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ART & CULTURE PRELIMS CURRENT AFFAIRS

Pt. Madan Mohan ● President of INC four times: 1909(LAHORE), 1918(DELHI), 1930(DELHI), 1932 (KOLKATA)
Malaviya ● Posthumously awarded Bharat Ratna in 2014
● Edited Hindi magazine 'Hindosthan' and 'Indian Opinion'
● Founded Benares Hindu University in 1916
● Opposed separate electorates for Muslims and Khilafat Movement
● Participant in Second Round Table Conference in 1931
● Started Ganga Mahasabha against Ganga dams
● Social reformer opposing untouchability, fought for Dalit temple entry
● - Tagore called him 'Mahamana', Radhakrishnan 'Karmayogi'

Sammed Shikharji ● Shikharji: Jain pilgrimage on Parasnath hill, Jharkhand

● Highest mountain in Jharkhand, key Jain Tirtha by both Digambara and Śvētāmbara
● Where 20 Jain tirthankaras attained Moksha
● Ranked as 'Svetambara Pancha Tirth' pilgrimage shrine- Svetambara Pancha Tirth are
Ashtapad, Girnar, Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Shatrunjaya and Shikharji
● - Tribal demand to reclaim Parasnath from Jain control, Santhals call parasnath hill
“Marang Buru” (supreme deity or literally the great mountain)

Shetrunjay Hill = ● Hills in Palitana, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat, are sacred to Jains.
● Located on Shetrunji River’s banks, revered by Jain community.
● Bounded by Gulf of Khambhat south, Bhavnagar town north.
● Jainism’s founder, Adinath, meditated at this place’s summit.
● Shetrunji River, eastward-flowing, originates northeast of Gir Hills.
Ottanthullal ● OttamThullal, a dance-drama art form from Kerala.
● Created by Kunchan Nambiar, alternative to Chakyar koothu.
● Used to protest against socio-political structure, societal prejudices.
● Performer sings, plays the story, a distinguishing, tedious task.
● Accompanied by instruments Mridangam and Idakka.

Gaan Ngai Festival ● Gaan Ngai, a festival of Zeliangrong Community, Manipur.

● Celebrated annually after harvesting, a major Manipur festival.
● Marks year’s end, gratitude for harvest, prayers for prosperity.
● Zeliangrong people, including Zemei, Liangmei, Rongmei tribes, celebrate it.
Sagol Kangjei ● Sagol Kangjei, a polo game played in Manipur.
● Modern polo is believed to have originated from it.
● Players ride Manipur Ponies, referenced in 14th-century records.

Margamkali ● Margam Kali, a popular Christian artform in Kerala.

● Performed by women, requires rhythm, agility from performers.
● Mostly performed at Christian weddings, church festivals.
● Believed to have evolved from Kalaripayattu.
● Lyrics generally consist of Kerala Christians’ history.
Votive Stupa ● ASI discovered two 1200-year-old votive stupas at Nalanda Mahavihara.
● Stupas, carved from stone, depict Buddha figures.
● Votive stupas, with domelike drum, hold Buddha’s relics.
● Stupa shape symbolizes release from cycles of suffering, rebirth.
● Stupas crowned with umbrellas, symbolize royalty, divine status.
● Nalanda Mahavihara, a world heritage site in Bihar.
● Site includes archaeological remains from 3rd century BCE to 13th century CE.
● Site comprises stupas, shrines, viharas, and important artworks.
Chamundi Hills ● Mysore, Karnataka, home to famous Sri Chamundeshwari Temple.
● Temple dedicated to Hindu goddess Chamundeshwari, atop Chamundi hills.
● Hills mentioned in ancient Hindu scriptures, Skanda Purana.
● Karanji Lake, most popular lake in Chamundi Hills.
● Temple dedicated to Chamundeshwari (Chamundi), Mysore Royal Family deity.
● Temple is 1000 steps from foot of Chamundi hills.
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● Built in Dravidian style of temple architecture.

● Temple has quadrangular structure, impressive seven-tier tower (gopuram).
● Temple entrance known as ‘dwara’, equally imposing.
Charaideo Maidams ● Assam’s Charaideo Maidams, Ahom equivalent of Egyptian pyramids.
● Nominated for UNESCO World Heritage Centre this year.
● Preserved by ASI and Assam State Archaeology Department.
● Act as a significant time capsule.
● Charaideo, original capital of Ahom Kings, built in 1229 CE.
● Maintained status as symbolic centre, despite capital moving.
● Famous for collection of maidams, burial mounds of Ahom royalty.
● Contains sacred burial grounds of Ahom kings, queens.
● Also the place of ancestral Gods of the Ahoms.
Etikoppaka Toy ● Etikoppaka is renowned for its wooden artifacts and lacquer colors.
Craft ● Traditional toys, called Etikoppaka toys or Etikoppaka Bommalu, are made with lacquer
colors.
● These toys feature rounded edges, ensuring safety during play.
● Crafted by artisans from Etikoppaka village in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.
● Etikoppaka Toys hold a GI tag under the Handicrafts category.
● - Artisans primarily use soft 'ankudu' wood (Wrightia Tinctoria) for crafting.

Jatar Deul Temple ● Located in Kanakan Dighi Village, West Bengal.

● Dedicated to Lord Shiva, although it houses pictures and idols of various deities.
● Situated atop a small hill amidst the southern Sundarbans settlements.
● Constructed in 975 AD by Raja Joychandra, as indicated by a copper plate found nearby
in 1875.
● Designated as a Monument of National Importance by the Archaeological Survey of
India (ASI).
● Faces eastward and showcases the Kalingan style of architecture.

Shumang Leela ● Shumang Leela, meaning 'Courtyard performance,' is a traditional Manipuri theatrical
art form.
● Developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, believed to have roots in the Meiti
Community's Lai Haraoba ritual.
● The theater setup is open-air, allowing viewing from all four sides.
● In 2017, Shougrakpam Hemanta received the prestigious Sangeet Natak Akademi
Award for his significant contribution to Shumang Leela.
● - Hemanta's recognition marked the first time this award was bestowed upon an artist
in this particular art form.

Anubhava Mantapa ● Anubhava Mantapa was established by Lord Basaveshwara to foster philosophical
discussions and spiritual experiences.
● Considered one of the earliest parliaments in human history.
● Prabhudeva, a renowned Yogi, served as the President, while Lord Basava acted as the
Prime Minister.
● Unlike modern parliaments, members of Anubhava Mantapa were not elected but
were selected or nominated by higher authorities of the Mantapa.
● Lord Basaveshwara (1105-1167) was a 12th-century poet and social reformer born in
Karnataka.
● He is renowned for his socio-religious reforms, founding the Anubhava Mantapa,
contributing to Vachana Literature, and leading the Lingayat Movement in South India.
● - Basava Purana, authored by Palkuriki Somanatha in the 13th century, provides a
comprehensive account of Basavanna's life and ideas.

Makar Sankranti ● Makar Sankranti is a significant harvest festival celebrated throughout India.
● Different states observe the festival under various names, traditions, and festivities.
● Dedicated to the Sun God, Surya, it commemorates the first day of the sun's transit
into Makara (Capricorn).
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● - Makar Sankranti signifies the end of winter and the beginning of longer days as the
sun moves northward.

Paigah Tombs ● Paigah Tombs: Historic site in Hyderabad's Pisal Banda suburbs.
● Influential noble family: Prominent in 18th-century Hyderabad aristocracy.
● Founded by Abdul Fateh Khan Tegh Jung.
● Served the second Nizam of Hyderabad, Asaf Jah II.
● Paigah family believed to descend from Hazrath Omar.
● Descendants of Islam's second caliph, Hazrath Omar bin Al-Khattab.

Poompuhar- The ● Ancient port city Poompuhar discovered submerged off Tamil Nadu.
Lost City ● Reconstruction part of India Digital Heritage project.
● Also known as Kaveripoompattinam, referenced in Tamil epic Manimekalai.
● Submerged due to rising sea levels, "kadalkol."
● - Extinction reasons and periods remain unresolved.

Uthiramerur ● Inscription from 920 A.D. in reign of Parantaka Chola-I.

Inscriptions ● Ancient Chola village, once Chaturvedimangalam, near Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
● Chola self-government based on village assemblies, "sabhas" or "maha sabha."
● Uthiramerur inscriptions detail Chola Kudavolai Election System.
● Villages categorized as kudumbu; representatives elected from general assembly.
● - Qualifications: Land ownership, house ownership, 'Mantrabrahmana' knowledge, age
35-70.

Ø Maharishi ● Strong advocate of Dharma, emphasized in Satyarth Prakash (1875).

Dayanand Saraswati ● Stressed Supremacy of Vedas, urged return to Vedic principles.
● "Go back to Vedas" slogan popularized by him.
● Advocated activities for humanity's benefit over individual or idol worship.
● Opposed caste system, promoted universalism.
● Founded Arya Samaj in 1875 in Bombay to counter social inequities.
● Motto: "Krinvan to Vishvam Aryam" - "Make this world noble."
● - Established Paropkarini Sabha to propagate Vedic traditions through Gurukuls and
publications.

Guru Ravidas ● North Indian mystic poet of the bhakti movement.

● Born around 1377 C.E., exact date uncertain.
● Literary works documented in Adi Granth and Panchvani.
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● Belonged to an untouchable caste, faced atrocities.

● Disciple of bhakti saint Ramananda, contemporary of Kabir.
● Famous disciple: saint Mirabai.
● Conceived "Begampura," a city without sorrow, transcending caste and class.
● - Teachings led to the Ravidassia religion, emphasizing omnipresence of God and
equality.

Chhatrapati Shivaji ● Born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort in Pune.

Maharaj ● Parents: Shahaji Bhonsle, Maratha general, and Jijabai.
● Named after regional deity Goddess Shivai, not Lord Shiva.
● Established Maratha Empire, carving enclave from Adilshahi sultanate.
● Signed Treaty of Purandar in 1665 with Raja Jai Singh I, agreeing to meet Aurangzeb.
● Formally crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad Fort in 1674.
● Administration: Assisted by 'Ashtapradhan' council; Peshwa was head.
● Revenue Administration: Reformed revenue officials, replaced Jagirdari with Ryotwari
System.
● - Revenue based on Malik Amber's Kathi system; additional income from Chauth and
Sardeshmukhi.

Shree ● Located in Goa, the Saptakoteshwar Temple honors the form of Shiva.
Saptakoteshwar ● Chief deity of the Kadamba dynasty in the twelfth century.
Devasthan ● Built by a Kadamba king for his devoted wife, Kamaldevi.
● Kings proudly titled themselves Shree Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera.
● Maratha King Shivaji ordered temple's rebuilding and linga installation.
● Mandapa showcases European architectural influence.
● - Surrounding structures crafted from laterite and stone.

Jantar Mantar ● Maharaja Jai Singh II constructed five Jantar Mantars in the early 18th century.
● Completed between 1724 and 1735 in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Mathura, and
Varanasi.
● Each site features about 20 main fixed instruments for astronomical observation.
● Instruments enable naked-eye observation of astronomical positions.
● Examples of Ptolemaic positional astronomy, widely used during that era.
● Jantar Mantar, Jaipur: Completed in 1734, with the world's largest stone sundial.
● UNESCO World Heritage site, designated monument of national importance in 1968.
● Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II (1693-1744): Great warrior and astronomer.
● Feudatory of Mughals, conferred with the title "Sawai" by Aurangzeb.
● Jaipur named after him; lineage traced back to Kucchwaha Rajput clan.
● Built Astronomy Observatories in Delhi, Jaipur, Varanasi, Ujjain, and Mathura.

Unying Festival ● Siang Unying festival, also known as Siang Unying, celebrated by Adi community.
● Adi people migrated from southern China in 16th century.
● Major group in Lower Dibang Valley district, especially Roing and Dambuk areas.
● Skilled in crafting items from cane and bamboo.
● Depend on wet rice and shifting cultivation for livelihoods.
● - Celebrate two major festivals: Solung, harvest festival with animal sacrifices and
rituals, and Aran, hunting festival involving all male family members.

Attukal Pongala ● Attukal Pongala, held at Attukal Temple, Thiruvananthapuram, is world's largest
women's festival.
● Pongala ritual involves women preparing sweet payasam offering for Goddess
Bhagavathy.
● - Payasam made from rice, jaggery, coconut, and plantains cooked together.

Lavani Dance ● Lavani: Traditional folk dance in Maharashtra.

● Originating centuries ago, gained popularity during Peshwa era in 18th century.
● Women dancers adorned in vibrant nine-yard sarees, elaborate makeup, and
ghungroos.
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● - Perform to dholak beats on stage in front of live audience.

Teja Red Chilli ● Teja Red Chilli, also known as S-17, among India's hottest varieties.
● Fine variety of Guntur chili, primarily produced in southern states.
● Khammam district, Telangana, largest producer of Teja variety.
● Originally from North Mexico, brought to India by the Portuguese.
● High demand for Oleoresin driving export to Asian spice processing industries.
● Health benefits: Rich in vitamins and minerals like copper, potassium, Vitamin C, B, A.
● - Powerful antioxidant properties.

Toto Language ● Toto tribe resides in Totopara, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal.

● Belonging to Mongoloid race, their language is Tibeto-Burman.
● Patriarchal society, considers themselves Hindus, worship Ishpa and Cheema.
● Toto language lacks its own script historically.
● - Dhaniram, a Toto language preserver, received Padma Shri for creating Toto script and
alphabet.

Visva Bharati ● Visva-Bharati University founded by Rabindranath Tagore in 1921.

University ● Located in Santiniketan, West Bengal, known for open-air education system.
● Attained Central University status in 1951.
● First vice-chancellor: Rathindranath Tagore, son of Rabindranath Tagore.
● Second vice-chancellor: Grandfather of Nobel Laureate economist Amartya Sen.
● Inaugurated as Centre for Culture in 1922, focusing on arts, language, humanities,
music.
● Chancellor: Prime Minister of India; Vice-Chancellor appointed by President.
● - Expected to receive UNESCO 'heritage' tag, becoming world's first living heritage
university.

Some Sites in News ● Ladpura Khas: Located in Madhya Pradesh, nominated as Best Rural Tourism Village by
UNWTO.
● Khonoma Village: Located in Nagaland, showcases Ecotourism Management Board
model for rural tourism.
● Dholavira: Located on Kadir island in Rann of Kutch, Gujarat.
● 40th World Heritage Site in India, first site of ancient Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) in
India to receive tag.
● Dates back to 3rd to mid-2nd millennium BCE.
● One of the five largest cities of the Indus Valley Civilization, about 250 km from Bhuj.
● Features two seasonal streams, Mansar and Manhar.
● - Discovered in 1968 by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi, excavated between 1990 and
2005 under supervision of archaeologist Ravindra Singh Bisht.

Keeladi/Keezhadi ● Keeladi: Urban settlement of Sangam Age in Tamil Nadu, dating back to 6th century
Excavations BCE.
● Located on banks of River Vaigai.
● Fourth excavations suggest second urbanization of Vaigai plains around 6th century
BCE, similar to Gangetic plains.
● Recently, skeletal remains of a child were excavated.
● - Sangam age in ancient Tamil Nadu believed to be from 3rd century BCE to 3rd century
CE.

Visakhapatnam ● Visakhapatnam: Largest and most populous city in Andhra Pradesh.

● Located between Eastern Ghats and coast of Bay of Bengal.
● Second-largest city on east coast of India after Chennai.
● Ancient port city with trade relations with Middle East and Rome.
● Known as "City of Destiny" and "Jewel of the East Coast."
● Headquarters for Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.
● Visakhapatnam Port formally inaugurated by Lord Willingdon on December 19, 1933.
● Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister announced state capital shift to Visakhapatnam under
'Three Capitals Act.'
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● - Act faced legal challenge, awaiting Supreme Court decision.

