cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .

ÏuIFÇ WL2à ! ULÑèÏè wUMDóÇ ÁUcÇè WOcÇ ÏuIFÇ

WOuUIÇ ÊUdBÇè

¢bIFÇ WdE duD2 ! wMIÇ åbIÇ Ñèb W7ÇÑÏ¢

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
qOKÇ u1à wu7bÇ rOÇd1Å ¯ Ï ®Ã

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
ÕU)Ç æuUIÇ r fOzÑ

WO*UFÇ WOuJÇ æuUIÇ WOK

‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬- ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‬
:[M_l
‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ‬،‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤؤﻟﻒ‬
g OfGara Ha F 9r_G Hc a = dFa QAt_E dFrA mOrA H l g RQpc 9la m_g_G Hc = ?r;g_G
l GQOr Bl9rC ,?MTGQa4‫ﻉ‬
?ca,44‫ﻣﺞ‬
r ?r;f hlAGl__ ?l:‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬/‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬
k
. 9lKFc= scDa_G Ha 9gA_Ga b=GQA_G H dFl_G
9l HaF 9r_Ga m_g_G Hc = b=GQA_G GPJ ?GcAF 9F_ QKda ,\ = QD.Aca Q‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬
M6 G d p QDCc 9lJ;tp :‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‬
?cl_g_G BGQaaA_G ?g=9Al= mAKc j P_G ,m_g_G Ha F 9r aC d l_g_G HaF 9r_9= A lTA
\ c H tlc
? l dFAa ?cFaF9r ?ldFC
. c c H l \G9AJA 9la 9KA9=_a2020
Al_ >cGATca:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‬
,?DcOJ_G
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
d A_G ca_J_G mcOrA_ d _9J_G 9FQZf d p ?J_l IQaQ] dF r‫ﺩﻳﺴﻤﺒﺮ‬
A_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_Ga :‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‬
?cf9lAGGa ?cFaF9r B9r;f l _MGO .WFc 9la hlAGl_G mcdFA_ 9r_G 9KG9AJc
17 - 73 :‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬
H \ HaF

O QpF g9pQ_Ga mOrA_G scrJA_ ?cO9ZArGa

.g G

s9aF d p d _9J_G 9FQZf

10.34120/0318-044-004-001
dp dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_G \lOr 9l RQ=C H a l
:DOI
c89Ta_Ga sQa_G mGOMATG aJ ?Z9M ?pZ= Org_G ?1135746
, cQdFa ?l9f ?pZ= HaF 9r_G:MD ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬
_
b E , u_P= OGa.p 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?lOrAl_G ?cGa_aFtA_G
OJ _ marA
b E d A_G ?cFaQAt_DG Oarg_G ,I
‫ ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬dp
O9Agl_G ?cOc_rA_G 9KAQaZ
:‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‬
Oarg_G >F9G
. K 9 A9=DEa 9KrcDaAa 9KlGQArabic
=E ?c89r_Aa ?AlAC b _f 9l :‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
k
O Rl _9J_G Qr_G ?cGO= hl ,9F_ RQpC 9lFEa ,u_P OFf dFrA_G mOrA_G qrc m_a
G c d H
IslamicInfo :‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
9JPcpFAa 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=E d p ?AlAFGa ?c_6G H l
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ‬
A9lZ،‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬
_G B:6Ga‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬
IRKGFG ،‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ‬
>9TtE b ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‬
_f mar،‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
c jP_G df9Fa‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬
Z:G A9tP_G mGOMAT9= :‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‬
?cFaF9r_G c9lfFGa B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=@= 9Kl9cr H9tl‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
E mD Hla ,jQW=_G A9tP_G

Smart Contract dtP_G Org_9= blTc 9l c;M Hl u_Pa ,?p_AMl_G

http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1135746
.
:‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬
d p df9FaZ:G A 9tP_Ga dF rA_G mOrA_G QaO 9 =
H c b _f EJ=_G GPJ >ZFca
c;M H l ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?ldFl_G ?cFaF9r_G OfGar_G QcaaA
: dJ , ?D;D B9fa]al

?
. cFaF 9r_G \A9rc=aAa gQaaAa gQaKda ,d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G maKpl -

.‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬2023 ©

.?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlACa dFrA_G mOrA_G -
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
.?cFaF9r_G \A9lGOMATGa dtP_G Org_G -
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬

17 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

ÏuIFÇ WL2à ! ULÑèÏè wUMDóÇ ÁUcÇè WOcÇ ÏuIFÇ

WOuUIÇ ÊUdBÇè

¢bIFÇ WdE duD2 ! wMIÇ åbIÇ Ñèb W7ÇÑÏ¢

‫ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻗﻢ ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ‬

qOKÇ u1à wu7bÇ rOÇd1Å ¯ Ï ®Ã
:‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‬

APA ‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
ÕU)Ç æuUIÇ r fOzÑ

‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﻤﺎ‬.(2020) .‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ‬،‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬

WO*UFÇ WOuJÇ æuUIÇ WOK

‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬:‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ‬.73 - 17 ،4‫ ﻉ‬,44‫ ﻣﺞ‬،‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬:.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬ [M_l
http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1135746
gOfGara HaF9r_G Hc=a dFaQAt_E dFrA mOrA Hl gRQpc 9la m_g_G Hc= ?r;g_G
k
MLA ‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
.9lKFc= scDa_G Ha9gA_Ga b=GQA_G Hl GQOr Bl9rC ,?MTGQa ?car ?r;f hlAGl__ ?ldFl_G
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
9l HaF9r_‫ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ "ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ‬.‫ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻮﻗﻲ‬،‫ﺃﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ‬
Ga m_g_G Hc= b=GQA_G GPJ ?GcAF 9F_ QKda ,\= QD.Aca QM6G dp QDCc 9lJ;tp
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ? ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬ ‫ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬:‫ﺃﺗﻤﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬
cl_g_G BGQaaA_G ?g=9Al= mAKc jP_G ,m_g_G HaF9r aC dl_g_G HaF9r_9= \AclTA Htlc

‫ ﻣﻦ‬.‫ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ‬
?clcdFAa ?c.73 - 17 :(2020) 4‫ ﻉ‬,44‫"ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕﻣﺞ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
FaF9r ?ldFC Hl \G9AJA 9la 9KA9=_aAl_ >cGATca ,?DcOJ_G

http://search.mandumah.com/Record/1135746
d A_G ca_J_G mcOrA_ d _9J_G 9FQZf d p ?J_l IQaQ] dF rA_Ga d l_g_G mOrA_Ga
?cf9lAGGa ?cFaF9r B9r;f H l \ _MGO .WFc 9la hlAGl_G mcdFA_ HaF 9r_G 9KG9AJc
.g GO QpF g9pQ_Ga mOrA_G scrJA_ ?cO9ZArGa

s9aF d p d _9J_G 9FQZf d p dF rA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_G lOr 9l RQ=C

\ l
H a

c89Ta_Ga sQa_G mGOMATG aJ ?Z9M ?pZ= Org_G ?cQdFa ?l9f ?pZ=

, HaF 9r_G
_
b E , u_P= OGa.p 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?lOrAl_G ?cGa_aFtA_G
OJ _ marA
b E d A_G ?cFaQAt_DG Oarg_G ,I O9Agl_G ?cOc_rA_G 9KAQaZ d p Oarg_G >F9G
9 A9=DEa 9KrcDaAa 9KlGQ=E ?c89r_Aa ?AlAC
. K b _f 9l
k
O Rl
G c d _9J_G Qr_G ?cGO= hl ,9F_ RQpC 9lFEa ,u_P OFf
H dFrA_G mOrA_G qrc m_a
9JPcpFAa 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=E d p ?AlAFGa ?c_6G H l
A 9lZ_G B:6Ga I K R GFG >9TtE b _f marc j P_G d f9FaZ:G 9tP_G mGOMAT9=
A

?cFaF9r_G c9lfFGa B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=@= 9Kl9cr H9tlE mD l

H a ,j QW=_G A 9tP_G
Smart Contract dtP_G Org_9= blTc 9l c;M Hl u_Pa ,?p_AMl_G
.

