Problem Tree: Failures of Relevance of TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and

Training) Colleges in Ethiopia.

A problem tree helps break down the core issue (failure of relevance of TVET training) by
identifying the root causes and effects related to it. Here's how it can be structured:

Core Problem: TVET Training Colleges in Ethiopia Are Failing to Remain Relevant to
Labor Market Needs.

Root Causes (Why is the problem occurring?)

1. Outdated Curricula
o Curricula not aligned with current industry demands and technological advancements.
o Lack of continuous curriculum review and updates.
o Inadequate involvement of industry stakeholders in curriculum development.
2. Lack of Industry Partnerships
o Weak collaboration between TVET colleges and industries.
o Limited opportunities for internships and on-the-job training.
o Minimal input from employers on skill gaps.
3. Poor Quality of Training and Facilities
o Insufficient practical, hands-on training due to outdated or inadequate equipment.
o Under qualified or poorly trained instructors lacking industry experience.
o Inadequate resources for technical training such as labs, workshops, and tools.
4. Limited Focus on Soft Skills
o Lack of emphasis on critical soft skills like communication, teamwork, and problem-
solving.
o Training focused narrowly on technical skills, neglecting holistic development.
5. Mismatched Graduate Skills and Market Needs
o Training programs focus on oversaturated fields with little job demand.
o Lack of labor market research to guide the training focus.
6. Inadequate Funding and Investment
o Insufficient government and private sector funding for upgrading facilities and
resources.
o Low investment in teacher training and professional development.
7. Ineffective Monitoring and Evaluation Systems
o Weak systems to monitor graduates' employment outcomes and feedback from
employers.
o Lack of data-driven decision-making to improve program relevance.

Effects (What are the consequences of the problem?)

1. High Unemployment or Underemployment Among Graduates

o Many graduates struggle to find jobs that match their skills.
o Graduates often forced to work in informal sectors or jobs outside their training
fields.
2. Low Confidence in TVET Programs
 o Employers are skeptical of TVET graduates' competencies.
o Students and parents perceive TVET as a second-rate option to higher education,
affecting enrollment.
3. Increased Skills Gap in the Labor Market
o Shortages of qualified workers in high-demand sectors like technology,
manufacturing, and engineering.
o Employers rely on importing skilled labor or on-the-job training, increasing costs.
4. Slow Economic Growth
o The skills mismatch slows the development of industries reliant on skilled labor.
o Missed opportunities for job creation in growing sectors like manufacturing and
services.
5. Youth Disengagement and Migration
o Frustrated by unemployment, young people become disengaged, increasing social
issues such as crime.
o Some opt for migration, contributing to brain drain.

Visual Representation of the Problem Tree:

This problem tree illustrates the root causes contributing to the failure of relevance of TVET
training colleges in Ethiopia and the resulting negative effects on graduates and the broader
economy. For long-term improvement, reforms are needed in areas such as curriculum
development, industry collaboration, instructor training, and infrastructure investment.
Concept Note: Metal Manufacturing Project

1. Project Title:

Development of a Modern Metal Manufacturing Facility

2. Objective:

The primary objective of the project is to establish a state-of-the-art metal manufacturing facility
capable of producing high-quality metal products, including steel and aluminum components, for
use in various industries such as construction, automotive, and machinery manufacturing.

3. Background and Rationale:

The global demand for metal products is rapidly increasing due to growth in infrastructure
projects, automobile production, and technological advancements. Countries with a strong metal
manufacturing sector experience significant economic benefits, such as increased employment
and industrial growth. Currently, there is a growing gap between supply and demand for high-
quality metal products in our region, which presents a unique opportunity for the development of
a modern, efficient metal manufacturing facility.

4. Project Description:

a) Project Scope:

The project will involve setting up a facility capable of manufacturing various metal products,
including:

- Structural steel beams, bars, and plates

- Aluminum sheets and extrusions

- Precision metal parts for machinery and automotive industries

The facility will use cutting-edge technology for metal casting, forging, extrusion, and
machining, ensuring the highest quality and efficiency in production.

b) Project Phases:

1.Feasibility Study & Market Analysis: To understand demand, supply chain logistics, and
competitors.

2. Design and Engineering: Finalizing the design of the plant, machinery, and layout.

3.Construction: Establishing the physical infrastructure and installing machinery.

4. Operations: Full-scale production of metal products.

c) Technology and Innovation:

The plant will integrate advanced automation and digital technologies, including:

- Robotic welding and assembly

- Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining

- Real-time monitoring systems for efficiency and quality control

d) Sustainability:

The facility will employ eco-friendly manufacturing processes, including waste recycling and
energy-efficient systems, to minimize the environmental impact.

