not even as old as the Zohar.[18] Robert Eisler derives it from Ex. 34:6.[b][19] A.

Haffer suggests that it

is ‫יהוה אחד ברוך שם כבוד מלכותו לעולם ועד‬.[10]

According to Maimonides and Rashi, the 42-letter name is unknown,[20][21] but Hayy ben Sherira says
it is the acronym of the medieval piyyut Ana b'Koach,[22] and Joshua Trachtenberg argues that
Hayy's tradition may legitimately represent the Talmudic intent.[2] By the start of the Rishonic period,
the term "Shem haMephorash" could also be used for the 42-letter name and this interpretation was
retrojected into the Mishnah,[23] although even Hayy did not claim to know its pronunciation.
According to Hayy,

Though the letters of the 42-letter name are known, the pronunciation has
not been [successfully] transmitted. Some say that it begins ‫ ַאְב ִג יַת ץ‬ʾabgîtaṣ
while others say that it begins ‫ ַאַב ְג ְי ַת ץ‬ʾabagyǝtaṣ, and some say that it
concludes ‫ ְׁש קּוִצ ית‬šǝqûṣît while other say that it concludes ‫ַׁש ְק ַו ִצ ית‬
šaqwaṣît,[c] and there are many more disputes besides which none can
resolve.

Solomon ibn Adret (1235-1310) records that:[24]

Different places have different pronunciations [of the 42-letter name].

Some pronounce it as fourteen words composed of three letters each,
while others pronounce it as seven words composed of six letters each.
The scholars of this land [Spain] follow the latter method, and such is the
tradition received from Hayy, but I heard that the scholars of Ashkenaz
pronounce it as fourteen three-letter words. There are also differences
between the letters of our version and those of Ashkenaz . . . as to what
you say, that each three-letter word is pronounced shewa-patah, there is
one word pronounced shewa-shuruq, which is the thirteenth: the shin
with a shewa and the waw with a shuruq.[d]

Piyyutim which used this 42-letter name as their acrostic were popular among the Hasidei
Ashkenaz, and many different poems were composed based on different versions of the name. The
only one of these to survive in Jewish liturgy is Ana b'Koach.[25]
72-letter name

In Judaic Kabbalah

The 72-fold name is highly important to Sefer Raziel HaMalakh.[2][13] It is derived from Exodus
14:19–21,[26][27][2][28] read boustrophedonically[29][30] to produce 72 names of three letters. This
method was explained by Rashi,[31] (b. Sukkah 45a),[32] as well as in Sefer HaBahir (c.
1150~1200).[33] Kabbalist legends state that the 72-fold name was used by Moses to cross the Red
Sea, and that it could grant later holy men the power to cast out demons, heal the sick, prevent
natural disasters, and even kill enemies.[28]

According to G. Lloyd Jones,

To overcome the problems posed by the doctrine of God's transcendence, the early
Jewish mystics developed an emanation theory in which the alphabet played an
important part. They taught that the universe was divided into ten angelic spheres
each one governed by an intermediary or emanation of the divine. There were
seventy-two inferior angels through whom the intermediaries could be approached.
Contact with this celestial world was achieved by manipulating the letters of the
Hebrew alphabet. [...] This invocatory technique may be traced through the works
of Joseph Gikatilla to the famous thirteenth-century Kabbalist Abraham Abulafia.[34]

Liber Semamphoras (aka Semamphoras, Semyforas) is the title of a Latin translation of an occult or
magical text of Jewish provenance attributed to Solomon.[35] It was attested in 1260 by Roger
Bacon,[36] who complained about the linguistic corruption that had occurred in translating Liber
Semamphoras into Latin from Hebrew.[37] It is heavily indebted to Sefer HaRazim through its Latin
versions, Liber Sepher Razielis idest Liber Secretorum seu Liber Salomonis, and seemingly replaced
the more explicitly magical text Liber magice in the Razielis.[38]

In Christian Kabbalah

Johann Reuchlin (1455–1522) considered these 72 names, made pronounceable by the addition of
suffixes such as 'El' or 'Yah', to be the names of angels, individuated products of God's will.[39]
Reuchlin refers to and lists the 72 Angels of the Shem Hamephorash in his 1517 book De Arte
Cabalistica.[40][41] According to Bernd Roling,
 After deriving a Shem ha-mephorasch of the 72 angelic names from the biblical
verses of Exodus 14,19ff., Reuchlin makes a statement concerning the metaphysical
significance of the names. [...] The names of the angels are products of the will of
God. They are substantially based on the tetragrammaton, and through this
connection they illumine and enhance man's spiritual return to God. [...] With the
insertion of divine names such as 'El' or 'Yah', angelic names become pronouncable,
and God himself (being nature) is the basis of angelic individuation.[39]

Reuchlin's cosmology in turn influenced Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa[29] (1486–1535) and Athanasius
Kircher[42] (1602–1680).

