Türk. entomol. derg.

, 2019, 43 (2): 171-178 ISSN 1010-6960

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/entoted.537320 E-ISSN 2536-491X

Original article (Orijinal araştırma)

Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of
root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White,
1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)1
Şeftali ve nektarin anaçlarının, Kök ur nematodu türleri; Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)’nın farklı popülasyonlarına karşı reaksiyonu
Mürşide YAĞCI2* Galip KAŞKAVALCI3 Zübeyir DEVRAN4
Abstract
The reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks, Garnem, Cadaman, GF 677, Barrier, Nemaguard and M-29,
used in Turkey was investigated to five populations of root knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885), under controlled conditions. The study was conducted at the
Plant Protection Central Research Institute of the Laboratory of Nematology (Republic of Turkey Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry) in 2013-2016. Three M. javanica (TR16-2, TR12-1 and S5-1) and two M. incognita (TR10-3,
S4-1) populations were obtained from infested peach orchards and established pure culture. All rootstocks were
inoculated with 3000 second stage juveniles (J2s) from each a population. Each combination was replicated five
times. One hundred and twenty d after inoculation, the ratio of galling on the roots and the number of nematode J2s
in the soil were assessed and thus the response of rootstocks was determined. M-29, Cadaman and Garnem
rootstocks were resistant to all populations, whereas GF 677 was susceptible to all populations. Nemaguard was
resistant to TR16-2 and TR12-1 populations, but this rootstock was susceptible to S5-1, TR10-3 and S4-1
populations. Barrier rootstock was moderately resistant to TR16-2 and TR12 populations but susceptible to S5-1 and
S4-1 populations. The findings could be used for control root-knot nematodes as well in breeding programs.

Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, nectarine, peach, resistance, rootstocks

Öz
Türkiye'de kullanılan Garnem, Cadaman, GF 677, Barrier, Nemaguard ve M-29 olarak adlandırılan şeftali ve
nektarin anaçlarının kontrollü koşullar altında Kök ur nematodu türleri Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919)
ve Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)’nın beş popülasyonuna karşı reaksiyonu incelenmiştir. Çalışma, 2013-2016
yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, Bitki Koruma Merkezi Araştırma Enstitüsü Nematoloji Laboratuvarı (T.C.
Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı)’nda 2013-2016 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulaşık şeftali bahçelerinden elde edilen üç M.
javanica (TR16-2, TR12-1 ve S5-1) ve iki M. incognita (TR10-3, S4-1) popülasyonu ile çalışılmış olup, söz konusu
popülasyonların saf kültürleri oluşturulmuştur. Bütün anaçlara her popülasyondan 3000 ikinci dönem larva (J2s)
inokulasyonu yapılmıştır. Deneme, her bir anaç için beş tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Bulaştırmadan yüz yirmi gün
sonra, köklerdeki ur oluşum oranı ve topraktaki ikinci dönem larva (J2s) sayısı analiz edilmiş ve böylece anaçların
direnci belirlenmiştir. GF 677 tüm popülasyonlara karşı hassas iken, M-29, Cadaman ve Garnem anaçlarının tüm
popülasyonlara karşı dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Nemaguard, TR16-2 ve TR12-1 popülasyonlarına dayanıklı iken, S5-1,
TR10-3 ve S4-1 popülasyonlarına hassas olarak saptanmıştır. Barrier anacı TR16-2 ve TR12 popülasyonlarına karşı
orta derecede dirençli iken S5-1 ve S4-1 popülasyonlarına karşı hassas olarak kaydedilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular,
kök-ur nematodlarının kontrolünde ve ıslah programlarında kullanılabilir.
Anahtar sözcükler: Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, nektarin, şeftali, dayanıklılık, anaç