5. Target Market:

The target market for the facility includes:

- Domestic and international construction companies

- Automotive manufacturers

- Heavy machinery producers

- Export markets in neighboring countries with limited metal production capacity

6. Implementation Timeline:

The project is expected to be implemented over a period of 24 months, broken down as follows:

- Months 1-6: Feasibility study, market analysis, and design.

- Months 7-18: Construction of the facility and procurement of machinery.

- Months 19-24: Initial production and market entry.

7. Budget Estimate:

The total estimated budget for the project is USD 50 million, which will be allocated to:

- Land acquisition and facility construction: $15 million

- Machinery and technology: $25 million

- Labor and training:$5 million

 - Working capital: $5 million

8. Funding and Financial Projections:

The project will be funded through a combination of equity investment, bank loans, and
government grants. The estimated return on investment (ROI) is expected to be 15-20% within
the first 5 years, with a break-even point projected at Year 3.

9. Risk Analysis:

Key risks include fluctuations in raw material prices, market competition, and regulatory
changes. Mitigation strategies include long-term contracts with suppliers, diversification of
product offerings, and adherence to international quality standards.

10. Conclusion:

This metal manufacturing project will significantly contribute to the region’s industrial growth,
generate employment opportunities, and meet the growing demand for high-quality metal
products in various sectors. The adoption of modern technologies will ensure competitive
production costs, high-quality output, and sustainable operations.
Project business plan

1. Cover Page

Project Title: Metal Manufacturing Project

Prepared by: [Your Organization's Name]

Date: [Date of Submission]

Prepared for: [Name of the Client/Donor/Investor]

Contact Information:
[Organization Address]
[Phone Number]
[Email Address]
[Website]

2. Proposal Title

Metal Manufacturing Project Proposal: Enhancing Local Metal Production Capacity for
Economic Growth and Job Creation

3. Executive Summary

This business plan proposes the establishment of a Metal Manufacturing Plant to produce
high-quality metal products and components in response to the growing demand in the
construction, automotive, and industrial sectors in [Country/Region]. The project aims to boost
local manufacturing capabilities, reduce reliance on imports, create jobs, and contribute to the
national economy. With a comprehensive plan covering facility setup, human resource training,
and market entry strategies, the project seeks to enhance the competitiveness of the local metal
manufacturing industry while adhering to sustainable production practices.

4. Organizational Information/Introduction

[Your Organization's Name] is a leading [sector] organization based in [location], with extensive
experience in industrial development, specifically in manufacturing and engineering projects.
Established in [year], we have successfully implemented various projects focused on capacity
building, employment generation, and sustainable industrial growth. We are committed to
delivering high-quality products, developing local skills, and promoting technological
advancements.

5. Background Project Context

The metal manufacturing industry in [Country/Region] faces significant challenges due to high
import dependency, underdeveloped local production capacity, and a lack of skilled labor. This
project is designed to address these gaps by establishing a modern metal manufacturing facility
that will produce high-demand products such as metal components for the construction and
automotive industries, heavy-duty equipment parts, and household metal goods.

[Country/Region] is undergoing rapid urbanization and industrialization, which is driving the

demand for metal products, creating an urgent need for local production solutions. The project
aligns with government strategies to boost industrialization and enhance local manufacturing
capabilities.

6. Problem/Need Statement/Project Rationale

The lack of a robust local metal manufacturing industry in [Country/Region] results in high
import costs, delayed supply chains, and lost opportunities for economic growth. Industries such
as construction, automotive, and infrastructure development face challenges due to the high cost
and unreliability of imported metal components. Moreover, unemployment remains high,
particularly among the youth, due to limited industrial employment opportunities.

This project seeks to address these issues by establishing a local metal manufacturing facility that
will:

x Meet the growing demand for metal products.

x Reduce reliance on imports.
x Create jobs and enhance skill development in the manufacturing sector.

7. Project Goals and Objectives

Goal:
To establish a sustainable and competitive metal manufacturing facility that supports local
industry needs, fosters economic growth, and creates employment opportunities.

Objectives:

1. Set up a state-of-the-art metal manufacturing facility within 12 months.

2. Create 200 direct and 500 indirect jobs within the first two years of operation.
3. Produce high-quality metal products that meet the demands of local industries, reducing
imports by 30% within three years.
4. Implement sustainable production practices, including waste reduction and energy-efficient
manufacturing technologies.

