drops may, however, still be takeninto accountwhen assessing the resistance -
to punchingshear.

116 EBCS2 -7995

.
 APPENDIX
A: ANALYs/SOFSLABS
.-
~ Lit.mG. ~ ~ Lit.mG. ~
.,/ ,," ,
, L~ o /, Lho / \
, ./ d.. ~

\
..
(I) Lh = Lh.mox (II) 4.= Ltlo ':
,"

~.I
it!
:',.
,
;

(III) Ltl8 Ltl mo.

.(Iv) LtI- Ltlo

(C)
Figure A-7 Types of Column Head

A.4.3.2 EquivalentFrameMethod

(1) The structure may be divided longitudinally and transverselyinto frames consistingof columnsand
strips of slab.

(2) The width of slab used to define the effective stiffnessof the slab will dependupon the aspectratio of
the panelsand the type of loading, but the following provisions maybe applied in the absenceof more
accuratemethods:

(a) In the caseof vertical loading, the full width of the panel, and
(b) for lateral loading, half the width of the panel, may be used to calculatethe stiffnessof the slab.

(3) The momentof inertia of any sectionof slab or column used in calculatingthe relative stiffnessof
membersmay be assumedto be that of the cross sectionof the concretealone.

(4) Momentsand forces within a systemof flat slab panels may be obtainedfrom analysisof the structure
underthe single load caseof maximum designload on all spansor panelssimultaneously,provided:

(a) The ratio of the characteristicimposedload to the characteristicdeadload does not exceed1.25.
(b) The characteristicimposedload does not exceed5.0 kN!m2 excludingpartitions.

(5) Where it is not appropriateto analyzefor the single load caseof maximum designload on all spans,it
will be sufficient to considerfollowing the arrangementsof vertical loads:

(a) All spansloaded with the maximum designultimate load, and

,

EBCS2- 1995 _..,!1;,.,""

,,_..:..,"'~-
 !!!

ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE

(b) Alternate spanswith the maximum designultimate load and all other spansloadedwith the
m~imum designult~ate load (1.0GJ.

(6) Each frame may be ~alyzed in its entirety by any elasticmethod. Alternatively, for vertical loadsonly,
each strip of floor and roof may be analyzedas a separateframe with the columnsaboveand below fixed in
position and direction at their e:x:tremities.
In either case,the analysisshall be ~ied out for the'appropriate
designultimate loads on eachspan calculatedfor a strip of slab of width equal to the distancebetween
centerlines of the panelson eachside of the columns.

A.4.3.3 Simplified Method

(1) Momentsand shearforces in non-swayflat slab structuresmay be determinedusingTable A-4, subject

to the conditionsin (2) below.

(2) The following limitations shall be observedwhen usingthe simplified method:

(a) Designis basedon the single load caseof all spansloaded with the maximumdesignultimate load.
(b) There..al'eat leastthree rows of panelsof approximatelyequalspan in the direction being consid-
ered.
(c) Successivespanlength in eachdirection shall not differ by more than one-third of the longerspan.
(d) Maximum offsets of columnsfrom either axis betweencenterlines of successivecolumnsshall not
ex~ 10% of the span (in the direction of the offset).

Table A-4 Bending Moment and Shear Force Coe.fficlentsfor Flat Slabs or Three or More Equal
Spans
Outer support Near First Center of Interior sup-
center interior interior port
Column Wall of first support span
span
Moment -().O4OFL -().O20FL O.083fl. -O.063fl. O.O71FL -O.OSSl'I.
Shear O.4SF O.40F -O.OOF -O.50F
Total column
moments O.O4OFL --O.O22FL -O.O22l'I.

NOTE 1. F is the total design ultimate load on the strip of slab betweenadjacentcolumnsconsidered.
2. L is the effective span = L. -2JJj3.
3. The limitations of Section A.4.3.1(2) neednot be cboc:...ed.
4. The OX)~ts shall not be redistributed.

A.4.3.4 lA'vUion of Moments BetweenColumn and Middle Strips

118 EBCS2 -1995

 APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

(I) The design momentsobtainedfrom analysi$of the continuousframes using the EquivalentFrame
Method (see SectionA.4.3.2) or from Table A-4 shall be divided betweenthe columnand middl,estrips in
the proportions given in Table A-5.

Table A-S Distribution-or ~ign Moments in Pane~ or Flat Slabs

Apportionmentbet;weencolumn and middle strip expressedas

percentagesof the total negativeor positive designmoment

Column strip (%) Middle. strip (%)

Negative 75 25 .
.. 55 45
, "

Positive t~~
!c.

NOTE: For. the casewhere the width of the colurnn~stripis takenas eq\lal to that of the drop, and the middle ::i
!:~;
strip is therebyincreasedin width, the design momentsto be resistedby the middle strip shall be '~$
increasedin proportion to its increasedwidth. The design momentsto be resistedby the column "~
strip may be decreasedby an amountsuch that the total positive and the total negativedesign
momentsresistedby th~ column strip and middle strip togetherare unchanged.