1
This study is a part of first author’s PhD thesis.
2
Directorate of Plant Protection Central Research Institute, 06172 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
3
Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 35100 Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
4
Akdeniz University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, 07058 Kampüs, Antalya, Turkey
* Corresponding author (Sorumlu yazar) e-mail: [email protected]
Received (Alınış): 08.03.2019 Accepted (Kabul ediliş): 22.04.2019 Published Online (Çevrimiçi Yayın Tarihi): 17.05.2019

171
Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)

Introduction
Turkey is among the main countries, producing peaches and nectarines in the world; China
produces the most, and Turkey is the fourth largest producer (USDA, 2018). Peach-nectarine cultivation
has spread to many parts of the world with mild climates. The Mediterranean basin is one of the
important cultivation centers. These fruits are rich in nutrients and malic acid constitutes 80-90% of the
acid found in peach. Sugars constitutes 60-65% of water-soluble dry matter. This concentration is higher
in clingstone peach. One hundred g peach contains 7-12 g sugar, 2-20 mg vitamin C, nitrogen, and
vitamins A and B at different ratios (Anonymous, 2008). Fruit is consumed fresh as well as jam, compote
and fruit juice (Anonymous, 2004).
Today, various pest and disease problems are increasing and cause peach crop losses. Root-knot
nematodes are one of the most important. Since root-knot nematodes have a very wide host range, it is
difficult control. As a result of nematode feeding, large galls form throughout the root system of infected
plants. Plants infested with nematodes have symptoms on the aboveground parts, including foliage
yellowing and smaller leaves, because of their reduced ability to absorb and transport nutrients from the
soil.
The damage varies depending on the nematode density and the sensitivity of the plant. Most plant
parasitic nematodes live underground and are thus difficult to control. Therefore, plant resistance is an
important management strategy. One of the most effective, environmentally friendly control measures in
plants is the use of genetic host resistance. Using resistant cultivars can prevent the reproduction of the
nematodes and it does not require any special application techniques or equipment, so It has a lower
cost compared with other control methods (Lopez-Perez et al., 2006). The detection of the resistance of
rootstock against the nematodes is very important to control the nematode and selection for establish
new orchards.
There are four main root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889), Meloidogyne
hapla Chitwood, 1949, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub,
1885), that can cause damage to Prunus spp., but M. incognita and M. javanica are the predominant
species in peach and plum (Ye et al., 2009). Root-knot nematodes cause serious problems in warm,
sandy and well-drained soils (Pinochet et al., 1999). In South Carolina, M. incognita and M. javanica were
found in 95 and 5% of peach orchards, respectively (Nyczepir et al., 1997). The most common symptom
of root-knot nematode problems in peach is stunted growth of young trees. Thus, quantity and quality of
fruit can be reduced in peach growing areas infested with RKNs. Maquilan et al. (2018) reported that
RKNs caused disease complexes with fungi and bacteria in peach orchards.
Root-knot nematodes has been found on different cultivated plants in Turkey (Elekçioğlu et al.,
1994; Kaşkavalcı & Öncüer, 1999; Devran & Söğüt 2009; İmren et al., 2014; Aydınlı, 2018). In Turkey,
the limited studies have been conducted on peach and nectarine rootstocks. The aim of this study was to
determine the reaction of the rootstocks widely used peach and nectarine production in Turkey to
populations of M. incognita and M. javanica.
Material and Methods
Nematode material
Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica populations were originally isolated from a peach and
nectarine orchards in the Aegean Region. Soil and root samples were taken from infected peach and
nectarine orchards in 2012-2013 (Yağcı et al., 2018). Three M. javanica (TR16-2, TR12-1 and S5-1) and
two M. incognita (TR10-3 and S4-1) populations were obtained from these orchards (Figure 1).

172
 Yağcı et al., Türk. entomol. derg., 2019, 43 (2)

Figure 1. Peach and nectarine orchards in Aegean Region.

