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Training Report on
Embedded System
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Training Report on Embedded System

1. A Practical Training Report On Embedded System
Taken at CMC Academy, Jaipur Submitted in Partial
Fulfillment of Bachelor of Technology ECE IV Year VII
Semester Govt. College of Engineering & Technology,
Bikaner (Rajasthan Technical University, Kota) Session
(2014-2015) Submitted by:- Roshan Mani Roll
No.-11ECTEC047 Submitted To:- Mr. Mahesh Kumar Mehra
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering & Technology, Bikaner (An
Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Rajasthan)
2. DECLARATION I, Roshan Mani student of Government
College of Engineering & Technology, Bikaner of B.Tech. 4th
Year (7th Semester) hereby declare that I have completed
this 6 weeks Industrial Training from “CMC Academy Jaipur”
during the academic year 2014-2015. The information
submitted is true and genuine to the best of my knowledge.
ROSHAN MANI B.TECH. 2014-2015 BATCH ELECTRONICS &
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ROLL NO.-11ECTEC047 GCET,
BIKANER
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am deeply thankful to “CMC
Academy” as it has given me golden opportunity to go
through remarkable training on “Embedded System”. Here I
have got valuable and detailed knowledge on real time
Projects. I owe my gratitude to My Faculty cum Trainer “Mr.
Vishwesh Kumar Sharma” for his unmatched support,
guidance and inspiration without which I would not have
learned so many new & innovative things in such a short
span of time. I would also like to thank my Department i.e.,
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of
my College especially my H.O.D. “Mr. Dinesh Sen” and all my
teachers who have suggested me to join this beneficial
summer training. My special thanks goes to “Mr. Mahesh
Kumar Mehra” without whose support I would not have
prepared this Training Report on time in such a good way. I
am highly obliged that I have received all of yours support in
such a good way. Your’s Faithfully, Roshan Mani
4. TABLE OF CONTENTS S. No. Content Page No. 1 Company
Profile 1-3 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 2 1.3
Organizational Structure 2 1.4 Highlights 3 2. Training
Attended 4-7 2.1 Introduction 4-5 2.2 Microprocessor V/s
Microcontroller 6 2.3 Types of Microcontroller 6-7 3.
Embedded Environment 8-17 3.1 Embedded Difference 8 3.2
Fabrication Techniques 8 3.3 Memory Addressing & Types
9-10 3.4 AT89C51 Discription 11-17 4 Component Description
18-25 4.1 Resistor 18 4.2 LED, Infrared LED, BC547,7-Segment
Display 19
5. 4.3 I.C. 7805(Voltage Regulator IC) 19-20 4.4 LM324 IC 20-
21 4.5 555 Timer IC 21 4.6 R.F. Module 22-23 4.7 LCD 23-24 4.8
Transformer 24-25 5. Bidirectional Visitor Counter & Home
Automation 26-28 5.1 Project Overview 26 5.2 Circuit
Components 27 5.3 Circuit Design 28 5.4 Operation 28 5.5
Applications 28 5.6 Limitations 28 6. Conclusion 29 6.1
Lessons Learned 29 6.2 Key Learning 29 6.3 Knowledge
gained 29 6.4 Suitability of Organisation 29 7. Bibliography
6. List of Table Table No. Name of Table 1. Embedded
System Scope 2. Pin Description of 7805 3. Pin Description
of LM 324 4. Pin Description of 555 Timer 5. Pin Description
of RF Transmitter 6. Pin Description of RF Receiver 7. Pin
Description of LCD
7. List of Figure 1. Company View 2. Recognition of CMC
Academy 3. Real Life Example of Embedded System 4.
Embedded System Organiztion 5. Organisation of
Microprocessor 6. Pin Diagram & Architecture of AT89C51 7.
ROM & RAM memory in the 8051 microcontroller 8. Some 8-
bit registers & some 16-bit registers 9. LED, Infrared LED,
BC547, 7-segment Display 10. 7805 IC 11. LM 324 12. 555
Timer 13. LCD Display 14. Transformer 15. PCB Layout of
BDVC 16. Circuit Description
8. Fig. 1 Company View 1.1) Introduction: CMC Limited is a
leading IT solutions company and a subsidiary of Tata
Consultancy Services Limited (TCS Ltd), one of the world's
leading information technology consulting, services and
business process outsourcing organisations. It is a part of
the Tata group, India's best-known business conglomerate.
