eetvoetoheg 11. potntchorge 10:76 le oltuated atthe eantre of @ abe of Pm Sica fhrough its surface. reef = edie of Sm sida, Coledete the cnet seal 12, A 20 em diamater loop Is rotated ina uniform electric field until is found. The flux inthis postion |e found tobe x OFRm'VC Caleubte the fald stranger 4.14 SOP, 13, The total electric flux through a closed surface in the of a ayn leulate the net charge within the cylinder? bacsamhatheiaatiad 1A90 104 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL OR ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL ‘¢*NB Potential Difference (pd) %, % 4 ‘Consider an isolated point charge +q at O in free space. Let A and B be two points in the electric field dew this charge. Let a unit positive charge be placed at A. It experiences a force of repulsion. ‘Now ket the unit positive charge be moved from A to B without acceloration against this foree. this, work has to be done against the force of repulsion. Let this work be denoted by W,4- This is called potential difference between the two points A and B. ‘Thus potential difference between two points inan electric field may be daflned as the aims of work done in moving a ‘untt positive charge from one pont to the other without acceleration ags electrical forces. Je Vy—V,= Wags Where V, and V,are the potentials at A and B respectively. W,, will be +ve, 0.01 according as the potential at B is greater than, equal to or less than the potential at A. The unit of pais The pd between two polnts ts one volt if one Joule of work ls done n moving one covlok charge from one point to another without acceleration against electrical forces. NB Electric potential ; lat pt fr vay fom the charg producing th fee ahenaszeo. So nt figure, ifAisat infinity, V, =0, .. Wy" Ve ee W., isthe work done ix moving aunt postive charge from infinity tothe point B and Vy a. Thus elo patent tpi af te wrt dane main charge, infinity to that, without accel le A a ced te ke care ste pial cosy ofthe care Electric potentialis denoted thicletes V end ia.scalarcumtty, oe a omensared ty V = We work one perenichar 3, Unit of potential isJ/C or volt (V) ‘.Dimension of potential =MLT“T". ; 5.Also, pd na rene VV, White sre moving achngeq instead oft Consider two fe nthe etre eld : ; Conse erty de Let av bethepd between A and B. Thisma eta ek done moving xn postive charge om At. 4 é kedV= E(-dr) {because WFxS} rl or aD ee & scaled penta gradict which sovis thera ofcbangp ale or : Ae rc lle equa to mtv godt felt 4 apart tenthe ler el bl distance d 1 ICV isthe pd betweentwo plates kept st + B= Wid. orpd, VES. . ect eid genby Wal | wore donelnmoving a charge qberween wo poets | Scanned by qtential wg wo St ns abe where V is the pd between the 8 ‘and vis the ve . ange 4 5.1fm isthe mass ofthe particle oF Electron volt (eV) ‘One eleczron vol is the volt, eV = 1.602 x 10 ar’ NB ctr potential due tox point AA, 10 ‘Consider two points Aand B in the lear fed m1 B. a pon charge +, Let aunt postive ote ial, poi charge 9 Len if EP goto, av thew postive arse ae “i The workdone in moving gomintcY ton point P,distant fom, dv=-Edr, sheet thet workdonelamiovre trun > the potential at Pisgiven by, ve fav = fre——O ; a —— recnnieraicarcinnsrsn nce “ane, mmf) From(1)and @): ; a feta a iasae* = wa! A. Potential at Péueto-q Yt“ Gye, AP <. Net potential at P, veVt\s rata. _afit_ -—_ 4-—— Therefore V" Jae, BP Ane, AP ButBP~CP=r-¢ 0058 ond APs DP: liye 1 ph eos 5 r+ feos0 —r + £0056 ad [te wisal rah Fy at “a Scanned by ca =r ¢ 0058ro vert 9@Qem0 ys peo Tag =O eos?) Re -PaH peoso She p= @@0) and ¢2 cece; V" GRO {Sam Ufpokup booths axinof pokey Cane. CA om the equatorial neo io, ona then 0-907 peop = pees90 Vanes ieee VogeeeT™ ° surface, same at every point on a surfoce. itis called an exrulpotential naface. -equipotential surface. he charge from one point to another along the: a ‘No work is to be done in moving Saas we see rece ee ae 116. To carry a charge of 2 x 10-3 C froma; SV. the workslone is 05 3. Whart i the ree of V2 7, Coleulate the electric potential due toa point charge - 15 1.Cata point distant 9 em from the. Lasx 18. Twe point chorges-4}1C and 2 }Care separated by a distance of Im. Find the point