SPACOMM 2023 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications

Review on Recent Trends and Applications of Vivaldi Antenna

in the Range of 1 GHz – 40 GHz

Nitin Muchhal, Renato Zea Vintimilla, Yaarob Fares, Mostafa Elkhouly

Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Am Wolfsmantel 33, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
{[email protected]}
*Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract— This paper reviews several recently used methods The structure of this paper is as follows: A brief
to ameliorate the performance of Vivaldi antennas working in description of basic design and characteristics of Vivaldi
the vital frequency range of 1 - 40 GHz. In recent years, antenna are given in Section I. Section II discusses various
numerous researchers have suggested various methods to optimized Vivaldi antenna designs for various applications,
improve Vivaldi antenna’s performance. Some of the e.g., (a) SATCOM/Radar/5G (b) UWB application (c)
techniques include the use of dielectric lens, metamaterial,
Electromagnetic Band Gap, Corrugations, Slot, Parasitic patch
Wireless and Vehicular communication (d) Other
between radiators, Substrate shape and choice of permittivity miscellaneous applications. Finally, conclusions are given in
etc. Moreover, this paper reviews various major applications of Section III, followed by references.
Vivaldi antennas in recent times e.g., 5G/mmWave
communication, Satellite communication (SATCOM), MIMO, II. VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF VIVALDI
UWB, Vehicular communication, etc. ANTENNA
Keywords- Vivaldi antenna; 5G/mmWave; SATCOM; RADAR; Vivaldi antennas are finding applications in all the major
UWB; MIMO; Wireless Communication. areas of communication systems. Some of them are listed as
follows, along with their design methodology:
I. INTRODUCTION
A. SATCOM/Radar/5G
The need for an antenna with characteristics like wide
bandwidth and high directivity has grown due to the
Ullah et al. [6] proposed the design of an Antipodal
enormous surge in broadcast and wireless communication
Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) for 5G communication and Ku-
technologies. Broadband antennas find use in various
band usages, as shown in Figure 2. The top layer of the
applications such as SATCOM, RADAR, remote sensing,
design contains an array of eight elements having split-
microwave imaging, etc. A Vivaldi antenna is a type of
shaped leaf design fed by a power divider and the bottom
Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) that was first discovered and
layer contains truncated ground. Puskely et al. [7] proposed
studied by Gibson in 1979 [1]. The conventional design of
a dielectric loaded antipodal SIW Vivaldi antenna with high
a TSA antenna is a tapered slot engraved on the metal over
gain operating in the Ka band (25 - 40 GHz), as shown in
the dielectric substrate which is also an end-fire radiator.
Figure 2. An improved impedance matching with better
TSA has some models depending on the variations of the
directional radiation pattern is attained by the combination
tapered-shaped slot. The most used are: Linear TSA (LTSA)
of dielectric loading, printed transition and corrugated
[2], Constant TSA (CTSA) [3] and Exponentially TSA.
ripples fabricated on the arms of antenna.
Exponentially TSA design is also known as Vivaldi
antenna. The Antipodal Vivaldi antenna, also known as the
dual exponentially tapered slot antenna (DETSA) forms part
of the end-fire tapered slot family of antennas Figure 1 is an
illustrative representation of the generalized form of a
Vivaldi antenna. By tapering the microstrip line, the feeding
structure transition is accomplished [4].
Figure 2. Fabricated prototypes [6][7].

Emre et al. [8] proposed a high gain UWB Vivaldi

antenna array for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
applications as shown in Figure 3. First, the Vivaldi
antenna's single element is designed for ultra-wide band
operation in the X-band and Ku-band frequency range.
Subsequently, edge grooves are created on the sides of
exponential etched patch surface in order to shield the
Figure 1. Structure of Vivaldi antenna [5].
proposed antenna from surface currents. Furthermore, the

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SPACOMM 2023 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications

parasitized element is complemented to increase the antenna Figure 5. In the proposed design, a Side Lobe Suppressor
gain. Kähkönen et al. [9] proposed an 18–30 GHz dual– (SSR) and Artificial Materials Lens (AML) are inserted to
polarized Vivaldi antenna array design for satellite increase the gain and radiation capabilities of the GPR
communication as shown in Figure 3. The array consists of antenna. SSR mostly affects low-frequency EM waves,
4×4 dual-polarized antenna elements and RF module. The while AML primarily affects high-frequency EM waves.
RF module comprises amplifiers and phase shifters to Ramanujam et al. [15] proposed the design of upgraded and
control the antenna elements. Zhang et al. [10] suggested a compact AVA array for 28 GHz 5G millimeter wave (mm-
miniaturized, wide band dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna wave) application with reduced coupling. The design as
with reduced Radar Cross Section (RCS), as shown in shown in Figure 5 consists of eight radiating elements with
Figure 3. Two single-polarized Vivaldi elements are slots on the ground plane and the radiating arm to increase
arranged in a cross-shape to create the dual-polarized gain and reduce mutual coupling.
antenna with S11<-10 dB covering the spectrum from 1.8 to
6 GHz. The RCS of the antenna can be reduced over a wide
frequency band by creating symmetric rectangular slots and
curving metallic portion from the radiating surfaces.