Today, CMC Limited, an ISO 9001:2000, certified and CMMI
Level V accredited organisation, is positioned as a premier
IT solutions provider in the fast growing and competitive IT
market. CMC Ltd., a Tata enterprise, has been at the
forefront of the IT revolution that has catapulted India to its
exalted status in the global IT arena. It is leading IT
Solutions Company, a subsidiary of Tata Consultancy
Services Ltd., with an enviable record of building IT
solutions for massive and complex projects across the
value chain infrastructure, applications and business
processes. Its capabilities span the entire IT spectrum: IT;
architecture; hardware; software; network consulting; and
IT-enabled processing services.With its vast experience,
CMC Ltd. understands what the global IT industry needs in
terms of skills its personnel ought to have. With the
objective of passing on its substantial expertise, CMC
started grooming IT professionals occupy key positions in
the IT industry worldwide.CMC Academy channelises the
CMC expertise into IT programmes tailored to match
industry needs. A faculty of practicing project managers
provides solid grounding in fundamental concepts. Ample
practice on real-time projects makes the student
productive in a job from day one. 1 1) COMPANY PROFILE
GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
9. 1.2) Background: CMC Academy is a venture, one of the
first to impart non-formal computer education in India. This
arm of CMC Limited which started grooming IT
professionals’ way back in 1978 has a dedicated team from
the education and delivery field, comprising of Subject
matter experts from the various technologies in the IT and
related fields.CMC has an enviable record of successfully
building IT solutions for massive and complex infrastructure
and market projects. Take, for instance some of the major
projects undertaken by CMC: Indian Railways online
reservation system Bombay Stock exchange online share
trading London underground time table scheduling & signal
data generation system Port of Penang Container Handling
System Singapore Airport landing light system 1.3)
Organizational Structure: CMC, channelises the formidable
global project expertise of CMC into IT programs, tailored
to match industry needs. CMC offers job ready training
programs for the beginners & skill enhancement program
for those who are already employed in industry. Ample
practicing on REAL TIME PROJECTS makes participants
productive in their jobs. At CMC we create GLOBAL
PROFESSIONALS. CMC Jaipur has been imparting corporate
trainings for the renowned leading organizations like GAIL,
TATA MOTORS, TATA SKY, HINDUSTAN UNILEVER, etc. Since
our inception in the year 2005, we have achieved the status
of center of excellence wherein there is latest technology,
innovative developing methodology, state of the art
infrastructure and individual needs of students are
identified and executed professionally, efficiently &
ethically. CMC Jaipur employs highly qualified professionals
with Ph.D’s, M.Tech., B.Tech.’s,& MCA’s. We have well
disciplinary team comprising education experts, subject
matter experts, instructional designers, quality experts,
Academic advisors, Experienced placement officers ,
project Managers & team leaders. 2 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
10. Fig. 2 Recognition of CMC Academy, Jaipur
1.4)Highlights: • Biggest Center in Jaipur in terms of area. •
Recipient of Best I.T. Training Center of Jaipur by Brands
Academy. Award presented by Dr. Shashi Tharoor (M.P. & Ex-
External Affairs Minister) • Experienced and globally certified
faculties. • Well equipped labs and class-rooms. • Extensive
stock of library with latest books on all technologies. • Best
placement record in Northern region. • Well equipped
DEVELOPMENT CELL for students to gain REAL TIME
PROJECTS experience. 3 GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded
System-Roshan Mani
11. An Embedded system is any electronic device that
incorporates a computer in its implementation. The user of
an embedded device is often not even aware that a
computer is present in the device. The computer is used
primarily to provide flexibility and to simplify the system
design. Unlike a PC, program code is usually stored in ROM
and not a hard disk drive. Typically, the end user does not
develop new software for the embedded device. With
advances in VLSI technology, embedded systems have
become so inexpensive that they are found in most of
today’s electronic devices. Aircraft autopilots, avionics and
navigation systems, automatic landing systems, guidance
systems, engine controls. Biomedical Systems CT scan and
Ultrasound imaging systems, patient monitors, Cars Engine
control, anti-lock braking systems, traction control
systems, air bag controls, heating and air conditioning
controls, GPS mapping, Satellite Radio, On-board
Diagnostics. Communications Communication Satellites,
network routers, switches, hubs. Consumer Electronics
TVs, ovens, dishwashers, DVD players, stereos, security
systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras,
clock radios, answering machines, set top boxes, other
appliances. Keyboards, mice, printers, scanners, displays,
modems, hard disk drives, DVD drives, graphics cards, USB
devices. Data acquisition systems, oscilloscopes,
voltmeters, signal generators, logic analyzers. Industrial
Devices Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots,
CNC machines, Programmable Logic Controllers, industrial
automation and control systems. Office Machines FAX
machines, copiers, telephones, calculators, cash Personal
Devices Cell phones, portable MP3 players, Video players,
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), electronic wrist watches,
handheld video games, digital cameras, GPS systems.
Robots Industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, space
exploration robots (i.e. Mars robots) Toys Video Game
systems, “Aibo”, "Furby“, and “Elmo” type Table 1.