d p df9FaZ:G A 9tP_Ga dF rA_G mOrA_G QaO 9 =

H c b _f EJ=_G GPJ >ZFca
c;M H l ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?ldFl_G ?cFaF9r_G OfGar_G QcaaA
: dJ , ?D;D B9fa]al

?
. cFaF 9r_G \A9rc=aAa gQaaAa gQaKda ,d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G maKpl -

.‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬2023 ©

.?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlACa dFrA_G mOrA_G -
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ‬.‫ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‬،‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ،‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
.?cFaF9r_G \A9lGOMATGa dtP_G Org_G -
.‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‬

17 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

ÏuIFÇ WL2à ! ULÑèÏè wUMDóÇ ÁUcÇè WOcÇ ÏuIFÇ

WOuUIÇ ÊUdBÇè

¢bIFÇ WdE duD2 ! wMIÇ åbIÇ Ñèb W7ÇÑÏ¢

qOKÇ u1à wu7bÇ rOÇd1Å ¯ Ï ®Ã

ÕU)Ç æuUIÇ r fOzÑ

WO*UFÇ WOuJÇ æuUIÇ WOK

: [M_l
g OfGara Ha F 9r_G Hc a = dFa QAt_E dFrA mOrA H l g RQpc 9la m_g_G Hc = ?r;g_G
k
. 9lKFc= scDa_G Ha 9gA_Ga b=GQA_G H l GQOr Bl9rC ,?MTGQa ?car ?r;f hlAGl__ ?ldFl_G
9l HaF 9r_Ga m_g_G Hc = b=GQA_G GPJ ?GcAF 9F_ QKda ,\ = QD.Aca QM6G d p QDCc 9lJ;tp
?cl_g_G BGQaaA_G ?g=9Al= mAKc j P_G ,m_g_G Ha F 9r aC d l_g_G HaF 9r_9= A lTA
\ c H tlc
? l dFAa ?cFaF9r ?ldFC
. c c H l \G9AJA 9la 9KA9=_aAl_ >cGATca ,?DcOJ_G

d A_G ca_J_G mcOrA_ d _9J_G 9FQZf d p ?J_l IQaQ] dF rA_Ga d l_g_G mOrA_Ga
?cf9lAGGa ?cFaF9r B9r;f H l \ _MGO .WFc 9la hlAGl_G mcdFA_ HaF 9r_G 9KG9AJc
.g GO QpF g9pQ_Ga mOrA_G scrJA_ ?cO9ZArGa

s9aF d p d _9J_G 9FQZf d p dF rA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_G lOr 9l RQ=C

\ H al
c89Ta_Ga sQa_G mGOMATG aJ ?Z9M ?pZ= Org_G ?cQdFa ?l9f ?pZ=
, HaF 9r_G
_
b E , u_P= OGa.p 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?lOrAl_G ?cGa_aFtA_G
OJ _ marA
b E d A_G ?cFaQAt_DG Oarg_G ,I O9Agl_G ?cOc_rA_G 9KAQaZ d p Oarg_G >F9G
. K 9 A9=DEa 9KrcDaAa 9KlGQ=E ?c89r_Aa ?AlAC b _f 9l
k
O Rl
G c d _9J_G Qr_G ?cGO= hl ,9F_ RQpC 9lFEa ,u_P OFf
H dFrA_G mOrA_G qrc m_a
9JPcpFAa 9KA9=DEa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=E d p ?AlAFGa ?c_6G H l
A 9lZ_G B:6Ga I K R GFG >9TtE b _f marc j P_G d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G mGOMAT9=
?cFaF9r_G c9lfFGa B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=@= 9Kl9cr H9tlE mD l
H a ,j QW=_G A 9tP_G
Smart Contract dtP_G Org_9= blTc 9l c;M Hl u_Pa ,?p_AMl_G
.

d p df9FaZ:G A 9tP_Ga dF rA_G mOrA_G QaO 9 =

H c b _f EJ=_G GPJ >ZFca
c;M H l ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=D ?ldFl_G ?cFaF9r_G OfGar_G QcaaA
: dJ , ?D;D B9fa]al

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. cFaF 9r_G \A9rc=aAa gQaaAa gQaKda ,d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G maKpl -

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. cFaF 9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlACa dF rA_G mOrA_G -

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. cFaF 9r_G \A9lGOMATGa d tP_G Org_G -

17 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

Oarg_G ?AlAC ? tP_G Oarg_G

, c ,d f9FaZ:G A 9tP_G ? l_g_G B9J_aZl_G
: c

OarF_G ,dFa QAt_DG hpO_G - Hc WA ua_=_G ,?cFaQAt_DG Oarg_G ,?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga

Org_G ?cQdF QcaaA ,?c]GQAp:G
.

?lOrl
Bl9rC ?MTGQ ?car HaF9r_G Hc=a dFrA mOrA Hl gRQpc 9la m_g_G Hc= ?r;g_G
k
.\= QD.Aca QM6G dp QDCc 9lJ;tp ,9lKFc= scDa_G Ha9gA_Ga b=GQA_G Hl GQOr

\AclTA 9FFtlc 9l HaF9r_Ga m_g_G Hc= Ha9gA_Ga b=GQA_G GPJ ?GcAF 9F_ QKda

>cGATca ?DcOJ_G ?cl_g_G BGQaaA_G ?g=9Al= mAKc jP_G ,m_g_G HaF9r aC dl_g_G HaF9r_9=

?=tGal_ 9KFl m89r_G QcaaA aC ,?clcdFA ?cFaF9r ?ldFC Hl \G9AJA 9la 9KA9=_aAl_

.dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_G BGQaaA

,?p_AMl_G 9KAaWFC ct= B9glAGl_G QcaaA_ ?J_l IQaQ] dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_9p

.9JQcia ?cta_Ta ?cf9lAGGa ?cFaF9r

k
,EcOJ_G \laKpl_ 9rpa ,gQaala c= ,\ldFla hlAGl_G IBQl gQ9=Af9= HaF9r_Ga

,?c=9GcE BGQaaA Hl \rJ_c Or 9la \A9G9cAJGa \glAGl B9cQGl h=9Ac HC >Gc

?clcdFAa ?cFaF9r OfGara ca_J Hl \G9AJA 9la ,\A9=_aAla \A9c]Arl_ >cGATca

.IQaaAl

k k k k
I9cJ_G QJ9dl Hl QcDt_G dp QDC ;JPl 9cFrAa 9cl_f 9lOrA H6G XcgF 9FFFa

K_C Orp ,QJ9dl_G gPJ ?ldFCa OfGar caac_ QcD.A_G GPJ OAlGa ,?cta_T_Ga ?cf9lAG:G

dFrA_G mOrA_G GPJ ?TGQO_ QlATl_G cMOA_G \c_f Hcl89r_Ga HaF9r_G c9GQ b_f u _P

b_f clg_Ga ,?cOc_rA_G \8O9=la \A9cQdFa HaF9r_G OfGar QcaaA dp \Fl IO9pAT:Ga
k
K_9Z dp >Zc_ GOcpl u_P H9t 9l_9a dFrA_G aRj_G GPJ hl mA;AA_ 9KDcOJAa 9KgcaaA

Hl dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_G gRQpc Or 9l jO9pA \AGP Bra_G dpa ,gOGQpCa hlAGl_G

brp Uc_ RclAc jP_G dFrA_G mOrA_G QJ9dl ^g= mGOMATG AaT ?GcAF ?c=_T QJ9dl
k k
.\A9c=_T= - 9c_9lAJG a_a - 9]cC 9lFEa \A9c=9Gc@=