Shyamji Krishna ● Born in 1857 in Gujarat, educated in India, taught Sanskrit at Oxford University.
Varma ● Founded Indian Home Rule Society (IHRS) in London in 1905 to promote self-rule in
British India.
● Established India House in London (1905-1910) to promote nationalist views among
Indian students.
● Started Indian Sociologist, a monthly journal for nationalist ideas.
● First President of Bombay Arya Samaj.
● Inspired revolutionaries like Veer Savarkar and Lala Hardayal, who were also India
House members.
● Memorial called Kranti Teerth dedicated to him inaugurated in 2010 near Mandvi.

Nasiruddin ● Humayun: Successor of Babur, father of Akbar, founder of Mughal dynasty.

Muhammad ● Defeated by Sher Shah Suri in Battle of Chausa (1539) and Battle of Kannauj (1540).
Humayun ● Regained throne with help from Safavid Shah in Iran, died in 1556.
(1530-1540, ● Biography "Qanun-i Humayuni" by historian Khwandamir, also known as Humayun
1555-1556) Nama.
● Humayun-Nama, an account of his life, written by sister Gulbadan Begam during
Akbar's reign.
● Poem on Humayun's tomb by Shah Jahan's court poet Abu Talib Kalim Kashani.
● Humayun's tomb erected in Delhi by Akbar, near Purana Qila and other Mughal
buildings.

Periyar’ E.V. ● Born in 1879, a rationalist Dravidian social reformer of the 20th century.
Ramaswamy ● Led Vaikom Satyagraha and founded the Self-Respect Movement in 1925.
● Established Dravidar Kazhagam (formerly Justice Party), advocated equal rights for
lower-caste communities and women.
● Vaikom Satyagraha (1924-1925): Oppressed classes, especially Ezhavas, denied access
to roads around Vaikom Mahadeva temple.
● T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, and K. Kelappan pioneers of Vaikom Satyagraha.
● Mahatma Gandhi intervened in 1925, met Queen Sethulakshmi Bai, leading to royal
proclamation opening temple roads to all castes.
● Periyar, guided by Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari, continued movement.
● George Joseph (1887-?): Led Vaikom Satyagraha, associated with Home Rule
Movement.
● Editor of nationalist newspapers The Independent and Young India.
● - Leader of Rowlatt Satyagraha in Madurai, participated in Non-Cooperation
Movement.

Matua Mahasangha ● Matua Mahasangha: Founded by Harichand Thakur in mid-1800s.

● Principles: Truth, Love, Sanity.
● West Bengal, Bangladesh have sizable Matua populations.
● Subset of lower-class AVARNA Hindus, Namasudra Scheduled Caste.
● - Opposed caste oppression, drew members from ostracized communities.

Major Temple Entry ● Aruvipuram movement (1888): Temple Entry movement by Sri Narayan Guru.
Movements ● First movement for equal rights to temple entry in Kerala.
● Kalaram Temple Entry Movement (1930): Led by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Nashik.
● Focused on right to enter temple, aimed at equal rights.
● Satyagraha in Guruvayur (1931-32): Led by K. Kelappan in Thissur.
● Initially for temple entry, abandoned later at Gandhi and INC's request.

Parrot Lady of ● "Parrot Lady of Khajuraho": 900-year-old sandstone sculpture, symbolizes love.
Khajuraho ● Smuggled from Delhi to Canada, returned to India in 2015 under UNESCO Convention.
Sculpture ● Depicts a lady with a parrot near her right ear.
● Some historians suggest she may have been the queen of Khajuraho.
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● - Possibly portrayed as 'Abhisarika,' engaged in conversation with her pet parrot.

Mahim Fort ● Located in Mumbai, Mahim Fort constructed by King Bhimdeva's descendants.
● Origin dates back between 1140 and 1241, nearly 800 years old.
● - Enlisted as Heritage Structure by state government.

Gair Procession ● Celebrated in Indore, MP with colors on Rang Panchami.

● Tradition dates back to pre-independence era of erstwhile Holkars.
● Subjects assembled at Rajwada on Rang Panchami.
● - District administration seeks inclusion in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

Bumchu Festival o Sikkim hosts Buddhist festival celebrated at Tashiding Monastery.

● Tashiding Monastery recognized as sacred, located at Dakkar Tashiding.
● - Situated in center of four sacred caves: Sharchog Bephug, Khandozangphu,
Dechenphug, Lhari Nyingphug.

Sokra Misawa ● Tiwa Tribe celebrates spring festival, worshiping nature and preparing fields.
Festival ● Also known as Lalung, Tiwa community resides in Assam, Meghalaya.
● - Recognized as Scheduled Tribe in Assam, excluding autonomous districts.

Yangli Festival ● Yangli festival celebrated every 3 years in Assam by Tiwa tribes
● Marks beginning of sowing season
● - Significant for Tiwas reliant on farming for income

Navroz ● Navroz: Persian New Year

● Marks start of spring
● Celebrated globally by Parsi community
● UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in India
● - Observed around August 16-17 by Parsis

Sattriya Dance ● Sattriya: Neo-Vaishnavite dance

● Originated in Sattra monastery by Srimanta Sankardev
● Recognized as classical dance in 2000
● Combination of Ojapali and Devdasi styles
● - Conducted by male monks, Bhokots, with Borgeet music

Kangra Tea ● Location: Near Bhubaneswar, Odisha

● Archaeological heritage over 2,600 years old
● Capital of ancient Kalinga (Odisha)
● Constructed based on JalaDurga concept
● Excavated since 1948, protected monument
● Discovered by archaeologist B.B. Lal
● Built around 7th to 6th century BCE
● - Center of trade and commerce in ancient times

Ancient city of ● Location: Near Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Sisupalgarh ● Archaeological heritage over 2,600 years old
● Capital of ancient Kalinga (Odisha)
● Constructed based on JalaDurga concept
● Excavated since 1948, protected monument
● Discovered by archaeologist B.B. Lal
● Built around 7th to 6th century BCE
● - Center of trade and commerce in ancient times

Pushpagiri ● Location: Andhra Pradesh

Kshetram ● Known as Hari-Hara Kshetra
● Temples dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu
● Situated on the banks of the Pennar river
● Dubbed the second Hampi for its architecture
● Recent discovery of 13th-century temple ruins
● Unearthed near Durga temple in Pushpagiri Kshetram
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● - Historical role of Kayastha rulers, associated with Kakatiya dynasty

Jhamarkotra and ● Location: Rajasthan

Zawar ● Society of Earth Scientists (SES) recent activities
● Fossil park at Jhamarkotra
● Metallurgical remains at Zawar
● Jhamarkotra: Hosts stromatolites dating 1.8 billion years
● Stromatolites: Layered sedimentary rocks from microorganisms
● Zawar: World’s oldest zinc-smelting site
● Discovery of earthen retorts suggests unique legacy
● - Zinc-smelting operations date back 2,000 years

Raja Ravi Varma ● "Father of Modern Indian Art"

● Proponent of Lithography
● Accomplished fusion of Indian tradition and European techniques
● Famous for paintings depicting mythological stories
● Stories like Dushyanta and Shakuntala, Nala and Damayanti, Lord Rama's triumph

Pushkaralu or ● Festival dedicated to 12 sacred rivers

Pushkaram Festival ● Celebrated every 12 years based on Jupiter's position
● Recently, Telugu-speaking people celebrated in Varanasi
● Rivers include Ganga, Yamuna, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, and others
● - Each river associated with a zodiac sign

Puthandu ● Puthandu, Tamil New Year

● First day of Tamil month Chithirai
● - Also called Varsha Pirappu

Mahavir Jayanti ● Birth of Vardhamana Mahavira

● 24th and last Tirthankara
● - Celebrated in Chaitra month (March-April)

Hemis Monastery ● Buddhist monastery in Leh City, Ladakh

● Belongs to Drukpa lineage
● - Known for Hemis Festival

Sanchi Town ● Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh

● Becoming first solar city in India
● UNESCO World Heritage Site
● Associated with Buddhism and Ashoka
● Houses famous Sanchi Stupa
● Features intricately carved gateways depicting Buddha's life
● - Gupta temple, early example of temple architecture

Bihu Dance ● Bihu festival in Assam

● Celebrated three times a year
● Forms: Bohag Bihu, Kati Bihu, Magh Bihu
● Bohag Bihu signals spring and crop planting
● - Recently broke world records with 11,304 performers

Nagaraja Thira ● Thirra or Theyyam thira ritual dance in Kerala

Dance ● Performed in groves and temples of Malabar
● Artists from Malaya community perform
● Part of annual temple festivals (Utsavam)
● - Integral to cultural heritage of Kerala

Basohli Painting = ● First independent GI-tagged product from Jammu

● Considered the first school of Pahari paintings
● Painted on paper, cloth, or wood
● Use natural pigments and dyes
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● - Reflect rich cultural heritage of the region

Khayal ● Genre of Hindustani classical music

● Originated in late 16th century in Sufi communities
● Originated in region between Delhi and Jaunpur
● Word "khayal" from Persian, means "imagination" or "idea"
● Also known as Bandish
● Founder: Amir Khusrau
● Composed in specific raga and tala
● Major Gharanas: Gwalior (oldest), Kirana, Patiala, Agra, Bhendibazaar
● - Related to longer melodic form known as dhrupad

Nagri Dubraj Rice ● Chhattisgarh

● Recently obtained GI Tag
● Indigenous variety with small grains
● Very soft to eat after cooking
● Known as the Basmati of Chhattisgarh due to fragrance
● Second brand from Chhattisgarh to receive GI tag after Jeeraphool rice
● - Grain mentioned in Valmiki Ramayana

Mircha Rice ● Mircha rice of West Champaran, Bihar

● Awarded the GI tag
● Grain size and shape resemble black pepper
● Grown in West Champaran District
● Unique aroma in grains and flakes
● Cooked rice is fluffy, non-sticky, sweet
● - Easily digestible with a popcorn-like aroma

Manamadurai ● Tamil Nadu's Manamadurai village

Pottery ● Recently received GI Tag
● Enriched clay from Vaigai River
● Unique clay sourced from water bodies
● Nedunkulam, Nathapurakki, Sundaranadappu, Seikalathur
● - Clay used for making pottery pots

Gamosa ● Symbol of Assamese culture

● Received GI tag in 2022
● White rectangular cloth
● Red border on two sides
● - Red woven motifs on other sides

Cumbum Grapes ● Recently received GI tag

● Known as Cumbum Panneer Thratchai
● Grown in Cumbum Valley, Tamil Nadu
● Introduced in Tamil Nadu in 1832
● - Rich in vitamins, tartaric acid, antioxidants

Ladakh's Wood ● Recently received GI tag

Carving ● Wood carving of Ladakh
● Aesthetically vibrant art form
● - Prominent in Ladakh region

Uttaramerur ● Location: Uttaramerur, Kanchipuram district

Inscription ● Temples: Historic, built during Pallava and Chola rule
● Uttaramerur inscription: Dated around 920 A.D.
● Reign: Parantaka Chola
● Electoral system: Elaborate and refined
● Written constitution: Prescribed mode of elections
● Recorded on walls of village assembly (grama sabha mandapa)
● - Famous inscription: Found on walls of Vaikunda Perumal Temple
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Pattanam ● Location: Central Kerala

● Part of: Muziris, known as the ‘first emporium’ of the Indian Ocean
● Multicultural archaeological site
● - Located on southwestern coast of Indian subcontinent

Global Buddhist ● Global Buddhist Summit 2023 organised by Ministry of Culture.

Summit 2023 ● Collaboration with Delhi-based International Buddhist Confederation.
● Engaged global Buddhist dhamma leadership, scholars on Buddhist concerns.
● Concluded with New Delhi Declaration.
● Highlighted rising role of Buddhism in India’s soft power strategy.
Maharaja Sawai Jai ● Ruler of Rajput State of Amber in India.
Singh II (1686-1743) ● Received title of ‘Sawai’ from Emperor Aurangzeb.
● Built the city of Jaipur, impressed European travellers.
● Maharaja Jai Singh II’s excellence in city planning.
● Built 5 astronomical observatories across northern India.
Sagarahawa ● After Buddha's Parinirvana
● Shakyas ruled Kapilavastu
● No army
● Massacred in Sagarahawa
● Fled to various regions
● Some to Gandhara and Burma
● Others to Kathmandu valley
● Granted status like Vajracharya priests
● Temple caretakers at Hiranyavarna Mahavihara

Meitei ● Meities’ history chronicled in Puyas like Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ninghthou Kangbalon.
● Meiteis divided into seven Salai or clans.
● Kangleipak, the Meitei kingdom, founded by Pakhangba from China.
● Pakhangba founded Ningthouja dynasty, symbolised as dragon-like serpent.
● Hinduism penetrated Meitei kingdom in late 15th century.
● Panthoibi and other indigenous deities given Hindu makeover.
● Meitei community divided into Bamons, Kshatriyas, Scheduled Castes.
● Other famous things in Manipur are:
● Sanamahi, an indigenous faith, first mentioned in Cheitharol Kumbaba.
● Manipuri dance, a principal classical dance form, rooted in Lai Haraoba.
● Thang-ta, a Manipuri martial art, product of royal patronage.
● Sagoj Kangjei, evolved into the modern game of polo.
●
Tungnath Temple ● Located in Uttarakhand’s Rudraprayag District, highest Shiva temple globally.
● One of the Panch Kedars, almost 1000 years old.
● Built in North Indian architecture style, surrounded by other shrines.
● Panch Kedars: Five sacred Lord Shiva shrines in Garhwal Himalayas.
● Includes Kedarnath Temple (3,583 m), Tungnath Temple (3,680 m).
● Also, Rudranath Temple (3,559 m), Madhyamaheshwar Temple (3,490 m).
● Lastly, Kalpeshwar Temple (2,200 m).
Mahakaleshwar ● Hindu temple in Ujjain
Temple ● Dedicated to Lord Shiva
● Beside Rudra Sagar lake
● One of twelve Jyotirlingams
● Mahakaleshwar idol faces south
● Huge crowds during Maha Shivaratri
● Influenced by Chalukya, Maratha, Bhumija styles
● - Tank in sarvatobhadra style

Tawang Monastery ● Largest monastery in India

● Second largest in the world
● Founded in 1680-1681
● Belongs to Gelug school of Buddhism
● Houses ancient scriptures
● Known as Galden Namgey Lhatse
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● Founded by Merak Lama Lodre Gyatso

● - Has Kangyur and Tengyur scriptures

Yaoshang Festival ● Celebrated by Meitei people

● Coincides with Holi
● Known as "Manipur's version of Holi"
● Features Thabal Chongba dance
● Boys and girls dance in a circle
● Marks rejuvenation of spirit
● - Commemorates Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's birthday

Channapatna Toys ● Wooden toys from Channapatna, Karnataka

● Have GI tag since 2005
● Channapatna known as "Gombegala Ooru"
● "Gombegala Ooru" means "toy-town"
● Toys mostly handmade

Gongadi Shawl ● Gongadi/Kambal: Traditional woolen blanket

● Woven by Kuruma pastoralist communities
● Wool from indigenous Deccani sheep
● Found in Deccan Plateau, including Telangana
● - Served Indian Armed Forces in harsh winters

Zardozi Embroidery ● Zardozi embroidery: Metal thread on fabric

● Originated in Persia, 12th century
● Intricate designs with gold, silver threads
● Embellished with pearls, precious stones
● - Reached peak under Mughal Emperor Akbar

Sengol ● Sengol: Symbolic sceptre

● Used in India's transfer of power, 1947
● Meaning "righteousness" in Tamil
● From Chola kingdom tradition
● - Crafted by Vummidi Bangaru Chetty

Foucault Pendulum ● Foucault pendulum installed in the new parliament building.

