M.A./M.Sc.

Mathematics - 3rd Semester

MTM 301 – Fluid Dynamics

by

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya

Department of Mathematics,
Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University
 Part – I

Basics of Fluid, Material Derivatives, Equation

of Continuity, Some Important Definitions,
Euler Equation of Motion, Bernoulli’s equation

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 1

Fluid dynamics is concerned with understanding, predicting and
controlling the motion of a fluid. Since we are living in a dense gas
atmosphere on a planet mostly covered by liquid, fluid dynamics is a part
of everyday life. So, fluid dynamics is a subject of widespread interest in
almost every branch of science and in almost all fields of engineering.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 2

Fluid: A substance which can flow is called a fluid.
A fluid is a substance (material) that continuously deforms under the
action of forces, however small. The deformation increases without limit
under the action of forces. Fluids are usually classified as liquids and
gases.
Basic properties of fluid: Density, Viscosity, Temperature, Pressure, etc.
Classification of fluids: Compressible and incompressible fluids.
Viscous(real) and inviscid(ideal) fluids.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 3

Useful Tools
 ˆ ˆ
The vector operator  (called del):   iˆ  j k .
x y z
 ˆj   kˆ  ,  is a scalar.
grad    iˆ 
x y z
a1 a2 a3
diva    a    , where a  a (a1 , a2 , a3 ) .
x y z

iˆ ˆj kˆ
  
Curla    a  ,
x y z
a1 a2 a3

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 4

 Continuum Hypothesis
In the motion of fluid, it is to be described in general, not the motion of
single atom or molecule neither is their microscopic behaviour taken into
account, the following medium is considered as a continuum, i.e., we
consider the macroscopic(bulk) behaviour of fluid by supposing that the
fluid is continuously distributed in a given space. This is known as the
Continuum Hypothesis. This assumption of fluid(matter) allows us to
subdivide a fluid element indefinitely.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 5

Material derivatives (Differentiation following the motion of the fluid)
Let an element of fluid occupies the position P  x, y, z  and at any
instant t ,  x, y, z  is the cartesian coordinate of P . If  u, v, w be the
component of the velocity of the element of the fluid at the point P at
time t , then after small interval of time  t the element of fluid moves to a
position Q where the co-ordinate of Q are  x  u t , y  v t , z  w t  .
Now consider any measurable property (such as density, pressure,
velocity etc.). Let  be a function associated with some property of fluid.
Then in general     x, y, z, t  .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 6

The total change of  due to the moment of fluid element from P to Q is
given by
    x  u t , y  v t , z  w t , t   t     x, y, z, t 
2
     1    
 u t  v t  w t   t    u t  v t  w t   t    ...
 x y z t  2!  x y z t 
    
  t u  v  w     O   t 2 
 x y z t 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 7

Dividing both side by  t and taking limit  t  0 we get the time rate of
change of property  as the element moves with the fluid as
     
lim   u  v  w  (1)
 t 0  t
 t x y z 
 D d 
Now, let lim  or .
 t 0  t Dt dt
  ˆ  ˆ
Also, we have q  uiˆ  vjˆ  wkˆ and   iˆ  j k
x y z
  
So, q.  u v w
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 8

 D 
We have from (1)    q.  
Dt t
This is valid for any scalar or vector function associated with some
property of fluid. Symbolically we can write
    
   q.    u  v  w .
D
Dt t t x y z
D
The operator is known as the differentiation following the motion and
Dt
D
the quantity is known as material derivative of  (substantial or
Dt
total).

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 9

The material derivative consists of two parts. The first part which
represents the rate of change with time, the position being kept fixed is
called local derivative. The second part is called convective derivative
which is associated with the change of the physical property due to the
motion of fluid.
Deductions: (i) If we put   x , then
x x    
   q.  x    u  v  w  x
Dx
Dt t t  x y z 
 u [as x, y, z, t are independent]

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 10

 Dr
So, we have  uiˆ  vjˆ  wkˆ  q , the velocity vector
Dt
where r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ .
Dq
(ii) If we take   q , then  f , the acceleration vector. The
Dt
components of the acceleration vector are,
u u u u Du v v v v Dv
fx  u v  w  , fy   u  v  w 
t x y z Dt t x y z Dt
w w w w Dw
fz  u v w  .
t x y z Dt