Plant material
GF677, Garnem, M-29, Barrier, Cadaman (the clones of Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) and Nemaguard
(open pollinated peach seedling rootstock), which are commonly grown for peach production in Turkey,
were used in this study. Tomato cv. SC 2121 was used for mass rearing of root-knot nematodes and was
planted into 500 ml pots containing soil mixture. Peach materials were transplanted into 3 L pots
containing sand-soil mixture previously sterilized at 120ºC (Robbins & Barker, 1974; Chen et al., 1995).
Pure culture of populations
Egg masses were collected with the help of forceps under a stereo-binocular microscope and
second stage juveniles (J2s) were obtained from infested roots and the soil. They were inoculated to
susceptible tomato cv. SC 2121 at the four leaf stage. After 8 weeks egg masses were collected with
forceps under the stereo-binocular microscope. Pure culture of nematode populations was identified
morphologically (Yağcı, 2017).
Mass rearing of nematode populations
Two M. incognita and three M. javanica populations were reared for use in this study. Experiments
were conducted in a temperature-controlled glasshouse at 25-30ºC. Tomatoes were harvested and egg
masses collected from roots 3 months after inoculation. The J2s were extracted from the eggs using a
Baermann funnel (Hooper, 1986). About 3,000 J2s were collected under a light microscope (Leica DM
300, Wetzlar, Germany) from each population for inoculation.
Inoculation of root-knot nematode populations
Plants of uniform height of 15-20 cm and 10-20 leaves were inoculated through three 3-cm deep
holes with a suspension of 3000 J2s per plant containing an equal proportion of populations (M. incognita
and M. javanica) (Fernandez et al., 1995). The study was conducted at the Plant Protection Central
Research Institute of the Laboratory of Nematology (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry) in 2013-2016. Each experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with five
replicates. Plants were watered daily or as needed during the study. Experiments were conducted in a
climate chamber at 25±2ºC and 65% RH with a 14:8 h L:D photoperiod. Plants were harvested 120 d
after inoculation.
Data analysis
The number of galls and egg masses per root system were recorded using the 0-5 gall index scale
of Hartman & Sasser (1985). Plants in scale 0 to 2 were rated as resistant, and 3 to 5 as susceptible.
One-hundred-g soil samples were taken from each pot and collected to determine of the J2 density in the
soil. J2s were extracted from the soil with a Baermann funnel. SPSS statistical program was used in the
analysis and averages compared according to the Duncan test at P ≤ 0.01 level.

173
Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)

Results and Discussion

Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica were examined 120 d after inoculation and the ratio of the
population densities were determined.
The reaction of rootstocks to M. javanica TR 16-2 was calculated according to gall index, gall
number and final nematode population (Pf). M-29, Cadaman, Garnem, Nemaguard and Barrier were
resistant to TR 16-2 while GF 677 was susceptible with the highest final population (Table 1).
Table 1. Number of galls, gall index and final population for Meloidogyne javanica population TR 16-2 on different rootstocks
[(mean±SD) (min, max)], (n = 5)

Rootstock Gall number Gall index Final population

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

M-29 a* a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.20±0.20 0.20±0.20 0.00±0.00

Cadaman a a a
(0.00-1.00) (0.00-1.00) (0.00- 0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Garnem a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Nemaguard a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

1.40±1.16 0.60±0.40 32.00±20.20

Barrier a a a
0.00-6.00 (0.00-2,00) (0.00-96.00)

28.20±6.77 3.60±0.24 282.00±22.00

GF677 b b b
12.00-48.00 (3.00-4.00) (216.00-340.00)

*Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.01).