Figure 5. Fabricated prototypes [14][15].

Figure 3. Fabricated prototypes [8][9][10]. Elabd et al. [16] proposed a broadband MIMO Vivaldi
5G base station antenna for frequency bands (28 GHz and
Dixit et al. [11] proposed a 1 × 4 AVA array for various 38 GHz) as shown in Figure 6. The proposed antenna
5G services as shown in Figure 4. The proposed antenna consists of two orthogonally polarized antennas with better
operates over 24 – 29 GHz and 30 – 40 GHz frequency isolation using a novel EBG structure. Hence, the final
ranges and possesses high gain. The size of antenna is design consists of a two-element beam switch MIMO
miniaturized with help of corrugations which also improve Vivaldi antenna with electromagnetic band gap structure.
front-to-back ratio augmenting the gain. To increase the Paul et al. [17] proposed a wide band (2 - 28 GHz) Vivaldi
bandwidth, optimized corporate feeding is used. antenna, as shown in Figure 6, for satellite and 5G bands in
Moosazadeh et al. [12] proposed an AVA antenna Sub-6 GHz applications using optimization technique. To
Surrounded by Dielectric (AVA-SD) with operating upgrade the performance, particularly the bandwidth and
frequency, ranging from 5 to 40 GHz for mmWave imaging, gain of the antenna, it includes ten corrugated side slots on
radio astronomy, etc., as shown in Figure 4. The radiating arm, two circular slots, and one via near feed
conventional AVA is enclosed by dielectric material point.
(Teflon) to suppress higher-order modes and also to enhance
antenna gain at higher frequency. The surrounding dielectric
area is slightly expanded beyond the antenna to contain
most of the energy. Kuriakose et al., [13] proposed a high
gain UWB Vivaldi antenna for Through-Wall Radar (TWR)
applications with operating frequency ranging from 1.8 GHz
to 12 GHz, as shown in Figure 4. First, a broadband Vivaldi
antenna is designed using exponentially tapered slot. Then,
corrugations and periodic grating elements are introduced Figure 6. Fabricated prototypes [16][17].
along the length of the antenna arm to enhance the gain.
Kumar et al. [18] proposed a wideband (15 - 40 GHz)
AVA by integrating a V shaped Negative Index
Metamaterial (NIM). The ‘V’-shaped MTM unit cells are
positioned at the upper surface amidst two radiators in order
to radiate a strong electric field in the end-fire direction.

B. Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Applications

Figure 4. Fabricated prototypes [11][12][13].
Yin et al. [19] projected a compact, wideband Vivaldi
Cheng et al. [14] proposed a small sized Vivaldi Antenna antenna comprising a half leaf-shape radiating arm with row
for Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) system as shown in of metallized vias making a HM-Vivaldi design, as shown
in Figure 7. Further, when it is combined with truncated

Copyright (c) IARIA, 2023. ISBN: 978-1-68558-035-3 16

SPACOMM 2023 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications

ground plane, it improves the impedance matching of HM- in the direction of the major axis centred around
Vivaldi and hence the bandwidth. An UWB ranging from conventional antipodal Vivaldi antenna, which enhances the
5.3 - 40 GHz with S11< -10 dB is accomplished. Wang et directional radiation performance, e.g., high efficiency, low
al. [20] proposed removal of the redundant substrate from cross polarization ratio and high Front to Back Ratio (FBR).
the metallic flares of the proposed antenna and applying For UWB communications, Natrajan et al. [26] proposed an
dual slotted edges, as shown in Figure 7, to enhance the improved AVA with compact size and large bandwidth by
radiation characteristics. Also, a microstrip-to-stripline adding another petal to conventional AVA as shown in
transition is incorporated for better impedance matching. Figure 9. Through this development, it increases the
The design functions well over 10–40 GHz with S11 < - electrical length of the radiator and thereby reduces the
10dB providing good bandwidth and can be used for a wide lower operating frequency. Hence, adding another petal
range of applications for wireless communication. Li et al. results in small size and increased bandwidth (2.4 - 20
[21] proposed an UWB metamaterial slab (meta-slab) GHz). Alhawari et al. [27] proposed a Multiple Input
loaded AVA with high gain and stable radiation pattern, as Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna on denim substrate
shown in Figure 7. The energy is transmitted to the end fire exhibiting dual polarization and low mutual coupling with
direction with help of the high permittivity meta-slab, which UWB bandwidth of 5–40 GHz. The antenna, as shown in
absorbs it from the tapered slot. Antenna S11 has a Figure 9, is integrated with staircase meander line;
measured value of less than -10 dB between 3.6 and 40 thereafter, it is embedded with the metamaterial structure
GHz. that reduces mutual coupling, increasing the gain and
efficiency.