In 1686, Andreas Luppius published Semiphoras und Schemhamphoras, a German translation of the
earlier Latin text, Liber Semiphoras (see previous section), which Luppius augmented heavily with
passages from Agrippa's De Occulta Philosophia and other sources.[35]

In Hermetic Qabalah and Goetia

Blaise de Vigenère (1523–1596), following Reuchlin,[43] featured the 72 angels in his writings.[44] De
Vigenère's material on the Shemhamphorash was later copied and expanded by Thomas Rudd
(1583?–1656),[44][26] who proposed that it was a key (but often missing) component to the magical
practices in the Lesser Key of Solomon,[30] as a balancing force against the evil spirits of the Ars
Goetia[30] or in isolation.[45] Skinner and Rankine explain that de Vigenère and Rudd adopted these
triliteral words with '-el' or '-yah' (both Hebrew for "god") added to them as the names of the 72
angels that are able to bind the 72 evil spirits also described in The Lesser Key of Solomon (c. mid-
17th century).[e]

Blaise de Vigenère's manuscripts were also used by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers (1854–
1918) in his works for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.[30] Mathers describes the descent of
power from Tetragrammaton through 24 thrones of the Elders of the Apocalypse, each with a crown
of three rays:

Four is the number of the letters of the Tetragrammaton. Four is also the number of
the letters of the name ADNI which is its representative and key. The latter name is
bound with the former and united thereto, thus IAHDVNHY forming a name of 8
letters. 8 X 3, the number of the Supernal Triad, yields the 24 thrones of the Elders
of the Apocalypse, each of whom wears on his head a golden crown of three rays,
 each ray of which is a name, each name an Absolute Idea and Ruling Power of the
great name YHVH Tetragrammaton.

The number 24 of the thrones multiplied by the 3 rays of the crown which equals
72, the name of God of 72 letters, which is thus mystically shown in the name YHVH,
as under: (Or as the book of Revelation says: "When the living creatures (the four
Kerubim the Letters of the Name) give glory to Him, etc. the four and twenty elders
fall down before Him and cast their crowns before the Throne, etc." (that is the
Crowns, which each bear 3 of the 72 Names, and these 72 names are written on the
leaves of the Tree of Life which were for the healing of the nations.)

These are also the 72 names of the ladder of Jacob on which the Angels of God
ascended and descended. It will presently be shown how the 72 Angelic names are
formed from the 72 Names of the Deity, and also how their signification is to be
found. The 72 Names of the Deity are thus obtained. The 19th, 20th, and 21st verses
of the XIV Chapter of the Book of Exodus each consist of 72 letters...[46]

Contemporary books on Hermetic Qabalah which discuss the subject include Lon Milo DuQuette's
The Chicken Qabalah of Rabbi Ben Clifford.[47]
Reuchlin's angels of the Shem HaMephorash

Angel Biblical verse Demon ruled

[41] [48][49] [50]

(per Reuchlin) (per Rudd) (per Rudd)