Rootstocks M-29, Cadaman, Garnem and Nemaguard were resistant to M. javanica population TR
12-1. Barrier with gall index of 2.20 in the second group was susceptible. GF 677 was susceptible with
the highest number of final population and with gall index of 3.60 (Table 2).
Table 2. Number of galls, gall index and final population for Meloidogyne javanica population TR 12-1 on different rootstocks
[(mean±SD) (min, max)], (n = 5)

Rootstock Gall number Gall index Final population

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

M-29 a* a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Cadaman a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00- 0.00) (0.00- 0.00)

0.80±0.49 0.40±0.24 0.00±0.00

Garnem a a a
(0.00-2.00) (0.00-1.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Nemaguard a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

6.80±1,35 2.20±0.20 51.80±10.90

Barrier a b b
(3.00-11.00) (2.00-3.00) (30.00-90.00)

35.80±7.34 3.60±0.40 199.00±31.00

GF677 b c c
(9.00-52.00) (2.00-4.00) (81.00-256.00)

*Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.01).

174
 Yağcı et al., Türk. entomol. derg., 2019, 43 (2)

Rootstocks M-29, Cadaman, Garnem and Nemaguard were resistant to population TR S5-1.
Barrier and GF677 rootstocks were susceptible with gall indices of 2.60 and 2.80, respectively. The
highest number of J2s was found in GF677 (Table 3).
Table 3. Number of galls, gall index and final population for Meloidogyne javanica population S5-1 on different rootstocks
[(mean±SD) (min, max)], (n = 5)

Rootstock Gall number Gall index Final population

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

M-29 a* a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Cadaman a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Garnem a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

3.60±1.83 1.20±0.37 35.60±20.00

Nemaguard a ab a
(0.00-9.00) (0.00-2.00) (0.00-108.00)

26.80±12.00 2.60±0.49 182.00±47.50

Barrier ab c c
(2.00-72.00) (1.00-4.00) (30.00-314.00)

53.00±22.30 2.80±1.07 223.00±93.70

GF677 b b c
(0.00-107.00) (0.00-5.00) (0.00-441.00)

*Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.01).

Rootstocks M-29, Cadaman and Garnem were resistant to M. incognita population S4-1.
Nemaguard, Barrier and GF677 were susceptible with gall indices of 4.00, 3.80 and 4.80. The highest
final population was found in GF677, no J2s were found in M-29 and Garnem (Table 4).
Table 4. Number of galls, gall index and final population for Meloidogyne incognita population S4-1 on different rootstocks
[(mean±SD) (min, max)], (n = 5)

Rootstock Gall number Gall index Final population

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

M-29 a* a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

1.60±1.60 0.40±0.40 11.80±11.80

Cadaman a a a
(0.00-8.00) (0.00-2.00) (0.00-59.0)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Garnem a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

71.80±24.80 4.00±0.54 182.00±30.20

Nemaguard b bc b
(4.00-131) (2.00-5.00) (95.00-282.00)

52.80±9.10 3.80±0.20 287.00±28.30

Barrier b b c
(18.00-68.00) (3.00-4.00) (204.00-370.00)

115.00±17.60 4.80±0.20 459.00±52.30

GF677 c c d
(70.00-178.00) (4.00-5.00) (269.00-583.00)

*Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.01).

Rootstocks Cadaman and Garnem were resistant to M. incognita population TR10-3. Nemaguard
and GF677 were susceptible with gall indices of 3.00 and 5.00, respectively. Final population score of
Cadaman and Garnem were 0, whereas GF677 was 554 (Table 5).

175
Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)

Table 5. Number of galls, gall index and final population for Meloidogyne incognita population TR10-3 on different rootstocks
[(mean±SD) (min, max)], (n = 5)

Rootstock Gall number Gall index Final population

Cadaman 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

a* a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

21.70±2.96 3.00± 0.00 110.00±18.70

Nemaguard a a a
(16.00-26.00) (3.00-3.00) (89.00-147.00)

0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 0.00±0.00

Garnem a a a
(0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00) (0.00-0.00)

151.00±21.90 5.00±0.00 554.00±66.20

GF677 b b b
(113.00-189.00) (5.00-5.00) (433.00-661.00)

*Means followed by the same letter are not statistically different according to the Duncan test (P ≤ 0.01).