Figure 7. Fabricated prototypes [19][20][21].

Nassar et al. [22] proposed a unique method for Figure 9. Fabricated prototypes [25][26][27].
enhancing the bandwidth and directivity of a wide band (2-
32 GHz) antipodal Vivaldi antenna structure as shown in Natarajan et al. [28] proposed a low cross-polarized and
Figure 8. The technique is based on inserting a parasitic small sized antipodal Vivaldi antenna operating in the
elliptical patch on the aperture to augment the field coupling frequency range from 3.7 GHz to over 18 GHz as shown in
amid the arms and create more radiation towards the end Figure 10. The miniaturization in size is achieved by
fire direction. Mazhar et al. [23] proposed a compact and structurally modifying the radiating fins without changing
wideband (5-40 GHz) circular Vivaldi antenna, as shown in the dimensions of antenna. Altering the fin’s structure
Figure 8. The circular Vivaldi antenna is embedded with results in the diminution of lower operating frequency and
configuration of log periodic slots and achieves advantages hence the size is reduced. Zhang et al. [29] proposed a
of high gain and low side lobe levels at higher frequencies. compact and wide-band Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA)
Chen et al. [24] proposed a dual-band and dual-polarized for UWB applications, as shown in Figure 10. The radiator's
nested Vivaldi antenna in frequency range 2 - 40 GHz. The conventional exponential tapering edge is substituted with
proposed Vivaldi antenna comprises of a 2–8 GHz section an arc curve in the design to make the AVA more compact.
along with a 8–40 GHz section nested together. These two In order to enhance its gain at high-frequency, the AVA is
nested Vivaldi antennas are arranged in a cross-shape to additionally equipped with a "director" and a "convex lens."
achieve the antenna's dual-polarized radiation. The proposed antenna is compact with an operating
frequency range from 3.01 to 10.6 GHz.

Figure 10. Fabricated prototypes [28][29].

Figure 8. Fabricated prototypes [22][23][24].

Wan et al. [25] proposed design of ultra-wideband C. Wireless and Vehicular Communication
Vivaldi antenna with frequency band 3.3–40 GHz, as shown For vehicular communications, a three-port diversity
in Figure 9. A trapezoidal dielectric substrate is embedded antenna generating three-directional radiation pattern was

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SPACOMM 2023 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications

proposed by Natarajan et al. [30]. It comprises of three

Vivaldi antennas interconnected on a single PCB as shown
in Figure 11. The second radiating wing is supplemented
with the primary with twin line transition. It provides ultra-
wideband features with end-fire radiation pattern and
bandwidth ranging from 5 to 11 GHz. Jeon et al. [31] Figure 12. Fabricated prototypes [33][35][36].
proposed a dual-polarized Vivaldi antenna for the Over-
The-Air (OTA) testing and measurement of communication Saleh et al. [37] proposed a non-uniform transmission
devices which are used in the frequency band of 3 – 7 GHz. line (NTL) based Vivaldi non-uniform slot profile antenna,
By vertically interconnecting two planar Vivaldi antennas, as shown in Figure 13. Reduction in the taper slot length by
the dual-polarization capability is achieved. For the 33% was achieved by this. The proposed antenna provides
broadband impedance matching of the antenna, a λ/4 long S11 < −10 dB through 2.4 –13.55 GHz and finds use in
balun is used. Shan et al. [32] proposed a developed Vivaldi various wireless communication applications. Kapoor et al.
antenna with planar directors near the tapering slot's [38] proposed a vehicular antenna, as shown in Figure 13, to
aperture and transverse slots are etched on the edges for cover the frequency bands for LTE and the mid-band fifth-
vehicular wireless communication Systems. An antenna generation (5G) systems by modifying the Vivaldi antenna
with planar directors and transverse slots is designed for which is in form of tapered slot structure. The antenna
IEEE 802.11a (4.9 – 5.93 GHz) vehicular communication, effectively connects mobile cellular networks and Internet
as shown in Figure 11. on Vehicle (IoV) systems by virtue of its excellent
directional radiation capability.