A.4.4 Design Considerations

A.4.4.1 General

(1) Details of reinforcementin flat slabs shall be as follows:

(a) The reinforcementin flat slabs shall have minimum bend point locationsand extensionsfor
reinforcementas prescribedin Fig. A-8.
(b) Where adjacentspansare unequal, extensionof negativereinforcementbeyondthe face of support
as prescribed in Fig. A-8 shall be basedon requirementsof longer span.
(c) Bent bars may be used only when depth-to-spanratio permitsuse of bends 450or less.

(2) For flat slabs in frames not braced againstsideswayand for flat slabs resistinglateral loads, lengthsof
reinforcementshall be determinedby analysisbut shall not be lessthan thoseprescribedin Fig. A-8.

A.4.4.2 Internal Panels

(1) The column and middle strips shall be designedto withstandthe designmomentsobtainedfrom Section
A.4.3.

(2) Two-thirds of the amountof reinforcementrequired to resistthe negativedesignmoment in the column

strip shall be placed in a width equalto half that of the column strip and central with the column. This
concentrationof reinforcementover the column will increasethe capacityof the slab for transfer of moment
.to the column by flexure (see SectionA.4.4.4)

.
EBCS2 -1995 1
 BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE .

* ~
jI
.
c.. ~ CJ)~ MINIMUM
f ir: ~ ~ ~ PERCENT- WITHOUT
DROPPANELS WITH DROPPANELS,
~ ~ CD 9 ATSECTION

d--l d '
e--l e "
c.. 50
'CJ)
~ ~ Remainder .f.-- b I' b-.j I.-- b ,I .

.-

~
:I: ,
!:2 75 Max-.-l
~ ~ 50 -I
~ ~ I Max.0.1251
c.. ~
iE g Remainder
~ 150
z
3 I" d--l
2

8 c.. 50
* ~ b-i
~ Remainder

~
z
UJ
CD 2 50
a
~
~
~ Remainder
0

~ ~ 100 c-i
<t ~
CD .
~
:I:

~ ~ 50
a: ~
~ ~
CJ) a
~ CD Rd
emaln er 0 Max 0 15f Max0151

~ Ibars).j ~c
UJ 50
-J c..
~ * ~ .
2 CJ) I"
~ Remainder .
CD
~
Z
~ ~ 50 I
t::
a
CD Remainder

~
150 75 Max. 75Max 150
NOTE:
All
,
measurements
~
c Clear span-.t n
Faceof support
;=f
:~~:~j-_.t=:
c Clearspan-I n
Faceof support =:Ij
c

In mm
Centerto centerspan-l Centerto centerspan-1
Exterior support t Interior support Exterior supportt
(No slob continuity) (Continuity provided) (No slob continuity) .
* e'en! bars at exterior supports BARLENGTHFROMFACEOF SUPPORT
maybe usedIf a oeneral MINIMUMLENGTH MAXIMUM
LENGTH
analysIsISmodi MARK a b c d I f Q -

LENGTH0141 n 0201n 0221n 030/n 033ln 020/n 024Jn

.
Figure A-8 Minimum Bend Point Locations and Extensiom for Reinforcanent in Flat Sla~

I.ETHIOPIAN 120 EBCS 2 .7995

 , APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS
-

A..4.4.3Edgt Panels
*

(1) The design moments shall be apportioned and designed exactly as for an internal panel, using the same

column and middle strips as for an internal panel.

A.4.4.4 MomentTransferbetweenSlaband Column

(1) When gravity load, wind, earthquake, or other lateral forces cause transfer of moment between slab and

column, a fraction of the unbalanced moment shall be transferred by flexure. Fraction of unbalanced

moment not transferred by flexure shall be transferred by eccentricity of shear in accordance with Section

4.7.4.
(2) A fraction of the unbalanced moment given by
1
11 ~

1 + fj;/i; (A.9)
YOt'OZ

shall 'be considered ,transferred by flexure over an effective slab width between lines that are one and one

half slab or drop panel thickness (1.5h) outside opposite faces of the column or capital.

(3) Concentration of reinforcement over the column by closer spacing as specified in Section A.4.2(2), or

additional reinforcement must be used to resist the unbalanced moment on the effective slab width defined

in (2) above.

'i

.(4) The design for transfer of load from slab to supporting columns or walls through shear and torsion shall

be in accordance with Chapter 4.

(5) As an alternative to (2) above, the slab may be designed for the minimum bending moments per unit

width, m~ and m&iy in the x and y direction, respectively, given by Eq. A.10 (see Fig. A-9).

m~ (or m&iy) ~ nVSd (A. 10) ;'

il
I'
where V Sd is the shear force developed along the critical section ~
;

n is the moment coefficient given in Table A-6. !