\A9c=9Gc@= dlrQ_Ga dGa_aFtA_G ?Z9M ?pZ=a d_9J_G dFrA_G dl_g_G aRj_G m9l.p

c= ,?_cJ_G dlcOf aC jOcFG dpaAtl gC9l_fa HaF9r_G c9GQ qrc :C >Gc ,\A9c=_Ta

dl_g_G mOrA_G 9Kr9aF dp clgc dA_G b=Ga]_Ga ?cFaF9r_G QaFG EGOJATG mKc_f >Gc

sarJa ?lcr= U9Tl HaO= ,\lOrAa hlAGl_G ?cJ9pQ scrJA dp mKTc 9l= dFrA_Ga
k k
?cC jO9pA ?l9f ?pZ=a ,9cFaF9ra 9cQaATO mK_ ?_aptl_G ?cT9TFG gOGQpC B9cQJa

EJ=_G ?cQJ b _f marc jP_G dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA__ IQ9] ?c=_T Q9DB aC H89AF

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 18

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

\J9lG_ K=9t dl_g_G mOrA__ mdFl b=9] QaO HaF9r__ Hatc u_P=a ,Q9tA=:Ga YGO=DGa

.\_ ?c9KF : jP_G

k k
dp 9gl H9lKTc 9lKF@p 9gl 9lKFa9gAa dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_Ga HaF9r_G qA9tA=a
k
.\A_9pt b_f caO_G [QJA 9cQaATO CO=l K=ZC jP_G dFaF9r_G QGQrAT:Ga HlFG A9tPE

Q DE EcOJ_G QZg_G dp dFrA_Ga dl_g_G mOrA_9= HaF9r__ K]Ga_G QD.A_G CO= Or_

QaKd Hl u _P b_f >AQA 9la ,B9la_gl_G 9cGa_aFtAa B:9ZA:G 9cGa_aFtA cf9pA

k
dp GQcDt GQDC HcP__G QcpWA_Ga ?FlrQ_G b_f OlAgA d A _G ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G

Oarg_G >F9G b_E - u_P= QKdp ,9KrcDaA aC 9KlGQ=@= s_gAc 9l dp ?cFaF9r_G B;l9gl_G

Oarg_G - IO9Agl_G ?crQa_G ?=9At_G b_f OlAgA dA_G IO9Agl_G ?cOc_rA_G 9KAQaZ dp

?AlAFG b_f 9l OJ b _E marA dA_G ?cFaQAt_DG ?cFaF9r_G B;l9gl_G ?l9f ?pZ=a

.?c89r_A_Ga

9F_ RQpC 9lFEa ,u_P OFf ?cFaF9r_G B;l9gl_G c9Gl dp dFrA_G mOrA_G QDC qrc m_a
k
Hl 9JQcia Oarg_G c9Gl dp ?AlAFGa ?c_6G Hl GOcRl d_9J_G HQr_G ?cGO= hl

,?cFaF9r_G c9lfFGa B9pQZA_G

B:6Ga IRKGFG >9TtE b_f marc jP_G df9FaZ:G A9tP_G scQa Hf u_P mAa
k
B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=@= 9Kl9cr H9tlE mD Hla ,jQW=_G A9tP_G Hl GQOr A9lZ_G

?ctP_G Oarg_G u_P= 9F_ BQKda ,jQW=_G cMOA_G HaO Hl ?p_AMl_G ?cFaF9r_G
k k
R9GFE dp H9TF<_ 9Tp9Fla GOF ?_6G BJ=ZC u_P=a ," SMART CONTRACTS"
A9tP_G mGOMATG hTAGa OAlG EcJ ,?cFaF9r_G Qcia ?cFaF9r_G c9lfFG Hl Q c D t _G

QWF_9t ?cFaF9r_G 9KFl iQMFG c9lfFG Hl QcDt_G clWc_ ?ctP_G Oarg_Ga df9FaZ:G

?Jp9tla dFaQAt_DG hpO_Ga ,?cFaQAt_DG ?latJ_Ga ,dFaQAt_DG B9=DDGa dFaQAt_DG

.N_E...?cFaQAt_DG m8GQG_G

k
jQW= cMOA HaO Hl 9c89r_A PpFca B=Dca mQ=c jP_G dtP_G Org_G K=ZC GPtJa
k k
?cQdF IQtpa jQW= m_J OQGl >cQr Bra b_E H9t HC Og= 9Tal_l 9grGaa ?rcrJ

.?c89lFcT_G m;pFGa B9=9At_G ^g= 9K]QgAa 9JQKdA ?AJ=

9 r9aFa ?TGQO_G ?clJC

: K

?pZ= I9cJ_G dp dl_g_G mOrA__ s;M_Ga mKl_G QaO_G iOl s=T 9ll 9F_ K]Ac

GPK_ 9FATGQO ?clJC iOl gQaO= QKdc GPJa ,?Z9M ?pZ= ?cFaF9r_G I9cJ_Ga ,?l9f

\_ ^QgF HC c9J_G ?gc=a= hcaATF H_ \A:9Gl >gWAa \f9TAG m9lC jP_G Ya]al_G

19 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å
 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

dp dl_g_G mOrA__ 9l H9c= b_f brp QZArA ?c_9J_G 9FATGQO H@p u_P_ ;\=FGaG ?p9t Hl

?ctP_G Oarg_G aJa dFaF9r_G c9Gl_G dp \AGRGQpE mJCa df9FaZ:G A9tP_9= s_gAl_G \rW

\Ga b_fa ,?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga B;l9gl_G ?l9f ?pZ=a ,Org_G ?cQdF b_f QcD.A Hl

.9JQcaaAa 9KacT=A mD Hla c9lfFG gPJ ?AlA.= s_gAA dA_G Q9D6G [aZM_G

dp dFrA_G mOrA_G ?GcAF dFaF9r_G c9Gl_G BlJArGa BQKd ?ctP_G Oarg_G HFa

?Z9M ?pZ= B_DlA ?lOrAl B9cFrA Hl A9tP_G GPJ gRQpC 9la df9FaZ:G A9tP_G c9Gl

OarF_G" dp B_DlA dFrA hpO c89Ta Hl 9K=J9Z 9la ,HcWA ua_= ?cFrA dp

A9tP_9= OaZrl_G H9c== AO=_G >GaATA 9FATGQO H@p ,?cFaQAt_DG aC "?c]GQAp:G

H9c== marF mD ,?Z9M ?pZ= ?cFaF9r_G I9cJ_Ga ,?l9g_G I9cJ_G dp gQaOa df9FaZ:G

9JQaOa ?ctP_G Oarg_9= dKAFF_ ,"?c]GQAp:G OarF_G"a HcWA ua_=_G 9AcFrA= OaZrl_G

.?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_G ?c_Ba ?AlAC dp

: ?TGQO_G HKFl
k
GOcKlA ?FQ9rl ?c_c_JA ?c89ZrATG ?TGQO B9fa]al_G gPK_ 9FATGQO HatA qaT

.IOOJl ?l9f ?ldFCa OfGar dp 9K_cZ.A_

k k
,9Z9M ;Zp 9KFl ct_ [ZMF ,?D;D B9fa]al b_f 9FATGQO clAWA u_P=

:dA6G \Ga_G b_f

."\A9rc=aAa \fGaFCa \laKpl" df9FaZ:G A9tP_G : caFG cZp_G

."dtP_G Org_G 9AcFrA" ?c]GQAp:G OarF_Ga HcWA ua_=_G : dF9D_G cZp_G

.?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_G ?AlACa ?ctP_G Oarg_G : E_9D_G cZp_G

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

caFG cZp_G
d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G
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:d f9FaZ:G A9tP_9= OaZr*G
YaF Hl ?cQW=__ \lOr 9l dlrQ_G c9Gl_G dp dFrA_G mOrA_G QD5l mJC Hl

A9tP_G aJa :C ,O9Agl_G jQW=_G A9tP_G >F9G b _E marc A9tP_G Hl QaaAl EOJATl

B:6G >9TtE b_E qOKA ?lOrAl ?clrQ ?cFaQAt_E B9cFrA dp cDlAc jP_G df9FaZ:G
k k k
k
QcDt_G dp H9TFDG I9t9Jl Hl 9KFtlc ,9cgc=a Uc_a 9cf9FaZG 9cFrA A9tP IRKGFGa