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 11

The Equation of Continuity (Conservation of Mass):
The law of conservation of mass states that the mass can
neither be created nor be destroyed. The equation of continuity is
a mathematical presentation of the law of conservation of mass
for fluids.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 12

The Continuity Equation:
Let us consider the motion of fluid. Let V be an arbitrary volume in
the fluid bounded by a surface S , which is fixed in space.
Let P  x, y, z  be any point in V and
  x, y, z, t  be the density of fluid at P . Also,
V is the volume element containing P
Then the total mass of the fluid in the volume
V    dV .
V

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 13

 
The rate at which total mass in V increases   dV
V
t
Let  S denote element of surface S enclosing P on the surface. Let n̂ be
the unit outward-drawn normal at  S and let q  u, v, w be the fluid
velocity at P . Then the normal component of q measured outward from
the volume V is n  q .
So, the rate of mass flows across  S    n  q   S .

Hence, the rate of mass flows across S     n  q  dS

S

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 14

Whereas, the rate of mass increase in V = the rate at which the entering in
to the volume V across the surface S .

So, we have V t dV  S   n  q  dS   S n  (  q ) dS
   div   q  dV
V

  
    div   q   dV  0 .
V 
t 
Since the volume V is arbitrary, so we must have-

 div   q   0 .
t

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 15

This equation is known as equation of continuity. We know
div   q    divq  grad .q   divq   q.  

So, we have   q.     divq  0
t
D
   divq  0
Dt
This is another form of the equation of continuity.
       u v w 
 t  u  v  w        0
 x y z   x y z 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 16

Deductions: We know that a fluid is called incompressible if the density
associated with an element of fluid does not change as it moves with the
fluid i.e. mathematically, we can say that
D
 0 , for an incompressible fluid
Dt
   
i.e. u v w 0
t x y z
so, the equation of continuity for an incompressible fluid reduces to
 divq  0  divq  0
u v w
i.e.,    0.
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 17

The Continuity Equation in Cartesian Coordinates:
Let at any time t a fluid particle with velocity q  u, v, w be at a
position P  x, y, z  and   x, y, z, t  be the density at P.
Let us consider a very small rectangular
parallelopiped with edges of length  x,  y,  z
parallel to coordinate axes where P is a corner
point and it be fixed in the flow region.
Now the mass in elementary parallelopiped
at time t   x y z (without loss of

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 18

generality).
Now the fluid mass flow through the surface PQRS inside the
parallelopiped per unit time   y z u  f  x, y, z  (let)
And similarly, through the surface PQS R   f  x   x, y, z 

  
   f  x, y, z    x  f  x, y, z   ...
 x 
So, the mass entering through the PQRS and PQS R in the elementary
 
parallelopiped per unit time   x  f  x, y, z    x y z   u  .
x x

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 19

Similarly, the mass entering through the PPS S and QQRR in the

elementary parallelopiped per unit time   x y z  v 
y
and the mass entering through the PQQP and SRRS  per unit time

  x y z   w
z
Hence the total mass entering the elementary parallelopiped per unit time
   
  x y z    u     v     w   .
 x y z 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 20

Also, the rate of increase of total mass in the elementary parallelopiped
 
   x y z    x y z .
t t
Thus, using the law of conservation of mass we have
    
 x y z   x y z    u     v     w  
t  x y z 
       u v w 
 u v w       0.
 t x y z   x y z 
This is the equation of continuity in Cartesian coordinates.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 21

Equation of Continuity in Cylindrical Coordinates:
Let at any time t a fluid particle be at a position P  r , , z  and the
density of fluid at P be   r , , z, t 
Let us consider a very small curvilinear parallelopiped with edges of
length  r , r ,  z along r direction,  direction and z direction. Also, the
velocity component along r,  , and z directions are qr , q and qz ,
respectively.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 22