● Designed and installed by National Council of Science Museums (NCSM), Kolkata.
● Named for Léon Foucault (1819-1868), the French physicist.
● Deceptively simple device used to illustrate the earth’s rotation.
● At the time of first public display, earth’s rotation was well established.
Mridangam ● One of the oldest Indian percussion instruments, originating 2,000 years ago.
● Found in various parts of South India, a traditional instrument.
● Popular bifacial drum of Carnatic music, used in South Indian Classical music.
● Also known as maddal or maddalam.
● Similar instrument, the pakhavaj, played in northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh.
Cham Lama Dance ● Masked dance unique to Tibetan Buddhism.
● Buddhist monks in colourful costumes dance to traditional instruments.
● Dance seen as a form of meditation, practised during festivals.
● Practised during Losar in Buddhist monasteries.
● Padma Sambhava (Guru Rinpoche) started the Cham Dance tradition.
● Dance depicts scenes of Padmasambhava’s life and his 8 manifestations.
Shilabhattarika ● Varaha (boar) seal, trademark of Badami Chalukyas, recently decoded.
● Shilabhattarika, Sanskrit poetess, daughter of Chalukyan emperor Pulakeshin II.
● Pulakeshin II ruled from 610-642 CE, defeated Harshavardhan of Kanauj.
● Shilabhattarika praised by Rajashekhara, court poet of Gurjara-Pratiharas.
● Shilabhattarika’s works adhere to Panchali style, balance of words, meaning.
● Gargi, 8th century BCE, challenged sage Yajnavalkya, wrote Rigveda hymns.
● Maitreyi, 8th century BCE, Advaita philosopher, expounder of Vedas.
● Andal, 10th century CE, only female in 12 Alvars, composed Tiruppavai, Nacciyar
Tirumoli.
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● Akka Mahadevi, 12th BCE, wrote in Kannada, poems in vacana form.

● Atukuri Molla, 1440 CE, daughter of a potter, wrote first Telugu Ramayana.
Juna Khatiya Site ● Juna Khatiya: Early Harappan burial site in Gujarat.
● Largest Early Harappan cemetery found in India.
● Located in Lakhpat Taluka of Kachchh district.
● Archaeologists discovered 500 graves since 2018.
● Significant site for understanding Early Harappan civilization.
● Provides insights into burial practices and social structure.
● Contributes to broader understanding of ancient Indian civilizations.
● Continuous excavation reveals more about Early Harappan culture.
● Presence of numerous graves indicates population density in antiquity.
● - Ongoing research sheds light on life and customs of inhabitants.

World Heritage List ● Santiniketan recommended for UNESCO World Heritage List inclusion.
● Associated with Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in West Bengal.
● Home to VisvaBharati University founded by Tagore.
● Recommendation by ICOMOS, UNESCO advisory body.
● Nomination to be announced at World Heritage Committee meeting.
● Riyadh, Saudi Arabia hosts the meeting in September 2023.
● Potential second cultural symbol from West Bengal on UNESCO list.
● 'Durga Puja in Kolkata' already listed as Intangible Cultural Heritage.
● Recognition highlights cultural significance of Santiniketan and its heritage.
● - Acknowledges contributions of Tagore and his educational philosophy.

Chhatrapati Shivaji ● Shivaji born on February 19, 1630, at Shivneri Fort, Pune.
Maharaj ● Son of Maratha general Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai.
● Named after regional deity Goddess Shivai, not Lord Shiva.
● Established Maratha Empire from declining Bijapur Sultanate enclave.
● Treaty of Purandar (1665) signed with Raja Jai Singh I.
● Agreed to meet Aurangzeb in Agra, sent son Sambhaji.
● Formally crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad Fort in 1674.
● Administration: King assisted by Ashtapradhan council.
● Peshwa, mukhya pradhan, led Shivaji's advisory council.
● Revenue: Abolished Jagirdari, introduced Ryotwari system.
● Mirasdars supervised, revenue based on Malik Amber's Kathi system.
● - Additional income from Chauth and Sardeshmukhi levies.

Sant Tukaram (1608 ● Saint of Maharashtra's Bhakti movement, renowned Marathi poet.
– 1650) ● Also known as Tukoba, Tukaram Bolhoba Ambile, etc.
● Pioneered Abhanga poetry, merging folk tales with spiritual themes.
● Kirtans dedicated to Vithoba, an avatar of Hindu god Vishnu.
● Initiated the Wari pilgrimage tradition.
● Central figure in the Warkari sect of Maharashtra.
● Socially active against caste and gender discrimination.
● Abhangs advocate ecology, equality, brotherhood, love of God.
● His literary contributions transcend religious and cultural boundaries.
● - Legacy influences spiritual and social consciousness in Maharashtra.

Upanishads ● Upanishads, or Vedanta, explore humanity-cosmos ontological connection.

● Dated around 800-500 BC, discussing atman and brahman relationship.
● Atman: Unchanging self of an individual.
● Brahman: Ultimate reality in the universe.
● Ten main Upanishads: Esha, Kena, Katha, Prashna, Mundaka, Mandukya, Taittiriya,
Aitareya, Chandogya, Brihadaranyaka.
● These texts signal the end of the total Veda.
● They delve into philosophical and spiritual inquiries.
● Influence spans Hindu philosophy and beyond.
● Study of Upanishads offers insights into ancient Indian thought.
● - Continues to provoke contemplation on existence and consciousness.
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Gilgit Manuscripts ● Oldest surviving manuscript collection in India, 5th-6th centuries CE.
● Written on birch bark folios, found in Kashmir region.
● Contains Jain and Buddhist works, canonical and non-canonical.
● Illuminates evolution of religious-philosophical literature.
● Reflects diverse religious and philosophical traditions.
● Birch bark documents reveal ancient writing materials.
● Provides insight into cultural and intellectual history.
● Significant for scholars studying Indian religions.
● Offers glimpses into ancient beliefs and practices.
● - Testament to the richness of India's literary heritage.

Raja Parba or ● Three-day festival in Odisha celebrating womanhood.

Mithuna Sankranti ● Named "Raja" from "Rajaswala," meaning menstruating woman.
● Gained popularity in medieval times as agricultural holiday.
● Honors worship of Bhudevi, wife of Lord Jagannath.
● Festival marks respect for feminine energy and fertility.
● Features various cultural activities and rituals.
● Significance tied to agricultural prosperity and reverence.
● Celebrates the cyclical nature of life and renewal.
● Emphasizes the importance of women in society.
● - Blends religious, cultural, and social elements.

Meira Paibis ● Meira Paibi: Women's social movement in Manipur, India.

● Originated in 1977 in present Kakching district.
● Called "guardians of civil society," they wield significant influence.
● Named after the flaming torches they carry during marches.
● Also known as Imas or Mothers of Manipur.
● Comprise Meitei women from diverse societal backgrounds.
● Highly respected for their moral authority and activism.
● Symbolize unity and resilience in Manipuri society.
● Advocate for peace, justice, and social change.
● - Meira Paibi movement highlights women's leadership and empowerment.

Kamakhya Temple ● Assam hosts Ambubachi fair, marking Goddess' annual menstruation.
● Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, atop Nilachal Hill by Brahmaputra.
● One of 51 shakti peethas, representing Sati's body parts.
● Legend credits demon king Narakasura for temple's origin.
● Records trace temple's rebuilding to Koch king Naranarayana in 1565.
● Ambubachi fair draws devotees seeking blessings and fertility.
● Festival showcases Assamese culture, rituals, and traditions.
● Kamakhya Temple is a pilgrimage site for Shakti worshippers.
● Situated amidst scenic beauty, overlooking Brahmaputra.
● - Spiritual significance attracts visitors from far and wide.

Menhirs, in ● Telangana heritage enthusiasts push for UNESCO tag for Mudumal village menhirs.
Mudumal ● Mudumal hosts one of Southeast Asia's largest menhir clusters.
● Menhirs date back 3,500 years, locally called 'Niluvu rallu.'
● Nearly 3,000 alignment stones accompany menhirs, linked to ancient funerary rites.
● Menhirs provide insight into ancient community's customs and beliefs.
● UNESCO recognition would preserve and promote site's cultural significance.
● Mudumal village's archaeological wealth attracts researchers and tourists.
● Menhirs stand as silent witnesses to Telangana's ancient history.
● Efforts to safeguard heritage reflect community's pride and identity.
● - UNESCO tag would elevate Telangana's cultural heritage on global stage.

Kodumanal ● Kodumanal village in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Excavation ● Situated on northern banks of the Noyyal River.
● Tamil Nadu Department of Archaeology declares five menhir and megalithic burial sites
protected monuments.
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● Menhirs are majestic, monolithic stone slabs up to 20 ft tall, marking graves of the
Megalithic period.
● Megaliths served as burial sites or commemorative memorials.
● Types include dolmenoid cists, cairn circles, capstones, and menhirs.
● Majority of megaliths in India date to the Iron Age (1500 BC to 500 BC).
● Concentrated in states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh,
and Telangana.
● Kodumanal's protected monuments highlight region's archaeological significance.
● - Preservation efforts aim to safeguard and promote Tamil Nadu's cultural heritage.

India’s Biggest ● Sundargarh District, Odisha, India.

Natural Arch ● Geological Survey of India discovers India's largest natural arch.
● Found in Kenduadihi block during coal survey.
● Sundargarh natural arch in ferruginous sandstone of Upper Kamthi formation.
● Dates back approximately 184 to 160 million years.
● Lower to middle Jurassic age.
● Significant geological discovery in Odisha.
● Adds to region's natural heritage and scientific understanding.
● Highlights Sundargarh's diverse landscape and geological features.
● Offers insights into ancient geological processes and formations.

India’s Biggest ● Sundargarh District, Odisha, India.

Natural Arch ● Geological Survey of India discovers largest Indian natural arch.
● Found in Kenduadihi block during coal survey.
● Sundargarh natural arch in ferruginous sandstone.
● Formed in Upper Kamthi formation.
● Dates back 184 to 160 million years.
● Lower to middle Jurassic age.
● Significant geological find in Odisha.
● Highlights region's rich natural diversity.
● - Adds to scientific understanding of geological history.

Sengol ● Prime Minister places Sengol sceptre in new Parliament building.

● Presented by head of Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam monastery.
● 'Sengol' derives from Tamil 'Semmai,' meaning righteousness.
● Chola kingdom practiced symbolic power transition with sceptres.
● Sceptre crafted by renowned Madras jeweller Vummidi Bangaru Chetty.
● Measures five feet, features 'nandi' bull representing justice.
● Thiruvaduthurai Adheenam: Saivaite monastery in Tamil Nadu.
● Established by Namasivaya Murthy in 16th century.
● Renowned scholars in Tamil and Saivite philosophy.
● Chola Administration: King had complete power, guided by council.
● Empire divided into mandalams, provinces, valanadu, nadu.
● Encouraged local self-government, irrigation, land grants.
● Uthiramerur Inscriptions detail Chola Kudavolai Election System.
● Reflects ancient democratic practices in village governance.

Bagh Print ● Bagh is a unique block printing technique from Bagh village, Madhya Pradesh.
● Named after the Baghini river, as is the village.
● Craft originated in 1962 by Muslim Khatris, migrants from Manawar.
● Khatris, converts to Islam influenced by a Sufi saint.
● Block printing involves intricate designs on fabric.
● Uses natural dyes, particularly red and black.
● Designs often feature geometric patterns, motifs inspired by nature.
● Bagh prints are renowned for their durability and colorfastness.
● Craftsmanship passed down through generations.
● - Bagh printing supports local artisans and sustains cultural heritage.
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Ishad Mango ● Kari Ishad mango of Ankola, Uttar Karnataka, receives GI tag.
● Two variants: Kari Ishad (thin skin, more pulp, sweeter) and Bili Ishad (thick skin, less
pulp, sweetness).
● Kari Ishad recognized for its unique aroma, luscious taste, abundant pulp, shape, and
size.
● Considered among finest quality mangoes.
● GI tag acknowledges mango's regional uniqueness and quality.
● Ankola's mango cultivation contributes to local economy.
● Supports farmers and promotes sustainable agriculture.
● Mangoes are prized for their flavor and texture.
● Kari Ishad mangoes highlight Karnataka's agricultural diversity.
● - GI tag protects and promotes Ankola's mango heritage.

Joha Rice ● Indigenous rice of Assam with unique aroma and grain characteristics.
● Distinct from other aromatic rice like Basmati.
● Grown in Sali/Kharif season.
● Major Joha varieties include Kola Joha, Keteki Joha, Bokul Joha, and Kunkuni Joha.
● Rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and phenolics.
● Receives Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
● Reflects Assam's rich agricultural heritage.
● Cultivated traditionally by local farmers.
● Contributes to Assam's culinary diversity.
● - GI tag protects and promotes rice's regional identity.

GI Tags from Uttar ● Uttar Pradesh introduces 7 new products with Geographical Indication (GI) Tag.
Pradesh ● Amroha Dholak: Musical instrument crafted from mango and sheesham wood.
● Baghpat Home Furnishings: Handloom products with traditional geometric patterns.
● Kalpi Handmade Paper: Eco-friendly paper made from paper scraps, introduced by
Munnalal 'Khaddari.'
● Mahoba Gaura Patthar Hastshilp: Unique stone craft using radiant white 'Pyro Flight
Stone.'
● Mainpuri Tarkash: Fine brass wire inlay work on dark sheesham wood, used for various
items including sandals and furniture.
● Sambhal Horn craft: Environmentally friendly handicrafts made from horns of dead
animals.
● Barabanki Handloom: Scarfs, shawls, and stoles crafted with traditional weaving
techniques from Lucknow's nawab period.
● GI Tag recognizes and protects the unique characteristics and heritage of these
products.
● Supports local artisans and promotes traditional craftsmanship.
● - Highlights Uttar Pradesh's rich cultural and artistic diversity.

Lavender Festival ● Lavender, a flowering plant in the mint family, known for sweet floral scent.
● Native to Mediterranean, Middle East, and India.
● Bhaderwah emerges as Lavender capital of India, Agri Startup destination.
● CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine supports Lavender cultivation in
Bhaderwah, Doda district, J&K under CSIR-Aroma Mission.
● CSIR-Aroma Mission promotes Lavender cultivation in J&K's temperate regions.
● Launched under Ministry of Science and Technology to increase income of small
farmers and develop agriculture-based Startups.
● Lavender revolution enters second year, highlighting economic potential and
agricultural innovation.
● Lavender cultivation offers sustainable livelihoods and economic diversification.
● Bhaderwah's Lavender industry contributes to local economy and tourism.
● - CSIR's initiative fosters agricultural entrepreneurship and rural development.

Mihir Bhoja ● A prominent 9th century ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

● Succeeded father Rambhadra, ascended throne in 836 CE.
● Adopted title of Adivaraha, indicating devotion to Lord Vishnu.
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● Coins from his era feature the term Adivaraha.

● Described by Arab merchant Sulaiman as one of greatest Gurjara-Pratihara emperors.
● Patron of art and literature, poet Rajsekhara adorned his court.
● Inscriptions at Varaha, Daulatpur, Kahala, Pahewa, etc., indicate control over Malwa,
Rajputana, Madhyadesh.
● Kalhana's Rajatarangini mentions empire's expansion to Kashmir in north.
● Involved in tripartite struggle for Kannauj with Palas in East and Rashtrakutas in
Deccan.
● Reign witnessed Rashtrakuta kings Amoghavarsha and Krishna II ruling over Kannauj.
● - Bhoja captured Kannauj from Rashtrakutas, expanded empire up to river Narmada.

Alluri Sitaram Raju ● Born in present-day Andhra Pradesh around 1897 or 1898.
● Became a sanyasi at age 18, gained mystical aura among hill and tribal peoples.
● British Raj passed Madras Forest Act in 1882, restricting Adivasis' free movement and
banning podu agriculture.
● Initiated "Rampa Rebellion" or "Manyam Rebellion" in 1922-1924 against Forest Act in
Visakhapatnam-Godavari agency area.
● Dubbed "Manyam Veerudu" (Jungle Hero) for heroic deeds.
● Rebellion coincided with Mahatma Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement.
● Member of Calcutta Secret Society, learned bomb-making skills.
● Recently concluded yearlong celebration of 125th Birth Anniversary of Shri Alluri
Sitarama Raju and 100 years of Rampa Rebellion in Hyderabad.
● Legacy symbolizes resistance against colonial oppression and defense of tribal rights.
● - Remains a revered figure in Andhra Pradesh's history and folklore.