Rootstocks M-29, Cadaman, Garnem, Nemaguard and Barrier were resistant to TR 16-2 while GF
677 was susceptible with the highest final population. GF 677 and Barrier were susceptible to M. javanica
population TR 12-1 and M-29, Cadaman, Garnem and Nemaguard resistant. Whereas, M-29, Cadaman,
Garnem and Nemaguard were resistant to TR S5-1 and Barrier and GF677 were were susceptible. M-29,
Cadaman and Garnem were resistant to M. incognita population S4-1 and Nemaguard, Barrier and
GF677 were susceptible. Cadaman and Garnem were resistant to M. incognita population TR10-3 and
Nemaguard and GF677 were susceptible (Figure 2). Yoshikawa et al. (1989) reported that Nemaguard,
Nemared and Lovell rootstocks were widely used in California, and Nemaguard and Nemared rootstocks
were resistant to root-knot nematodes.
Rootstocks M-29, Cadaman and Garnem were resistant to all nematode populations. However,
Pinochet et al. (1999) found that Garnem and Cadaman were resistant to M. javanica. Likewise, Özbek et
al. (2014) reported that Garnem, Cadaman and Myrobalan 29-C when inoculated J2s of M. incognita race
2 and M. javanica all rootstocks were resistant. Esmenjaud et al. (1997) reported that M-29 was resistant
to populations of M. arenaria, M. incognita and M. javanica. In another study, Özarslandan & Tanrıver
(2018) showed that Myrobalan 29-C, Garnem, Patrones Arda, Cadaman, Patrones Toro, Mariana GF 8-1
rootstocks were resistant to M. incognita while Myrobalan B and GF677 were susceptible.

Figure 2. Galls on the peach and nectarine roots caused by M. incognita.