8. Project Outputs

x Fully operational metal manufacturing plant.

x Production of [X] tons of metal products annually.
x 200 trained workers in various aspects of metal production and machine operation.
x Established distribution channels and contracts with key industrial clients.
x Adoption of eco-friendly production practices.

9. Activities

1. Project Planning and Design:

o Conduct feasibility studies.
o Finalize plant design and engineering plans.
2. Facility Construction and Equipment Installation:
o Build production facility.
o Install advanced manufacturing equipment.
3. Recruitment and Training:
o Recruit management, technical, and operational staff.
o Conduct technical training on metal fabrication and machinery operation.
4. Production Launch:
o Commence production of metal products.
o Monitor quality control and optimize production processes.
5. Market Development and Sales:
o Develop branding and marketing strategies.
o Build relationships with industrial buyers and distributors.

10. Inputs

x Capital investment: Land acquisition, facility construction, equipment purchase.

x Human resources: Skilled engineers, technical staff, operational workers.
x Raw materials: Steel, aluminum, copper, and other metal inputs.
x Technology: Advanced manufacturing machinery, CAD software, and quality control
systems.
x Utilities: Water, electricity, and gas for production processes.
x Logistics: Transportation vehicles and distribution networks.

11. Organization and Administration of the Project

The project will be managed by a dedicated team of professionals, including a project manager,
operations manager, production engineers, HR specialists, and marketing experts. The
organization will adopt a hierarchical structure, with clear roles and responsibilities for each
department. Regular meetings will ensure alignment with project timelines and objectives.

x Project Manager: Oversees overall implementation and coordination.

x Operations Manager: Manages daily production activities and logistics.
x HR Manager: Responsible for recruitment, training, and staff welfare.
x Finance Manager: Oversees project budget and financial management.
x Marketing Manager: Leads market penetration and client relations.

12. Monitoring and Evaluation

A monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework will be established to track progress and ensure
the project stays on course. Key performance indicators (KPIs) such as production output, job
creation, sales targets, and client satisfaction will be regularly reviewed. Quarterly reports will be
submitted to stakeholders, and mid-term evaluations will assess the effectiveness of operations,
training programs, and sustainability measures.

13. Phase-Out Strategy and Sustainability

The sustainability of the project is anchored on a robust market penetration strategy, the
development of strong partnerships with local industries, and continuous innovation in
production processes. As the project matures, management will gradually hand over day-to-day
operations to local leadership. Sustainable production practices, such as recycling scrap metal
and adopting energy-efficient technology, will ensure long-term environmental viability.

The phase-out strategy includes:

x Developing skilled local management and workforce.

x Establishing reliable supplier and distribution networks.
x Strengthening partnerships with local industry and government stakeholders

14. Project Budget

15. Important Annexes

x Annex 1: Detailed Gantt Chart of Project Activities.

x Annex 2: Organizational Structure Chart.
x Annex 3: Risk Management Plan.
x Annex 4: Letters of Intent from Potential Clients.
x Annex 5: List of Equipment and Suppliers.
Gantt Chart

Below is a simplified Gantt chart outline for a Garment Production Project spanning 12 months. The
Gantt chart breaks down activities into phases and schedules them over the project duration.
Legend:

x ●●●: Activity being executed

x Duration of each task is represented across months 1 to 12 based on the timeline
Organization structure

Organizational Structure for Garment Project Implementation in a TVET

College in Ethiopia

To effectively implement the Garment Production Project within a TVET college, a well-
defined organizational structure is crucial to ensure clarity of roles, efficient workflow, and
proper management of resources. Below is a suggested organizational structure with key roles
and responsibilities for the project:

1. Project Steering Committee (PSC)

x Purpose: Oversee the overall direction and ensure the project aligns with the TVET college’s
goals, government policies, and industry needs.
x Members:
o TVET College Principal/Director
o Government Representatives (e.g., Ministry of Education, Ministry of Industry)
o Industry Partners (Garment/Manufacturing Associations)
o Donor/Investor Representatives (if applicable)
o Project Manager
x Responsibilities:
o Provide strategic guidance and approvals.
o Ensure the project is aligned with industry and educational standards.
o Monitor overall progress and make critical decisions when necessary.

2. Project Manager

x Reports to: Project Steering Committee

x Responsibilities:
o Lead day-to-day project implementation.
o Coordinate with all departments involved in the project.
o Manage timelines, budgets, and resources.
o Report to the Steering Committee on progress, challenges, and results.
o Ensure all project objectives are met within the set timeframe and budget.

