NAME: JEYMART C.
MACONDAN SECTION: 15-1R COURSE: BSCEN
Module 5 – Fundamentals of Thermodynamics
Assignment
SHOW YOUR SOLUTION. NO SOLUTION, NO POINTS
1. What is the kinetic energy, in J, of (a) an Ar atom moving at a speed of 650 m/s, (b) a mole of Ar atoms
moving at 650 m/s? (Hint: 1 amu = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg)
a. Mass of Ar atom = 39.9 amu x 1.66 x 10-27 kg
= 6.6 x 10-26 kg
Ek = mv2 = ½ x 6.6 x 10-26 kg x (650 m/s)2 = 10-20 kg 1.4 x
b. Mass of 1 mol of Argon = 39.9 g = 0.0399 kg
Ek = ½ mv2 = ½ x 0.0399 kg x (650 m/s)2 = 8.4 x 103 J
2. Calculate the change in the internal energy for a process in which a system absorbs 140 J of heat from the
surroundings and does 85 J of work on the surroundings.
q = 140 J w
= -85 J
∆E = q + w
∆E = 140 J – 85 J = 55 J
3. Molten gold poured into a mold solidifies at atmospheric pressure. With the gold defined as the system, is
the solidification an exothermic or endothermic process? Explain why.
-In order to solidify, the gold must cool to below its melting temperature. It cools by
transferring heat to its surroundings. The air around the sample would feel hot because heat
is transferred to it from the molten gold, meaning the process is exothermic.
4. Hydrogen peroxide can decompose to water and oxygen by the reaction below. Calculate the quantity of heat
released when 5.00 g of H2O2(l) decomposes at constant pressure.
mol H2O2 = {5.00 g/(34.0g/mol)} = 0.147 Quantity
of heat released = mol (∆𝐻/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
Quantity of heat released = 0.147 (-196 kJ/2 mol) = -14.4 kJ
5. (a) Large beds of rocks are used in some solar-heated homes to store heat. Assume that the specific heat of
the rocks is 0.82 J/g*K. Calculate the quantity of heat absorbed by 50.0 kg of rocks if their temperature
increases by 12.0 °C. (b) What temperature change would these rocks undergo if they emitted 450 kJ of heat?
a. (0.82 J/g-K) (50000g) (12K) = 4.92 x 105 J
b. (0.00082 kJ/g-K) (50000g) (X) = 450 kJ
(X) = 450 kJ
(41)
= 10.9 or 11 temperature increase
6. When 50.0 mL of 0.100 M AgNO3 and 50.0 mL of 0.100 M HCl are mixed in a constant-pressure calorimeter,
the temperature of the mixture increases from 22.30 °C to 23.11 °C. The temperature increase is caused by
the reaction below. Calculate ∆H for this reaction in kJ/mol AgNO3, assuming that the combined solution
has a mass of 100.0 g and a specific heat of 4.18 J/g*°C.
0.05 L x 0.1 M = 0.005 mol- AgNO3
0.05 L x 0.1 M = 0.005 mol- HCl q
= m cp ∆𝑇
= 100 (4.18) (23.11-22.30)
= 338.58 j of AgNO3
∆𝐻 = ___338.58 J_____
0.005 mol AgNO3
= -67.7 kJ/mol AgNO 3
7. A 0.5865-g sample of lactic acid (HC3H5O3) is burned in a calorimeter whose heat capacity is 4.812 kJ/°C.
The temperature increases from 23.10 °C to 24.95 °C. Calculate the heat of combustion of lactic acid (a)
per gram and (b) per mole
∆𝑇 = (24.95 – 23.10) ℃ =1.85 ℃
qrxn = - Ccal x ∆T = - (4.812 kJ/℃ )(1.85 ℃) = - 8.90 kJ (a)
∆𝐻 = (8.90 kJ) / (0.5865 g) = - 15.2 kJ/g
(b) ∆𝐻 = (15.2 kJ/g) (90.09 g/mol) = - 1370 kJ/mol
8. Carbon occurs in two forms, graphite and diamond. The enthalpy of the combustion of graphite is -393.5 kJ/mol,
and that of diamond is -395.4 kJ/mol:
Calculate ∆H for the conversion of graphite to diamond:
C(graphite) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆𝐻 = -393.5 kJ
C(diamond) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ∆𝐻 = 395.4 kJ
C(graphite) C(diamond) ∆𝐻 = 1.9 kJ
9. Calculate ∆H for the reaction:
Given the following information:
NO (g) + O3(g) NO2(g) + O2(g) ∆𝐻 = -198.9 kJ
O3(g) 3/2 O2(g) ∆𝐻 = 142.3 kJ
O2(g) 1/2(2O(g) ∆𝐻 = 495.0 kJ/2
NO(g) + O(g) NO2(g) ∆𝐻 = -304.1 kJ
10. Write the balance equation corresponding to the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4).
C(graphite) + 2 Cl2(g) CCl4 (l)
11. Using TABLE 5.3 (Standard Enthalpies of Formation, ∆H °f, at 298 K), calculate the enthalpy change for the
combustion of 1 mol of ethanol:
2C(s) = -394 H2
= -286
C2H5OH = -1371
∆𝐻1 = ∆𝐻2 - ∆𝐻3
∆𝐻1 = [(2(-394 kJ/mol))+(3(-286 kJ/mol))] – (-1371 kJ/mol)
∆𝐻1 = -1646 kJ + 1371 kJ/mol
∆𝐻1 = -275 kJ/mol
12. Given the following standard enthalpy change, use the standard enthalpies of formation in Table 5.3 (Standard
Enthalpies of Formation, ∆H°f, at 298 K) to calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of CuO(s):
∆𝐻rxn = ∑ ∆𝐻fo product - ∑ ∆𝐻fo reactant
-129.7 kJ = [(0) + (-285.8)] – [(CuO) + (O)]
∆𝐻fo CuO = 156.1 kJ/mol
13. The normal boiling point of ethanol, C2H5OH, is 78.3 °C, and its molar enthalpy of vaporization is 38.56
kJ/mol. What is the change in entropy in the system when 68.3 g of C2H5OH(g) at 1 atm condenses to liquid
at the normal boiling point?
∆S = qrev/T q = (68.3 g/46 g/mol) (-38.56 kJ/mol) = -
57.253 kJ T (K) = 78.3 + 273.15 K = 351.45 K
∆Ssys = qrev/T
= - 57253 J/ 351.45 K
= -163 J/K
14. Indicate whether each process produces an increase or decrease in the entropy of the system:
-Increase
-Decrease -Decrease
-Decrease
15. Choose the system with the greater entropy in each case:
a. 1 mol of H2(g) at STP or 1 mol of H2(g) at 100 °C and 0.5 atm
b. 1 mol of H2O(s) at 0 °C or 1 mol of H2O(l) at 25 °C
c. 1 mol of H2(g) at STP or 1 mol of SO2(g) at STP
d. 1 mol of N2O4 (g) at STP or 2 mol of NO2(g) at STP.
(a) 1 mol of H2(g) at 100 ℃ and 0.5 atm,
(b) 1 mol of H2O(l) at 25 ℃,
(c) 1 mol of SO2(g) at STP,
(d) 2 mol of NO2(g) at STP
16. Using the standard molar entropies in Appendix C (Brown and Lemay), calculate the standard entropy change,
∆S°, for the following reaction at 298 K:
∆S° = [2 S° (Al) + 3 S° (H2O)] – [S° (Al2O3) + 3 S°(H2)]
∆S° = [(2 mol) (28.32 J/mol-K) + (3 mol) (188.83 J/mol-K)] – [(1 mol) (51.00
J/mol-K) + (3 mol) (130.58 J/mol-K)]
∆S° = 180.39 J/K
17. Calculate ∆G° for a reaction for which ∆H° = 24.6 kJ and ∆S° = 132 J/K at 298 K. Is the reaction spontaneous
under these conditions?
∆G° = ∆H°- T∆S°
= 24.6 kJ – (298K) (132 J/K) (1 kJ/103J)
= 24.6 kJ – 39.3 kJ
∆G° = -14.7 kJ
Because the ∆G° is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous at low T under standard conditions at 298K.
18. Use data from Appendix C (Brown and Lemay) to calculate ∆G° at 298 K for the combustion of methane:
∆G° = ∆G°f [CO2(g)] + 2∆G°f [H2O(g)] - ∆G°f [CH4(g)] + 2∆G°f [O2(g)]
= 1 mol (-394.4 kJ/mol) + 2 mol (-237.13 kJ/mol) – 1 mol (50.8 kJ/mol)
+ 2 mol (0 kJ/mol)
= -817.86 kJ
19. (a) Using standard enthalpies of formation and standard entropies in Appendix C, calculate ∆H° and ∆S° at
298 K for the reaction:
(b) Use your values from part (a) to estimate ∆G° at 400 K.
(a)
∆H°rxn = ∑ np ∆H°f(p) - ∑ nr ∆H°f(r) ∆S°rxn = ∑ np S°p - ∑ nr S°r
∆H°rxn = [2(-396)] – [2(-297) + 1 (0)] ∆S°rxn = [2(257)] – [2(248) + 1
(205)]
∆H°rxn = [-792] – [-594] ∆S°rxn = [514] – [701]
∆H°rxn = -198 kJ ∆S°rxn = -187 J
(b)
∆G = ∆H - T∆S = -198000 J – (400 K x -187 J/K)
∆G = -123200 J