.?cFaF9r_G c9lfFGa ?aWFFG 9KFl] Hla ?p_AMl_G 9KAaWFCa I9cJ_G B:9Gl Hl

k
Hl 9fQp cDlc : ARTIfICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga

draFl_G QctpA_Ga ?pQgl_Ga sclg_G m_gA_G BGQOr b_f marc ,d_6G >T9J_G m_f YaQp

Oc_rA b_f IQO9r A9lZ_G IOl9G_G ?_6G cgG b_E H9TFDG \= cZc_ ,uGQODGa bcaMA_Ga

AI
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aC jQW=_G A9tP_G Qci , df9FaZ:G A9tP_9p ?p_AMl_G \AGQ9Kl I9t9Jla gQtp

HlGQ= Hl 9KrJ_c 9l= IRKGFGa B:6G IQOr Hf Q=gc ,\c_f OlAgca \_ RGal ,dF9TFDG

B9pQZA scrJA_ ?p_AMl BGAGQGEa B9pQZAa c9lf.= m9cr_G b_f ,?lOrAl ?cFaQAt_E

?_rATla ?cAGPa ?c_B ?rcQa= BGQGQr P9MAGa ,B9G9AFAT:G ^g= b_E caZa_Ga ?Fcgl

.jQW=_G cMOA_G Hf

k
iO_ A9tP_G ?t_l HC :g9F=l d8O=l ^GQApG b_f 9T9TC df9FaZ:G A9tP_G marca

dF9TFDG b9WF_G m9JArG mD Hla ,\A9t9Jl Hl ?_6G HtlA ?GQO= 9KpZa Htlc H9TFDG

9l= m9cr_G mD Hla ,\c_f HcQaZrl >cQr Bra b_E ;d ?tFJa A9tP Hl \Fl]Ac 9l=
k k
m_gA_G b _f ,:;rATGa 9cAGP ,IQO9r ?_6G BJ=ZC u_P=a ,jQW=_G ua_T_G \= marc

.9K_lf b9lFCa ?cQW=_G ?cFJP_G BGQOr_G Hl QcDt_9= m9cr_Ga

L9AFATGa ?pQgl Hl 9Kc_f marc dA_G ?cT9TFG QZ9Fg_Ga ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G dp QdFG )1(

B9lc_gA QGOZEa YGO=Ea m_gAa uGQOEa bcaMAa B;tWl_G cJ b_f IQOra draFl QctpAa

:B9KcGaAa

.21 ,22 ,171 ,177 :B9JpZ ,2003 ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G ,HFpQaFa ccTaQ
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:hral b_f QaWFl c9rl ,9F_Dl QtpA B9Fct9l_G cgG ?cpct ,dDQ9tl HaG :9]cC QdFGa

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21 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

dp - QW=_G QctpAa A9tP= ?]9gAT:G HtlC ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G c]p=a ,u_P=a

BFtlAa ,mKcOc.= ?_cTaa IGOC OQGl BF9t HC Og= - ?_6G A9tP - B:9Gl_G Hl OcOg_G
k
.9F9cJC mKc_f ?rapAl HtA m_ HE mK_ ?Tp9Fl 9KAGP= B_rATGa ,mKA9lc_gA PcpFA Hl

B:6G cGO=ATG Hl 9AFtlA Or ?cF9D_Ga b_aFG H9Acf9FZ_G H9AQaD_G BF9t GPEa

d_6G A9tP_G dgc=a_G dF9TFDG A9tP_9= B]9gATG ?c_9J_G ?clrQ_G IQaD_G H@p ,9FA;]g=
k
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. 9rJ: K]aFT 9lt I9cJ_G \GaC Hl QcDt_G dp df9FaZ:G

:d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G QaKd

)3(
YGQAMG Og= \ATGQOa \cp QctpA_G CO= Orp , I.WF_G EcOJ df9FaZ:G A9tP_G

?_B YGQAM9t ,d_6G clg_9= ?r;f 9K_ B9fGQAMG Hl u_P b_A 9la d_6G >T9J_G IRKGC

.H9TFDG \= marc jP_G d=9TJ_G QctpA_G B9c_lf I9t9Jl 9KFtlc

k
Hc_Ba ,j9tTcFcl HpQ9la ,dDQ9tl HaG :mKFl A9l_g_G Hl GOOf hGW 9l GPJa

Gal9ra ,\DJ= dp slgA_Ga df9FaZ:G A9tP_G ?TGQO= m9lAJ:G b _f mJQcia ,c=aF

BGQ=AMl Ga.WFC EcJ ,UcATaWA9T9l OKgl dp ?Z9M ?pZ= ,b_aFG \A9F=_ h]a=

.\= A9rAQ:Ga gQcaaA_ df9FaZ:G A9tP_9= ?Z9M

k
?gl9G c Dl EaJ=_G RtGQla ?clcO9tFG B9gl9G_G ^g= 9]cC u_P= BlAJG 9lt

H9tl@= ?_l9t ?f9Fr 9KcDJ9=a 9K89l_f iO_ BO_aA HC Og= ,OQap9FATa ,Ha_cl dGFcQ9t

c9lfFG Hl QcDt_9= "?ctP_G IRKGFG" ?clTA 9Kc_f Gar_aC dA_G ,IRKGFGa B:6G m9cr
)4(
. H9TFDG 9K= marc dA_G

b_f QaWFl ,HaF9r__ OcOG OJA :df9FaZ:G A9tP__ d_aO_G brA_l_G mcOrA :u_P dp QdFG )2(

.2019/12/18 dp IQ9cR Conferences And Research Centre ,BFQAFDG

GPJ HC dDQ9tl HaG K]aC EcJ ,1955 m9f b_E df9FaZ:G A9tP_G K_aZl QaKd hGQc )3(

q
m_f \F.= \pQfa ,QW=_G cDl QtpA B:6G cgG ?cpct= mAKc jP_G m_g_G \= OZrc K_aZl_G

.?ctP_G B:6G hFZ ?TOFJa

:QdFGa ,s=9T_G hGQl_G ,dDQ9tl HaG :df9FaZ:G A9tP_G QaaAa QaKd dp hGGQ

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?c_6G >TGaJ_G >cQOA_ ?cgc=a_G B9j__G ?G_9gla sclg_G m_gA_G b_f df9FaZ:G A9tP_G OlAgca )4(

?lM] B9clt ?G_9gl scQa Hf IOOJl m9Kl P9MAG b_fa ,?ctP_G ?cFaQAt_DG IRKGFG Hl 9JQcia

.?lOrAl_G ?ctP_G B9clRQGaM_G mGOMATG scQa Hf ?p_AMl_G b9lFFG b_f qQgA_Ga ,B9F9c=_G Hl

hrGa b_E dl_g_G c9cM_G B9=9Ata B9cGaQ dp 9JGQF 9Ft dA_G ?cQdF_G Q9tpFG BQaaA u_P=a

.Ocpla Ual_l QaaAl

?cGO=_G QGO ,b_aFG ?g=a_G .df9FaZ:G A9tP_G ,OgTC Qc=f :df9FaZ:G A9tP_G dp OcRl__ hGGQ

.9JOg= 9la )17([

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 22

 cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

HcDJ9=_G OaKG BQlDC ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G QcaaA_ >Q9GA_Ga EJ=_G QGQlATG hla

?pQgl_G dt9Jc jP_G df9FaZ:G A9tP_G HlGQ= OJC b _E caZa_G Hl mKFtlA b _E

:E 9K= m9cr_G Htlc :a ,jQW=_G b9WF_G b_f IQaZrl BF9t dA_G ?c_c_JA_G BGQ9Kl_Ga

)5(
dA_G IQc=M_G mdF_G HlGQ= BclT ?DOJATl HlGQ= c;M Hl u_P mAa ,H9TFDG Hl
k k k k
dDJ=_G b9WF_G GPK= m9lAJ:G b _E caO_G h pO ,9daJ_l 9c_lfa 9cQ9GA 9J9GF Br:

Hl QcDt_G clWA_ BQWAFGa df9FaZ:G A9tP_G B9J9GF B_GaA mD ,\= A9rAQ;_ \_calAa

.d_9J_G HQr_G ?cGO= hl ?Z9M ?pZ=a ,I9cJ_G \GaC

:d f9FaZ:G A9tP_G YGaFC

m9cr_G \Ftlc m9f aJ 9l 9KFlp ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G ?ldFCa B9rc=aAa YGaFC OOgAA

m_a ,E9J=FG Qaa dp YaF_G GPJ cGR9la ,\= m9cr_G H9TF<_ Htlc jQtp b9WF j.=

,OJGa b9WF aC c9Gl b_f QZArca sc] OOJl aJ 9l 9KFla ,Og= A9l_g_G \c_E cZc

.HFQaW_G ?=g_ dp m_9g_G c9a=C b_f >_jA_G 9KFtlc dA_G HlGQ=_G u_A 9KA_DlC Hl

sQ9M_G aC s89p_G A9tP_G g9lTC 9l b_E caZa_G ?cF9tlE bfOG Hl u9FJ HE c=

k
YGO=DG B9a9WF dp ?Z9M ?pZ= ,A9tP ?cQW=_G carg_G c]pC sapc HC \Ftlc jP_G

.?cf9lAG:G BGQ9Kl_Ga dl_g_G

QctpA aC A9tP ?_7_ Hatc HC A9l_g_G ^g= Q t FC Orp s=T 9ll ^crF_G b_fa
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QctpA_G hcaATA 9KFt_ ,QW=_9t QctpA_G hcaATA : 9KFC GQQrl ,H9TFDG A9tP_ RGal
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HC 9Fl_f 9l GPE bW;Aca c= ,Qc=t OJ b_E qg]c jCQ_G GPJ HC Qci iQMC ?rcQa=

mOrA_G Hl Ul9M_G ccG_G B9faQWl QaJla U9TC Experts Systems IQc=M_G mdF_G OgA )5(

mdF_G gPJ cDlAAa .df9FaZ:G A9tP_G B9rc=aAa B9faQWl ?Z9M ?pZ=a ,dGa_aFtA_G

dFaQAt_E dGlQ= m9dF b_E ?cF9TFDG ?pQgl_G ccaJA= marc dFaQAt_E dFrA sc=aA dp IQc=M_G

?=T9Fl_G ca_J_G MGQArG mD Hla 9KZcMWAa Hcgl m9dF dp ct9Wl_G OcOJA Htlc g9]Arl=

mdF_G clgAa .?DcOJ_G \AGQaaA dp df9FaZ:G A9tP_G BGaOC iarC Hl IQc=M_G mdF_G OgAa .9K_

?G_9gl_G B9F9c=_G Hc= hlG_G scQa Hf ,?l9f ?pZ= df9FaZ:G A9tP_G dp 9lt ,IQc=M_G
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29 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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31 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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https://www.aljazeera.net/news/scince and technology/2018/10/8/

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 32

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hcQWA_G b_E QcWF OOZ_G GPJ dp BQOZ dA_G ?Z9M_G B9gcQWA_G Hla

QGQ]FG Hf ?cFOl_G ?c_aCTl_G c89Tl ^g= mcdFA_ 2017 m9f QOZ jP_G dF9l_FG

QtPF Y9=A:G ?=GGa OfGar_G ^g= ^Qp jP_G ,IO9cr_G ?cAGP BGQ9cT_G 9KDOJA d A _G

: 9KFl

.9KtQJA B9raC hclG dp 9K= IQ9cT_G s89T OGGaA >aGa vvvvvvvv

?pZ= ,9Kcp QcTA dA_G B9raFG hclG dp 9Kc_f IQ9cT_G s89T IQacT >aGa vvvvvvvv

.\TpF= 9JQccTAa IQ9cT_G IO9cr d_aA df9FaZ:G A9tP_G Hl9FQ= \Fl >_a GPE ?Z9M

\= calgl aJ 9l QGQi b_f ,OaTC saOFZ= ?tQJ_G ?cAGP IQ9cT ct OcaRA vvvvvvvv

Yara Bra IO9cr_G d_aAla ,?_JQ_G cGT 9KFl ,IOOJl B9F9c= \cp cGTA ,BGQ89a_9=

A9FDC EO9J_G hra GP@p ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G Hl9FQ= mC 9Kr89T H9t GPE 9la ,EO9J_G

35 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

k
hra GPE 9lC ,IQ9cT_G hFZl sA9f b_f hrA ?c_aCTl_G H@p ,IQ9cT__ ?cAGP_G IO9cr_G

miQ_G b_f 9Kl9lP dp mtJA_Ga IQ9cT_G b_f IQacT_G dp s89T_G c9lJE ?GcAF EO9J_G

,\TpF= IO9cr_G b_aAc H.= df9FaZ:G A9tP_G Hl9FQ= Hl \_ IQ9WE c9TQEa \Kc=FA Hl

)20(
. P8OFf ?c_aCTl_G A>f clJAc jP_G aKp

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2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 36
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

dF 9D_G cZp_G
?ctP_G Oarg_G clf B9cFrA
?cFa~t_DG OarF_Ga {WA ua_=_G
: OcKlA
9KA9rc=aA ^g= dp hGQA ?lcOr IQtp ?ctP_G Oarg_G IQtp HC 9FJ]a HCa s=T

^g= jOCA dA_G AGOFG ?cAGP B:6Ga IRKGFG IQaZ dp d]9l_G HQr_G B9cGO= b_E
k
R9GF@= 9c89r_A marc jP_G \AGP R9KG_G dp 9K_ OOJl_G c=9rl_G hpO OQGl= B9lOM_G

u_P= IRGFl ,?Fcgl B9lOM mcOrA mC h_T AGQW BF9tC AGaT ,\Fl ?=a_al_G ?c_lg_G
k
.B;l9gl_G dp YaFA :a IOrgl BGAGQGE b_E L9AJc : jP_G bcT=_G Or9gA_G Hl 9faF
k k
,9rJ: K]aFT 9lt ,?c89r_Aa GOcrgA QDtC dKp ?c_9J_G 9KAQaZ dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G 9lC

BQKd HC 9la ,Og= BQKd Or HtA m_ IQaaAl ?lOrAl B9cFrA b_f u_P dp IOlAgl

dA_G ?cFaQAt_DG B9F9c=_Ga B9la_gl_G OfGar dp b_aFG ?GQO_9= ?_DlAl_G B9cFrA_G gPJ

?cF=_G B_lAtGa :E ,?c]GQAp:G aC ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_Ga ,HcWA ua_=_G ?clTA= BpQf

.?lOrAl_G ?c_9J_G 9KAQaZ dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G QaKd cgp_9= CO= mD Hla ,?cFp_G ?cFrA_G

HcA9J R9GcE dp Hc=F HC ,Oarg_G gPJ ?TGQO_ ^QgAF HC c =r 9FcCQ ,u_P_

k )21(
GPJ Hl caFG EJ=l_G dp HcWA ua_=_G ?cFrA_ :aC ^QgAF EcJ . HcAcFrA_G
k
HatA u_P=a .dFaQAt_DG hpO__ ?l9f ?pZ=a ?c]GQAp:G OarF__ 9cF9D ^QgAFa ,cZp_G

:dA6G \Ga_G b_f dF9D_G cZp_G GPK_ 9FATGQO

.HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl : a c FG EJ=l_G

.dFaQAt_DG hpO_Ga ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G :dF 9D_G EJ=l_G

caFG EJ=*G
{WA ua_=_G B9ZFl
: {WA ua_=_9= OaZr*G
OfGar :"cAt_G ? _T _T ?c=Qg_G 9KAlGQAa Block chain" HcWA ua_=_9= OZrc

epJAa HRMA mD ,?p_AMl B:9Gl dp 9KrcrOAa 9KgclGA mAc ,?lM] B9la_gla B9F9c=

?cFrA ?cl_f c89Tl Hl dFaQAt_DG hpO_G u_Pta ,HcWA ua_=_G ?cFrA \= RclAA 9l b_E QdF_9= )21(