3. Technical Training Coordinator

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Design and develop training curriculum aligned with industry needs and project goals.
o Ensure trainers/instructors are equipped with the skills and resources to deliver the
curriculum.
o Manage the training schedules, ensuring students receive both theoretical and practical
training.
o Oversee continuous assessment of students’ performance and training outcomes.
 o Liaise with industry partners to incorporate internships and practical work placements
into the program.

4. Production Manager

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Oversee the garment production process within the college's facility.
o Manage procurement of raw materials, machinery, and tools.
o Supervise production teams (students and staff) to ensure efficiency and quality control.
o Ensure the facility adheres to safety standards and quality benchmarks.
o Coordinate with the Technical Training Coordinator to integrate practical training with
real-time production.

5. Procurement and Logistics Officer

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Manage the procurement of raw materials, machinery, and other project-related resources.
o Ensure that materials and equipment are sourced on time and within budget.
o Handle the logistical needs of the project, including transportation of raw materials and
finished products.
o Maintain inventory of production materials and tools.

6. Finance and Administration Officer

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Manage the project’s financial operations, including budgeting, payments, and reporting.
o Ensure proper financial documentation and compliance with the college’s and donor’s
financial guidelines.
o Handle payroll for staff and stipends for trainees.
o Support the administrative needs of the project, including document management and
logistics coordination.

7. Quality Assurance Officer

x Reports to: Production Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Develop and implement quality control measures for garment production.
o Monitor the quality of training delivered to ensure it meets industry standards.
o Conduct regular inspections of the production process and training outcomes.
o Provide feedback and corrective actions to the production and training teams.

8. Human Resources and Training Officer

x Reports to: Finance and Administration Officer
x Responsibilities:
o Handle recruitment of staff and instructors for the project.
o Manage human resources, including contracts, training, and employee/trainee welfare.
o Organize professional development for staff and trainers to enhance skills.
o Ensure compliance with labor laws and workplace policies.

9. Marketing and Partnerships Coordinator

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Develop and implement marketing strategies for the garments produced by the project.
o Build partnerships with local garment manufacturers, retailers, and potential buyers.
o Facilitate student internships and job placements in the garment industry.
o Promote the TVET college’s program to attract more students and industry partners.

10. Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Officer

x Reports to: Project Manager

x Responsibilities:
o Track and monitor the progress of the project against key performance indicators (KPIs).
o Conduct regular evaluations of the training and production outcomes.
o Provide data-driven feedback to the Project Manager and Steering Committee.
o Ensure that the project remains on track, addressing any issues that arise in a timely
manner.

Proposed Organizational Structure (Visual Layout)

Roles Breakdown:

x Project Steering Committee: Provides strategic direction and overall oversight.

x Project Manager: Manages the entire project, coordinating all departments and ensuring
smooth execution.
x Technical Training Coordinator: Oversees the development and delivery of training
programs for students.
x Production Manager: Handles the day-to-day production process, ensuring quality and
efficiency.
x Finance & Admin Officer: Manages project finances, administration, and HR functions.
x Procurement & Logistics Officer: Ensures that materials, equipment, and resources are
acquired and managed efficiently.
x M&E Officer: Monitors and evaluates the project to ensure it meets objectives and quality
standards.

Benefits of This Organizational Structure:

x Clear Reporting Lines: Each role has clear accountability, ensuring efficient decision-
making.
x Coordination Between Training and Production: The collaboration between the Training
Coordinator and Production Manager ensures students gain practical experience.
x Specialization: Dedicated officers for procurement, quality assurance, and marketing
enhance the project’s effectiveness.
x Continuous Monitoring: The M&E Officer ensures that the project remains on track and
results are measured.
Human Resource management

Human Resource Management Plan for Garment Project Implementation in a

TVET College in Ethiopia

Effective Human Resource Management (HRM) is key to the success of the Garment Project
at a TVET College in Ethiopia. This HRM plan outlines the strategy for recruiting, training,
managing, and developing the personnel necessary for the project's successful implementation.

1. Objectives of HR Management Plan

x Ensure the recruitment of skilled and competent staff for the garment project.
x Provide continuous training and development for instructors, workers, and students.
x Establish clear roles and responsibilities for all personnel involved.
x Promote a positive work environment and ensure staff motivation and retention.
x Monitor performance and ensure alignment with project goals and timelines.