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 23
Now the total mass in the curvilinear parallelopied at any time is given by
  r r z
So, the rate of increase in mass in curvilinear parallelopiped
 
   r r z   r r z
t t
Now, the mass flow through the surface PQRS to the elementary
curvilinear parallelopiped per unit time
  z qr  h  r , , z  (say)
So, mass through the surface PQS R
  h  r   r , , z 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 24

   
   h  r , , z    r h  r , , z    o   r 2 
 r 
Hence, the total mass through the surface PQRS and PQS R entered
inside the elementary curvilinear parallelopiped per unit time
 
  r   r z.qr    r z   rqr 
r r
Similarly, the mass entering through the PPS S and QQRR in the
elementary curvilinear parallelopiped per unit time

  r z   q 


Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 25

And the mass entering through PPQQ and SS RR

  r r z   qz 
z
Thus, the total mass entering in the elementary curvilinear parallelopiped
through all these surfaces
   
  r z   r  qr     q   r   qz  
 r  z 
By the conservation law of mass, we have
   
r   r  qr     q   r   qz   0 .
t r  z
This is the required equation of continuity in cylindrical coordinates.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 26

Equation of continuity in spherical polar coordinates:
Let at any time t a fluid particle be at a position P  r , ,  and fluid
density at point P be   r , , , t  .
Let us consider a curvilinear parallelopiped with edges of length
 r , r and r sin  along r direction,  direction and  direction
respectively and the velocity component be qr , q , and q along r,  , and

 direction respectively.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 27

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 28
Now the total mass in the curvilinear parallelopiped at any time is given
by   rr r sin  .

Hence the rate of mass increase  r 2 sin  r
t
Now, mass passes through the surface PQRS per unit time inside the
elementary parallelopiped
  r r sin  qr  f  r , ,  (say)
So, the mass pass through the surface PQS R per unit time
  f  r   r , , 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 29

Hence, the total mass through PQRS and PQS R
  
  r sin    r 2 qr   .
 r 
Similarly, the fluid mass through the PPS S and QQRR per unit time
  
  r  r   sin  q  
  
and mass through the PPQQ and SS RR per unit time
  
  r  r   q  .
  

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 30

Hence, using the law of conservation of mass we have
   
r 2 sin   sin   r 2  qr   r   sin  q   r   q   0 .
t r  
This is equation of continuity in spherical coordinates.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 31

Stream line:
A stream line is a curve drawn in the fluid such that at any time the
direction of the tangent at every point on it gives the direction of the
velocity of the fluid particle at that point.
Let q  u, v, w be the velocity of the particle at a point P  x, y, z  at any
time t then the differential equations of the stream lines are
dx dy dz
  .
u v w

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 32

Path line:
A curve traced by motion of a fluid particle, is known as the path line. If
u, v, and w be the velocity component of the fluid particle at a point
P  x, y, z  , the equations of path line are
dx dy dz
u ,v  and w  .
dt dt dt
Streak line:
At any instant a streak line through a point P  x, y, z  in the fluid is the
locus of all those particles which have passed through this point at some
earlier instant.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 33

Velocity potential:
If the expression udx  vdy  wdz can be written as an exact differential,
say d , then  is called the velocity potential where q  u, v, w is fluid
velocity at a time t and  is scalar function.
    
Thus udx  vdy  wdz    dx  dy  dz 
 x y z 
  
u , v and w   .
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 34

   ˆ  ˆ  
So, q    iˆ j k      grad (1)
 x y x 
Negative sign ensures that the flow taken place from higher to lower
potential. The necessary and sufficient for equation (1) to be hold is that
curlq  0
 w v  ˆ  u w  ˆ  v u  ˆ
  i     j    k  0
 y z   z x   x y 
w v u w v u
which gives  ,  ,  .
y z z x x y

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 35

Vorticity vector:
If q  uiˆ  vjˆ  wkˆ and curl q  0 then the vector   curl q is called
vorticity vector if  x ,  y and  z components of vorticity vector then
w v u w v u
x   , y   and  z   .
y z z x x y

Vortex line:
A vortex line is curve draw in the fluid such that the tangent at every point
of it represents direction of vorticity vector.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 36

Rotational and irrotational motion:
The motion of fluid is said to be irrotational when the vorticity vector
  0 for every fluid particle and the motion is called rotational if the
vorticity vector non-zero, i.e.,   0 .
So, the necessary and sufficient condition that the fluid motion be
irrotational is that the velocity potential exists.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 37

Difference between stream lines and path lines:
In general stream lines and path lines are different.
For given instant of time stream lines describes how fluid particles
move but path lines represent the motion of the fluid particle in any time.
For time dependent motion, i.e., for unsteady motion the path lines and
stream lines are not in general same.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 38