.bcT=A_Ga R9GcDG Hl AdW= 9lK_ 9F]Qf Hatc qaTp

37 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å
 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

k
B9ZFl b_f 9c_B 9K]Qf mD Hla ,d_6G >T9J_G IRKGC Hl IQc=t B9t=W c;M Hl

B9F9c=a B9la_gl Hl OGATc 9l= 9JOcaRAa 9KDcOJA= B9F9c=_G gPJ RclAAa ,?cFaQAt_E

.IQlATl ?pZ=

Ya]al 9KFl ct_ B9la_gl_Ga B9F9c=__ OfGar 9KFat Hf LQMA : HcWA ua_=_9p

Hl hclG__ ?J9Al 9KFEa ,?cJ9F Hl ?cFaQAt_E B9F9c= OfGar 9KFat= RclAA 9KFt_a ,Hcgl

)22(
. iQMC ?cJ9F

dp HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl 9KFl]AA dA_G B9la_gl_Ga B9F9c=_G mcTrA mAca

gPJ ?clTA BA9G 9FJ Hla ,B9la_gl_G cAt aC B9falGl Hl ?rT9FAl B9falGl

9KFl]AA d A _G B9la_gl_G sT9FAa c T _T A jC ,cAt_G c T _T A aC cT;T= B9ZFl_G

k k
?lcra ,9K= ?r_gAl_G B9c_lg_Ga ,9Kcp cl9gAc Hla 9JQO9Zl EcJ Hl 9craFl ;T_TA

.9KFf IOOTl_G maTQ_Ga ,?c_lf ct

Qd9FA dKp ,HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl= ?r;g_G BGP B9la_gl_G ct HcaOA b_E QdF_9=a

ct epJ mAca ,dlrQ dFaQAt_E QApO \Ft_a ,B9tQW_9= \= calgl_G P9ATFG QApO

?cFaQAt_E B;GT aC QA9pO dp cAt_G ?_T_T B9la_gla B9F9c=_G Hl ?rT9FAl ?falGl

)23(
. ?cRtQl Qci B9t=W c;M Hl 9K= [9M d_B >T9J dp d_T_TA dFlR >cAQA=

,dFaQAt_E hcraA= ?a=AQl IQpWl ?rcQa= mAc HcWA ua_=_G mGOMAT9= cl9gA_G HFa

,\Fl]AA j P _G Bra_G mA9M= 9KlAMa 9KAaTGa= mAA dA_G B;l9gl_G Ocr Hl]c u_P H@p
k k
ua_=__ QaKd caC Oagca .H9lFGa ?rD_G Hl GQc=t GQOr B;l9gl_G gPJ b_f dp]c 9ll

?M T F " Satochi Naka moto" aAal9t9F bWaA9T QOZC EcJ 2008 m9f b_E HcWA

?cC qGQWD h]MA : ,?cRtQl: ?crQa ?_lf OaGa IQtp 9Kcp MQW HcatA=_G ?rcDa Hl
k
.hclG__ 9t_l HatA 9KF.= ?_lg_G gPJ RclAAa ,?KG

k
GOcOJAa ,?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG B;lg_G QaKd= HcWA ua_=_G QaKd b=AQc u_P_

B;l9gl_G Hl OcOg_G clWc_ HcWA ua_=_G mGOMATG h TA G mD ,HcatA=_G ?_lf

m_9f dp ?lO9r_G ?cGa_aFtA_G IQaD_G ,HcWA ua_=_G ,?pc_M >9KcE :HcWA ua_=_G ?cFrA dp QdFG )22(

,d=d a=C ,?lOrAl_G B9TGQO_Ga E9J=I_ c=rATl_G RtQl ,?clcO9tC sGQaC ,IQGODGa c9lfFG

.2018 UQ9l )3(OOg_G

:HGaFf BJA BFQAFDG b_f QaWFl ,c=rATl_G b_f 9JQcD.Aa HcWA ua_= :?GaM_G m9WJ

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.?cRtQl_G ?cOc_rA_G BFQAFDG ?t=W Hf HcWA ua_=_G Rclc 9l GPJa )23(

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 38

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

BGQ9rg_Ga d]GQF9= ?r_gAl_G B;l9gl_G cDl ?cJ9FAl_G Q ci iQMFG B9fa]al_Ga

Oarg_Ga ?ct_l_G BGOFATla ,BGQ9cT_G EOGaJa Hcl.A_G B;GTa ,?l9f ?pZ=

.N_E ..... ?cf9lAGGa ?cO9ZArGa ?cFaF9r ,IOOgAl_G 9KA:9Gl dp ?p_AMl_G B9r9pA:Ga

b_E IQpWl_G ?c]GQAp:G B;lg_G B9c_lf Hl HcWA ua_=_G mGOMATG crAFG GPtJa

Oarf Hl 9KA_aJ dA_G ,Oarg_Ga iQMFG B9r9pA:G mD ,iQMFG ?c_9l_G B;l9gl_G Q89T

HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl aC ?cFrA_ mKl_G dTc8Q_G QaO_G QKdc 9FJa ,?ctP Oarf b_E ?cOc_rA

.?cFaF9r_G B9c_lg_G c9Gl dp

:{WA ua_=_G B9F9c= YGaFC

.?Z9M B9F9c=a ?l9f B9F9c= :HcfaF b_E HcWA ua_=_G B9la_gla B9F9c= YaFAA

IO9pAT:Ga 9Kc_E m9l]F:G [MW jF Htlc B9F9c=_G gPJ hl : ?l9g_G B9F9c=_G

.9KFl

mK_ MQZl_G [9MWI_ brp ?J9Al HatA B9F9c=_G gPJ :?Z9M_G B9F9c=_G
b_E mK= ?Z9M_G d_6G >T9J_G IRKGC ?p9]E scQa Hf 9KlGOMATGa 9Kc_E caMO_9=

)24(
. 9K]QgA dA_G ?t=W_G

:{WA ua_=_G clf ?c_B

u_P_ ,9Kcp HctQ9Wl_G c=r Hl uQAWl ctW= QGOA HcWA ua_=_G B9F9c= IOf9r

,9KFl srJA_G HctQAWl_G hclG_ Hatc HC ,IOf9r_G b_E IOcOG B9F9c= ?p9]E OFf ,>Gc

aC sDal_G aC cGTl_G cDl E_9D qQa jC B9lOM Hf dFjATA 9KFC b_E u_P hGQca

.uF=_G

B9falGl aC cAt dp HcWA ua_=_G IOf9r b_f ?fRal_G B9=9TJ_G mcdFA mAca

)25(
. 9Kc_f ?r=9T_G ?_At_9= ?_At ct b=AQA EcJ

:dFaQAt_DG hral_G HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl B9F9c=_ ?p_AMl_G YGaFFG dp hGGQ )24(

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OFATc QcZr RlQ A9WF@= ,IQpWl ?cFaQAt_E ?rcQa= 9Kc_f ?r=9T_G ?_At_9= ?_At ct b=Q mAca )25(
k k
9craFl ;T_TA cAt_G cT_TA H9l] u_P H.W Hla ,9JQci Hf 9JRclca ?_At_G iaAJl b_E
k
.9KA9F9c= dp aC 9Kcp >f;A_G aC 9JQccjA= KlTc : ,9ldFl

QZf dp Droit D Oblie ,bTFA HC dp urJ ?c9lJ :HGaFg= c9rl :u_P ccZ9pA dp QdFG

:BFQAFDG b_f QaWFl HcWA ua_=_G

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age-of-blockchan-225.htm

39 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

: {WA ua_=_G B9F9c= OfGar [GaM

k k
?cp9pW_G Hl GQc=t GQOr 9KA=TtC 9cGRl IOg= HcWA ua_=_G B9F9c= OfGar RclAA

Hf IRGal ?l_t dA.c 9lcpa ,9K_9lgATG YacRa 9JQ9WAFG b_E iOC jP_G QlFG ,?rD_Ga

: HcWA ua_=_G 9K= hAlAA dA_G 9cGRl_Ga [GaM_G gPJ Hl ct

c OgA__ 9KAc_=9r mOfa 9KA9F9c= B9=D

: c - 1

,9Kcp ccOgA__ 9KAc_=9r mOfa 9KA9=D= cAt_G ?_T_T 9KFl]AA dA_G B9F9c=_G RclAA

?c=TaJ iar b_E L9AJc ccOgA_G GPJ HC b_E u_P hGQca ,9KlOr Hl >F9G Hl a_a

9Kr9TAGa 9K_T_TA QTt Hl 9KA9F9c= dp ccOgA_G b_f >AQAc 9l b_E ?p9]E ,?lM]