Anubhav Mantapa ● Anubhava Mantapa was established by Lord Basaveshwara to facilitate gatherings for
philosophy and experience.
● One of the earliest parliaments in the history of mankind.
● Prabhudeva, a great Yogi, served as President with Lord Basava as Prime Minister.
● Members were not elected but picked or nominated by higher authorities.
● Lord Basaveshwara (1105-1167) was a 12th-century poet born in Karnataka, known for
socio-religious reforms, Anubhava Mantapa, Vachana literature, and Lingayat
Movement.
● Basava Purana by Palkuriki Somanatha provides a detailed account of Basavanna’s life
and ideas.
● - Recently, International Exhibition-cum-Convention Centre (IECC) at Pragati Maidan,
New Delhi, named ‘Bharat Mandapam’ after Anubhava Mantapa, inspired by Lord
Basaveshwara’s vision.

Hampi ● Hampi, central Karnataka on Tungabhadra River banks.

● UNESCO World Heritage Site, rich historical significance.
● Capital of Vijayanagara Empire (14th-16th century).
● Tungabhadra River enhances scenic beauty.
● Last capital of great Hindu Kingdom.
● Vijayanagara Empire rose from Kampili ruins in 1336 CE.
● Ruled South India for over 200 years.
● Ruins depict Vijayanagara's grandeur.
● Tourist magnet, draws historians, archaeologists.
● - Hampi's cultural legacy captivates visitors.

Rudragiri Hillock ● Rudragiri hillock in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh.

● Houses prehistoric rock paintings and Kakatiya dynasty artwork.
● Shelters served as living quarters during Mesolithic age.
● Exceptional murals found in natural caves from Kakatiya kingdom.
● Discovery reveals cultural and historical richness.
● Provides insights into ancient civilizations and artistic expressions.
● Emphasizes importance of preserving archaeological sites.
● Rudragiri becomes site of archaeological significance.
● Opportunity for further exploration and research.
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● - Draws interest from archaeologists, historians, and art enthusiasts.

Porpanaikottai Site ● Porpanaikottai site in Pudukottai, Tamil Nadu.

● Artifacts from Sangam Age unearthed in excavations.
● Discoveries include gold stud, bone point, carnelian bead.
● Site reveals burial grounds and water bodies.
● Carnelian bead suggests internal trade networks.
● Reflects historical and economic activities.
● Insights into cultural exchanges during Sangam Age.
● Indicates regional connectivity and trade routes.
● Archaeological findings deepen understanding of ancient Tamil Nadu.
● - Prompts further research into region's history and archaeology.

Ker Puja ● Tripura festival: follows Kharchi Puja, honors guardian god Ker.
● Celebrated by closing Agartala entrances, imposing restrictions.
● No fires, dancing, singing, or shoes allowed during festival.
● Also observed in neighboring northeastern states and Bangladesh.
● Symbolizes reverence for guardian deity and cultural heritage.
● Rituals foster community cohesion and spiritual connection.
● Customs passed down through generations, preserving traditions.
● Strengthens cultural ties and promotes cultural exchange.
● - Draws visitors, enriching cultural experience and diversity.

Lambani ● Lambani embroidery: practiced in Karnataka villages.

Embroidery or ● Features colorful threads, mirror-work, and stitch patterns.
Lambani Craft ● Craft involves stitching discarded fabric for textiles.
● Holds Geographic Indication (GI) tag for uniqueness.
● Lambani people mainly in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka.
● Embodies rich cultural heritage and creativity.
● Techniques passed down through generations.
● Contributes to local economy and identity.
● - Reflects resilience and creativity of Lambani community.

Namda Art ● Introduced in 16th century by Akbar for horse coverings.

● Kashmiris learned from Sufi saint Shah-e-Hamdan.
● Namda: felted carpet made with sheep wool.
● Notable for felting rather than weaving process.
● Reflects Kashmir's cultural heritage and artistry.
● Craftsmanship passed down through generations.
● Contributes to local economy and cultural identity.
● Admired for intricate designs and vibrant colors.
● Fusion of Mughal and Kashmiri artistic influences.
● - Valued as both functional and artistic decor.

Hul Diwas ● Santhal rebellion, called 'Hul,' began in 1855.

● Fought against colonial economic oppression.
● Led by Sidhu, Kanhu, Chand-Bhairav, and Phulo-Jhano.
● Involved 32 castes against British rule.
● Emblematic of indigenous resistance to imperialism.
● Stood against exploitation and injustices.
● Inspired by autonomy and freedom aspirations.
● Despite suppression, legacy endures as symbol of resistance.
● Highlights tribal role in anti-colonial struggle.
● - Reminds of ongoing fight for social justice.

Dharma Chakra Day ● Dharma Chakra Day celebrates Buddha's first teaching.
● Held on full moon day of Asadha, also Guru Purnima.
● Honors spiritual teachers in Buddhism and Hinduism.
● Symbolized by the wheel of dharma.
● Second most sacred day for Buddhists.
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● Organized by Ministry of Culture and IBC.

● Known by different names in various regions.
● Marked with religious ceremonies and teachings.
● Emphasizes Buddha's teachings' moral guidance.
● - Promotes unity among Buddhist traditions.

Sushruta Jayanti ● Annual celebration on July 15th honors surgeon Sushruta.

● Revered as the father of surgery for his pioneering contributions.
● Highlights Sushruta's enduring impact on medical science.
● Acknowledges advancements in surgical techniques.
● Events may include conferences and seminars.
● Commemorates ancient Indian medical knowledge.
● Inspires future generations of medical professionals.
● - Recognizes historical figures' role in shaping modern medicine.

Ol Chiki Script ● Ol Chiki script: Official writing system for Santhali language.
● Created in 1925 by Raghunath Murmu.
● Also known as Santali alphabet.
● Santhali language is official in India.
● Spoken in Jharkhand and West Bengal.
● Used in parts of Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan.
● Vital for preserving Santhali culture.
● Facilitates written communication in Santhali.
● Emblematic of India's linguistic diversity.
● - Represents efforts to preserve indigenous languages.

Kui Language ● Kui, a Dravidian language, spoken by Kandha community in Odisha.

● Odisha state houses the majority of Kui speakers.
● Related to Dravidian languages like Gondi and Kuvi.
● Ranked 29th in the 1991 Indian census.
● Traditionally written in the Odia script.
● Proposal for inclusion in the 8th Schedule of Indian Constitution.
● Recognition signifies linguistic and cultural importance.
● Official status aids in language preservation and promotion.
● Upholds linguistic rights of minority communities.
● Reflects India's diverse linguistic landscape.

Tankai Shipbuilding ● Ministry of Culture and Indian Navy join to revive Tankai shipbuilding.
Method ● Tankai method involves wooden plank stitching, not nails, for durability.
● Ancient technique offers flexibility and durability to ships.
● Reduces susceptibility to damage from shoals and sandbars.
● Project preserves traditional Indian maritime heritage.
● European ships historically altered shipbuilding techniques.
● Efforts promote indigenous knowledge and craftsmanship.
● Collaboration underscores importance of maritime heritage.
● Initiative may revitalize traditional shipbuilding in India.
● - Contributes to cultural preservation and sustainable maritime practices.

World Cities Culture ● Bengaluru joins World Cities Culture Forum (WCCF), first Indian city.
Forum ● WCCF founded in 2012 by Justine Simons OBE, London’s Deputy Mayor.
● Global network exchanging research on culture's role in prosperity.
● Network includes 40 cities across six continents.
● World Cities Culture Summit hosts city leaders discussing cultural policies.
● Bengaluru's membership showcases commitment to cultural promotion.
● Opportunity for Bengaluru to learn from and contribute to global cities.
● Collaboration aligns with Bengaluru's vision for cultural and urban development.
● Inclusion enriches diversity and perspectives in WCCF.
● - Reflects Bengaluru's role as a global cultural hub and urban innovator.
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Sri Aurobindo ● Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950): Indian philosopher, yoga guru, poet, and nationalist.
Ghosh ● Edited newspapers like Vande Mataram and engaged in nationalist politics.
● Studied for Indian Civil Service in England before returning to India.
● Involved in civil service works under Maharaja of Baroda, then in nationalist politics.
● Associated with Anushilan Samiti and faced charges of treason for Alipore Conspiracy
but was acquitted.
● Shifted focus from politics to spirituality after mystical experiences in jail.
● Developed Integral Yoga and founded Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry with Mirra
Alfassa.
● Major literary works include The Life Divine, Synthesis of Yoga, Savitri, and The Ideal of
Human Unity.
● Authored political pamphlet Bhawani Mandir during Bengal partition in 1905.
● - Year-long celebration of his 150th Birth Anniversary concluded at Auroville,
Puducherry.

Mylara Cult ● Mylara: Folk deity, manifestation of Lord Shiva, known as Mailara in Karnataka and
Khandoba in Maharashtra.
● Cult prevalent in southern India: Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
● Recent discovery of two sculptures at Basrur, Udupi district, Karnataka.
● - Sculptures date back to 15th and 17th centuries AD, confirming ancient Mylara cult in
coastal region.

Aadi Perukku ● Aadi Perukku festival celebrated by Tamil community.

● Also known as Pathinettam Perukku.
● Marks beginning of monsoon season in Tamil Nadu.
● - Expresses gratitude to God of monsoon, mother nature, and Cauvery River.

'Kalbelia' Dance ● Folk dance of Rajasthan.

● Included in UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in 2010.
● Instruments include "khanjari" and "poongi", traditionally used for snake charming.
● Other instruments: dufli, dhol, khuralio.
● Performed by Kalbelia tribe from Thar Desert in Rajasthan.
● Traditionally involved snake handling, but displaced due to Wildlife Act of 1972.
● - Now live nomadic life and belong to scheduled tribes.

Seethakali Folk Art ● Traditional folk art form from Kerala.

● Combines storytelling, dance, drama, and song.
● Central narrative revolves around the epic Ramayana.
● Primarily performed by Dalit artists from Veda and Pulaya communities.
● - Originated around 150 years ago by people from Vedar and Pulayar communities.

Gond Painting ● Folk art of the Gond tribal community of Central India.
● Received a GI tag in April 2023.
● Gond tribes have a strong connection with nature.
● Evolved from Old Digna and Bhittichitra paintings.
● Themes include animals, mahua tree, mythological stories, Hindu gods, local deities,
and folktales.
● Gond Tribe is the largest tribal community in India.
● Spread over large areas from the Godavari gorges in the south to the Vindhya
Mountains in the north.
● - Reside in the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh,
Bihar, and Odisha.

Gnanamuyarchi ● Palm manuscripts from 18th Century discovered in Armenian monastery.

● Titled Gnanamuyarchi, found in northern Italy.
● Documents may contain first Tamil translation of Ignatius’ Spiritual Exercise.
● Possibly translated by Michele Bertoldi (Gnanaprakasasamy).
● Initially categorized as ‘Indian Papyrus Lamulic Language–XIII Century’.
● Not recognized as Tamil texts initially.
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● - Suggested Armenians from Chennai brought manuscripts to Italy.

Recent GI Tags ● Jalesar Dhatu Shilp: Metal craft from Uttar Pradesh
● Known for decorative metal craft and brassware
● Goa Mankurad Mango: Mango variety from Goa
● Named after "Malcorada," Portuguese term
● Goan Bebinca: Traditional dessert and pudding
● Known as Queen of Goan desserts
● Udaipur Koftgari Metal Craft: Craft from Rajasthan
● Involves ornamental weaponry with intricate designs
● Decorated with gold and silver wire
● Bikaner Kashidakari Craft: Craft from Rajasthan
● Focuses on mirror work
● Associated with marriage objects
● Jodhpur Bandhej Craft: Rajasthani art of tying and dyeing
● Creates varied fabric patterns using tie and dye
● Practiced in Jodhpur, Rajasthan
● Bikaner Usta Kala Craft: Craft from Rajasthan
● Known for gold nakashi or manauti work
● Features prominently golden color
● - Renowned for its longevity

Mushkbudji Rice ● GI Tag for "Kashmir Basmati Rice"

● Cultivated in Kashmir valley
● Short, bold, aromatic variety
● Distinctive taste and aroma
● Rich organoleptic properties
● Highly sought after
● Grown in higher reaches
● Recognized for its cooking qualities
● Valued for its unique characteristics
● - Traditional rice variety

Matti Banana ● GI Tag for "Kanniyakumari Baby Banana"

● Indigenous to Tamil Nadu's Kanniyakumari District
● Also called "Baby Banana"
● Ideal for baby food
● Low total soluble solids content (TSSC)
● Unique climate and soil conditions
● Distinctive characteristics
● Cultivated in Kanniyakumari
● Recognized for its smaller size
● - Special suitability for infants

Chokuwa Rice ● "Magic rice" from Assam

● GI Tag awarded
● Semi-glutinous Sali rice
● Associated with Ahom dynasty
● Grown around Brahmaputra River
● Cultivated in Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh
● Low amylose content
● Good nutritional value
● Rooted in historical significance
● - Assam's indigenous rice variety

Samba Cultivation ● Aadi: Tamil Nadu paddy cultivation season.

● Kuruvai: June-July planting period for paddy.
● Samba: August paddy cultivation season in Tamil Nadu.
● Late Samba / Thaladi: September-October paddy cultivation.
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● - Navarai: December-January time for paddy cultivation in Tamil Nadu.

Tirunavaya Site ● Land of ancient Mamankam, significant historical site.

● Situated on Bharathapuzha river banks, holds historical importance.
● Mamankam was grand assembly of rulers held every 12 years.
● - Recent excavations unearthed Megalith sites near the region.

Adi Shankaracharya ● Born in Kaladi village, Kerala, on Periyar river banks.

● Disciple of scholar Govindacharya, devoted to Shiva.
● Pioneered Advaita (Monism), wrote Sanskrit commentaries on Vedas.
● Challenged philosophical traditions, formulated Shanmata worship system.
● Main disciples: Padmapada, Totakacharya, Hasta Malaka, Sureshvara.
● Established ashrams in Badrinath, Puri, Sringeri, and Dwarka.
● Composed hymns like Soundarya Lahari, Sivananda Lahari, Nirvana Shatkam.
● Authored fundamental texts of Advaita Vedanta, established ritual practices.
● Identified with commentaries on Upanishads, Brahmasutra, Gita, poetic works.
● Giant statue unveiled in Madhya Pradesh as part of Ekatma Dham project.

Narayan Guru ● Born in 1856, died in 1928, advocated for social equality.
● Famous slogan: "One Caste, One Religion, One God for All."
● Built temple at Aruvippuram against caste-based restrictions.
● Consecrated temple at Kalavancode with mirrors instead of idols.
● Advocated equality, discouraged conversions to prevent societal strife.
● Organized All-Region Conference in 1923 to counter religious conversions.
● Proponent and re-evaluator of Advaita Vedanta, wrote various books.
● Published works in Malayalam, Sanskrit, Tamil, including spiritual poems.
● - Translated Thirukural, Ishavasya Upanishad, Ozhivil Odukkam.

Matangini Hazra ● Matangini Hazra, "Gandhi Buri," dedicated Gandhian in freedom struggle.
● Tragically died during Quit India Movement protest in Tamluk, Bengal.
● - Led march against British rule, turned into martyr of movement.

‘Periyar’ E.V. ● Rationalist Dravidian social reformer born in 1879.