Boundary surface of a fluid:
We shall find out the condition when the surface F  x, y, z, t   0 may
be a boundary surface.
Let  l , m, n  be the direction cosines of the normal to the surface at any
position P  x, y, z  of a fluid particle at a time t on the surface
F  x, y, z, t   0 and  be the normal velocity at P. Let P be the position
of the particle after time  t on F  0 then PP   . t . Now the projection
of PP along the coordinate axes are l . t , m . t and n . t , respectively.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 39

 Hence, the coordinates of P are  x  l . t , y  m . t , z  n . t  . Since
P is on the surface, we have F  x  l . t , y  m . t , z  n . t   0 .
Expanding in to Taylor’s series and neglecting higher order term, we
have-
F F F F
F  x, y, z, t   l . t  m . t  n . t t  0.
x y z t
F
  t , as F  x, y, z, t   0 .
F F F
l m n
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 40

 Also, as l , m, n are the direction cosines of the normal to the surface
F  x, y, z, t   0 , we can have-

l m n l 2  m2  n2 1
   
F F F 2 2
 F   F   F   F   F   F 
2 2 2 2

x y z            
 x   y   z   x   y   z 
So, we have
F
 t
2 2
 F   F   F   F   F   F 
2 2 2 2

      z        z 
 x   y     x   y   

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 41

 F
 t (1)
2
 F   F   F 
2 2

      z 
 x   y   
Let q  u, v, w be velocity of fluid at P then we have
F F F
u v w
x y z
  ul  vm  wn  2
(2)
 F   F   F 
2 2

      z 
 x   y   
So, we have from (1) and (2)

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 42

 F F F F
u v w 
x y z t
F F F F
 u v w 0 (3)
t x y z
This the required condition of the surface F  x, y, z, t   0 be a boundary
surface of a fluid
We can write (3) as
F DF
  q.  F  0 , i.e., 0
t Dt
F
now if the surface be at rest then  0.
t

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 43

So, the condition becomes
F F F
u v w  0.
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 44

 x2 y2
Example: Show that the 2 tan t  2 cot 2 t  1 is the possible form for
2

a b
bounding surface of a liquid (incompressible).
Solution: We know that the given surface F  x, y, z, t   0 be a bounding
surface if it satisfies the following condition
F F F F
u v w 0
t x y z
where u, v, w must satisfy the equation of continuity
u v w
   0.
x y z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 45

 x2 y2
Now, we have F  x, y, z, t   2 tan t  2 cot 2 t  1  0
2

a b
x2 y2 2x 2 2y 2
2
2 tan t sec 2
t  2
2cot t cos ec 2
t  u 2
tan t  v 2
cot t  w.0  0
a b a b
x y
 2 tan t u tan t  x sec 2 t   2 cot t v cot t  y cos ec 2t   0
a b
This equation is identically satisfied if we take
x sec 2 t y cosec2t
u and v  .
tan t cot t

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 46

Thus if take velocity components as
x y
u and v  , w  0,
sin t cos t sin t cos t
then those will satisfy the equation of continuity.
Hence, it can be a possible boundary surface of fluid with above velocity
components.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 47

Euler’s equation of motion (for inviscid fluid):
Let us consider a portion of moving fluid which occupies the volume V
bounded by surface S at any time t and moves with the fluid, i.e. we
assume V as fluid volume which consist the same set of fluid
particles/elements, moves with the fluid.
Let  V be volume element containing a point P  x, y, z  enclosed by
 S having density   x, y, z, t  and the velocity q  x, y, z, t  then the linear
momentum of the elementary volume or mass q  dV where mass
 dV remains constant.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 48

 Now, the linear momentum of the volume V of the fluid is
M   q  dV .
V

So, the rate of change of linear momentum is given by

DM D D Dq
  q  dV   q  dV    dV (as  dV is constant)

Dt Dt V V
Dt V
Dt
Now, two type of forces are acting on the fluid volume V, namely,
(i) surface forces (ii) external body forces.
Let p be the normal pressure at the point P contained in  V enclosed
by  S .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 49

So, the total surface force on the surface S
  p  nˆ  dS , where n̂ is outward drawn unit normal.
S

   pdV (Here the force is taken inward; the pressure)

V

Again, let F be external body force per unit mass at P then the total
body force on the fluid volume V
  F  dV as F  V is for the elementary  .
V

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 50

So, the total force on the fluid volume
   F   p  dV .
V

Now Newton’s 2nd law of motion (principle of conservation of linear

momentum) states that the time rate change of the total linear momentum
of a given portion of fluid is equal to the total forces acting on that portion
of fluid.