)26(
. 9KAaTGa= mAA dA_G B9c_lg_G \G9AJA jP_G draFl_G

.9Kc_l9gAl iO_ H9lFGa ?rD_G B9F9c=_G ?_T_T_ ?pZ_G gPJ B=TtC Ora

: Hc WA ua_=_G mGOMAT9= cl9gA_G ?cp9pW - 2

hGQca ,?cp9pW_G Hl Qc=t QOr= HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl ?rcQa Hf cl9gA_G RclAc

cAt_G B9fa]al OJ.= s_gAA ?Fcgl B9la_gl b_f caZJ_G dp >iQc Hl HC b_E u_P

mGOMATG scQa Hf u_P \Ftlc ,9KA9c_lf iOJE aC ,HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl 9KFl]AA dA_G

HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFlp ,?caK_G A9pME m9dF h=AA HtA m_ 9l u_Pa ,9K= [9M_G KpZAl_G

GPJa ,hclG__ 9KAJ9AEa ,9KA9la_gl ?cRtQl mOf >=T= cZFG >TJ= ?p9t__ ?J9Al

Qcj_G Hf 9K=GJ 9J.WFC Hl_ RaGc dA_G ?cOc_rA_G iQMFG B9F9c=_G OfGar Hf 9JRclc

.9KlGOMATG ?=rGQla

QGOl b _f IQlATl ?l8GO ?pZ= Hc WA ua_=_G B9F9c= hl cl9gA_G ?J9AE - 3

: ?f9T_G
,A9Wc Bra jC dp u_P \Ftlc HcWA ua_=_G mGOMAT9= cl9gA_G dp >iQc Hl ctp

.9KlGOMATG ?_aKTa 9KAcp9pW b_E ?p9]E ,?c_f9p QAtG 9K_gGc GPJa

IOf9r OalZ H9tlE iOl Hf ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gA_9= HclAKl_G ^g= cC9TA ?pZ_G gPJ BQ9DC )26(

KlTA dA_G ?cT9TFG OGQpFG sarJ b_f e9pJ_G dp EcOJ_G g9GA:G m9lC HcWA ua_=_G B9F9c=

scrJA OQGl= B9F9c=_G OfGar Hl 9KpPJ Hl \A9cZaZM=a \= ?r_gAl_G B;l9gl_G >J9Z_

k
ua_=_G jQZ9Fl ?=9GE BF9ta , Droit de obliee ,bTFc HC dp [MW_G sJ_ :9lfE 9K]Qi

.u_P= KlTA qaT dA_G IQaaAl_G ?cFrA_G ?ldFFG ^g= b_E caZa_G OOZ= mKFC ,HcWA

.gQtP s=T hGQl ,bTFA HC dp urJ ?c9lJ :u_P dp hGGQ

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 40
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

RalQ= IQpWl ?rcQa= cGTA 9KFat= HcWA ua_=_G dlOMATl B9F9c= RclAA 9lt

scQa Hf :E 9KAQpWa 9JRalQ up Htlc : EcJ= ,B9F9c=_G gPJ ?cQT dlJA ?Z9M

HcWA ua_=_G B9F9c=a B9la_gl b_f dp]c GPJa ,u_P= mK_ MQZl_G brp 9KclOMATl

.9KlGOMAT9= mAA dA_G B;l9gl_G 9K=_aAA dA_G ?rD_Ga H9lFGa ?cQT_G

?grQ Y9TAG dp Q c=t OJ b_E HcWA ua_=_G B9F9c= OfGar 9cGRl BlJ9T Ora
k
9]cC B_lW 9lFE ?clrQ_G ?cFaQAt_DG B;lg_G b_f IQaZrl OgA m_a ,9K_9lgATG

?r9a_Ga ,OcQaA_G B9c_lfa ,?cfGQR_G ?aWFFGa ,?cJZ_G ?c9fQ_Ga ?cpQZl_G B9lOM_G

.?clatJ_G ?aWFFG clWA_ BOAlG 9lt ,Q9lDAT:Ga O9ZAr:Ga IQGODGa ,?cQtp_G ?ct_l_Ga

HctlAa ,c9lfFGa O9ZAr:G ?TOFJ IO9fE 9KF9tlEa 9KAQOr clg_G B=DC u_Pt

.9KAcG9AFE hpQ Hl ?cQ9GA_G sGaTFG

dF 9D_G EJ=*G
?c]G~p:G OarF_Ga bFa ~t_DG hpO_G
: OcKlA
?cFrA >F9G b_E ,?ctP_G Oarg_G QaKd dp mKTC jP_G dF9D_G dTc8Q_G cl9g_G

\rQa BOOgA jP_G dFaQAt_DG OGOT_Ga hpO__ ?DOJATl sQa QaKd aJ ,HcWA ua_=_G

blTA 9lt ?clrQ_G aC ?c]GQAp:G aC ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G 9KAlOrl dp dA.ca ,\_89Taa

k
.?cOrF_G B9lGRA_:G OGOTa hpO_G ?pcda= 9Kl9cra ,9F9cJC

,?clrQ_G aC ?cFaQAt_DG ?c]GQAp:G OarF_G gPJ \= marA jP_G QaO_G mKpAF dt_a

dFaQAt_DG hpO_9= OaZrl_G dA.c 9lcp Hc=F ?ctP_G Oarg_G QaKd dp 9KAlJ9Tla

RtQFT dA_G ?c]GQAp:G OarF_G scQa Hf hpO_G ?Z9M ?pZ=a ,?p_AMl_G \_89Taa
k
qral_ R9GcDG Hl AdW= ^QgAF 9lt ,?ctP_G Oarg_G dp K]Ga_G 9JQaO_ GQdF 9Kc_f

.dFaQAt_DG hpO_G Hl dAcat_G YQWl_G

: ?cA6G ?D;D_G >_9al_G c;M Hl B9fa]al_G gPJ ?TGQO ca9FAF qaTa

.\_89Taa dFaQAt_DG c FG >_al_G

hpO_G : a

.)IQpWl_G aC ?clrQ_G( ?c]GQAp:G OarF_G :dF9D_G >_al_G

.dFaQAt_DG hpO_G Hl dAcat_G YQWl_G qral : E_9D_G >_al_G

41 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

caFG >_a*G
_89Taa
\ dFa ~t_DG hpO_G
k
Hl 9j_=l 9K_Jl Hatc dA_G B9lGRA_:G PcpFA_ ?rcQa aC ?_cTa aJ dFaQAt_DG hpO_G
k k
.u_P Qci aC iQMC ?cFaF9r B9pQZA aC GOarf B9lGRA_:G gPJ QOZl H9t 9cC ,OarF_G

,?cFaQAt_E ?_cTa= mAc HC jC ?cFaQAt_DG \Agc=a dFaQAt_DG hpO_G dp mKl_9p

Hl k_=l \_Jl jC ,jOrF mGRA_G dp cDlA 9l_9a ,gPcpFA >a_al_G mGRA_:G QOZl Uc_a
k
gQOZl Hatc jC 9cFaQAt_E gPcpFA >a_al_G Org_G aC mGRA_:G Hatc Or mD Hla ,OarF_G
k k k
gPcpFA EcJ Hla gQOZl EcJ Hl 9cFaQAt_E mGRA_:G Hatc 9FJa ,9cFaQAt_E mQ=C GOrf
k
mcOrA aC ?cO9l Qci A9cWC 9K_Jl Hatc dA_G B9pQZA_G hl IO9f EOJc 9l GPJa ,9]cC