Embedded System Scope 4 2) TRAINING ATTENDED: 2.1)
INTRODUCTION: Aircraft & Military Systems heart pacers.
Computer Input Output Devices Electronic Instrumentaion
registers. robot toys. GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded
System-Roshan Mani
12. Fig. 3 Real-life example of Embedded System Fig. 4
Embedded System Organization 5 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
13. 2.2) Microcontroller V/s Microprocessor: A
microcontroller is a single-chip computer. Micro suggests
that the device is small, and controller suggests that it is
used in control applications. Another term for
microcontroller is embedded controller, since most of the
microcontrollers are built into (or embedded in) the devices
they control. A microprocessor differs from a
microcontroller in a number of ways. The main distinction is
that a microprocessor requires several other components
for its operation, such as program memory and data
memory, input-output devices, and an external clock circuit.
A microcontroller, on the other hand, has all the support
chips incorporated inside its single chip. All
microcontrollers operate on a set of instructions (or the
user program) stored in their memory. A microcontroller
fetches the instructions from its program memory one by
one, decodes these instructions, and then carries out the
required operations.Microcontrollers have traditionally
been programmed using the assembly language of the
target device. Although the assembly language is fast, it
has several disadvantages. An assembly program consists
of mnemonics, which makes learning and maintaining a
program written using the assembly language difficult. Also,
microcontrollers manufactured by different firms have
different assembly languages, so the user mustlearn a new
language with every new microcontroller he or she uses.
2.3) TYPE OF MICROCONTOLLERS:  It is Intel’s product.
Neither a microprocessor nor a microcontroller.  It is a 8-
bit controller.  Internally no ROM is provided i.e. code is
outside the chip.  It is a first complete 8-bit
microcontroller.  It is a name of a family in which the
instruction set, pin configuration, architecture are same,
only  Internally PROM (programmable read only memory) is
provided so it called one time 6 First microcontroller is
“8031” FEATURES: Second microcontroller is “8051”
FEATURES: memory storage capacity is different.
programmable (OTP). Third microcontroller is “AT89C51”
GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
14.  It is ATMEL’s product. It is a similar to 8051
microcontroller i.e., having same instruction set, pin  It is a
also 8-bit microcontroller. It’s cost is only Rs10 more than
8051.  It uses EPROM (erasable programmableread only
memory) or FLASH memory.  It is Multiple time
programmable (MTP) i.e., 1000 times. So it is better than
8051. In “AT89C51”, C‟ stands for CMOS technology used in
the manufacturing of the I.C. Fig 5.Organisation of
Microprocessor 7 FEATURES: configuration, architecture.
GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
15. Microcontrollers used in development projects have
very limited resources. We are working close to our target
machine and we must be familiar with our target hardware
construction and operation. A good quality C development
environment incorporates tools which allow us to
concentrate primarily on our applications and not on the
hardware which runs them. However, we cannot ignore low-
level details of our target hardware. The better we
understand our run-time environment, the better we can
take advantage of its limited capabilities and resources.
3.1) The Embedded Difference: There are many aspects of
embedded systems development which must be
considered. These are: Reliability: Embedded systems
must be reliable. Personal computer programs such as
word processors and games do not need to achieve the
same standard of reliability that a microcontroller
application must. Errors in programs such as word
processors may result in errors in a document or loss of
data. An error in a microcontroller application such as a
television remote control or compact disc player will result
in a product that does not work and consequently does not
sell. An error in a microcontroller application such as an
antilock braking system or autopilot could be fatal.
