Server Control & LCC GIS
Scada
Cabinets protection panels
Meters, and IEDs connection to Hardwire cables for control, Hardwire cables for
switches via Ethernet/FOC and protection intertripping interlocking, and LV AC/DC
Servers connection to the Scada, and engineering
cables supply cables
work stations via ethernet cables
Introduction
to Networks
in substations
Eng: Ahmed Mamdouh
Network protocols for enhanced reliability in
substations
HSR: High
PRP: Parallel RSTP: Rapid
Availability
Redundancy Spanning Tree
Seamless
Protocol. Protocol.
Redundancy.
(PRP) Parallel redundancy protocol
• PRP: Is a network redundancy protocol designed to provide high availability,
zero-switching time in redundant networks and used in critical systems, as it
has two separate and independent of paths for data transmission.
• The main objective of PRP: Is to provide seamless redundancy by creating
two parallel and independent networks. (the connection in PRP is star
connection)
• Data is transmitted simultaneously on both networks, and the first valid
frame data is selected at the receiving end.
(PRP) Parallel
redundancy
protocol
1. PRP establishes two separate and independent of
paths for data transmission, known as PRP LAN A and
PRP LAN B, each path send the data all time.
Characteristics 2. Data packets are duplicated into two identical copies,
one from LAN A, and the other from LAN B
of the PRP 3. The data from the same device have the same
identification on the both PRP LANS
4. The server receive the data from the two PRP LANs and
when it receive duplication in data with the same
identification, the server select the first valid frame
data and display date without any duplication.
5. If communication is fail in LAN A of any device this
mean that the server will receive the data from LAN B
only without any duplication of data for this device, so
the PRP is full redundancy network.
(HSR) High Availability Seamless
Redundancy
• HSR: Is a network redundancy protocol designed to provide high availability, zero-
switching time in redundant networks and fault tolerance and used in critical
systems.
• The main objective of HSR: Is to provide seamless redundancy by creating two paths
for data as it is creating a redundant ring topology. (the connection in HSR is ring
connection)
• In case of a link or node failure, HSR immediately switches to the redundant path,
providing seamless and uninterrupted communication.
(HSR) High
Availability
Seamless
Redundancy
1. HSR operates in a ring topology, devices are connected in a loop, it is forms a
redundant ring with two rotating path, LAN A and LAN B of each device send
the data all time.
2. HSR has Duplication in data, Device transmits duplication of data onto the HSR
Characteristics 3.
ring and sends them in both direction around the ring
Duplicate filtering, The device called red box receive the data from both
of the HSR
directions, if it detects any duplicate data it filters out the duplication and
ensuring that only one copy from each data is forwarded.
4. The server receive the data from the red box without any duplication.
5. HSR has fast switchover, if link or node failure HSR provide seamless and fast
switchover to the redundant path
6. When the fault occurs the HSR node inserts a virtual local area network
(VLAN) tag into control frame and transmits it onto the HSR ring , this control
frame informs other nodes about the failure and triggers a reconfiguration
process to ensuring continuity of communication
7. HSR has error detection, HSR nodes continuously monitor the network for
failure and errors, if a failure is detected the redundant path takes over and
when the failure is resolved the network resynchronizes and switch back to
the original path
(RSTP) Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
- It provides fast convergence between the two LANs and fault recovery in
Ethernet networks.
- RSTP detects network topology, constructs ring or star topology, and
activates backup paths quickly in case of link or node failures.
- RSTP reduces network downtime by minimizing the time required to
reconfigure the network after a failure.
(RSTP) Rapid
Spanning
Tree Protocol
1. RSTP operates in a ring or star topology, in RSTP there is a
redundant in LAN setup.
2. Devices has active and standby LAN configuration, there is one LAN
is configured as active LAN for data transmission and the other LAN
is configured as standby LAN and ready to take over in case of
failure.
3. Data transmission from the device through the active LAN in normal
operation, the device encapsulate the data into ethernet frames
Characteristics and send them to switches, then the switches forward the data
frames within the network based on the RSTP to ensuring routing
towards the root bridge.
of the RSTP 4. Failure detection, the device continuously monitor the connectivity
and status of active LAN, if failure or link cut detected on active LAN
the device will sense the failure, upon detecting the failure the
device will initiate a failover process involves switching the data
transmission from active LAN to stand by LAN but the device has
slight interruption during failover and the ethernet switches update
their spanning tree topology to ensure new path established.
5. Recovery, once the failure on active LAN is resolved the devices and
switches will return to the original configuration
Comparison between PRP, HSR, RSTP
PRP HSR RSTP
Redundancy Redundant network paths Redundant network paths Provide backup paths
Switching Time Zero switching time, ensuring Zero switching time, ensuring Fast convergence but with a
noninterrupted communication noninterrupted communication interruption during failover
Deterministic Have deterministic behavior and fast Have deterministic behavior and fast Do not have deterministic
fault recovery fault recovery
Scalability Designed for larger scale systems Designed for larger scale systems Widely supported and suitable
with stringent reliability with stringent reliability for smaller network
requirements requirements
Applications Used in mission critical applications Used in mission critical applications Used in non critical applications
that require high availability that require high availability where determinism is not a
primary concern
Questions
Questions
Thank You