V Dt  dV  V  F   p  dV
Dq
Thus, we have

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 51

  Dq 
    F  p  dV  0
V 
Dt
This is true for any arbitrary volume V.
Hence, we have
Dq
   F  p  0
Dt
q
  q.  q  F  p
Dq 1 1
  F  p  (1)
Dt  t 
This is known as Euler’s equation of motion for inviscid fluid.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 52

Using   A  B    A   B   B   A  A  curlB  B  curlA , for

A  B  q we have
1 
  q.q   2  q.  q  2q  curlq   q.  q  q  curlq    q 2 
2 
The Euler’s equation becomes
q 1 2 1
 q  curlq    q   F  p
t 2  
q 1 1 
 q  curlq  F  p    q 2 
t  2 
This equation is known as Euler’s equation of motion in vector invariant
form.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 53

Now if we take q   u, v, w and F   X , Y , Z  the equation (1) becomes

 ˆ ˆ ˆ     1  p p p 
t
   x y z 
   
ui  vj  wk   u  v  w  uiˆ  vjˆ  wkˆ  Xiˆ  Yjˆ  Zkˆ   iˆ  ˆj  kˆ 
  x y z 
u  u u u  1 p
  u  v  w   X 
t  x y z   x
v  v v v  1 p
 u  v  w   Y 
t  x y z   y
w  w w w  1 p
 u  v  w   Z 
t  x y z   z
These are the Euler’s equation in Cartesian coordinates.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 54

Also, the Euler’s equations of motion in cylindrical coordinates are
Dqr q2 1 p
  Fr  ,
Dt r  r
Dq qr q 1 p
  F  ,
Dt r  r 
Dqz 1 p
 Fz  ,
Dt  z
where  qr , q , qz  are velocity components and  Fr , F , Fz  are
D   q  
components of external body force and   qr   qz .
Dt t r r  z

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 55

Again, the Euler’s equations of motion in spherical coordinate
Dqr q  q 1 p
2 2

  Fr  ,
Dt r  r
Dq q cot  qr q 1 p
2

   F  ,
Dt r r  r 
Dq q q cot  1 p
  F  ,
Dt r  r sin  
where  qr , q , q  are velocity components and  Fr , F , F  are
components of external body forces and
D   q  q 
  qr   .
Dt t r r  r sin  

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 56

Example: A sphere whose center is at rest in an infinite mass of
homogeneous incompressible liquid of density  the pressure at infinity
being  . Show that if the radius R of the sphere varies in any manner,
then the pressure at the surface of the sphere in any time t is
1  d 2 2  dR  
2

    2 R     .
2  dt  dt  
Solution: The only possibility of motion which can take place is one
manner, in which each element of liquid moves towards (or away from)
the center, then the free surface will remain spherical. So, the velocity will
be function of r and t only and it will be in the radial direction.

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 57

Let v be the velocity at a distance r at any time t and p be the pressure
there.
Then the equation of continuity gives
1  
r 2 r
  r 2
v   0 
r
  r 2
v  0

  1  1  1  
 t r 2 r 
  r           r   
    
2
r q sin q q 0 q v , q q 0
 r sin   r sin   

 r 2v  c onst  F  t  (say)
F t 
v 2
r

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 58

The equation of motion gives
v v 1 p F t  v 1 p
v    2 v  
t r  r r r  r
Integrating both side with respect to r we have
F t  v2 p
     c.
r 2 

Now we have at r   , p   and v  0  c 

F t  v2 p   F  t  v2 
Hence,       p     .
r 2    r 2

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 59

 Let p1 be the pressure at the surface of the sphere of radius R and v1 be
the velocity there.
 F   t  v12 
Then,  p1       
 R 2
F t  dR
So, we have v1  2 , v 
R dt
dR
Hence F  t   v1 R 2  R 2
dt
2
 dR 
2
d R
 F  t   2R    R2 2
 dt  dt