Efficiency: Issues of efficiency must be considered in real
time applications. A real time application is one in which
must be able to act at a speed corresponding with the
occurrence of an actual process. Cost: Many embedded
systems must compete in a consumer market and cost is an
important issue in project development. 3.2) Fabrication
Techniques: CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS) is a technique commonly used to
fabricate microcontrollers. CMOS requires less power and
CMOS chips can be static which allows the implementation
of a sleep mode. CMOS microcontrollers must have all
inputs connected to something. PMP: Post Metal
Programming (PMP) allows ROM to be programmed after
final metallization. This allows ROM to be programmed very
late in the productions cycle. 8 3) The Embedded
Environment: GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan
Mani
16. 3.3) Memory Addressing and Types: Each
microcontroller has a specific addressing range. An
addressing range is the number of addresses a
microcontroller can access. The addressing scheme used
to access to these spaces varies from processor to
processor, but the underlying hardware is similar. 3.3.1)
RAM: Random access memory or RAM consists of memory
addresses. The CPU can both read from and write to RAM is
used for data memory and allows the CPU to create and
modify data as it executes the application program. RAM is
volatile, it holds its contents only as long as it has a
constant power supply. If power to the chip is turned off,
the contents of RAM are lost. This does not mean that RAM
contents are lost during a chip reset. Vital state information
or other data can be recorded in data memory and
recovered after an interrupt or reset. Some chips provide
an alternate RAM power supply so that memory contents
can be maintained even when the rest of the chip is without
power. This does not make RAM any less volatile, without a
backup power source the contents would still be lost. This
type of RAM is called battery backed-up static RAM. 3.3.2)
ROM: ROM, read only memory, is typically used for program
instructions. The ROM in a microcontroller usually holds the
final application program. Maskable ROM is memory space
that must be burned in by the manufacturer of the chip as it
is constructed. To do this, we must provide the chip builder
with the ROM contents we wish the chip to have. The
manufacturer will then mask out appropriate ROM blocks
and hardware the information you have provided. Since
recording chip ROM contents is part of the manufacturing
process, it is a costly one-time expense. If we intend to use
a small number of parts, we may be better off using chips
with PROM. If we intend to use a large number of parts for
our application, then the one-time expense of placing our
program in ROM is more feasible. 3.3.3) PROM:
Programmable ROM, or PROM, started as an expensive
means to prototype and test application code before
burning ROM. In recent years PROM has gained popularity to
the point where many developers consider it a superior
alternative to burning ROM. As microcontroller applications
become more specialized and complex, needs for
maintenance and support rise. Many developers use PROM
devices to provide software updates to customers without
the cost of sending out new hardware. There are many
programmable ROM technologies available which all
provide a similar service. A special technique is used to
erase the contents of programmable ROM then a special
method is used to program new instructions into the ROM.
Often, the developer uses separate hardware to perform
each of these steps. 3.3.4) EPROM: EPROM (erasable
programmable ROM) is not volatile and is read only. Chips
with EPROM have a quartz window on the chip. Direct
exposure to ultra-violet radiation will erase the EPROM
contents. EPROM devices typically ship with a shutter to
cover the quartz window and prevent ambient UV from
affecting 9 GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan
Mani
17. the memory. Often the shutter is a sticker placed on
the window. Developers use an EPROM eraser to erase
memory contents efficiently. The eraser bombards the
memory with high-intensity UV light. To reprogram the chip,
an EPROM programmer is used, a device which writes
instructions into EPROM. The default, blank state for an
EPROM device has each block of memory set. When we
erase an EPROM we are really setting all memory blocks to
1. Reprogramming the device resets or clears the
appropriate EPROM bits to 0. Because of the way EPROM
storage is erased, we can‘t selectively delete portions of
EPROM – when we erase the memory we must clear the
entire storage space. 3.3.5 EEPROM: EEPROM (electrically
erasable programmable ROM) devices have a significant
advantage over EPROM devices as they allow selective
erasing of memory sections. EEPROM devices use high
voltage to erase and re-program each memory block. Some
devices require an external power source to provide the
voltage necessary for erasing and writing and some have
an onboard pump which the chip can use to build up a
charge of the required voltage. Developers can reprogram
EEPROM devices while the chip is operating. However,
EEPROM that can be rewritten is usually restricted to data
memory storage. EEPROM storage used as program
memory typically requires the use of an external power
source and a programmer just like EPROM storage. The
most common use for EEPROM is recording and maintaining
configuration data vital to the application. For example,
many modems use EEPROM storage to record the current
configuration settings. This makes the configuration
available to the modem user after cycling the power on the
modem. Often the default or factory configuration settings
are stored in ROM and the user can issue a command to
restore default settings by overwriting the current
contents of EEPROM with the default information.
Sometimes chip manufacturers build EEPROM blocks into
the chip for last-minute configuration options. This saves
manufacturers money as they can design and fabricate a
single chip and then set the EEPROM blocks to provide
special purpose versions with specific capabilities. This
method is often used to produce microcontroller versions
for use on an evaluation board where chip access to its own
onboard ROM is turned off and replaced with external
EPROM or EEPROM storage. This allows developers to test
application code in cycles by downloading it to the board,
programming the code into the EPROM or EEPROM, and
debugging it as it executes in the target hardware. 3.3.6)
Flash Memory: Flash memory is an economical compromise
between EEPROM and EPROM technology. As with EEPROM
high voltage is applied to erase and rewrite flash memory.
However, unlike EEPROM, you can not selectively erase
portions of flash memory – you must erase the entire block
as with EPROM devices. Many manufacturers are turning to
flash memory. It has the advantages of not requiring special
hardware and being inexpensive enough to use in quantity.