1. Vehuiah Psalms 3:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%203:3&version=nrsv) Bael

2. Ielial Psalms 22:19 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2022:19&version=nrsv) Agares

3. Sitael Psalms 91:2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2091:2&version=nrsv) Vassago

4. Elemiah Psalms 6:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%206:4&version=nrsv) Gamigin

5. Mahasiah Psalms 34:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2034:4&version=nrsv) Marbas

6. Iehahel Psalms 9:11 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%209:11&version=nrsv) Valefar

7. Achaiah Psalms 103:8 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20103:8&version=nrsv) Aamon

8. Cahethel Psalms 95:6 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2095:6&version=nrsv) Barbatos

9. Haziel Psalms 25:6 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2025:6&version=nrsv) Paimon

10. Aladiah Psalms 33:22 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2033:22&version=nrsv) Buer

11. Laviah Psalms 18:46 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2018:46&version=nrsv) Gusion

12. Hahaiah Matthew 22:44 Sitri

13. Iezalel Psalms 98:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2098:4&version=nrsv) Beleth

14. Mebahel Psalms 9:9 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%209:9&version=nrsv) Leraje

15. Hariel Psalms 94:22 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2094:22&version=nrsv) Eligor

16. Hakamiah Psalms 88:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2088:1&version=nrsv) Zepar

17. Loviah Psalms 8:9 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%208:9&version=nrsv) Botis

18. Caliel Psalms 35:24 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2035:24&version=nrsv) Bathin

19. Levuiah Psalms 40:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2040:1&version=nrsv) Saleos

Psalms 120:1–2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20120:1%E2%80%932&v

20. Pahaliah Purson
ersion=nrsv)

21. Nelchael Psalms 31:14 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2031:14&version=nrsv) Morax

22. Ieiaiel Psalms 121:5 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20121:5&version=nrsv) Ipos

23. Melahel Psalms 121:8 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20121:8&version=nrsv) Aim

24. Haiviah Psalms 33:18 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2033:18&version=nrsv) Naberus

Glasya-
25. Nithhaiah Psalms 9:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%209:1&version=nrsv)
Labolas

Psalms 119:145 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20119:145&version=nrs

26. Haaiah Bune
v)

27. Ierathel Psalms 140:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20140:1&version=nrsv) Ronove

28. Saeehiah Psalms 71:12 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2071:12&version=nrsv) Berith

29. Reiaiel Psalms 54:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2054:4&version=nrsv) Astaroth

30. Omael Psalms 71:5 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2071:5&version=nrsv) Forneus

31. Lecabel Psalms 71:16 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2071:16&version=nrsv) Foras

32. Vasariah Psalms 33:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2033:4&version=nrsv) Asmodeus

33. Iehuiah Psalms 94:11 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2094:11&version=nrsv) Gaap

34. Lehahiah Psalms 131:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20131:3&version=nrsv) Furfur

35. Chavakiah Psalms 116:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20116:1&version=nrsv) Marchosias

36. Manadel Psalms 26:8 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2026:8&version=nrsv) Stolas

37. Aniel Psalms 80:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2080:3&version=nrsv) Phenex

38. Haamiah Psalms 91:9 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2091:9&version=nrsv) Halphas

39. Rehael Psalms 30:10 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2030:10&version=nrsv) Malphas

40. Ieiazel Psalms 88:14 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2088:14&version=nrsv) Raum

41. Hahahel Psalms 120:2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20120:2&version=nrsv) Focalor

42. Michael Psalms 121:7 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20121:7&version=nrsv) Vepar

43. Veualiah Psalms 88:13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2088:13&version=nrsv) Sabnock

Psalms 119:108 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20119:108&version=nrs

44. Ielahiah Shax
v)

45. Sealiah Psalms 94:18 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2094:18&version=nrsv) Vine

46. Ariel Psalms 145:9 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20145:9&version=nrsv) Bifrons

47. Asaliah Psalms 92:5 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2092:5&version=nrsv) Vual

48. Mihael Psalms 98:2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2098:2&version=nrsv) Haagenti

49. Vehuel Psalms 145:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20145:3&version=nrsv) Crocell

50. Daniel Psalms 145:8 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20145:8&version=nrsv) Furcas

Psalms 104:31 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20104:31&version=nrs

51. Hahasiah Balam
v)

52. Imamiah Psalms 7:17 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%207:17&version=nrsv) Allocer

Psalms 119:75 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20119:75&version=nrs

53. Nanael Caim
v)

Psalms 103:19 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20103:19&version=nrs

54. Nithael Murmur
v)

55. Psalms 102:12 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20102:12&version=nrs

Orobas
Mebahaiah v)

Psalms 145:14 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20145:14&version=nrs

56. Poiel Gremory
v)
57. Psalms 115:11 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20115:11&version=nrs
Ose
Nemamiah v)