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 60

   dR  2 2
2 d R

  
2 R  R 2
 
 p1       
2
dt dt 1 dR
Thus    
 R 2  dt  
 
 
   dR  d 2 R  dR  
2 2

   4    2R 2    
2   dt  dt  dt  

   dR  d 2 R   dR  
2 2

    2    R 2     
2   dt  dt   dt  

  d2 
2
 dR 
So, p1     2  R 2     .
2  dt  dt  

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 61

Example: Stream is rushing from boiler through conical pipe the
diameters of the edges of which arc D and d. If V and v be the
corresponding velocities of the stream and if the motion be supposed to be
that of divergent from the vortex of the cone, then prove that
v D 2  v2 V 2  2k
 2e , where k is the pressure divided by density and supposed
V d
to be constant.
Solution: Let AB and EF be the end of the conical pipe. Also, 1 and  2
be the densities of stream at these edges. Then by principle of

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 62

conservation of mass, the masses of the streams that enter and leave at the
edges AB and EF are same. Thus, we have
v D 2 2
2 2
d  D
   v 1     V  2   2 .
2 2 V d 1
Now, let p be the pressure,  be the density and u be the velocity at a
distance r from the vertex of the conical pipe.
Then the equation of motion is
u 1 p
u  (steady flow).
r  r

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 63

According to the problem the ratio of the pressure and density is k, so
p  k .
u k 
Hence, we have u  .
r  r
Integrating with respect to r, we get

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 64

 u2
 k log   log c , c being an arbitrary constant.
2
   ce u 2 2 k

Now at the end AB of the pipe   1 , u  v

 1  ce v 2 2 k

and at the end EF    2 , u  V

 2  ce V 2 2 k

2  v V  2 k
2 2
V D 2  v V  2 k
2 2

So, we have  ce . Hence,  2 e

1 v d

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 65

Bernoulli’s equation:
We know that Euler’s equation in vector invariant form
q 1 1 
 q  curlq  F  p    q 2  (1)
t  2 
Now, if the flow is irrotational and force is conservative then
curlq  0, q   and F  V
where  is velocity potential and V is the force potential function.
So, the equation becomes
 1 2
     V  p    q 
1
t  2 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 66

    1 1 
     V  p    q 2   0 (2)
 t   2 
Let r be the position vector of the fluid particle at time t and dr be the
displacement made in position of the particle then
      1  1 
dr     d   , dr   q 2   d  q 2  ,
 t   t  2  2 
dr V  dV and dr p  dp .
By taking scalar multiplication with dr in equation (2), we get
   1 1 2
d    dV  dp  d  q   0 .
 t   2 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 67

Integrating we get
 dp 1
  V    q2  f t  (3)
t  2
where f(t) is an arbitrary function of time.
This is known as Bernoulli’s equation in most general from (for unsteady
irrotational motion)
If the fluid is homogeneous and incompressible the  is constant so the
equation (3) becomes
 p 1
  V   q2  f t  (4)
t  2

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 68

Now if the motion is steady as well as fluid is homogeneous and

incompressible then  0, f  t   const for this equation (2) becomes
t
1 2 p
q   V  const
2 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 69

Motion under impulsive forces:
If any instant impulsive body forces act on a fluid or if impulsive pressure
be generated by a sudden change of boundary conditions, then an
attraction in the motion of fluid take place suddenly. Such motion is called
motion under impulsive forces.
Let us consider a portion V enclosed by surface S of an inviscid fluid
moving under impulsive forces. At a point P in V, let  be the density and
q be the velocity. Again, let an elementary volume containing the point P
be  V enclosed by surface  S .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 70

 Let q be the velocity immediately after application of impulsive force
F  per unit mass of fluid and  be the impulsive pressure per unit area (of
the surface S).
Hence from the principle of conservation of linear momentum we have
Total change in linear momentum of fluid in V = Total impulse
    q  q  dv    F dV     n ds
V V S

   F dV   dV     F    dV

V V V

     q  q    F    dv  0
V

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 71

Since the above equation hold for an arbitrary volume V, so we have
   q  q    F    (1)
This equation represents equation of motion for an inviscid fluid under
impulsive force. It is also known as Euler’s equation of motion under
impulsive forces.
Deductions: (1) If F   0 , i.e., there is no external impulsive body forces,
the above equation becomes   q  q    .
Taking divergence on both sides, we get
div    q  q   div   

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 72

For incompressible fluid
  divq  divq     . 