Manufacturers often provide customers with
microcontroller products whose ROM is loaded with a boot
or configuration kernel where the application code is
written into flash memory. When the manufacturer wants to
provide the customer with added functionality or a
maintenance update, the hardware can be reprogrammed
on site without installing new physical parts. The hardware
is placed into configuration mode which hands control to
the kernel written in ROM. This kernel then handles the
software steps needed to erase and re-write the contents
of the flash memory. Another useful implementation of flash
memory includes a device which can connect electronically
to a computer owned by the manufacturer. The
configuration kernel connects to the 10 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
18. manufacturer’s computer, downloads the latest
version of the control application and writes this application
to flash memory. Such elaborate applications are typically
beyond the resources of an 8 bit microcontroller; we
mention the example to show the advantage of
programmable ROM technologies. 3.3.7) Registers: The CPU
maintains a set of registers which it uses to store
information. Registers are used to control program
execution and maintain intermediate values needed to
perform required calculations. Some microcontrollers
provide access to CPU registers for temporary storage
purposes. This can be extremely dangerous as the CPU can
at any time overwrite a register being used for its
designated purpose. 8 bit microcontrollers do not often
provide resources for register memory outside the CPU.
This means that the C register keyword is meaningless
because the compiler can not dedicate a CPU register for
data storage. Some C implementations will set aside RAM
for special purpose pseudo-registers to use when your
application attempts certain operations. For example, if you
attempt a 16 bit math operation, the compiler can dedicate
a portion of base page RAM for 16 bit pseudo-registers
which store values during math operations. You can use
these special registers for temporary purposes in places
where your code will not require them for their intended
purpose. You must be careful, if the compiler uses a
pseudo-register it will overwrite current contents. 3.4)
AT89C51 Description: The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-
performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of
Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory
(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible
with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and
pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile
memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a
powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible
and cost effective solution to many embedded control
applications. 11 GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
19. Fig .6 Pin Diagram and architecture of AT89C51 PIN
DESCRIPTION VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0
is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output
port each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written
to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance
inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed
low order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull
ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash
programming, and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pull ups are required during program
verification. Port 1 12 GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
20. Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull
ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled
high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal
pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL
inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled
high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 2
emits the high-order address byte during fetches from
external program memory and during accesses to external
data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In
this application it uses strong internal pull ups when
emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that
use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents
of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the
high-order address bits and some control signals during
Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit
bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are
written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull
ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that
are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of
various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below:
Port Pin Alternate Functions P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1
TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3
INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data
memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read
strobe) Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. RST Reset input. A high on
this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable
output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal
operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or
clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If
desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of
SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a
MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode. 13 GCET
Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
21. PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to
external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing
code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations
are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND
in order to enable the device to fetch code from external
program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC
for internal program executions. This pin also receives the
12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash
programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP. XTAL1 Input
to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal
clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting
oscillator amplifier. MEMORY SPACE ALLOCATION: The 8051
has three very general types of memory. To effectively
program the 8051 it is necessary to have a basic
understanding of these memory types. The memory types
are illustrated in the following graphic. They are: On-Chip
Memory, External Code Memory, and External RAM. Onchip
ROM The 89C51 has a 4K bytes of on-chip ROM. This 4K
bytes ROM memory has memory addresses of 0000 to
0FFFh. Program addresses higher than 0FFFh, which exceed
the internal ROM capacity will cause the microcontroller to
automatically fetch code bytes from external memory.
Code bytes can also be fetched exclusively from an
external memory, addresses 0000h to FFFFh, by connecting
the external access pin to ground. The program counter
doesn’t care where the code is: the circuit designer
decides whether the code is found totally in internal ROM,
totally in external ROM or in a combination of internal and
external ROM. Onchip RAM The 1289 bytes of RAM inside the
8051 are assigned addresses 00 to 7Fh. These 128 bytes
can be divided into three different groups as follows: A total
of 32 bytes from locations 00 to 1Fh are set aside for
register banks and the stack. A total of 16 bytes from
locations 20h to 2Fh are set aside for bit addressable
read/write memory and instructions. A total of 80 bytes
from locations 30h to 7Fh are used for read and write
storage, or what is normally called a scratch pad. These 80
locations of RAM are widely used for the purpose of storing
data and parameters by 8051 programmers. 14 GCET
Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
22. Fig. 7 ROM & RAM Memory in 8051 Microcontroller
External Code Memory : External Code Memory is code (or
program) memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the
form of an external EPROM. External RAM : External RAM is
RAM memory that resides off-chip. This is often in the form
of standard static RAM or flash refers to any memory
(Code, RAM, or other) that physically exists on the
microcontroller itself. On-chip memory can be of several
types, but we'll get into that shortly. External RAM As an
obvious opposite of Internal RAM, the 8051 also supports
what is called External RAM. As the name suggests, External
RAM is any random access memory which is found off-chip.
Since the memory is off-chip it is not as flexible in terms of
accessing, and is also slower. For example, to increment an
Internal RAM location by 1 requires only 1 instruction and 1
instruction cycle. To increment 15 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
23. a 1-byte value stored in External RAM requires 4
instructions and 7 instruction cycles. In this case, external
memory is 7 times slower! Code Memory : Code memory is
the memory that holds the actual 8051 program that is to be
run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many
shapes and sizes: Code memory may be found on-chip,
either burned into the microcontroller as ROM or EPROM.
Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external
ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is
also another popular method of storing a program. Various
combinations of these memory types may also be used--
that is to say, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-
chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM.
Registers: In the CPU, registers are used to store
information temporarily. That information could be a byte of
data to be processed, or an address pointing to the data to
be fetched. In the 8051 there us only one data type: 8 bits.
With an 8- bit data type, any data larger than 8 bits has to be
broken into 8-bit chunks before it is processed. The most
commonly used registers of the 8051 are A(accumulator), B,
R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, DPTR (data pointer) and PC
(program counter). All the above registers are 8-bit
registers except DPTR and the program counter. The
accumulator A is used for all arithmetic and logic
instructions. Fig. 8 Some 8-bit registers & some 16-bit
registers Program Counter and Data Pointer The program
counter is a 16- bit register and it points to the address of
the next instruction to be executed. As the CPU fetches op-
code from the program ROM, the program counter is
incremented to point to the next instruction. Since the PC is
16 bit wide, it can access program addresses 0000 to
FFFFH, a total of 64K bytes of code. However, not all the
members of the 8051 have the entire 64K bytes of on-chip
ROM installed. 16 GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
24. The DPTR register is made up of two 8-bit registers,
DPH and DPL, which are used to furnish memory addresses
for internal and external data access. The DPTR is under the
control of program instructions and can be specified by its
name, DPTR. DPTR does not have a single internal address,
DPH and DPL are assigned an address each. Flag bits and
the PSW Register Like any other microprocessor, the 8051
have a flag register to indicate arithmetic conditions such
as the carry bit. The flag register in the 8051 is called the
program status word (PSW) register. The program status
word (PSW) register is an 8-bit register. It is also referred as
the flag register. Although the PSW register is 8-bit wide,
only 6 bits of it are used by the microcontroller. The two
unused bits are user definable flags. Four of the flags are
conditional flags, meaning they indicate some conditions
that resulted after an instruction was executed. These four
are CY (carry), AC (auxiliary carry), P (parity), and OV
(overflow). The bits of the PSW register are shown below:
CY PSW.7 Carry flag AC PSW.6 Auxiliary carry flag -- PSW.5
Available to the user for general purpose RS1 PSW.6
Register bank selector bit 1 RS0 PSW.3 Register bank
selector bit 0 OV PSW.2 Overflow flag F0 PSW.1 User
definable bit P PSW.0 Parity flag CY, the carry flag This flag
is set whenever there is a carry out from the d7 bit. This
flag bit is affected after an 8-bit addition or subtraction. It
can also be set to 1 or 0 directly by an instruction such as
“SETB C” and “CLR C” where “SETB C” stands for set bit
carry and “CLR C” for clear carry. AC, the auxiliary carry flag
If there is carry from D3 to D4 during an ADD or SUB
operation, this bit is set: otherwise cleared. This flag is
used by instructions that perform BCD arithmetic. P, the
parity flag The parity flag reflects the number of 1s in the
accumulator register only. If the register A contains an odd
number of 1s, then P=1. Therefore, P=0 if Ahas an even
number of 1s. OV, the overflow flag This flag is set
whenever the result of a signed number operation is too
large, causing the high order bit to overflow into the sign
bit. In general the carry flags is used to detect errors in
unsigned arithmetic operations 17 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
25. 4.1) RESISTOR: Resisitors restrict the flow of electric
current, for example a resistor is placed in series with a
light emitting diode(LED) to limit the current passing through
the LED. Fig. 9 Resistor Color Coding 4.2) LED, Infrared LED,
BC547, &7-Segment Display Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are
semiconductor light sources. 18 4) COMPONENT
DESCRIPTION: LED GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
26. An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special
purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760
nm wavelength. BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor.
A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly
used to amplify current. Seven Segment Display A seven
segment display is the most basic electronic display device
that can display digits from 0-9. They find wide application
in devices that display numeric information like digital
clocks, radio, microwave ovens etc. Fig. 9 LED ,Infrared LED,
BC547, 7-segment Display 4.3) IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)
7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member
of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The
voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would
not give the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC
maintains the output voltage at a constant value. The xx in
78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide. 7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and
output pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.
19 Infrared LED Transistor BC547 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
27. Pin No Function Name 1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input 2
Ground (0V) Ground 3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V)
Output Fig. 10 7805 IC Table 2.Pin Description of 7805 4.4)
LM324 IC LM324 is a 14pin IC consisting of four independent
operational amplifiers (op-amps) compensated in a single
package. Op-amps are high gain electronic voltage
amplifier with differential input and, usually, a single-ended
output. The output voltage is many times higher than the
voltage difference between input terminals of an op-amp.