Ramaswamy ● Led Vaikom Satyagraha, founded Self-Respect Movement in 1925.
● Founded Dravidar Kazhagam in 1940s, advocating equal rights.
● Vaikom Satyagraha aimed to end temple entry restrictions.
● Ezhavas, oppressed class, prohibited from roads near Vaikom temple.
● Movement led by T.K. Madhavan, K.P. Kesava Menon, K. Kelappan.
● Mahatma Gandhi intervened, discussions led to royal proclamation for temple entry.
● Periyar continued movement under Gandhi and Rajagopalachari's guidance.
● - Advocated for lower-caste and women's rights, social equality.

Eastern Ganga ● Eastern Ganga Dynasty ruled Kalinga from 5th to early 15th century.
Dynasty ● Branch of Mysore's Western Ganga family, per early grants.
● Kamarnava believed founder, but Indravarman I first historical ruler.
● Jirjingi copperplate grant issued in 537 CE.
● - Anantavarman Chodaganga noted as most powerful ruler.

Poila Baisakh ● Poila Baisakh, Bengali New Year's first day (15th April).
● West Bengal Assembly declares it Bangla Dibas, Foundation Day.
● - Also proposes Rabindranath Tagore's 'Banglar Mati Banglar Jol' as official song.

Nuakhai Juhar ● - Odisha festival welcoming new rice of the season, agricultural celebration.

Paryushan 2023 ● Paryushan Parv: Significant Jain festival, observed by Digambara, Shwetambar
communities.
● Purpose: Time for deep reflection, repentance, and redemption for Jains.
Pulikali ● Pulikali: Over 200-year-old leopard dance in Kerala.
● Occasion: Performed during the Onam festival.
● Performers: Paint bodies with vibrant colors, resemble tigers.
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● Choreography: Mimes a tiger, influenced by ‘Kalaripayattu’.

● Music: Accompanied by traditional instruments, chenda and thakil.
Konark Sun Temple ● Temple: 13th century temple located on Puri’s coastline, Odisha.
● Attribution: King Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga dynasty (~1250 CE).
● Dedication: To Hindu Sun God, Surya.
● Appearance: Resembles a 100-foot high stone chariot with wheels, horses.
● Condition: Originally over 200 feet high, now largely in ruins.
● Also Known As: Surya Devalaya, a classic example of Kalinga architecture.
Chausath Yogini ● Inspiration: Old Parliament building design inspired by Chausath Yogini temple.
Temple ● Architects: Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker designed the old Parliament building.
● Chausath Yogini Temple: Circular, with 64 chambers for 64 yoginis, central Shiva shrine.
● Yoginis: Believed to be powerful warriors and sorceresses.
● History: Built around 1323 by King Devapala of the Kachchhapaghata dynasty.
Hoysala Temples ● Hoysala Temple: Also known as Hoysaleswara or ‘Halebidu’ temple, largest in
Halebidu, Karnataka.
● Influence: Hoysala rulers influenced by Western Chalukyan architecture.
● Era: 12th-century temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, sponsored by King Vishnuvardhana.
● Architecture: Dravidian style, influenced by ‘Bhumija’ and ‘Nagara’ traditions.
● Traditions: Follows Shaivism, includes Vaishnavism, Shaktism themes, Jainism images.
● Sculptures: Depict scenes from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana.
● History: Plundered by Delhi Sultanate in 14th century, resulted in ruin.
● Protection: Monuments protected by ASI, which handles conservation, maintenance.
● Recognition: Hoysala temples recently declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Shore Temple ● Location: Historic temple complex in Mamallapuram, Tamil Nadu.

● Dedication: To Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu.
● Era: Built during reign of Narasimhavarman II (700-728 CE).
● Significance: One of the oldest rock-cut stone temples in South India.
● Recognition: Part of UNESCO World Heritage site since 1984.
● Green Energy Site: Recently became India’s first Green Energy Archeological Site.
● Green Heritage Project: Initiative by Renault Nissan Tech and Hand in Hand India.
Naganathaswamy ● Location: Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu.
Temple ● Builder: Built by Rajendra Chola I (1012-1044 CE).
● Age: Over 1000 years old.
● Alternate Name: Referred to as Kailasamudaiyar temple in inscriptions.
● Features: Known for exquisite stone sculptures and important inscriptions.
● Structure: Consists of an ekatala vimana and a mukha mandapa.
● Deities: Niches accommodate Dakshinamurthi, Lingodhbava, and Brahma.
● Inscriptions: Important inscriptions from periods of Rajendra Chola I and Kulothunga I
(1070-1120 CE).

Nataraja Sculpture ● Bronze Shiva: First appeared in Pallava period (7th-9th century CE).
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● Nataraja: Evolved under Chola dynasty, represents cyclical universe creation,

destruction.
● Chola Deity: Lord Shiva as Nataraj, their family deity.
● Dance: Manifestation of Shiva’s five activities: creation, preservation, destruction,
veiling, grace.
● Thillai Nataraja Temple: Bejewelled Nataraja image, associated with Parantaka I,
golden roof, at world’s Magnetic Equator center.
● Other Temples: Nataraja idols at Uma Maheswarar Temple, Brihadeeswara Temple,
separate Natana Sabha in many Shiva temples.
Phanigiri Artefacts ● Phanigiri Buddhist Site: Discovered in 1942, dates from 200 BCE-400 CE.
● Significance: One of the most important finds in Buddhist iconography.
● Location: Phanigiri, a small village in Telangana, meaning ‘hillock of snake hood’.
Cheriyal Scroll ● Art Form: Unique to Telangana, mostly made in Hyderabad.
Painting ● Nakashi Art: Popular, modified version, rich in local motifs.
● Nakashis: Artists of Telangana, scrolls key to social, cultural setting.
● Kaki Padagollu: Art form part of story-telling, balladeer community.
● Scrolls: Painted in narrative format, depict Indian mythology, Puranas, Epics.
● Cheriyal Paintings: Distinct local invention, based on local traditions, folk stories.
● Recognition: Received Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2007.
Kokborok Language ● Kokborok: Language of the Borok people in Tripura.
● Borok People: Branch of Boro people of Assam, racially Mongoloids.
● Linguistic Group: Belong to Sino-Tibetan linguistic group.
● Language Family: Kokborok belongs to Tibeto-Burman family.
● Affinity: Has close affinity with Bodo, Garo, Dimasa languages.
Toto Language ● Toto Language: Sino-Tibetan language, written in Bengali script, spoken by ~1,600
individuals.
● Toto Community: Small tribal community in Toto Para, Alipurduar district, north
Bengal, near India-Bhutan border.
● Preservation: “Toto Shabda Sangraha”, a dictionary of Toto, was recently launched.
Koraput Kalajeera ● Koraput Kalajeera Rice: Recently received Geographical Indications (GI) status
Rice ● Location: Odisha

Salem Sago ● Sago: Derived from raw tapioca, appears as small hard globules or pearls.
● Manufacture: Made from wet starch powder crushed from tapioca roots.
● Tapioca Cultivation: Significant in Tamil Nadu.
● Also Known As: Sabu dana.
● Salem Sago: Recently received a Geographical Indication (GI) Tag. It is produced by the
Salem Starch and Sago Manufacturers Service Industrial Cooperative Society Ltd., also
known as SAGOSERVE
Tankai Method ● Ancient Ship Building: Ministry, Navy reconstruct ancient stitched ship.
● Project: 21-metre stitched ship using ancient construction techniques.
● Technique: Stitching wood planks with ropes, cords, fibres, resins.
● Design Inspiration: Based on an Ajanta painting of stitched ship.
Santiniketan ● Santiniketan: Recently included in UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
● Location: Birbhum district, West Bengal.
● Features: Historic buildings, landscapes, gardens, pavilions, artworks.
● Concept: Uniquely Indian ‘total work of art’ (Gesamtkunstwerk).
● Origins: Originally Bhubadanga, renamed Santiniketan by Debendranath Tagore.
● Educational Legacy: School established by Rabindranath Tagore in 1901, evolved into
Visva Bharati.
Rabindranath ● Rabindranath Tagore: First Asian to win Nobel Prize in Literature, 1913
Tagore ● Gitanjali: Collection of poems for which he won the Nobel.
● Knighthood: Awarded by King George V in 1915, renounced after Jallianwala Bagh
Massacre
● National Anthems: Wrote “Jana Gana Mana” (India) and “Amar Shonar Bangla”
(Bangladesh)
● Literary Works: Includes poems, stories, novels, essays, plays. Notable works include
“Gitanjali”, “Ghare-Baire”, “Gora”, “Manasi”, “Balaka”, “Sonar Tori”, “Kabuliwala”
● Song: Remembered for his song ‘Ekla Chalo Re’
● Philosophy: Emphasised humanism, spirituality, and nature-humanity connection
● Banglar Mati: Declared as West Bengal’s state anthem
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● Poila Baishakh: Declared as West Bengal’s statehood day

● Banga Bhanga Movement: Song written during this movement, promotes communal
harmony
Megalithic Dolmen ● Mudu Konaje Site: Discovered by Pundikai Ganapayya Bhat in the 1980s.
Site ● Location: Mudu Konaje, Karnataka.
● Significance: Largest megalithic dolmen site in the area.
● Features: Nine dolmens on the slope of a stone hill.
Vaishali ●
● Vaishali: An ancient city and a Buddhist pilgrimage site
● Birthplace of Lord Mahavira: Vaishali is the birthplace of Lord Mahavira, the last
Tirthankar of Jainism
● First Republic: Vaishali is considered one of the first examples of a republic around the
6th century BCE
● Gautam Buddha’s Visit: Gautam Buddha visited Vaishali, delivered his last sermon, and
announced his Mahaparinirvana here
● Second Buddhist Council: The Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaishali

Moodbidri ● Archaeological explorations in Moodbidri, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka.

● Unique terracotta figurines discovered, related to Megalithic Dolmen site.
● Figurines provide insights into Bhoota cult or Daiva Aradhane.
● Figurines datable to 800-700 B.C period.
● Discovery includes cow bovines, a mother goddess, peacocks, a horse.

World Heritage ● UNESCO World Heritage List: Areas or objects with outstanding universal value.
Sites (WHS) ● World Heritage Convention, 1972: Recognizes interaction between people and nature.
● Heritage Sites: 1199 total, 42 in India (34 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed).
● World Heritage Convention: Adopted for protection of world cultural and natural
heritage.
● Strategic Objectives: Credibility, Conservation, Capacity-building, Communication,
Communities.
● UNESCO: Founded in 1945, promotes international cooperation in education, sciences,
culture.
● UNESCO Structure: Secretariat, headed by Director-General, implements decisions of
General Conference and Executive Board.
● Key UNESCO Initiatives: Man and Biosphere Programme, Budapest Declaration, gender
equality strategy.
● Budapest Declaration, 2002: Ensures World Heritage Convention applies to all heritage
diversity.

King Kulashekara ● Rare inscription related to the Alupa dynasty discovered.

Alupendra I ● Marks first record of an Alupa king’s death.
● Contains references to the Siri cult (Siri, Dalya, Chattara).
● Someshwara temple constructed during Kulashekara Alupendra’s reign.
● Temple adorned with Nava Durgas sculptures.
● Inscription holds significance in study of Tuluva history and culture.
● Inscription connected to Soma cult establishment.
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● Soma cult founded by Soma Sharma of Gujarat in 11th century AD.

Shyamji Krishna ● Shyamji Krishna Varma: Indian revolutionary fighter, patriot, lawyer, journalist.
Varma ● Birth: Born in Mandvi, Gujarat on October 4, 1857.
● Education: First Indian M.A., scholar in Sanskrit and English.
● Contributions: Founded Indian Home Rule Society, India House, The Indian Sociologist.
● Relocation: Moved from England to Paris, then to Geneva during WWI.
● Death: Died on March 30, 1930.
● Legacy: First President of Bombay Arya Samaj.
Sir Syed Ahmed ● Modernised Muslim education by adapting English and western education.
Khan ● Wrote booklet, “Asbab-e-Baghawat-e-Hind”, about causes of Indian Revolt of 1857.
● Established Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) College, now Aligarh Muslim
University.
● Founded Scientific Society in 1864 to spread western education among Muslims.
● Published Aligarh Institute Gazette and Urdu journal Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq.
● Wrote book, ‘Commentary on the Holy Bible’, as a scholar on Christianity.
● His works, like “Asar-us-Sanadid,” preserved India’s rich cultural heritage.
● Founded Aligarh School in 1875, on Queen Victoria’s birth anniversary.
● Started Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental (MAO) Education Conference in 1886.
● Published book, ‘Loyal Muhammadans of India’, in 1860.
● Established United Indian Patriotic Association in 1888 to oppose Indian National
Congress.
● Sir Syed Excellence Award: Awarded by Aligarh Muslim University on 17th October.
2022 awardee: Prof. Barbara Metcalf.
Rani Durgavati ● Born in Chandel Dynasty, married to Dalpatshah of Gond Dynasty in 1542.
● Gonds, one of the largest tribal groups, located in central India.
● Took reins of Gond Dynasty in 1550 after Dalpatshah’s death.
● Contemporary of Mughal emperor Akbar, faced attack under Asaf Khan.
● Constructed reservoirs like Ranital, Cherital, Adhartal; moved capital to Chauragarh.
● Allowed Acharya Bitthalnath to establish a seat of the Pushtimarg Cult at Garha.
● Welcomed Vitthalnath of Vallabh community, took Diksha from him.
● Defeated Baz Bahadur, ruler of Malwa, as mentioned in Tarikh-i-Firishta.
● Story chronicled by Abul Fazl (Akbar’s chronicler) and British Colonel, Sleeman.
● Chandela Dynasty of Bundelkhand, an Indian Rajput clan, founded by Nanuka in 835
CE.
● Prominent Rulers: Yashovarman, Dhanga, Vidhyadhara, Paramardideva,
Trilokyavarman.
● Capital city: Khajuraho (later changed to Mahoba); Language: Sanskrit and Prakrit.
● Contributed to Bundelkhand’s heritage, constructed multiple temples inside Kalinjar
Fort.
Baba Farid ● Baba Farid: Born in 1173 near Shakarganj, Pakistan, family migrated from Kabul to
Punjab.
● Followed the Chishti Order, pioneering Sufi who wrote verses in Punjab.
● Significant impact on Sikhism, many verses included in the Guru Granth Sahib.
● Most famous disciple: Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya (1238-1325).
● Nizamuddin Auliya made Delhi an important centre of the Chishti silsilah.
MS Swaminathan ● Swaminathan, ‘Father of the India’s Green Revolution’, recently passed away.
● Worked with Norman Borlaug in developing high-yielding wheat and rice varieties.
● Coined term “Evergreen Revolution” for sustainable productivity.
● Developed Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Right Act 2001.
● Chaired National Commission of Farmers, probed causes of farm distress.
● Developed frost-resistant potato variety, ‘Alaska Frostless’.
● Advocated for “drought code”, “flood code” and “good weather code”.
● Shaped Sixth Five Year Plan (1980–1985), introduced chapters on women and
environment.
● Founded an Eponymous Research foundation.
● Received numerous accolades, including World Food Prize Laureate in 1987.
● Conferred with Padma Shri (1967), Padma Bhushan (1972) and Padma Vibhushan
(1989).
● Received Ramon Magsaysay Award (1971) and Albert Einstein World Science Award
(1986).
● Called “the Father of Economic Ecology” by United Nations Environment Programme.
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● Served as president of Pugwash Conferences and International Union for

Conservation of Nature.

Talagirishwara ● Temple located in Panamalai village, Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu.

Temple ● Constructed by Pallava king Narasimhavarman II, known as Rajasimha.
● Built on a small hill overlooking the Panamalai Lake.
● Seventh Century structure with a Vimana resembling Kailasanatha temple in
Kanchipuram.
● Paintings bear resemblance to those in Ajantha and Chithannavasal.
● Features a painting of Lord Shiva, known as Latathilagabhani, dancing with eight
hands.
● Goddess Parvathi watches Shiva, depicted with a crown and decorated umbrella.
● These paintings are older than Chithannavasal paintings.
Maa Danteshwari ● Chhattisgarh houses a Sakti-pitha, part of India's 51.
Temple ● Situated at the confluence of rivers Sankhini and Dankini.
● Constructed during 11th-12th century by Chindak Nagvanshi rulers.
● - Renovated in 14th century AD by Annamdev, Kakatiya dynasty member.