 .  0   2  0
i.e.,  satisfies the Laplace equation.
(2) If F  0 and motion is irrotational and fluid is incompressible then
q   .
 
Hence,  q       q         
 
So, we can conclude that if the motion be irrotational before the
application of impulsive force, then after the application of forces, the

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 73

motion remains irrotational with change velocity potential given by above
equation.
If q  0 in the fluid is at rest then after the application of impulsive
force the resultant motion will be irrotational with velocity potential

  .

Equations in Cartesian coordinates:
  
  u  u    Fx  ,   v  v    Fy  and   w  w    Fz  ,
x y z
where q   u, v, w , q   u, v, w  and F   Fx , Fy , Fz  .

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 74

Example: A sphere of radius a is surrounded by infinite liquid of density
 , the pressure at infinity being  . The sphere suddenly annihilated.
Show that the pressure at distance r from the center immediately falls to

 1   .
a
 r
Solution: Let v be the velocity at the distance r from the center of the
sphere at time t and the pressure there be p.
Then Euler’s equation of motion gives
v v 1 p
 v 
t r   r 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 75

 The boundary conditions of the motion are
(i) when r   , v  0 and p  
(ii) when r   a, p  0, t  0 (at the annihilated sphere)
(iii) immediately after the annihilation the time remain same at t  0 and
r   r , v  0, p  p0 , where r  a .
Now form the equation of continuity we have
1  
r  r 
2   r  2
v    0 
r 
  r  2 v   0

v F   t 
 r 2v  F  t    2 .
t r

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 76

 F t    1 2  1 p
So, we have from (1)   v    
r 2 r   2   r 
F t  1 2 p
Integrating, we get   v    c
r 2 

From condition (i), we have c  .

F t  1 2 p 
So,   v   
r 2  
Now from (ii) we have
F  0  a
   F   0   .
a  

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 77

Now from (iii) we have
F  0 p 
  0 
r  
a p  a
   0  ,  p0   
r   r
 a
p0   1   which is the required result.
 r

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 78

Example: In two-dimensional irrotational, incompressible motion prove
2
   
2
 q q
that       q 2 q , where q  q .
 x   y 
Solution: Since the motion is irrotational, so there exists a function 
 ˆj 
such that q   now for 2-D case we have q  iˆ 
x y

     
2 2

q2      (1)
 x   x 
Now the equation of continuity for 2D case will be
       
     0
x  x  y  y 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 79

  2  2
 2  2  0. (2)
x y
Differentiating (1) with respect to x and y we get-
q   2   2
q   (3)
x x x 2
y xy
q   2   2
q   (4)
y x xy y y 2
Differentiating (3) and (4) w. r. t. x and y respectively, we get
2 2
 q   q              3
2 2 2 3 2

  q 2  2      (5)
 x  x  x  x x  yx  y x 2y
3

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 80

 2 2 2
 q   q              3
2 2 3 2

 y   q y 2   xy   x xy 2   y 2   y y 3 (6)

     
Adding (5) and (6), we get
2 2
 q   q          2  2 
2 2

      q q  2  2    2
2

 x   y   x  x x  x y 
2

2
  2      2  2 
 2     2
 yx  y y  x y 
2

2 2
  2    2 
 2 2   2  (7)
  x   y x 
Again, squaring and adding (3) and (4), we have

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 81

 
2  q 
2
 q 
2
  2
          
2 2 2 2
            
2
 2 2 2 2

q            2       
  x   y    x   x   yx    y    yx   y 2  
     
   2   2  2 
2   2
x y yx  x y 
2

  2   2    2 2   2  2 
        2     
 x   y    x   xy  
2 2 2
 q   q         
2 2 2
     2    (Using (1)) (8)
 x   y   x   xy 
2
 q   q 
2

From (7) and (8) we have q 2 q       .

 x   y 

Dr. Krishnendu Bhattacharyya, Dept. of Mathematics, BHU Page 82