et which ic potential due to the charges is zero, 0.667 m from -4}1C] CAPACTTANCE Capacitance of a conductor is its ability to store electric charges. Mfclectriz charges are givento ‘conductor, ts potential rises. The potential V of a conductor is directly proportionallto its charge q. ieqeV Or —q=CV where Cis called the capacity or capacitance of the conductor. ‘Thats the capacitance of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the charge to the potential throwgh which the conductor rises. - The capacitance of a conductor is one fora if a charge of one coulomb is sufficient to raise its potential through one volt. Note: farad is a large unit. So for convenience, we use micro farad (iF) ¥e 10*F, nano farad (nF) 10°F, pico firad (pF) 10-* F etc, (Capacitance ofa spherical conductor. . Consider a charged spherical conductor of radius r and carrying a charge q, keptisolated from the inflvence of other charged bodies. re . . q ‘Thea the potzatal at any point onthe surfce ofthe spherical conductor, V = = Capacitance ¢ = 4 = 4 5 gneyr < Qs 4ue,r . Ifthe sphere is kept ina medium of dielectric constant ¢,, thenC= 4ne.s, Scanned by CamSc:connected in parallel. Hence effective capectance ¢_ £9(0-1) A _ &£,(0-1) A d é Effect of dielectric on capacitors. 2.1 avoids the electric discharge between the plates. 3. The dickectric prevents the two plates coming into contact and keeps the plates very close together. NB. Capecttors a Series Consider three capacitors of capacitance C,,C, and C, comected in series In series cornbination, cach capacitor is | with the ae ae charged sume charge while they will be raised through different potentials inaccordance 5 ILV,,V, and V, are the pd's of capacitors respectively, Ve V,+V,#V, where V = pd between the three capacitors. a4; ved: ye Now ines we'd Also Vind where C is called oquivalent fechator ie Here C effective or equivalent capacitance of the combination. Net capacitors ofcapactance CC, s04C, comected in parallel. Let V be the pd appliod. Then ali the will have the same pd, V. Let Q,, Q, a0dQ, be Oa 7 omit oe cr merely a caper of capacitance C, thenQ=CV. ac VORe v. ; e co . Here, aceclive reget capciane oft combiaion rs charged capacitor is the ‘amount of work done in charging it. This work done wit ial energy. - «seed cpa oer cedars charge Qtoit fromabattryle 3 bethe charge at any instant and V be the potential : wn V -4 . G Let an addtional charge dq be supplied tothe capacitor bythe battery. Scanned by CamSca re ee‘Then Work done, dW» V da tessronaes The total work done In charging the eapackor from 0 to Q, W fw = ‘ea bs + Sasa he W= 2. ‘Tha work done is sored potential onerny lathe capacitor «nergy of capactor, Y w 2 ) Bul Q=CV. Thorofore, U = CY 2 oy. goVim fey Also C=Q/V. Therefore U = 2» Lay .. v 2 ‘Thus energy ofa capactior, U= 2 = Lov? » Loy capactiog, UG 7 ACV = ZOV. ‘Note: Energy of'a capacitor (Graphical Method), Incase of a capacitor, charge Q e V . Soa graph drawn connencting Qand Visas shown. ‘The area under the curve give the energy of the capacitor. Q Therefirgeneng, B= base x altitude = £Q.V WH Energy density ofa capacitor. Energy stored per unit volume of the medium between the plates of a capacitor is called energy density of the capacitor. Consider a parallel plate capacitor of charge density o and capacitance C. Then charge, q=c Aand wie capacitance = C a" 19. Two conductors have net charges of #20.0 11, Ef the potential difference between the conduct: ne is 20.0 V, calculate the capacitance of the system. A liquid drop has a capacitance of 2 pF. (|) Calculate its radius. (Wi) ZF Itspotentia 1s100V, wha charge on the drop? (08 x 103m, 2x 10" 1, A parallel plate capacitor has an area of 4,00 x 10+ m® and a Separation of 2.00 mn lculate Ite capacitance, (11) If the plate. jon ts Increased to 3,00 mm, find the capacitance. (U1 space between the plates is filled witha medium of dielectric constant 6,7, calculate the copacit the second case, [1.77% 10°F; 1.18 x 104F; 7.90 x 10 ‘The energy of a copacitor Is 0.2 J. Tf its capacitance is 2 HF, calculate, (\) the charge o1 opacitor and ('l) the potential difference between the plates, 10.89 x 10°C; _ 449. Scanned by CamSc