Sanwariya Seth ● Rajasthan hosts a Hindu temple devoted to Lord Krishna.

Temple ● Embraces traditional Rajasthan architecture with intricate carvings.
● Features domes and vibrant colors typical of Rajasthan temples.
● - Main structure crafted from white marble, adding to its allure.

Dogra Architecture ● Dogra kings governed Jammu from 1846 to 1947.

● Dogra architecture reflects their reign's cultural and structural legacy.
● Prominent examples include Mubarak Mandi and Amar Mahal Palace.
● Features distinctive jharokha-style balconies and intricate designs.
● - Symbolizes the rich heritage and craftsmanship of Dogra rulers.

Rock art from ● Neolithic rock art discovered in Palnadu district, Andhra Pradesh.
Neolithic Period ● Depicts bruising of a stag and a man, dating 6,000 years.
● Found during heritage awareness survey in Gundala-Veerlavagu valley.
● Ruins of Vaishnavite temple from Kakatiya period also uncovered.
● - Temple remnants discovered along Veerula Vagu canal.

Bekal Fort ● Largest and well-preserved fort in Kerala, constructed in 17th century.
● Built with dark maroon laterite stones, exquisite design.
● Originally by Kadampa Dynasty, later ruled by various powers.
● Notable for observation tower erected by Tipu Sultan.
● - Witnessed ownership changes to Kolathiri Rajas, Vijayanagara, British East India
Company.

Banni Festival ● Traditional stick-fighting festival in Andhra Pradesh.

● Celebrated during Vijaya Dasami under Vijayanagara Empire.
● - Occurs annually on Dussehra night.

Aadi Mahotsav ● National Tribal Festival in Ahmedabad, Gujarat by TRIFED.

● Showcasing tribal handicrafts, handloom, pottery, jewelry, and millets.
● TRIFED: National-level organization under Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
● Established in 1987, registered under Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act.
● Mandate: Enhancing tribal capabilities, promoting tribal products, creating marketing
opportunities.
● Implements Minimum Support Price Scheme for Minor Forest Produce.
● - Headquarters located in New Delhi.

Wayang Kulit ● Traditional puppet-shadow play: Wayang Kulit

● Originated in Java and Bali, Indonesia
● Recently recognized by UNESCO
● Plays based on romantic tales and religious legends
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● - Often adapt Mahabharata and Ramayana narratives

Vajra Mushti Kalaga ● Unique Indian martial art: Vajra Mushti

● Features knuckleduster as weapon
● Popular during Vijayanagar rule (14th-17th centuries)

Mewari Miniature ● Mewār painting: Prominent Indian miniature school, 17th-18th centuries
Painting ● Part of Rājasthanī style, developed in Mewār, Rājasthān
● Known for bright colors, emotional appeal
● Earliest examples date to 1605 at Chawand
● Notable painter: Sāhibdīn; patron: Raja Jai Singh
● Transitioned to portraiture and ruler's life themes
● - Allah Baksh renowned; epic Mahabharata painting displayed in museum

Pichwai Painting ● Pichwai painting: Traditional style from Rajasthan, India

● Originated in Nathdwara around 17th century
● Theme: Depicts Lord Krishna's life stages
● Stone pigments used, including gold and silver tones
● Bright colors from vegetable dyes like orange, red
● - Other schools: Nathdwara, Kishangarh, Bundi

Theyyam ● Theyyam: Ritual dance worship in Kerala and Karnataka, India

● Encompasses ancient traditions, rituals, and customs
● Theyyam performers considered channels to gods, sought for blessings
● Each Theyyam represents a divine figure, often Shiva or Shakti
● - Major types include Vishnumoorthi, Gulikan, Kuttichathan, among others

Sarna Religious ● Tribal communities demand recognition of 'Sarna' religion in census

code ● Faith revolves around "Jal, Jungle, Zameen" - water, forest, land
● Worship involves reverence for nature, forests, and hills
● Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups; 8 are Particularly Vulnerable
● - Demand fueled by desire to preserve religious identity, distinct from Hinduism

Basohli Pashmina ● Basohli Pashmina receives Geographical Indication (GI) tag

● Craft known for extreme softness, lightness, and insulating properties
● Hand-spun product originating from Kathua district, Jammu and Kashmir
● Traditional pashmina wool producers include the Changpa nomadic people
● - Craft renowned for quality, longevity, and fine craftsmanship

Makhir’ Ginger ● Meghalaya hosts Makhir and Nadia gingers, valued for health benefits.
● - Makhir ginger stands out for its strong flavor and medicinal qualities.

Udangudi ● Udangudi Panangkarupatti, palm jaggery from Tamil Nadu, gets GI.
Panangarupatti ● - Produced without modern methods or chemical additives for purity.

Goan Cashew ● Goa's cashew industry earns GI tag, boosting regional significance.
● Cashew, introduced by Portuguese in 16th century, now vital.

Jaderi Namakatti ● Tamil Nadu's Jaderi namakatti clay sticks receive GI tag.
● - White, finger-shaped sticks used for adorning idols and people.

Arunachal Yak ● Arunachal Yak Churpi receives first Yak milk product GI tag.
Churpi ● - Made from Arunachali yak milk by Brokpa tribal pastoralists.

Kannauj Attar ● Kannauj Attar: Distilled flower extract with sandalwood oil base.
● - Received GI tag in 2014; indigenous to Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh.

Kongthong Village ● East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya: Known as 'whistling village'.

● Tradition of 'Jingrwai Lawbei': Mothers create tunes for newborns.
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● Tunes often used as names; Kongthong people, Seng Khasi Tribe.

Gunji Village ● Gunji: Located in Dharchula tehsil, Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand.

● Near Tibet and Nepal borders; requires Inner Line permit.
● Administered by India, disputed by Nepal.

Bojjannakonda Site ● Bojjannakonda site.

● Located in Andhra Pradesh, India.
● Buddhist archaeological site.
● Contains remnants of Buddhist monastic complex.
● Includes stupas, chaityas, viharas.
● Flourished during 4th to 9th century CE.
● Known for its architectural and sculptural remains.
● - Important pilgrimage site for Buddhists.

Kulasekarapattinam ● Tamil Nadu + Kulasekharapatnam is a town in the Thoothukudi

● district of Tamil Nadu. It was an ancient port dating to the 1st century AD and was
● contemporaneous to the existence of Kollam, Cheran, and Pandyan ports + ISRO is
● establishing a second spaceport in Kulasekarapattinam, Tamil Nadu, dedicated to Small
● Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) developed by the private sector.

United Nations ● UNWTO: United Nations agency for responsible, sustainable tourism promotion.
World Tourism ● Established in 1975; 159 member countries; headquartered in Madrid.
Organization ● Advocates Global Code of Ethics for Tourism; global policy forum.
(UNWTO) ● Best Tourism Villages Initiative: Part of UNWTO's rural development program.
● Aims to combat depopulation, foster innovation, and promote sustainable practices.
● Dhordo Village: Kutch, Gujarat; hosts annual Rann Utsav; known for Mutwa
embroidery.
● Madla Village: Panna, Madhya Pradesh; selected for upgrade under UNWTO support.
● - Located along River Karnawati (Ken); undergoing development for tourism excellence.

Durgawati Devi ● Durgawati Devi, aka Durga Bhabhi, celebrated for her revolutionary spirit.
(1907 – 1999) ● Married to Bhagwati Charan Vohra, associated with Hindustan Socialist Republic
Association.
● Active member of Naujawan Bharat Sabha, founded by Bhagat Singh.
● Opposed sentence of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru; sought revenge.
● Planned to assassinate Lord Hailey, ex-Governor of Punjab.
● - After independence, established a school for underprivileged children in Lucknow.

Birsa Munda ● Birsa Munda, tribal freedom fighter, led mass movement in Bihar and Jharkhand.
● Rebelled against British and outsiders, declared "Ulgulan" against Zamindari system.
● Created 'Birsait' faith, revered as 'Dharti Abba' (Earth Father).
● Advocated studying tribal religion, preserving cultural roots.
● Fought exploitation, discrimination, influenced Chotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908).
● Jharkhand state created on his birth anniversary in 2000.
● Nov 15 declared 'Janjatiya Gaurav Divas' by Central Government in 2021.

Nolamba Dynasty ● Nolamba dynasty, significant in South India, ruled 8th-12th centuries.
● Mangala Nomabathi Raja founded the dynasty.
● Nolambavadi spanned SE Karnataka, parts of TN, AP.
● Feudatories to Pallavas, Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, and Chalukyas of Kalyani.
● Capital shifted from Chitradurga to Hemavati.
● Known as Nolamba Pallava, Shaivite rulers built grand Shiva temples.
● - Marasimha of Ganga dynasty defeated Nolambas, ending their rule.

Kazi Nazrul Islam ● Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bidrohi Kobi, born in Churulia, Bengal.
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● Rebelled against oppression through poetry, famous for 'Nazrul Geeti'.

● Sentenced for 'Anondomoyir Agomone', faced sedition charges for Pralayshikha.
● Released after Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
● Lachit Borphukan, Assamese warrior, defeated Mughals in Battle of Saraighat.
● Chosen as one of five Borphukans, utilized guerrilla tactics.
● Ahom Kingdom ruled Assam for nearly 600 years, clashed with Mughals.
● - Prosperous, multi-ethnic kingdom thrived on rice cultivation in Brahmaputra valley.

Kambala ● Kambala: Traditional buffalo race in coastal Karnataka.

● Conducted in paddy fields filled with slush and mud.
● Sponsored by local Tuluva landlords and households.
● Tuluva people are native speakers of the Tulu language.
● Categories include Negilu, Hagga, Adda Halage, and Kane Halage.
● Supreme Court banned Kambala in 2014 due to cruelty concerns.
● - Karnataka Amendment allows Kambala under regulated conditions.

Sant Meera Bai ● Bhakti saint: Devotee of Lord Krishna.

(1498-1546) ● Born as Princess of Mewar, childhood name Yashodha.
● Followed Saguna bhakti, considered Lord Krishna as husband.
● Addressed Lord Krishna as Giridhar Gopal.
● Wrote poems in Braj language like Raag Govind, Narsi Ji Ka Mayara.
● Bhaktmal, biography of Meera Bai, written by Guru Nabha Dass ji.
● Became disciple of Sant Ravidas, challenged upper caste norms.
● Rejected traditional roles, left palace to become wanderer.

Chhath Festival ● Hindu Vedic festival celebrated in India and Nepal.

● Dedicated to Sun God and Chhathi Maiya.
● Celebrated twice a year: Chaitra and Kartika.
● No idol worship; unique ritualistic traditions.
● - Four consecutive days of celebration.

Sharda Devi Temple ● Sharada Peeth: One of 18 Maha Shakti Peethas.

● Abode of Hindu Goddess Saraswati.
● Located in Neelum Valley, PoK, near LoC.
● Historically significant pilgrimage site.
● - Proposed corridor to facilitate Hindu pilgrims.

Elephanta Caves ● Location: Elephanta Island, Western India

● Construction: Mid-5th to 6th centuries AD
● Dedication: Mostly dedicated to Lord Shiva
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● Cave Groups: Two groups - one with five Hindu caves, the other with two Buddhist
caves
● Artistic Expression: Sculptures include 'Trimurti', 'Gangadhar', and 'Ardhnareshwar'
● - UNESCO Status: Designated as a World Heritage Site

Kondaveedu Fort ● Location: Near Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

● Builder: Prolaya Vema Reddy
● Capital of Reddy Dynasty: 1328 - 1482
● Conquered by Krishnadevaraya: 1516
● - Reddy Dynasty: Coastal Andhra rulers, patrons of Telugu literature

Geoglyph ● Location: Telangana

● Age: 3,000 years old
● Type: Iron Age geoglyph circle
● Definition: Geoglyph - large ground motif
● Formation: Arrangement of rocks or landscape elements
● - Famous examples: Nazca Lines, Megaliths in the Urals, Uffington White Horse

Creative Cities ● UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN): Founded in 2004.

Network ● Promotes urban development through creativity and cooperation.
● Covers seven fields including craft, folk art, and gastronomy.
● Over 300 cities worldwide are part of the network.
● Applications routed through Ministry of Culture in India.
● Kozhikode and Gwalior recently added for literature and music.
● Chennai and Varanasi recognized for music contributions.
● Jaipur designated for crafts and folk art.
● Mumbai acclaimed for its contributions to the film industry.
● - Hyderabad celebrated for its gastronomy.

Kadaknath Chicken ● Kadaknath chicken: Native to Madhya Pradesh, Jhabua district.

● Known as "black chicken" due to its black flesh.
● Eggs, organs, and bones also black in color.
● Received Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2018.
● High iron content, low cholesterol; beneficial for health.
● Prominently found in Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh.
● Known as "Kali Masi" in local language.
● Believed to aid in asthma and respiratory issues.
● Valued for its unique black color and health benefits.
● - Indigenous breed with distinct characteristics and nutritional advantages.

Onattukara Sesame ● Onattukara Ellu: GI-tagged product from Kerala, India.

(Ellu) = ● Cultivated in Alappuzha, Kollam, and Pathanamthitta districts.
● Renowned for its distinctive health advantages.
● Rich in antioxidants, combats harmful free radicals effectively.
● Grown primarily in the Onattukara region of Kerala.
● Acknowledged for its unique nutritional properties.
● Helps protect body cells from oxidative damage.
● Supports overall health and well-being.
● Recognized for its superior quality and health benefits.
● - Indigenous product contributing to Kerala's cultural heritage.

Sea Buckthorn ● Sea buckthorn: Europe, Asia

● Found in Himalayan region, Ladakh, Spiti
● Produces small, sour berries rich in vitamin C
● Withstands extreme temperatures, drought-resistant
● Berries remain intact in winter, subzero temperatures
● - Ladakh Sea buckthorn awarded GI tag
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Geographical ● Berinag tea: Wild Himalayan plant, sought-after by London tea houses
Indications(GI) Tags ● Bichhubuti fabrics: Made from Himalayan nettle fibers, offer natural insulation
from Uttarakhand ● Uttarakhand mandua: Finger millet, staple diet in Garhwal and Kumaon
● Jhangora: Homegrown millet from rain-fed areas of Himalayas in Uttarakhand
● Gahat: Important pulse grown in dry regions, known for medicinal uses
● Uttarakhand lal chawal: Red rice organically grown in Purola region
● - Other products include Uttarakhand kala bhat (black soybean), malta fruit, Chaulai
(ramdana) grain, buransh juice from Rhododendron arboreum flowers, Paharitoor dal,
Uttarakhand likhai (wood carvings), Nainital mombatti (candles), Rangwalipichhoda of
Kumaon, Ramnagar Nainital litchis, Ramgarh Nainital peaches, Chamoli wooden
Ramman masks, Almora Lakhorimirchis (chilli variant).

Lambadi ● Lambanis, also Banjaras: Settled in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

Embroidery ● Nomadic lifestyle abandoned; settled in Tandas
● - Speak Gor Boli (Lambadi), Indo-Aryan language; no script

Panamalai Paintings ● Talagirishwara temple: Fading 1,300-year-old Tamil Nadu mural paintings.
● Depicts Lord Shiva's dance, Latathilagabhani, watched by Goddess Parvathi.
● Created with limestone and sand paste on stonewalls.
● Resembles Ajantha and Chithannavasal paintings, showcasing ancient art.
● Constructed by Pallava king Narasimhavarman II, Rajasimha.
● Rajasimha's Sanskrit epigraphs found in the temple.
● Cultural heritage at risk due to fading mural paintings.
● Urgent preservation needed to protect historical significance.
● Collaboration for restoration efforts crucial for safeguarding ancient artwork.
● - Awareness campaigns essential to garner support for conservation initiatives.