176
 Yağcı et al., Türk. entomol. derg., 2019, 43 (2)

Nemaguard and Barrier are reported to be resistant to root-knot nematodes (Sherman & Lyrene,
1983; Huettel & Hammerschlag, 1993; Pinochet et al., 1996, 1999; Layne & Bassi, 2008). However, in
the present study these rootstocks were susceptible to some of nematode populations. Similarly,
Esmenjaud et al. (1997) reported that Nemaguard was resistant to populations of M. arenaria, M.
incognita and M. javanica but it was susceptible to Florida isolates (M. incognita race 3). Meza et al.
(2016) showed that Nemaguard had variable resistance to each of the most aggressive isolates.
GF 677 was susceptible to all root-knot nematode populations. In previous studies, Pinochet al.
(1996) showed that GF677 was susceptible to M. incognita (5 populations), M. javanica (5 populations),
M. arenaria (5 populations), M. hapla (1 population), Meloidogyne hispanica Hirschmann, 1986 (1
population) and Barrier was moderately resistant. Cadaman and Nemaguard rootstocks were also
resistant to all populations. In another study, Fernandez (1995) reported that GF677 was susceptible
while Barrier was moderately resistant to M. incognita. Nyczepir & Wood (2012) reported that Nemaguard
was highly resistant to Meloidogyne partityla Kleynhans, (1986) and no egg masses were present on the
roots. Additionally, Marull et al. (1991) reported that GF-677 was susceptible to M. arenaria.
Several studies have been conducted on Prunus. Esmenjaud et al. (1995) found that in their study
15-month-old hardwood cuttings of Myrobalan (P. cerasifera) were resistant to M. arenaria populations. In
another study, Ye et al. (2009) showed that root-knot nematodes caused serious damage to the Prunus
rootstocks in China and some cultivars such as Tsukuba-4 and Tsukuba-5 were immune to M. incognita.
In conclusion, Barrier, Nemaguard and GF 677 rootstocks should not be selected to establish new
orchards in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Garnem, M-29 and Cadaman rootstocks are resistant to all root-
knot nematode populations in our study. Thus, they should be used in the peach and nectarine cultivation.
These resistant rootstocks can be used to control M. incognita and M. javanica in IPM programs. The
results could provide important knowledge for plant breeders, and peach and nectarine growers.
References
Anonymous, 2004. Beslenme ve Kanser. (Web page: http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/~bilheal/aykonu/ay2004/ocak2004/
kanserkorunma.html) (Date accessed: March 2012).
Anonymous, 2008. Şeftali Yetiştiriciliği (Prunus persica L.). (Web page: http://www.arastirma.tarimorman.gov.tr/
marem/Belgeler/Yetiştiricilik%20Bilgileri/Şeftali%20Yetiştiriciliği.pdf). (Date accessed: May 2019).
Aydınlı, G., 2018. Detection of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne luci Carneiro et al., 2014 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)
in vegetable fields of Samsun Province, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 42 (3): 229-237.
Chen, S. Y., D. W. Dickson & D. J. Mitchell, 1995. Effects of soil treatments on the survival of soil microorganisms.
Journal of Nematology, 27 (4S): 661-663.
Devran, Z & M. A. Söğüt, 2009. Distribution and identification of root knot nematodes from Turkey. Journal of
Nematology, 41: 128-133.
Elekçioğlu, İ. H, B. Ohnesorge, G. Lung & N. Uygun, 1994. Plant parasitic nematodes in the Mediterranean region of
Turkey. Nematologia Mediterranea 22: 59-63.
Esmenjaud, D., J. C. Minot, R. Voisin, J. Pinochet, M. H. Simard & G. Salesses, 1997. Differential response to root-knot
nematodes in Prunus species and correlative genetic implications. Journal of Nematology, 29 (3): 370-380.
Esmenjaud, D., J. C Minot, R. Voisin, G. Salesses & A. Bonnet, 1995. Effect of cutting age on the resistance of
Prunus cerasifera (Myrobalan Plum) to Meloidogyne arenaria. Journal of Nematology, 27 (4S): 634-638.
Fernandez, C., J. Pinochet, D. Esmenjaud, J. M. Gravato-Nobre & A. Felipe, 1995. Age of plant material influences
resistance of some Prunus rootstocks to Meloidogyne incognita. HortScience, 30 (3): 582-585.
Hartman, K. M. & J. N. Sasser, 1985. “Identification of Meloidogyne species on The Basis of Different Host Test and
Perineal Pattern Morphology, 69-77”. In: An Advanced Treatise on Meloidogyne, Vol.2 Methodology. Graphics
(Eds. J. N. Sasser, K. R Barker & C. C. Carter). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA, 223 pp.
Hooper, D. J., 1986. “Handling, Fixing, Staining and Mounting Nematodes, 59-80”. In: Laboratory Methods for Work
with Plant on Soil Nematodes (Ed. J. F. Southey). Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, England, 202 pp.

177
Reaction of peach and nectarine rootstocks to different populations of root-knot nematode species, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid &
White, 1919) and Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885)