58. Ieialel Psalms 6:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%206:3&version=nrsv) Auns

59. Harahel Psalms 113:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20113:3&version=nrsv) Orias

Psalms 145:17 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20145:17&version=nrs

60. Mizrael Vapula
v)

61. Vmabel Psalms 113:2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20113:2&version=nrsv) Zagan

Psalms 119:159 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20119:159&version=nrs

62. Iahhael Valac
v)

63. Anavel Psalms 100:2 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20100:2&version=nrsv) Andras

64. Mehiel Psalms 33:18 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2033:18&version=nrsv) Flauros

65. Damabiah Psalms 90:13 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2090:13&version=nrsv) Andrealphus

66. Mavakel Psalms 38:21 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2038:21&version=nrsv) Cimeries

67. Eiael Psalms 37:4 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2037:4&version=nrsv) Amduscias

68. Habuiah Psalms 106:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20106:1&version=nrsv) Belial

69. Roehel Psalms 16:5 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2016:5&version=nrsv) Decarabia

70. Yabamiah Genesis 1:1 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%201:1&version=nrsv) Seere

Psalms 109:30 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20109:30&version=nrs

71. Haiaiel Dantalion
v)

72. Mumiah Psalms 116:7 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%20116:7&version=nrsv) Andromalius

In legend and literature

Shem HaMephorash figures in the legend of the golem, an animated anthropomorphic being in
Jewish folklore that is created entirely from inanimate matter (usually clay or mud). The earthen
figure is then animated by saying the Shem Hamephorash over it.[51] Jorge Luis Borges refers to this
legend in his poem The Golem and in his essay The Golem. The Shem haMephorash also appears in
Borges' stories Three versions of Judas and The Circular Ruins.[52][53]

See also

Magic and religion

Notes

a. Stern lists these as "‫ "אהיה אשר אהיה יה יהויה אל אלהים יהוה צבאות אל חי אדני‬to make 42 letters.
In the text only "‫"אהיה יה יהו אל אלהים [יהוה] צבאות שדי אדני‬.
 b. ‫יהוה יהוה אל רחום וחנון ארך אפים ורב חסד ואמת נוצר חסד‬

c. Each manuscript of Hayy's responsum contains different proposed pronunciations. This

follows MS Oxford heb. d.2.

d. This is compatible with options mentioned in Hayy, if read to represent ‫ְי ַת ץ‬/ ‫ ֲא ַב ְג‬and ‫ִצ ית‬/‫ְׁש קּו‬.

e. Skinner and Rankine's explanation (in Rudd 2007, pp. 71–73) of how the triliterals are produced
corresponds with the explanation given in McLaughlin & Eisenstein n.d., and the Hebrew
names they give in their tables (pp. 366–376, cf. pp. 405–407) also correspond with the
triliterals in the table given by McLaughlin & Eisenstein.

References

Citations

1. Bacher (n.d.).

2. Trachtenberg (1939), pp. 90–98, 288ff.

3. Ginsburg, Christian David (1925). The Kabbalah: Its Doctrines, Development, and Literature: An
Essay (https://books.google.com/books?id=esC7mEqqjg4C&pg=PA182) . Longman, Green,
Longman, Roberts, & Green.

4. "Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 62:2" (https://www.sefaria.org/Guide_for_the_Perplexed,_Part_

1.62.2) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

5. "Rashi on Kiddushin 71a:12:4" (https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Kiddushin.71a.12.4?lang=h

e) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07.

6. "Ben Yehoyada on Kiddushin 71a:2" (https://www.sefaria.org/Ben_Yehoyada_on_Kiddushin.71

a.2) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

7. "Sefer HaBahir 10" (https://www.sefaria.org/Sefer_HaBahir.10) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved

2022-05-17.

8. Bacher, Wilhelm (1878). Die Agada der babylonischen Amoräer: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der
Agada und zur Einleitung in den babylonischen Talmud (https://books.google.com/books?id=NC
sVAAAAYAAJ) (in German). K. J. Trübner. p. 18.

9. Franck, Adolphe (1926). The Kabbalah: Or, The Religious Philosophy of the Hebrews (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=1oU2AQAAIAAJ) . Kabbalah Publishing Company. p. 71.

10. ha-Tsofeh mi-erets ha-Gar (https://books.google.com/books?id=qsWJs5l0o0YC) (in Hebrew).