These op-amps are operated by a single power supply
LM324 and need for a dual supply is eliminated. They can be
used as amplifiers, comparators, oscillators, rectifiers etc.
The conventional op-amp applications can be more easily
implemented with LM324. Fig. 11 LM 324 IC Function Name 1
Output of 1st comparator Output 1 2 Inverting input of 1st
comparator Input 1- 3 Non-inverting input of 1st comparator
Input 1+ 4 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 32V) Vcc 5 Non-inverting
input of 2nd comparator Input 2+ 20 Pin Description: Pin
Description: Pin No GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
28. 6 Inverting input of 2nd comparator Input 2- 7 Output
of 2nd comparator Output 2 8 Output of 3rd comparator
Output 3 9 Inverting input of 3rd comparator Input 3- 10 Non-
inverting input of 3rd comparator Input 3+ 11 Ground (0V)
Ground 12 Non-inverting input of 4th comparator Input 4+ 13
Inverting input of 4th comparator Input 4- 14 Output of 4th
comparator Output 4 Table 3. Pin Description of LM 324 IC
4.5) 555 Timer IC 555 is a very commonly used IC for
generating accurate timing pulses. It is an 8pin timer IC and
has mainly two modes of operation: monostable and
astable. In monostable mode time delay of the pulses can
be precisely controlled by an external resistor and a
capacitor whereas in astable mode the frequency & duty
cycle are controlled by two external resistors and a
capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for generating time
delays and pulses. Fig. 12 555 Timer Pin No Function Name 1
Ground (0V) Ground 2 Voltage below 1/3 Vcc to trigger the
pulse Trigger 3 Pulsating output Output 4 Active low;
interrupts the timing interval at Output Reset 5 Provides
access to the internal voltage divider; default 2/3 Vcc
Control Voltage 6 The pulse ends when the voltage is
greater than Control Threshold 7 Open collector output; to
discharge the capacitor Discharge 8 Supply voltage; 5V
(4.5V - 16 V) Vcc Table 4. Pin Description of 555 Timer IC 21
Pin Description: GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
29. The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at
Radio Frequency. The corresponding frequency range
varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the
digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of
carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude
Shift Keying (ASK). Transmission through RF is better than IR
(infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through
RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for
long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in
line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is
an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF
transmission is more strong and reliable than IR
transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency
unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting
sources. This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter
and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair
operates at a frequency of 434 MHz. An RF transmitter
receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF
through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission
occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data
is received by an RF receiver operating at the same
frequency as that of the transmitter. The RF module is often
used alongwith a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is
used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while
reception is decoded by a decoderHT12E-HT12D. HT640-
HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder
pair ICs. Fig.13 RF Transmitter & RF Receiver 22 4.6) RF
Module GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
30. Pin Description: Pin No Function Name 1 Ground (0V)
Ground 2 Serial data input pin Data 3 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc
4 Antenna output pin ANT Table 6. Pin Description of RF
Transmitter Pin No Function Name 1 Ground (0V) Ground 2
Serial data output pin Data 3 Linear output pin; not
connected NC 4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc 5 Supply voltage; 5V
Vcc 6 Ground (0V) Ground 7 Ground (0V) Ground 8 Antenna
input pin ANT Table 7. Pin Description of RF Receiver 4.7)
LCD LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic
display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2
LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used
in various devices and circuits. These modules are
preferred over seven segments and other multi segment
LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily
programmable; have no limitation of displaying special &
even custom characters (unlike in seven segments),
animations and so on. A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16
characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has
two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command
register stores the command instructions given to the LCD.
A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined
task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor
position, controlling display etc. The data register stores
the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII
value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. 23 GCET
Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
31. Fig. 13 LCD Display Pin No Function Name 1 Ground (0V)
Ground 2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc 3 Contrast
adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE 4 Selects
command register when low; and data register when high
Register Select 5 Low to write to the register; High to read
from the register Read/write 6 Sends data to data pins
when a high to low pulse is given Enable 7 8 DB1 9 DB2 10
DB3 11 DB4 12 DB5 13 DB6 14 DB7 15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led- Table 8. Pin Description of LCD
4.8) TRANSFORMER: Transformers convert AC electricity
from one voltage to another with little loss of power.
Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the
reasons why mains electricity is AC. The two types of
transformers Step-up transformers increase voltage, Step-
down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies
use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously
high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. The
input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
the secondary. There is no electrical connection between
the two coils, instead they are linked by an alternating
magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the
transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little
power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in.
Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped
up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the
turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-
down transformer has a large number of turns on its
primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage
mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary
(output) coil to give a low output voltage. Turns ratio = Vp =
Np Vs Ns And 24 Pin Description: 8-bit data pins DB0 GCET
Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
32. Power Out = Power In Vs ´ Is Vp ´ Ip Where Vp = primary
(input) voltage Np = number of turns on primary coil Ip =
primary (input) current Ns = number of turns on secondary
coil Is = secondary (output) current Vs = secondary (output)
voltage Fig. 14 Transformer 25 GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
33. 5.) BIDIRECTIONAL VISITOR COUNTER & HOME
AUTOMATION 5.1) PROJECT OVERVIEW This Project “Bi-
directional Visitor Counter and Home Automation” using
Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task
of controlling the room lights as well as counting number of
persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When
somebody enters into the room then the counter is
incremented by one and the light in the room will be
switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the
counter is decremented by one. The light will be only
switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The
total number of persons inside the room is also displayed
on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does
the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and
this signal is operated under the control of software which
is stored in ROM. Microcontroller AT89S52 continuously
monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass
through the IR Receiver’s then the IR Rays falling on the
receiver are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the
Microcontroller. Fig. 15 PCB Layout of BDVC 26 GCET Bikaner-
ECE Embedded System-Roshan Mani
34. Fig. 16 Circuit Description 27 5.2) Circuit Components: 
5 Resistor of 330 ohms  2 Variable Resistor of 20 Kohms 
2 Variable Resistor of 50Kohms  2 Electrolytic Capacitor 
4 Ceramic Capacitor 104  2 Ceramic Capacitor 33 pF 
11.0592 MHz crystal Oscillator  AT89S52  7805  7812  3
LED  Reset Key  2 Relay  ULN2803 Relay Driver IC 
LM324 IC  IR LED  IR Phototransistor GCET Bikaner-ECE
Embedded System-Roshan Mani
35. 5.3) Circuit Design: The heart of the circuit design lies
in designing the microcontroller interface. Here we use the
microcontroller AT89S52. The microcontroller AT89S52 is
interfaced to the IR sensor pairs at two ports pins – P1.0
and P1.1 respectively. The 7 segment display is interfaced
to the microcontroller at port P2.Another important aspect
of the design involves designing the oscillator circuit and
the reset circuit. The oscillator circuit is designed by
selecting a 11.0592MHz quartz crystal and two ceramic
capacitors-each 33pF. The reset circuit is designed by
selecting an electrolyte capacitor of 10uF to ensure a reset
pulse width of 100ms and reset pin voltage drop of 1.2V.The
sensor circuit is designed by selecting appropriate value of
resistors for both the LED and the phototransistor. 5.4)
Operation: When the system is powered, the compiler
initially initializes the stack pointer and all other variables. It
then scans the input ports (PortP1.0 first). In the meantime,
when there is no interruption between the IR LED and the
phototransistor of the first sensor pair, the output of the
phototransistor is always at low voltage. In other words
port P1.0 is at logic low level. Now when a transition takes
place, i.e. a logic high level is received at port P1.0, the
compiler sees this as an interruption to sense the passage
of a person or an object between the IR LED and the
phototransistor. As per the program, the count value is
increased and this value is displayed on the Counter. Now
the compiler starts scanning the other input pin-P1.1. Similar
to the first sensor pair, for this sensor pair also the
phototransistor conducts in absence of any interruption
and P1.1 is at logic low level. In case of an interruption, the
pin P1.1 goes high and this interruption is perceived by
decreasing the value of count.The program ensures that
the scanning of both the port pins is done at certain delays
so as to avoid confusion of reading. For instance port P1.0
is scanned for two or three interruptions so as to ensure
the count value is above 1 or 2. 5.5) Applications: 1. This
circuit can be used domestically to get an indication of
number of persons entering a party. 2. It can be used at
official meetings. 3. It can be used at homes and other
places to keep a check on the number of persons entering
a 4. It can also be used as home automation system to
ensure energy saving by switching on the loads 5.6)
Limitations: 1. It is a theoretical circuit and may require few
changes in practical implementation. 2. It is a low range
circuit and cannot be implemented at large areas. 3. With
frequent change in the count value, after a certain time the
output may look confusing. 28 secured place. and fans only
when needed. GCET Bikaner-ECE Embedded System-
Roshan Mani
36. This part of the report describe the overall result and
conclusion made during the training period.  Basics of
Embedded System  Medium Level circuit designing
involving microcontroller  Fault Diagonasis in circuit  PCB
designing and embedded C programming  Introduction of
various electronics component The training at CMC
Academy, Jaipur provided me an insight on embedded
system technology and recent trends in industry. This
training also helped me in my overall personality
development by interaction with many trainees and the
staff members. It provided me Industrial Exposure, and the
working experience with real life professionals which will
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37. 30 7. Bibliography 1.www.google.co.in
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