Figure 11. Fabricated prototypes [30][32].

For Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, a Figure 13. Fabricated prototypes [37][38].

switching beam antenna system using four Vivaldi antennas
is proposed by Ameen et al. [33], as shown in Figure 12. D. Miscellaneous
Vivaldi’s operation is decided by switches which make
particular antenna active. Tiwari et al. [34] proposed a Biswas et al. [39] proposed a compact and wide band
slotted Vivaldi antenna for the wireless communication fractal Vivaldi antenna by implementing the nature fern
applications in the range of 3.5-8.4 GHz for WLAN, inspired fractal leaf structure, as shown in Figure 14. The
WiMAX and HiperLAN applications. Circular and impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is around
triangular slots are etched on radiating arm of antenna for 18.7 GHz ranging from 1.3 - 20 GHz. Zhang et al. [40]
miniaturization and creating various frequency bands. proposed the design of a novel Double-Slot Vivaldi Antenna
Güneş et al. [35] proposed a tri-band AVA for WLAN and (DSVA) with impedance bandwidth from 4.7 to 20 GHz, as
IoT applications. The antipodal Vivaldi antenna is made up shown in Figure 14. In comparison with former DSVAs,
of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) inspired director proposed antenna’s radiation characteristics and gain finds
made up of an array of sub-wavelength rectangular patches great improvement by inserting the double-antipodal
and meander slotted lines etched on the edges of tapered structure, director (lens) and corrugated edges in antenna
metallic parts. FSS is used to reduce side lobe level. aperture. Moosazadeh et al. [41] proposed an UWB AVA
Bulgaroni et al. [36] proposed a novel design made by an for civil engineering purposes. The inner edges of the upper
array of two AVAs placed opposite to each other and fed via and bottom radiators of the Conventional AVA (CAVA)
a microstrip to Coplanar Strip (CPS) transition, as shown in have been suitably bent to enhance impedance bandwidth.
Figure 12. The feed in both antennas is out of phase. The Further, comb-shape slits have been applied to the edges of
proposed antenna shows four bands in frequency range of the radiators to improve F-to-B ratio and its gain. The result
1.85 - 6.9 GHz covering all important frequency bands for shows an impedance bandwidth between 1.65 - 18 GHz.
wireless technologies e.g, WLAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX,
ISM band.

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SPACOMM 2023 : The Fifteenth International Conference on Advances in Satellite and Space Communications

Vivaldi antenna has several advantages e.g., broadband

characteristics, easy impedance matching to the feeding line,
compact size, etc. In spite of many advantages of the
Vivaldi antenna, it still suffers from a few drawbacks, such
as tilted beam, moderate gain and mostly being costlier due
to the complex fabrication process.
Figure 14. Fabricated prototypes [39][40][41].
III. CONCLUSION
Wang et al. [42] proposed a compact coplanar waveguide
fed AVA embedded with two pairs of elliptically shaped In this paper, various techniques for improving the
loads and tapered slots for improving the radiation performance of Vivaldi antenna along with their application
performance, as shown in Figure 15. The wide measured areas are presented. The basic ideas behind the working
impedance band width achieved is from 1.3 GHz to 17 GHz. principle of Vivaldi and various optimizing techniques are
Moosazadeh et al. [43] proposed a modified UWB AVA for discussed. Further, several recent works using Vivaldi
frequency range (3.4–40 GHz), as shown in Figure 15. The antenna for various areas of communication e.g., Satellite
slit edge method is used to enhance the gain at lower communication, Vehicular communication, Wireless
frequencies, forming a Periodic Slit Edge AVA (PSEAVA). application, RADAR, UWB, MIMO etc. are briefly
Thereafter, to further improve the directivity, a Trapezoid- reviewed.
shaped Dielectric Lens (TDL) is added as an addendum to
the substrate. Moosazadeh et al. [44] proposed a compact ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
AVA operating from 1 to 30 GHz for assessment of This work was carried out during the tenure of an
construction material. The conventional AVA's inner edges ‘ERCIM (The European Research Consortium for
have been bent to extend the lower frequency range. Informatics and Mathematics) Alain Bensoussan
Further, slit edge method is utilized to enhance the gain and Fellowship’ programme Founded in 1988.
lastly an elliptical-shaped dielectric lens is added to the
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