L. Blau. 1912.
11. Schäfer, Peter; Shaked, Shaul (1994). Magische Texte aus der Kairoer Geniza (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=q6S1zwEACAAJ) (in German). Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-146272-6.

12. Naveh, Joseph; Shaked, Shaul (2023-08-28). Amulets and Magic Bowls: Aramaic Incantations of
Late Antiquity (https://books.google.com/books?id=Atj7EAAAQBAJ) . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-
67214-7.

13. Savedow (2000), p. 18.

14. Trachtenberg (1939), p. 93.

15. Berliner, Abraham; ‫‏כתבים נבחרים‬.)1969( ‫ אברהם‏ברלינר‬/ (https://books.google.com/books?id=

DlEOAQAAIAAJ) (in Hebrew). ‫מוסד הרב קוק‬.

16. Ben Chananja: Monatsschrift für jüdische Theologie und für jüdisches Leben in Gemeinde,
Synagoge und Schule (https://books.google.com/books?id=gAxFAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA411-IA
8) (in German). Burger. 1867.

17. Ben-Chananja (https://books.google.com/books?id=P3spAAAAYAAJ) (in German). S. Burger.

1860. p. 261.

18. Webmaster. "Hilufim Terumah SdT 2 176b - 179a" (https://www.sup.org/zohar/aramaic/variant

s/?sel=197#link_foot7) . www.sup.org. Retrieved 2024-08-08.

19. Eisler, Robert (1926). "Le mystère du Schem Hammephorasch" (https://www.persee.fr/doc/rjui

v_0484-8616_1926_num_82_163_5506) . Revue des études juives. 82 (163): 157–159.
doi:10.3406/rjuiv.1926.5506 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frjuiv.1926.5506) .

20. "Guide for the Perplexed, Part 1 62:3" (https://www.sefaria.org/Guide_for_the_Perplexed,_Part_

1.62.3) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2022-05-17.

21. "Rashi on Kiddushin 71a:12:4" (https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Kiddushin.71a.12.4?lang=h

e) . www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2024-08-07.

22. Hayy ben Sherira, "‫ קונטרס‬,‫תשובה אל יוסף בן ברכיה ותלמידי יעקב בן נסים בעניין שמות והשבעות‬
‫"''הדר עם הנכרי בחצר‬, p. 2 (https://maagarim.hebrew-academy.org.il/Pages/PMain.aspx?mishib
bur=500010&page=2) This responsum is #1110 on T. Groner's list of verified Hayy
compositions (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24152539) . See notes of B. M. Lewin, Otzar
haGeonim vol. IV:2 (https://hebrewbooks.org/38269) , p. 23.
23. Rashi (https://www.sefaria.org/Rashi_on_Sanhedrin.60a.7.1?lang=bi) , Ibn Ezra (https://www.
sefaria.org/Ibn_Ezra_on_Genesis%2C_Introduction.25?lang=he) , etc. See Hayy's responsum
of previous note and cf. Eshkol (https://hebrewbooks.org/9047) vol. II p. 97 and Albeck's
notes, and the parallels noted there and in Ibn Ghayyat's Shaarei Simcha vol. I (https://www.heb
rewbooks.org/9030) p. 62.

24. ‫שו"ת הרשב"א חלק א סימן רכ‬

25. ‫ משה‬,‫ ;חלמיש‬Hallamish, Moshe (2015). "Anna Be-Kho'ah / ‫( "על הפיוט אנא בכח‬https://www.jstor.
org/stable/24235662) . Daat: A Journal of Jewish Philosophy & Kabbalah / ‫עת‬-‫ כתב‬:‫דעת‬
75–55 :)78( ‫לפילוסופיה יהודית וקבלה‬. ISSN 0334-2336 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-2
336) . JSTOR 24235662 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/24235662) .