2. Staffing Requirements

The Garment Project will require personnel across various departments, including management,
technical, training, production, and support staff. Below is a breakdown of key positions:
3. Recruitment Plan

3.1 Recruitment Process

The recruitment process will involve the following steps:

1. Job Description Development:

o Clear and detailed job descriptions for each role will be developed, outlining
qualifications, skills, and experience required.
2. Advertisement:
o Job openings will be advertised through local job boards, newspapers, and the college's
network to attract qualified candidates.
3. Selection:
o A selection committee will review applications, shortlist candidates, and conduct
interviews.
o Technical positions such as trainers and machine operators will undergo a practical
assessment to evaluate skills.
4. On boarding:
o New hires will receive an orientation on the project goals, their roles, and workplace
policies.

4. Training and Development

4.1 Initial Training

x Technical Training for Instructors:

o Instructors will undergo training to update their skills in modern garment production
techniques, sustainable practices, and use of new machinery.
x Machine Operators:
o Intensive hands-on training on operating sewing machines, cutting equipment, and
quality control systems.
x Management Staff:
o Training on project management, monitoring, and evaluation to ensure smooth project
execution.

4.2 Ongoing Development

x Continuous professional development will be provided for instructors and production staff to
stay updated on the latest garment production technologies and industry trends.
x Workshops and seminars will be held to enhance soft skills, including communication,
leadership, and teamwork for both staff and students.

4.3 Student Training (TVET Trainees)

x Students will be trained in both theoretical and practical aspects of garment production,
including:
 o Garment design and pattern making.
o Sewing, stitching, and finishing techniques.
o Quality control and inspection.
o Sustainable production practices.

5. Performance Management

5.1 Performance Appraisal

x Staff performance will be regularly evaluated through a formal performance appraisal

system.
x KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) will be set for each position to measure:
o Production output.
o Quality of training delivered to students.
o Team collaboration and contribution to project goals.

5.2 Feedback Mechanism

x Regular feedback sessions will be held to discuss performance, address challenges, and
identify areas for improvement.
x Instructors will receive feedback from both students and management to ensure training
effectiveness.

6. Compensation and Benefits

6.1 Salary Structure

The salary structure will be competitive and aligned with local industry standards to attract and
retain talent. It will be structured as follows:

6.2 Additional Benefits

x Health insurance coverage for full-time employees.
x Performance-based bonuses to incentivize high-quality work and productivity.
x Professional development opportunities, including workshops, certifications, and potential
scholarships.
x Job security through long-term contracts based on performance.

7. Employee Relations and Welfare

7.1 Work Environment

x A safe and healthy work environment will be provided, with modern, well-maintained
machinery and safety gear.
x Regular workplace safety training will be conducted, with a focus on injury prevention and
first aid.

7.2 Team Building and Employee Engagement

x Periodic team-building activities and events will be organized to foster a positive and
collaborative work culture.
x Open-door policy for employees to share suggestions, feedback, and concerns with
management.

7.3 Conflict Resolution

x A grievance handling procedure will be in place to address any employee issues or disputes.
x An HR officer will mediate and resolve conflicts in a fair and transparent manner.

8. Health and Safety

8.1 Workplace Safety Measures

x All production staff will be trained in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) regulations.
x Protective equipment (helmets, gloves, goggles) will be provided to workers involved in
machine operations.
x Routine safety audits will be conducted to ensure that the facility adheres to health and
safety standards.

8.2 Emergency Response Plan

x First aid kits will be accessible in all work areas, and key staff members will be trained in
first aid procedures.
x An emergency evacuation plan will be established, with regular drills to prepare staff for
potential incidents.

9. Monitoring and Evaluation of HRM

9.1 HRM Monitoring

x HR activities, such as recruitment, training, and performance appraisals, will be monitored

through regular HR reports.
x Quarterly reviews will be conducted to evaluate workforce productivity and effectiveness in
achieving project objectives.

9.2 Key HRM Metrics

x Staff Retention Rate: Monitoring turnover to ensure talent retention.

x Employee Satisfaction Surveys: Regular surveys to assess job satisfaction and address areas
for improvement.
x Training Effectiveness: Evaluation of how training programs improve the skills of both staff
and students.

10. Exit Strategy and Succession Planning

10.1 Succession Planning

x A clear succession plan will be developed to ensure that key roles can be smoothly
transitioned if staff leave or are promoted.
x Regular skill assessments will help identify potential candidates for future leadership roles.

10.2 Phasing Out of Project-Based Roles

x As the project nears its completion, temporary or contract-based positions will be phased out
or transitioned into permanent roles where possible.
x Staff will be given adequate notice and assistance in finding alternative employment if
needed.