Huettel, R. N. & F. A. Hammerschlag, 1993. Response of peach scion cultivars and rootstocks to Meloidogyne
incognita in vitro and in microplots. Journal of Nematology, 25 (3): 472-475.
İmren, M., A. Özaraslandan, E. B. Kasapoğlu, H. Toktay & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2014. Türkiye buğday faunası için yeni bir
tür, Meloidogyne artiellia (Franklin)’nın morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle tanımlanması. Turkish Journal of
Entomology, 38 (2): 189-196.
Kaşkavalcı, G. & C. Öncüer, 1999. Investigations on distribution and economic importance of Meloidogyne Goeldi,
1887 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) species found in the major areas of hot climate vegetables in Aydın
province. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 23: 149-160.
Layne, D. R. & D. Bassi, 2008. The Peach: Botany, Production and Uses. ISBN: 978-1-84593-386-9, 197 pp.
Lopez-Perez, J. A., M. L. Strange, I. Kaloshian & A. T. Ploeg, 2006. Differential response of Mi gene resistant tomato
rootstocks to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita). Crop Protection, 25: 382-388.
Maquilan, M. A. D., A. Sarkhosh & D. Dickson, 2018. Peach root-knot nematode. HS1320, one of a series of the
Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. (Web page: http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu) (Date
accessed: July 2018).
Marull, J., J. Pinochet, S. Verdejo & A. Soler, 1991. Reaction of Prunus rootstocks to Meloidogyne incognita and M.
arenaria in Spain. Journal of Nematology 23 (4S): 564-569.
Meza, P., B. Soto, L. Rjas & D. Esmanjaud, 2016. Identification of Meloidogyne species from the Central Valley of
Chile and interaction with stone fruit rootstocks. Plant disease, 100 (7): 1358-1363.
Nyczepir, A. P., R. W. Miller & T. G. Beckman, 1997. Root-knot nematodes on peach in the southeastern United
States: an update and advances. African Plant Protection, 3: 115.
Nyczepir, A. P. & B. W. Wood, 2012. Assessment of selected pecan and peach rootstocks for resistance to
Meloidogyne partityla. Nematropica, 42: 281-286.
Özarslandan, A. & E. Tanrıver, 2018. Evaluation of some stone fruit rootstocks against resistance to root knot
nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). Uluslararası Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (2): 137-141.
Özbek, B., M. Kayım & İ. H. Elekçioğlu, 2014. Evaluation of resistance for root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne
incognita and Meloidogyne javanica [Tylenchida:Meloidogynidae]) of some Prunus rootstocks grown in vitro
conditions. Uludağ Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 28 (2): 27-35.
Pinochet, J., M. Agles, E. Dalmau, C. Fernandez & A. Felipe, 1996. Prunus rootstock evaluation to root-knot and
lesion nematodes in Spain. Journal of Nematology, 28 (4S): 616-623.
Pinochet, J., C. Calvet, A. Bonet, A. Felipe & M. Moreno, 1999. Resistance of peach and plum rootstocks from Spain,
France and Italy to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. HortScience, 34 (7): 1259-1262.
Robbins, T. & K. R. Barker, 1974. The effects of soil type, particle size, temperature, and moisture on reproduction of
Belonolaimus longicaudatus. Journal of Nematology, 6 (1): 1-6.
Sherman, W. B. & P. M. Lyrene, 1983. Improvement of peach rootstock resistant to root-knot nematodes.
Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society, 96: 207-208.
USDA, 2018. Fresh peaches and cherries: World markets and trade (Web page: http://www.apps.fas.usda.gov/
psdonline/circulars/StoneFruit.pdf) (Date accessed: February 2019).
Yağcı, M., 2017. Türkiye’de Kullanılan Şeftali ve Nektarin Anaçlarının Kök-ur Nematodu Türlerine (Meloidogyne spp.)
Tepkileri İle Dayanıklılık Genlerinin Moleküler İşaretleyicilerle Belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri
Enstitüsü (Basılmamış) Doktora Tezi, Bornova-İzmir, 65+xxii s.
Yağcı, M., G. Kaşkavalcı & Z. Devran, 2018. Ege Bölgesi şeftali alanlarında görülen kök ur nematodu türleri
(Meloidogyne spp.)'nin belirlenmesi ve yayılışının saptanması. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 55
(3): 305-310.
Ye, H., W. Wang, G. Li, L. Zhu & K. Jia, 2009. Resistance mechanisms of Prunus rootstocks to root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne incognita. Fruits: 64: 295-303.
Yoshikawa, F. T., D. W. Ramming & J. H. Larue, 1989. “Rootstocks, 9-11”. In: Peaches, Plums and Nectarines (Eds.
H. James, R. Larue & S. Johnson), University of California Agriculture and Nature Resources, CANR
Publications, Oakland, CA, USA, 252 pp.

178