26. Asprem (2012), p. 33.

27. Melton (2001), p. 1399.

28. Burton & Grandy (2004), p. 69.

29. Cavendish (1967), p. 119.

30. Rudd (2007), pp. 14, 39–44, 67–73.

31. McLaughlin & Eisenstein (n.d.).

32. Guggenheimer (1998), p. 300.

33. Kaplan (1989), p. 42.

34. Jones (1993), p. 21.

35. Butler (1998), p. 158.

36. Boudet (2002), p. 864.

37. Véronèse (2012), pp. 60–61.

38. Page (2012), p. 82.

39. Roling (2002), p. 261.

40. Izmirlieva (2008), p. 195, n. 57.

41. Reuchlin & Goodman (1993), p. 273.

42. Hanegraaf (2006), p. 625.

43. Ballard (2007), p. 137.

44. Skinner & Rankine (2010), pp. 39–40.

 45. Rudd (2006), pp. 43–50.

46. Mathers (2021).

47. DuQuette (2001).

48. Rudd (2007), pp. 408–412.

49. Skinner (2006), pp. 41–48.

50. Rudd (2007), pp. 366–376.

51. Scholem (1974), pp. 200–201.

52. Boldy (2013), p. 89.

53. Alazraki (1988), p. 22.

Works cited

Alazraki, Jaime (1988). Borges and the Kabbalah: And Other Essays on His Fiction and Poetry.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30684-3.

Asprem, Egil (2012). Arguing with Angels: Enochian Magic and Modern Occulture. Albany: State
University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-4192-4.

Bacher, Wilhelm (n.d.). "Shem Ha-Meforash" (https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1354

2-shem-ha-meforash) . Jewish Encyclopedia. The Koppelman Foundation. Retrieved 2013-07-22.

Ballard, M. (2007). De Cicéron à Benjamin: Traducteurs, traductions, réflexions (in French). France:
Presses Universitaires du Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-85939-985-6.

Boldy, Steven (2013). A Companion to Jorge Luis Borges. United Kingdom: Tamesis. ISBN 978-1-
85566-266-7.

Boudet, Jean-Patrice (2002). "Magie théurgique, angélologie et vision béatifique dans le Liber
sacratussive juratus attribué à Honorius de Thèbes". Mélanges de l'école française de Rome (in
French). 114 (2): 851–890. doi:10.3406/mefr.2002.9254 (https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmefr.2002.9
254) .

Burton, Dan; Grandy, David (2004). Magic, Mystery, and Science: The Occult in Western Civilization.
Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21656-4.

Butler, Eliza Marian (1998) [1949]. Ritual Magic. Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-
271-01846-1.

Cavendish, Richard (1967). The Black Arts. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-399-50035-0.
DuQuette, Lon Milo (2001). The Chicken Qabalah of Rabbi Ben Clifford. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1-
57863-215-2.

Guggenheimer, Heinrich (1998). The Scholar's Haggadah: Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Oriental
Versions. Jason Aronson, Incorporated.

Hanegraaf, Wouter J., ed. (2006). Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism. Leiden: Brill.

Izmirlieva, Valentina (2008). All the Names of the Lord: Lists, Mysticism, and Magic. University of
Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-38872-4.

Jones, G. Lloyd (1993). "Introduction". On the Art of the Kabbalah (De Arte Cabalistica). University
of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8946-8.

Kaplan, Aryeh (1989). The Bahir: Illumination. United States: Red Wheel Weiser. ISBN 978-0-87728-
618-9.

Mathers, Samuel Liddell MacGregor (2021). "Golden Dawn Lectures: Shem HaMephorash and The
Seals of the Shem HaMephorash" (https://www.tarrdaniel.com/documents/Thelemagick/gd/publi
cation/english/Schemhamphorash.html) – via G∴D∴ Library.

McLaughlin, J. F.; Eisenstein, Judah David (n.d.). "Names of God" (https://www.jewishencyclopedi

a.com/articles/6727-god-names-of#anchor12) . Jewish Encyclopedia. The Koppelman
Foundation. Retrieved 2021-07-04.

Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2001). "Shemhamphorash". Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology.

Vol. M–Z (5th ed.). Gale Group. p. 1399. ISBN 978-0-8103-9489-6.

Page, Sophie (2012). "Uplifting Souls: The Liber de essentia spirituum and the Liber Razielis". In
Fanger, Claire (ed.). Invoking Angels: Theurgic Ideas and Practices, Thirteenth to Sixteenth
Centuries. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 79ff. ISBN 978-0-271-05143-7.

Reuchlin, Johannes; Goodman, Martin (1993). On the Art of the Kabbalah (De Arte Cabalistica).
University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-8946-8.