Leather Puppetry ● Andhra Pradesh's leather puppetry: Threatened ancient art facing extinction.
● Puppets crafted from goat skin depict Hindu mythological characters.
● Performances centered on Ramayana and Mahabharata themes.
● Not shadow puppetry; distinct traditional art form.
● Unique cultural heritage at risk of disappearing.
● Preservation efforts crucial to safeguarding ancient tradition.
● Historical significance rooted in Andhra Pradesh's cultural identity.
● Revival initiatives essential for preserving traditional craftsmanship.
● Public awareness needed to support conservation and revival efforts.
● - Collaboration among artists, scholars, and authorities vital for restoration.

Kolkali Dance ● North Malabar folk art: Kolattam in Kerala, Kolamu in Tamil Nadu, Andhra.
● Influenced by Kalaripayattu, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu martial art.
● Performers wield sticks, move in circular formations, striking rhythmically.
● Celebrated during paddy harvest season, integral to local traditions.
● Cultural exchange evident through variations in names across regions.
● Rich heritage blending martial and performing arts traditions.
● Symbolizes community spirit, rhythmic harmony, and agricultural celebration.
● Preserves cultural identity, passed down through generations.
● Promotes physical coordination, teamwork, and artistic expression.
● - Highlights regional diversity, unity in cultural expressions across South India.

Iyothee Thass ● Tamil Nadu honors Iyothee Thass Pandithar, Dalit rights champion.
Pandithar ● Statue installed at Gandhi Mandapam, Chennai.
● Born May 20, 1845, in Madras presidency.
● Anti-caste activist and Siddha medicine practitioner.
● Organized Nilgiri Hills tribes for freedom in 1870s.
● Founded Advaidananda Sabha, Dravida Pandian magazine in 1876.
● Established Dravida Mahajana Sabha with Rettamalai Srinivasan in 1891.
● Founded Sakya Buddhist Society in 1898.
● Weekly magazine Tamizhan started in 1907.
● - Legacy celebrated for social reform and Buddhist advocacy.
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Guru Teg Bahadur ● Guru Tegh Bahadur: Ninth Sikh guru, warrior, spiritual scholar.
Singh ● Born to Mata Nanki and Guru Hargobind, sixth Sikh guru.
● Raised army against Mughals, introduced warrior saints concept.
● 115 hymns included in Sri Guru Granth Sahib.
● Founded Anandpur Sahib, where Khalsa Panth established.
● Brokered peace accord with Ahom king, commemorated at Gurdwara Dhubri Sahib.
● Executed in Delhi on Aurangzeb's orders.
● Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib stands on execution site in Chandni Chowk.
● Legacy revered for bravery, spiritual teachings, and sacrifice.
● - Integral figure in Sikh history, symbolizing resistance and devotion.
Pashupatinath ● Pashupatinath Temple: Kathmandu, Nepal, on Bagmati River's bank.
Temple ● Hindu temple devoted to Pashupati, form of Shiva.
● UNESCO World Heritage Site declaration in 1979.
● Spiritual hub and pilgrimage destination for Hindus.
● Architecture reflects ancient Nepali craftsmanship.
● Sacred site for rituals, prayers, and cremation ceremonies.
● Symbolizes religious and cultural significance in Nepal.
● Attracts devotees, tourists, and scholars from worldwide.
● Preservation efforts vital for safeguarding heritage.
● - Integral part of Kathmandu's cultural landscape.
Yogmaya Temple ● Jogmaya Temple: Ancient Hindu shrine in Mehrauli, Delhi.
● Built by noble Lala Sidhu Mal, 1806-1837, during Akbar II's reign.
● Formerly known as Yoginipura, linked to ancient Jain texts.
● Prithviraj Chauhan patronized Yogini temple here.
● Hosts unique festival 'Phoolwalon ki Sair.'
● Integral part of Delhi's cultural and historical heritage.
● Sacred site attracting devotees and tourists.
● Architectural marvel blending Hindu and Mughal influences.
● Symbolizes religious tolerance and cultural syncretism.
● - Preservation efforts essential for safeguarding heritage.
Srimukhalingam ● Srimukhalingam Temple: Andhra Pradesh, Kalinga architectural style.
Temple ● Dedicated to Srimukha Lingeswara (form of Shiva).
● Built in 9th century CE by Eastern Ganga Dynasty kings.
● Constructed by Kamarnava II, ruler from Eastern Ganga lineage.
● Situated on Vamsadhara River banks, majestic location.
● Trinity of Madhukeshwara, Someswara, and Bheemeswara Temples showcases Kalinga
kings' architectural prowess.
● Potential UNESCO World Heritage Site nominee.
● Cultural and historical treasure of Andhra Pradesh.
● Symbolizes rich heritage and religious devotion.
● - Preservation efforts underway to secure recognition and conservation.
Swarved ● Swarved Mahamandir: Varanasi, world's largest meditation center.
Mahamandir ● Named after Swarved, spiritual literature by Sadguru Shri Sadafal Deoji Maharaj.
● Founder of Vihangam Yoga, eternal yogi.
● Propagates Swarveda teachings, Brahma Vidya focus.
● Brahma Vidya enables sustained state of perfect Zen.
● Vihangam Yoga founded in 1924, union of bird symbolism.
● Aims for soul's liberation from worldly attachments.
● Individual consciousness merges with universal consciousness.
● Path to permanent peace and bliss through spiritual realization.
● - Symbolizes quest for inner freedom and transcendence.

Sed-Gyued ● Sed-Gyued Monastery: Siliguri, West Bengal, spiritual hub.

Monastery ● Dalai Lama imparts Bodhicitta teaching, awakening mind.
● Bodhicitta: Commitment to enlightenment, liberation of all beings.
● Rooted in compassion, desire to alleviate suffering universally.
● Central tenet of Mahayana tradition, integral to its teachings.
● Bodhisattva path embraced, dedication to others' welfare.
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● Dalai Lama's teachings promote compassion and altruism.

● Sed-Gyued Monastery fosters spiritual growth and enlightenment.
● Symbolizes unity, peace, and harmony among diverse communities.
● - Inspires individuals to cultivate compassion and selflessness.
Bali Yatra ● Bali Yatra: Annual trade fair in Cuttack, Odisha, on Kartika Purnima.
● Commemorates Odisha's historical ties with Bali, maritime legacy.
● Similar to festivals in Bali and Thailand, featuring toy boat floating.
● Legend of 'Taapoi' recalls maiden's wait for sailor brothers' return.
● Associated with Vaishnavite Saint Sri Chaitanya's journey to Puri.
● 'Bhalukuni Osha' and 'Bada Osha' key rituals during the fair.
● Odisha, once Kalinga, held significant maritime prominence.
● Established links with Roman Empire, Africa, Asia, and more.
● Important ports include Palur, Tamralipta, Pithunda, and more.
● Rich maritime history celebrated through Bali Yatra tradition.

Lakadong Turmeric ● Lakadong Turmeric: Meghalaya's prized spice with high Curcumin.
● Garo Dakmanda: Traditional attire of Garo tribe, cultural emblem.
● Larnai Pottery: Distinctive black pottery from Jaintia Hills District.
● Garo Chubitchi: Traditional rice-based alcoholic beverage of Garo tribe.
● GI Tags recognize uniqueness, preserve cultural heritage of Meghalaya.
● Lakadong Turmeric renowned for medicinal properties, culinary use.
● Garo Dakmanda symbolizes Garo tribe's identity, craftsmanship.
● Larnai Pottery showcases traditional craftsmanship, artistic skill.
● Garo Chubitchi reflects indigenous brewing techniques, cultural significance.
● Meghalaya's diverse cultural and natural heritage celebrated through GI Tags.
● Meghalaya's Lakadong Turmeric: Awarded GI tag, world-renowned variety.
● High curcumin content: 6.8 to 7.5%, exceptional quality.
● Organic cultivation without fertilizers, dark color.
● Garo Dakmanda: Traditional dress, symbol of Garo tribe.
● Larnai Pottery: GI tagged black pottery from Jaintia Hills.
● Garo Chubitchi: GI tagged rice-based alcoholic beverage.
● GI tags promote uniqueness, preserve cultural heritage.
● Meghalaya's diverse products gain global recognition.
● Lakadong Turmeric's GI tag highlights its exceptional quality.
● - GI tags promote sustainable agriculture and traditional craftsmanship.
Kalbeliya Dance ● Kalbelia Dance: Folk dance from Rajasthan, also known as Sapera Dance.
● Performed by Rajasthani tribe 'Kalbelia,' known for snake charming.
● UNESCO recognized as Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2010.
● Males play traditional instruments: dhol, pungi, khanjari.
● Females perform intricate dance moves, reflecting snake movements.
● Symbolizes cultural identity and artistic expression of Rajasthan.
● Music and dance integral to Kalbelia community's traditions.
● Dance and songs convey stories of nature, love, and life.
● Kalbelia Dance showcases Rajasthan's vibrant cultural heritage.
● - Celebrated worldwide for its mesmerizing performances and unique artistry.
Garba Dance = ● Garba: Ritualistic and devotional dance from Gujarat.
● Celebrated during nine days of Navratri festival.
● Dedicated to worship of feminine energy, Shakti.
● Inscribed in UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.
● 15th cultural item from India to receive UNESCO recognition.
● Garba symbolizes cultural richness and spiritual devotion.
● Colorful costumes, rhythmic music, circular movements.
● Represents unity, joy, and celebration of life.
● Integral part of Gujarat's cultural identity and traditions.
● - Global recognition highlights its significance and influence.
Warli Paintings ● Warli Art: Tribal art from North Sahyadri Range, Maharashtra.
● Originates from 10th century AD, gained recognition in 1970s.
● Practiced by Warli tribe's Suvasini women on Lagna Chowk.
● Depicts rural life's daily routines and rituals.
● Utilizes basic geometric shapes: circle, triangle, square.
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● Central motif: square, known as "chauk" or "chaukat."

● Two main types: Devchauk and Lagnachauk.
● Represents harmony between humans and nature.
● Traditionally painted using rice paste and natural pigments.
● - Warli art celebrated for its simplicity, symbolism, and cultural significance.
UNESCO Asia-Pacific ● UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation recognize
Awards for Cultural achievements in conserving heritage.
Heritage ● Recent awardees include projects from Punjab and Haryana.
Conservation 2023 ● Rambagh Gate in Amritsar, Punjab, received the "Award of Excellence."
● Restoration used traditional techniques, Nanak Shahi bricks, lime mortar.
● Pipal Haveli in Gurdaspur, Punjab, emphasizes ecological methods and vernacular
architecture.
● Church of Epiphany in Gurugram, Haryana, also recognized.
● Efforts highlight commitment to preserving cultural heritage.
● Emphasis on traditional building methods and locally sourced materials.
● Awardees contribute to sustainable heritage conservation in the region.
● UNESCO recognition promotes global awareness and appreciation of heritage
conservation efforts.

Shankaracharyas ● Shankaracharya: Title for heads of four Hindu maths by Adi Shankara.
● Maths established to impart religious knowledge.
● Include shrines, temples, libraries, residences.
● Located in Dwarka, Joshimath, Puri, Sringeri.
● Shankaracharyas oversee Dashanami Sampradaya.
● Dashanami Sampradaya: Order of renunciates.
● Adi Shankara founded maths to preserve Advaita Vedanta.
● Maths serve as centers for spiritual education and practice.
● Shankaracharyas guide followers in spiritual matters.
● Integral to Hindu religious and philosophical tradition.

● Adi Shankaracharya: Ancient philosopher and theologian, 8th century CE.

● Born in Kalady, Kerala; revered as Lord Shiva's avatar.
● Mastered Vedas at age 16, hailed for early intellect.
● Promoted Advaita Vedanta, non-dualistic Hindu philosophy.
● Advocated unity of atma (soul) and brahma (ultimate reality).
● Core principle: Material world is an "illusion," emphasizing non-duality.
● Advaita Vedanta teaches oneness of God and humanity.
● Shankaracharya's teachings emphasized spiritual realization.
● Influential figure in Indian philosophical thought.
● Legacy continues to inspire seekers of truth and spiritual seekers.

Saint Thiruvalluvar ● Vallalar: Celebrated Tamil poet and philosopher.

● Author of Tirukkural, renowned collection of couplets.
● Tirukkural covers ethics, politics, economics, and love.
● Founded Sathya Dharma Salai in 1867 at Vadalur, Tamil Nadu.
● Established to eradicate hunger and alleviate suffering.
● Vallalar deeply empathized with people's agony.
● Sathya Dharma Salai aimed to provide food and support.
● Reflects Vallalar's compassion and commitment to social welfare.
● Legacy inspires humanitarian efforts and service to humanity.
● - Vallalar's teachings continue to influence Tamil culture and society.

Guru Gobind Singh ● Guru Gobind Singh: 10th and last human Guru of Sikhs.
● Born as Gobind Rai on December 22, 1666, in Patna, Bihar.
● Son of ninth Sikh Guru, Guru Teg Bahadur.
● Became Guru at age nine after father's demise.
● Assassinated in 1708.
● Introduced turban for Sikhs to cover hair.
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● Founded principles of Khalsa, including Five ‘K’s.

● Five ‘K’s: Kesh, Kangha, Kara, Kirpan, Kachera.
● Advocated abstaining from tobacco, alcohol, halal meat.
● Duty-bound Khalsa warriors to protect innocent people.
● Literary contributions include Jaap Sahib, Zafarnama.
● Named Guru Granth Sahib as next Guru for Sikhs.
● Fought against Mughals, Battle of Muktsar, Battle of Anandpur.
● Tragic losses in battles: mother, sons, eldest son.
● - Guru Gobind Singh's legacy inspires Sikh community's principles and values.
Savitribai Phule ● -Savitribai Phule: Born in Maharashtra in 1831.
● Active participant in women's liberation movement.
● First female teacher in India.
● With husband Jyotirao Phule, opened first school for women in Pune in 1848.
● Authored two books: "Kavya Phule" in 1854 and "Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar" in
1892, collections of her poems.
● Contributions to education and literature celebrated in Indian history.
● Played key role in promoting women's rights and education in Maharashtra.
● Legacy inspires generations in the fight for social equality and justice.
● - Recognized as a pioneer in the field of women's education and empowerment.

Kalaram Temple ● Kalaram Temple: Hindu temple in Nashik's Panchavati area, Maharashtra.
● Located on banks of Godavari River.
● Original temple from Rashtrakuta Period, 7th-11th centuries.
● Idol thrown into Godavari during early Turkish invasions.
● New temple built in 1792 by Sardar Rangarao Odhekar.
● Historical significance: Site of Kalaram Mandir Satyagraha in 1930.
● Led by B R Ambedkar and social activist Pandurang Sadashiv Sane.
● Agitation demanded access to Hindu temples for Dalits.
● Represents struggle for social justice and equality.
● Iconic landmark in Nashik, frequented by devotees.
● Symbolizes resilience and perseverance of Indian society.
● - Historical and cultural heritage preserved for future generations.

Jagannath Temple ● Puri: City in Odisha, home to Jagannath Temple.

● Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, form of Sri Krishna.
● Believed to be constructed in 12th century by King Anatavarman Chodaganga Deva.
● Temple known as ‘Yamanika Tirtha,’ where power of Yama nullified.
● Referred to as "White Pagoda," part of Char Dham pilgrimages.
● Famous for annual Ratha Yatra, chariot festival.
● Three principal deities pulled on elaborately decorated temple cars.
● Symbolizes devotion and cultural significance.
● Major pilgrimage destination for Hindus.
● Ratha Yatra attracts millions of devotees worldwide.
● Puri temple stands as a testament to ancient Hindu architecture and spirituality.
● - Spiritual hub where devotees seek blessings and divine grace.

