Year 12
Pure Mathematics
8 Parametric equations
HGS Maths Dr Frost Course
Name: ___________________________________
Class: ____________________________________
Contents
8.1) Parametric equations
8.2) Using trigonometric identities
8.3) Curve sketching
8.4) Points of intersection
8.5) Modelling with parametric equations
Page 2
Prior knowledge check
Page 3
8.1) Parametric equations
Page 4
Notes
Page 6
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = 3𝑡, 𝑦=𝑡 , −4 < 𝑡 < 4
Find:
a) A Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
b) The domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥
c) Sketch the curve
Page 7
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
1
𝑥 = ln 𝑡 + 5 , 𝑦= , 𝑡 > −4
𝑡+7
Find:
a) A Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
b) The domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥
Page 9
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = ln 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑡 − 4, 𝑡>0
Find:
a) A Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
b) The domain and range of 𝑓 𝑥
Page 11
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
3𝑡 2
𝑥= , 𝑦 = 5𝑡 + ,
1−𝑡 𝑡
Show that the Cartesian equation of the curve is
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑦=
𝑥 𝑥+3
where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants to be found.
Page 13
8.2) Using trigonometric identities
Page 15
Notes
Page 16
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = sin 𝑡 − 2, 𝑦 = cos 𝑡 + 3, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
Find:
a) A Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
b) Sketch the curve
Page 17
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 3 cos 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Page 19
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 2𝑡 , − ≤𝑡≤
2 2
Find:
a) A Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
b) The valid domain and range of 𝑓(𝑥)
Page 21
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = 4 cos 𝑡 , 𝑦 = cos 2𝑡 − 1, 0≤𝑡≤𝜋
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , −𝑘 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑘, stating the value of the constant 𝑘
Page 23
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = cot 𝑡 + 1, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡 − 3, 0<𝑡<𝜋
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and state the domain of 𝑥 for which the curve is defined
Page 25
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝑥 = 5 sin 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 10 sin 𝑡 , 0≤𝑡<𝜋
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve
T.204: 8B Qs 1-4, P.61: Qs 1-5
Page 27
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑡 , 𝑦 = sin 𝑡 + , − <𝑡<
6 2 2
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve in the form 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 and state the domain of 𝑥 for which the curve is defined
Page 29
Worked Example
A curve has parametric equations
𝜋
𝑥 = tan 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 5 sin 𝑡 − 𝜋 , 0<𝑡<
2
Find a Cartesian equation of the curve
T.204: 8B Qs 5+, P.62: Qs 6,7
Page 31
8.3) Curve sketching
Page 33
Notes
Page 35
Worked Example
Draw the curve given by the parametric equations
Page 36
Worked Example
Draw the curve given by the parametric equations
T.207: 8C Qs 1,2 P.63: Q 1
Page 38
Worked Example
Draw the curve given by the parametric equations
T.207: 8C Qs 3+ P.63: Q 2+
Page 40
8.4) Points of intersection
Page 42
Notes
Page 43
Worked Example
A curve is given by the parametric equations
, , ,
where is a non-zero constant.
Given that passes through the point ,
a) find the value of .
b) find the coordinates of the points and where the curve crosses the -axis.
Page 44
Worked Example
A curve is given by the parametric equations
,
Find the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection between the curve and the line
T.211: 8D Qs 1-7,13 P.63: Qs 1,3,4
Page 46
Worked Example
A curve is given by the parametric equations
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑥 = cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡 , 𝑦= 𝑡+ , − <𝑡<
6 3 2
a) Find the point where the curve intersects the line .
b) Find the coordinates of the points where the curve cuts the -axis.
T.211: 8D Qs 8,12,14,16 P.63: Qs 6,7
Page 48
Worked Example
A curve is given by the parametric equations
1
𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3 − 1, 𝑡∈ℝ
3
Find the coordinates of the and intercepts
Page 50
Worked Example
A curve is given by the parametric equations
𝑥=𝑒 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 + 1, 𝑡∈ℝ
A straight line passes through the points and where and respectively.
Find an equation for in the form
T.211: 8D Qs 9,15,17 P.63: Qs 2,5,8
Page 52
8.5) Modelling with parametric equations
Page 54
Notes
Page 55
Worked Example
A plane’s position at time 𝑡 seconds after take-off can be modelled with the following parametric equations:
𝑥 = 𝑣 cos 𝜃 𝑡 m, 𝑦 = 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑡 m, 𝑡>0
where 𝑣 is the speed of the plane, 𝜃 is the angle of elevation of its path, 𝑥 is the horizontal distance travelled and 𝑦 is the vertical distance
travelled, relative to a fixed origin.
When the plane has travelled 500m horizontally, it has climbed 125m.
Given that the plane’s speed is 40 m s-1
a) find the parametric equations for the plane’s motion.
b) find the vertical height of the plane after 20 seconds.
c) show that the plane’s motion is a straight line.
d) explain why the domain of 𝑡, 𝑡 > 0, is not realistic.
Page 56
Worked Example
The motion of a figure skater relative to a fixed origin, 𝑂, at time 𝑡 minutes is modelled using the parametric equations
𝜋
𝑥 = 4 cos 10𝑡 , 𝑦 = 6 sin 5𝑡 − , 𝑡≥0
3
where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are measured in metres.
a) Find the coordinates of the figure skater at the beginning of his motion.
b) Find the coordinates of the point where the figure skater intersects his own path.
c) Find the coordinates of the points where the path of the figure skater crosses the 𝑦-axis.
d) Determine how long it takes the figure skater to complete one complete figure-of-eight motion.
Page 58 T.218: 8E Qs 1-4 P.65: Qs 1-4
Worked Example
A stone is thrown from the top of a 50 𝑚 high cliff with an initial speed of 5 𝑚𝑠 at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. Its position after 𝑡 seconds
can be described using the parametric equations
5 3 5 3
𝑥= 𝑡 𝑚, 𝑦 = −4.9𝑡 + 𝑡 + 50 𝑚, 0≤𝑡≤𝑘
2 2
where 𝑥 is the horizontal distance, 𝑦 is the vertical distance from the ground and 𝑘 is a constant.
Given that the model is valid from the time the stone is thrown to the time it hits the ground,
a) find the value of 𝑘
b) find the horizontal distance travelled by the stone once it hits the ground
Page 60 T.218: 8E Qs 5+ P.65: Qs 5+
Summary of Key Points
T.220: mixed ex ,P67: BSG Qs
Page 63