Roling, Bernd (2002). "The Complete Nature of Christ: Sources and Structures of a Christological
Theurgy in the Works of Johannes Reuchlin". In Bremmer, Jan N.; Veenstra, Jan R. (eds.). The
Metamorphosis of Magic from Late Antiquity to the Early Modern Period (https://pure.rug.nl/ws/por
talfiles/portal/8320555/c12.pdf) (PDF). Leuven: Peeters. pp. 231–66. Retrieved 2021-07-05 –
via University of Groningen.

Rudd, Thomas (2006). McLean, Adam (ed.). Dr. Rudd's Treatise on Angel Magick (reprint ed.).
Weiser Books.
 Rudd, Thomas (2007). Skinner, Stephen; Rankine, David (eds.). The Goetia of Dr Rudd. Golden
Hoard Press.

Savedow, Steve, ed. (2000). Sepher Rezial Hemelach: The Book of the Angel Rezial. Translated by
Steve Savedow. Weiser Books. ISBN 978-1-60925-318-9.

Scholem, Gershom (1974). Kabbalah. Israel: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Company.
ISBN 978-0-8129-0352-2.

Skinner, Stephen (2006). The Complete Magician's Tables. Golden Hoard Press.

Skinner, Stephen; Rankine, David (2010). The Goetia of Dr Rudd: The Angels & Demons of Liber
Malorum Spirituum Seu Goetia Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis: with a Study of the Techniques of
Evocation in the Context of the Angel Magic Tradition of the Seventeenth Century. Llewellyn
Publications. ISBN 978-0-7387-2355-6.

Trachtenberg, Joshua (1939). Jewish Magic and Superstition (http://sacred-texts.com/jud/jms/ind

ex.htm) . Behrman's Jewish Book House – via The Internet Sacred Text Archive.

Véronèse, Julien (2012). "Magic, Theurgy, and Spirituality in the Medieval Ritual of the Ars notoria".
In Fanger, Claire (ed.). Invoking Angels: Theurgic Ideas and Practices, Thirteenth to Sixteenth
Centuries. Translated by Claire Fanger. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
pp. 37–78. ISBN 978-0-271-05143-7.

Further reading

Agrippa, Heinrich Cornelius. Three Books of Occult Philosophy. Book 3, part II, chapter 25 (http://w
ww.esotericarchives.com/agrippa/agripp3b.htm#chap25) features the seventy two angels of
the "Schemhamphorae." This was later copied by Francis Barrett in his book The Magus, in Chapter
21 (http://www.sacred-texts.com/grim/magus/ma224.htm) .

Anon (1880). Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses. This pseudepigraphal work features an appendix
titled "Semiphoras and Schemhamphoras" (http://www.esotericarchives.com/moses/67moses2.
htm#appendix3) .

Avery, Maximus Tyrannus (2020). Book of the Hidden Name: Magick of the Shem HaMephorash
Angels. Empyrus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-578-76540-2.

Crowley, Aleister. Liber 78: A description of the cards of the Tarot (https://www.sacred-texts.com/o
to/lib78.htm) . A commentary on the Tarot, Shemhamphorash, and Goetia.

Fanger, Claire, ed. (2012). Invoking Angels: Theurgic Ideas and Practices, Thirteenth to Sixteenth
Centuries. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-05143-7.
 Lenain, Lazare (1823). La Science Cabalistique (https://books.google.com/books?id=ZqgpxTZ43H
kC) . Refers to and expands upon Kircher's treatment of the 72-fold name (tying each angel to a
different language's word for God), particularly in Chapter III (https://books.google.com/books?id
=ZqgpxTZ43HkC&pg=PA20) .

Meegan, William (2006). "The Sistine Chapel: A Study in Celestial Cartography" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20060716051045/http://www.rosecroixjournal.org/issues/2006/New%20Folder/vol3_
45_128_meegan.pdf) (PDF). The Rose Croix Journal. 3: 45–128. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.rosecroixjournal.org/issues/2006/New%20Folder/vol3_45_128_meegan.pdf) (PDF) on
2006-07-16. Discusses a possible relationship between Michelangelo's fresco in the Sistine
Chapel and the Shemhamphorash.

Wilkinson, R. J. (2015). Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From
the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century. Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28817-1.

External links

The dictionary definition of shem hamephorash at Wiktionary