Guruvayur Temple ● Guruvayoor Sree Krishna Swamy Temple: Located in Thrissur District, Kerala.
● Dedicated to Lord Vishnu and young form of Lord Krishna.
● Known as the Dwarka of the South.
● Earliest records date back to 17th century, but legends suggest antiquity of 5000 years.
● One of the most revered temples in Kerala.
● Famed for its architectural grandeur and spiritual significance.
● Attracts devotees from all over India.
● Hosts various rituals and festivals throughout the year.
● Symbolizes cultural and religious heritage of Kerala.
● Believed to be a sacred site of divine presence and blessings.
● Maintained and managed by Guruvayur Devaswom Board.
● Iconic landmark in Thrissur district, integral to Kerala's religious landscape.
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Lepakshi Temple ● Andhra Pradesh: State in southern India.

● Temple built in 16th century during Vijayanagar empire.
● Trikuta-style temple with three shrines: Veerabhadra (Lord Shiva), Papanaseswara,
Raghunatha.
● Noted for largest monolithic Nandi (bull) statue.
● Features Naga-siva-linga with seven-hooded snake.
● Represents architectural and cultural heritage of Vijayanagar era.
● Placed in UNESCO’s tentative World Heritage Sites list.
● Signifies religious and historical significance of Andhra Pradesh.
● Attracts pilgrims and tourists from around the world.
● Reflects rich craftsmanship and sculptural tradition.
● Iconic symbol of Andhra Pradesh's cultural identity.
● - Preservation efforts underway to safeguard its legacy for future generations.

Sri ● Thiruvaranga Tirupati: Also known as Srirangam.

Ranganathaswamy ● Dedicated to Ranganatha, reclining form of Lord Vishnu.
Temple ● Constructed in Dravidian architectural style.
● Temple-town with unique Sapta-Prakaram formation.
● One of 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
● Situated on island of Srirangam, surrounded by Cauvery and Kollidam Rivers.
● Signifies spiritual and cultural significance in Hinduism.
● Pilgrimage destination for devotees from around the world.
● Hosts various rituals, festivals, and religious activities.
● Iconic symbol of Tamil Nadu's religious heritage.
● Known for its architectural grandeur and intricate carvings.
● Maintained and managed by temple authorities.
● - Srirangam temple holds a special place in Hindu mythology and tradition.

Batadrava Than ● Assam: State in northeastern India.

● Sacred site for Assamese Vaishnavites.
● Temple complex at birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva.
● Sankardeva founded first-ever Kirtan Ghar at Bordowa in 1494 AD.
● Preached neo-Vaishnavite faith, propagated Ek Saran Naam Dharma.
● Bordowa hosts annual festival "Doul Mahotsava" (Holi).
● Festival attracts devotees from all over Assam.
● Celebrates religious and cultural significance of Sankardeva.
● Kirtan Ghar serves as center for devotional music and preaching.
● Symbolizes spiritual heritage of Assam.
● Important pilgrimage destination for Vaishnavites.
● Continues to inspire devotion and religious harmony in Assam.

Grantham ● Recent discovery: Two stone inscriptions in Grantha and Tamil at Pazhnchervazhi village
Inscriptions near Kangayam.
● Grantha: Historical script used to write Sanskrit in South East Asia and Tamil Nadu.
● Derives its name from Sanskrit, meaning "a literary work."
● Prevalent script in South India, adopted for writing Sanskrit works.
● Later used for writing Malayalam, known as Arya Ezhuthu.
● Grantha and Tamil scripts share similarities in modern forms.
● Both scripts evolved from Brahmi script.
● Discoveries shed light on historical and cultural significance.
● Provide insights into linguistic and scriptural evolution.
● Archaeological findings enrich understanding of regional history.
● - Highlight importance of preserving cultural heritage and scripts.

Kadamba ● Recent discovery: Inscription from 10th century A.D. in Mahadeva temple at Cacoda,
Inscription southern Goa.
● Written in Kannada and Sanskrit.
● Opens with auspicious word "Swasthi Shri."
● Literary style similar to Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I.
● Kadambas of Goa were subordinates of Chalukyas of Kalyani.
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● Chalukyan emperor Tailapa II appointed Kadamba Shasthadeva as mahamandaleshwar

of Goa.
● Appointment due to Kadamba's assistance in overthrowing Rashtrakutas.
● Highlights historical and political alliances in medieval Goa.
● Provides insights into regional power dynamics during Kadamba period.
● Discovery enriches understanding of Goa's historical heritage.
● - Importance of preserving and studying ancient inscriptions emphasized.
Vadnagar ● Joint study by Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur) reveals evidence of human
settlement in Vadnagar, Gujarat dating back to 800 BCE.
● Aligns with late-Vedic/pre-Buddhist Mahajanapadas or oligarchic republics era.
● Significance of Vadnagar's ancient origins highlighted.
● Included in tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
● Multicultural and multi-religious settlement, including Buddhist, Hindu, Jain, and
Islamic influences.
● Proximity to Modhera, famous for Sun Temple.
● Discovery sheds light on historical and cultural richness of Vadnagar.
● Importance of preserving and studying ancient settlements emphasized.
● Provides valuable insights into early human civilization and societal dynamics in Gujarat
region.
● - Archaeological findings contribute to understanding of India's ancient heritage.
Thanjavur Doll ● Thanjavur doll: Traditional Indian bobblehead toy made of terracotta.
● Centre of gravity and weight concentrated at bottom, creating continuous dance-like
movement.
● Handmade with detailed, painted exteriors.
● Craft introduced to Thanjavur by Maratha ruler Raja Serfoji in early 19th Century.
● Received Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2009.
● Represents cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu.
● Symbolizes traditional craftsmanship and artistry.
● Popular souvenir and decorative item.
● Reflects historical influences on regional art and culture.
● Important for preserving and promoting traditional arts and crafts.
● - Valuable contribution to India's rich cultural diversity.

Sohrai Painting ● Sohrai painting: Practiced by indigenous communities in Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and
West Bengal.
● Hazaribagh region in Jharkhand received GI tag for this art form.
● Art form of Kurmi, Santal, Munda, Oraon, Agaria, Ghatwal tribes, particularly women.
● Distinctive for vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and symbolic motifs.
● Sohrai festival held annually, marking harvesting season and arrival of winter.
● Cave paintings in Hazaribagh district dating back to 7000-4000 BC resemble motifs
used in Sohrai and Khovar paintings.
● Sohrai painting associated with Sohrai festival, post-Diwali.
● Khovar painting linked to marriage rituals and harvest season celebration.
● Represents rich cultural heritage and traditions of indigenous communities.
● Important for preserving and promoting indigenous art forms.
● Contributes to recognition and empowerment of tribal communities.
● Highlights the artistic prowess and creativity of tribal women.
● - Valuable part of India's diverse artistic legacy.

Bobbilli Veena ● Saraswati Veena: Traditional veena from Bobbili, famed for fine tune and distinctive
notes.
● Large plucked string instrument used in Carnatic music.
● Making of the veena began in 17th century during reign of Pedda Rayudu, king of
Bobbili Samsthanam.
● Pedda Rayudu was a great patron of music.
● Saraswati Veena earned Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2012.
● Originates from Bobbili in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh.
● Represents rich cultural heritage of Andhra Pradesh.
● Symbolizes tradition and craftsmanship of instrument making.
● Important for preserving and promoting traditional music forms.
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● Saraswati Veena holds significant cultural and religious importance.

● Contributes to recognition and empowerment of artisans.
● - Valuable part of India's musical legacy.

Dogri Folk Dance ● Traditional dance performed in Duggar region of Jammu.

● Main leader sings and dances while others provide beats with drums and chimta.
● Usually performed by a group of artists.
● Varieties include performances by men and women or only women in groups.
● Represents cultural heritage of Jammu region.
● Symbolizes community bonding and celebration.
● Other dance forms in Jammu region: Dheku, Phummani, Jagran, Chkauki, Chhajja,
Kuddha, Hirana, etc.
● Also includes folk-drama styles like Bhagtan, Raas, Chandrauli, etc.
● Reflects diversity and richness of folk traditions in Jammu.
● Important for preserving and promoting regional cultural identity.
● Contributes to recognition and appreciation of traditional arts.
● - Enhances cultural exchanges and understanding.

Shumang Leela ● Traditional form of theatre in Manipur.

● Roles of female artists played by male actors.
● Male characters portrayed by female artists in female theatre groups.
● Known as Nupi Shabis when women's roles are played by men.
● Descended from Lai Haraoba, a ritual of Meitei community of Manipur.
● Represents cultural and artistic heritage of Manipur.
● Unique blending of gender roles and performance styles.
● Reflects traditional beliefs and customs of Manipuri society.
● Integral part of Manipuri performing arts tradition.
● Enhances cultural exchanges and understanding.
● Important for preserving and promoting regional cultural identity.
● - Contributes to recognition and appreciation of traditional arts.
Qanat System or ● Ancient water-supply system used in arid regions.
Karez System ● Known as "foggara" in North Africa, "falaj" in Oman, and "qarez" in parts of Asia.
● Taps underground mountain water sources trapped in and beneath alluvial fans.
● Channels water downhill through gently sloping tunnels.
● Utilizes gravity to transport water to agricultural lands.
● Provides sustainable water supply for irrigation and domestic use.
● Developed and still used in various arid regions worldwide.
● Represents innovative engineering and traditional knowledge.
● Integral part of local cultural and historical heritage.
● Contributes to resilience and sustainability in arid environments.
● Important for preserving and promoting traditional water management practices.
● - Enhances understanding of ancient civilizations and their adaptation to local
environments.

Hambi Kepathu ● Hambi Kepathu, also known as Simrit in some parts of Karbi Anglong (Arunachal
Pradesh).
● Game played with dried dark brown seeds of the African dream herb.
● African Dream Herb: Perennial climbing vine used by African traditional healers.
● Indigenous to Africa, Asia, Australia, and Madagascar.
● Grows in tropical lowlands, along coastlines, river banks, woodlands, thickets, and rain
forests.
● Paste made from leaves, bark, and roots used for wound cleaning, burns, and jaundice
treatment.
● Creeper yields dark brown, spherical seeds used in Hambi Kepathu.
● Seeds similar in size to human kneecap.
● Associated with origin of the Karbi community.
● Represents cultural heritage and traditional games of Karbi Anglong.
● Enhances cultural exchanges and understanding of indigenous practices.
● Important for preserving and promoting traditional games and customs.
● - Contributes to recognition and appreciation of local biodiversity and traditional
knowledge.
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Moh-Juj ● Traditional buffalo fight in Assam.

● Introduced by the 30th Ahom king Swargadeo Rudra Singha nearly 200 years ago.
● Celebrated as a sport in Ahatguri during Magh Bihu, a significant harvest festival.
● Involves wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee) primarily inhabiting alluvial grasslands, marshes,
swamps, and river valleys.
● Wild buffalo listed as "Endangered" on the IUCN Red List.
● Protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
● Included in Appendix III of CITES.
● Represents cultural heritage and traditional sports of Assam.
● Reflects historical and royal patronage of traditional games.
● Enhances cultural exchanges and understanding of indigenous practices.
● Important for preserving and promoting traditional customs and festivities.
● - Contributes to recognition and appreciation of local biodiversity and conservation
efforts.

Pakke Paga Hornbill ● 9th edition of the Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival (PPHF).
Festival ● State festival of Arunachal Pradesh.
● First-ever PPHF held in 2015.
● Aims to recognize the role played by the Nyishi tribal group in conserving hornbills.
● Held in Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR).
● Celebrates the rich cultural heritage and biodiversity of Arunachal Pradesh.
● Showcases traditional Nyishi culture, arts, crafts, and cuisine.
● Features various cultural performances, exhibitions, and competitions.
● Raises awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation, especially hornbills.
● Promotes eco-tourism and sustainable development in the region.
● Attracts tourists, researchers, and wildlife enthusiasts from across the globe.
● Strengthens community participation in conservation efforts.
● Contributes to the socio-economic development of local communities.
● - Fosters pride and unity among the Nyishi tribe and residents of Arunachal Pradesh.

Chandubi Festival ● Annual event organized in Assam.

● Held for five days starting from the first day of the New Year.
● Takes place along the Chandubi lake.
● Showcases cultural performances, traditional arts, and crafts.
● Features music, dance, and theater performances.
● Includes exhibitions of local cuisine, handicrafts, and handlooms.
● Offers recreational activities such as boating, fishing, and water sports.
● Promotes tourism and highlights the natural beauty of Chandubi lake.
● Provides a platform for artists, artisans, and performers to showcase their talents.
● Celebrates the spirit of community and cultural diversity in Assam.
● Attracts visitors and tourists from across the region and beyond.
● Contributes to the local economy and tourism industry.
● - Strengthens social cohesion and fosters cultural exchange.

Kateel Yakshagana ● Famous Yakshagana troupe from mid-19th century.

Mela ● Traditional folk-dance form in Coastal Karnataka.
● Combination of dance, music, song, dialogues, costumes.
● Focuses on sub-stories from Ramayana or Mahabharata.
● Instruments: Chande, Harmonium, Maddale, Taala, flute, etc.

Makar Sankranti ● Major harvest festival celebrated across India.

● Known by different names in different states.
● Dedicated to Sun God, Surya.
● Marks the first day of sun's transit into Makara.
● Symbolizes end of winter and start of longer days.

● Recently received Geographical Indication (GI) Tags in various states.

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Geographical ● Kapdaganda Shawl: Woven and embroidered by Dongria Kondh women.

Indication (GI) Tags ● Lanjia Saurpa Painting: Oldest tribal art form of Lanjia Saura community.
from Odisha ● Koraput Kala Jeera Rice: Black rice variety, known as 'Prince of Rice'.
● Nayagarh Kanteimundi Brinjal: Known for prickly thorns, unique taste.
● Odisha Khajuri Guda (Jaggery): Extracted from date palm trees.
● - Dhenkanal Magji: Sweet made from buffalo milk cheese.

Kachchhi Kharek ● Indigenous dates of Kutch: Second fruit in Gujarat with GI tag.
● Date palm groves along India's north-western border.
● - Seeds believed to have been brought by settlers from Middle-East

Classical Language ● Indian Government's criteria for declaring classical languages.

● Currently recognized classical languages in India.
● Recent calls for inclusion of Bengali as a classical language.
● Announcement of Farsi as a classical language under the New Education Policy.
● - Overview of Farsi language, its origins, and distribution.

Madhika Language ● Language spoken by Chakaliya community.

● Lack of script, diverse influences.
● Blend of Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, and Malayalam.
● Influence of Havyaka Kannada.
● Threat of extinction due to younger generation preferring Malayalam.
● Historical background and migration of Chakaliya community.
● Transition from Scheduled Tribe to Scheduled Caste category in Kerala.
● - Mention of the community in the book "Caste and Tribes of Southern India."

Poila Boisakh and ● Poila Boisakh declared as State Day.

Banglar Mati ● Banglar Mati Banglar Jal as State Song.
Banglar Jal ● Poila Boisakh marks Bengali New Year.
● Celebrated in West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand, and Assam.
● Celebrated on April 15th in 2023.
● - Song written by Rabindranath Tagore.

Statue of Social ● Statue of Social Justice unveiled in Vijayawada.

Justice ● 206-foot Bronze Statue of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
● World’s tallest Ambedkar statue.
● Other important statues:
● Statue of Unity (Kevadia, Gujarat): Sardar Patel.
● Statue of Equality (Hyderabad's Shamshabad, Telangana): Ramanuja.
● - Statue of Belief (Nathdwara, Rajasthan): Lord Shiva.

World Heritage ● UNESCO World Heritage Committee

Committee ● Implements World Heritage Convention.
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● Allocates funds, decides inscriptions.

● Final say on property inscriptions.
● Examines conservation reports.
● Decides on Danger List inscriptions/deletions.
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