(6) In checking the corresponding resisting moments, only those reinforcing bars shall be taken into 'j

account, which are appropriately anchored beyond the critical area (Fig. A-10) ,\

which
(7) Wherecan be
analysis
transferred
of the by
structure
flexure indicates
and shear a combined
design column
(in accordance
moment larger
with than
(2) and
the (4)
moment
above), M, the design

edge moment in the slab shall be reduced to a value not greater than M,."", and the positive design moments

~ in the span adjusted accordingly. The normal limitations on redistributions and neutral axis depth may be

disregarded in this case.

(8) Moments in excess of M,."", may only be transferred to a column if an edge beam or strip of slab along

the free edge is reinforced to carry the extra moment into the column by torsion.

EBCS 2 -1995
 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL
-~~~ USE OF CONCRETE ..

~r- /i
~..
O.IL;r .

/1
~ ~ ~)
m.dy I

, Lr ~L ~ Iy
I _O"'~;~~~~~~~_I
I
~ La '1
~y
Hgure A-9 Bending Moments mSdxand mSdyin Slab-Column Joints subjectea tu E-ecentric Loading, anc
Effective Width for resisting these Moments

(9) In the absence of an edge beam, an appropriate breadth of slab may be assessedby using the principles
illustrated in Fig. A-II, for transfer of moments between the slab and an edge or corner column.

Table A-6 Moment Coefficient n for Equation (A. to)

n for m.w n for msdy

Position of Effective Effective.
column top bottom width top bottom width

Internal column -0.125 0 0.3L, -0.125 0 0.3Lx.

Edge columns
edge of slab

"10
parallel, to x-axis -0.25 0 0.15L, -0.125 0.125 (per m)
Edge columns
edge of slab
parallel to y-axis -0.125 0.125 (per m) -0.25 0 0.15.Lx
Corner column -0.5 0.5 L (per m) -0.5 L 0.5 (per m)

.4.4.4.5 Panel with Marginal Beams or Walls,

(1) Where the slab is supported by a marginal beam with a depth greater than 1.5 times the thickness of the

slab, or by a wall then:

(a) the total design load to be carried by !he beam or wall shall comprise those loads directly on the
~
wall or beam plus a uniformly distributed load equal to one-quarter of the total design load on the -
panel; and
(b) the design moments of the half-column strip adjacent to the beam or wall shall be one-quarter of the-
design moments obtainoo from Section A.4.3.

122 EBCS2 -7995

 APPENDIX A: ANAL YSIS OF SLABS

Wjl ~
Edge Column Corner

..:~

rr::::;;:::~ .
Section A-A

Figure .~-IO Detailing Reinforcement over Edge and Corn~ Columns

fo!Y

-;--;_.~-
---YI~lllll-~~[---'\"
I b. I
~ ~..~
I .Cx+ Y I
I .

-r--.JF~~ .",
! 8jf;' .
I I
I b. I
..~
I I
18CX+Cy
I I

fo!Y ~

} 1
.~:- Figure A-II Definition of Breadth or Effective Moment Transfer Strip b, for Typical Cases

-~.~~l.
,~BCS2:-1995
-
123~~
 .
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE

A.4.4.6 NegativeMomentsat FreeEdge .

(1) Reinforcementfor negativedesignmoments(other than in the column strip) is only neededwhere

momentsarise from loading on any extensionof the slabbeyondthe columncenter-lines. However, top
reinforcementat leastequal to the minimum reinforcementdefined in Section7.2.2.2 shall be provided,
ext~ndingat leastO.1L or an anchoragelength, whicheveris the greater, into the span.

A.4.5 Opening in Panels

A.4.S.1General

(1) Exceptfor openingscomplying with SectionsA.4.5.2, A.4.5.3 and A.4.5.4, openings~Qallbe complete-
ly framed on all sides with beamsto carry the loadsto the columns.

(2) No openingshall encroachupon a columnhead.

A.4.S.2 Holes in Areas Bounded by Column StripsI

(1) Holes in areasboundedby cOlumnstrips may be formed provided:I

~I
(a) their greatestdimensionin a direction parallel to a center-lineof the paneldoes not exceedO.4L;,
and
j (b) the total positive and negativedesignmomentsare redistributedbetween.theremainingstructureto.1
-meet the changedconditions.
~ -

A.4.S.3 Holes in Areas Common to Two Column Strips

(1) Holes in areascommonto two columnstrips may be formed provided:

(a) in aggregatetheir length or width does not exceedone-tenthof the width of the columnstrip;
(b) the reducedsectionsare capableof resistingthe appropriatemoments;and
(c) the perimeterfor calculatingthe designshearstressis reducedif appropriate.

A.4.S.4 Holes in Areas Common to a Column Strip and a Middle Strip

(1) Holes in areascommonto a column strip a middle may be formed provided:

(a) in aggregatetheir length or width does not exceedone quarter of the width of the columnstrip; and'
(b) the reducedsectionsare capableof resistingthe appropriatedesignmoments.

.
124 EBCS2 -1995 .