B9la_gl_G uaF= dp uGQAW:Ga B9F;fDG Oarf dp c9J_G aJ 9lt ,?Fcgl ?lOM

.BFQAFDG ?t=W 9KlOrA dA_G B9lOM_G dp uGQAW:Ga

k
9l GPJa ,9cFaQAt_E PpFc \Ft_a QOZl_G EcJ Hl dFaQAt_E Qci mGRA_:G Hatc Ora

Q ci jaFgl AdW mc_TA 9KpGQaC OJC mGRA_G cJl Hatc dA_G B9pQZA_G dp EOJc

Hl jQAWl_G HctlA= mRA_l_G 9Kcp mRA_c dA_G B9lGRA_;_ ?=TF_9= c9J_G aJ 9lt ,jO9l

scQa Hf 9JPcpFA Hatc dA_G B9lGRA_:G ?l9f ?pZ=a ,d_6G >T9J__ Hl9FQ= cclJA

aC c9rl aC >9At AGQW 9KA9rc=aA mJC Hla ,dFaQAt_E ctW dp 9K_9TQE aC 9K_clJA

on line
)27(
. bM_G b_f ?crcTal ?gar

k
mcOrA 9K_Jl Hatc dA_G B9lGRA_:G PcpFA dp 9]cC dFaQAt_DG hpO_G mOMATc
k
mc_gA_G B:9J dp 9]cCa ,9JQcia ?c=aa ?cl_fa ?cFaF9r ,?p_AMl_G BGQ9WAT:G

dA_G B9lGRA_:9= b=AQc ,?l9f ?pZ= ,dFaQAt_DG hpO_9p ,Og= Hf on line dFaQAt_DG
k
gPJ QOZl Hatc HC iaATc P8OFfa ,9cFaQAt_E OOTA ?cOrF k_9=l 9K_Jl Hatc
k
.dFaQAt_E Qci aC 9cFaQAt_E B9lGRA_:G

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?cFaQAt_DG ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_Ga uaF=_G c;M Hl dFaQAt_DG hpO_G mAc 9l GQcDta

mOMATA ?_l9W ?cQ9GA hrGal K=ZA_ B:9J_G Hl QcDt_G dp BQaaAa BQWAFG dA_G
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OFf dtF=_G iQT_G mrQ_G 9Kgl QKdc : ?FlBa IQpWl 9rQaa ?cFaQAt_E HlGQ=a ?ldFC

,dFaQAt_DG Org_G B9=DEa PcpFA_ ?cFaF9r_G >FGaG_G :jQlW_G s;a HGQlA jQ9] :u_P dp QdFG )27(

.m2007 Q=lTcO 20 OOf ,?Tl9M_G ?FT_G )4( OOg_G ,?cl_9g_G ?cAcat_G HaF9r_G ?c_t ?_Gl

?crc=aA ?TGQO ,?cFaQAt_DG B9la_gl_G OfGar dp uGQAW:G Orf :jQcZ9=FG OlJl saQ9p

.9JOg= 9la 100 [ ,2003 ,?c=Qg_G ?]KF_G QGO ,BFQAFDG Oarg_

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?p9]E ,?cOrF_G B9lGRA_:9= A9pa__ Qc=t OJ b_E ?FlB ?_cTa dFaQAt_DG hpO_G Ogc u_P_
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9rpa ,BFQAFDG ?t=W Q= f hpO_9= OGOT_G PpFc EcJ ,QTca ?_aKT= mAc \FC b_E

OGOT_9= HcOl_G : ?c_lg_G dpQa Hc= QW9=l_G c9ZA:9= KlTA ?cFaQAt_E B9la_gl_

)29(
. 9lKFc= QW9=l_G c9ZA:G b_E ?G9J HaO Hl ,\_ bpal_G H8GO_Ga ,dpal_G

:dFa ~t_DG hpO_G c89Ta

)30(
ccaJA_G scQa Hf hpO_G 9KFl IOOgAl sQaa c89Ta dFaQAt_DG hpO__

OarF_9= hpO_Ga ,?cFaQAt_DG B9tcW_9= hpO_Ga ,?cpQZl_G B9r9a=_9= hpO_Ga ,dFaQAt_DG

Hla ,dtP_G Org_G \=_aAc jP_G dFaQAt_DG hpO_G dp QDtC 9FlKA dA_G dJa ,?cFaQAt_DG

OarF_G OFf qraAF mD ,sQa_G gPJ Hl ct= OaZrl_G R9GcDG Hl AdW= K]aF mD

.?ctP_G Oarg_G PcpFAa mGQ=E dp jQJaG QaO Hl 9K_ 9l_ ?cFaQAt_DG

: dFa QAt_DG ccaJA_G scQa H f hpO_G - 1

Hf ,\F8GO b_E gOGOT >a_al_G ,OarF_G k_=l ccaJA= ?_cTa_G gPJ hl HcOl_G marc

mGOMAT9= IQW9=l ?cFaQAt_DG ?t=W_G Q =f ?cpQZl_G B9TTCl_G aC uaF=_G scQa

.u_P_ IOgl_G ?cFaQAt_DG b89Ta_G

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?aFjll ?ctcAT;= B9r9a= mGOMAT9= 9cFaQAt_E OGOT_G mAc ?rcQa_G gPJ hl
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: 9KFl YGaFFG Hl OcOg_G ?cFaQAt_DG ?cpQZl_G B9r9a=_G gPK_a

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.gQtP s=9T_G hGQl_G ,jQlW_G HGQlA jQ9] )28(

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.gQtP s=9T_G hGQl_G ,jQlW_G HGQlA jQ9] :sQa_G gPJ dp QdFG )30(

43 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC p 9lJQaOa
d df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

?r9a=_G QOZl uF=_G b_E \gpO mA 9l OGOT= HcOl_G mRA_c H8GO__ hpO_G m9lAE Og=a

IGOC B9r9a=_G gPJ cDlAa ,dpal_G HcOl_Ga uF=_G Hc= \c_f spAl OOJl cGC c;M

.A9pa IGOC 9KFat >F9G b_E H9lA8G

)31(
. GRcp_Ga BQ9t QAT9l_G cDl QaZ IOf H9lA8:G B9r9a=_a

: Cheque electronique ?cFaQAt_DG B9tcW_9= hpO_G - 3

h pO ?_cTa Q=Agc u_P_ ,?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G QaZ Hl IQaZ dFaQAt_DG u c W _G

ucW_G [89ZMa B9lT BGP \_ dFaQAt_DG ucW_Ga ,BFQAFDG scQa Hf mAA dFaQAt_E
k
B;l9gl_G R9GFE dp ?fQT_G srJc aKp u_P_ ,9cFaQAt_E mAc \Ft_a ,jOc_rA_G drQa_G

.B;l9gl_G gPJ dp ?rD_G E=ca ,?cFaQAt_DG

k k
QOZl 9K_TQc 9]cC 9cFaQAt_E ?gral ?_9TQ dp dFaQAt_DG ucW_G cDlAca

OcpATl_G >9TJ b_E u c W _G ?lcr ccaJA mAc 9KAaTGa=a ,OcpATl_G b_E u c W _G

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: mJ qGQaC ?D;D ?cFaQAt_DG B9tcW_9= hpO__a

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,\cO_ >9TJ OcpATl__ Hatc jP_Ga , u c W _G QOZl \ c _f >aJTl_G qQZl_G - 1
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\_ OGOT_G Hatca ,GQG9A Hatc 9l IO9fa ,\_ OGOT_G >a_al_G H8GO_G aJa OcpATl_G - 3

.OGOT_9= HcOl_G cclg__ 9KlOr dA_G B9lOM_G aC h_T_G c=9rl

B9tcW_G B9r9a= aJ ,H9lA8:G B9r9a= Hl EOJATl YaF B9r9a=_G gPJ >F9G b_E QKd )31(

,B9tcW_G k_9=l OGOT b_f H8GO_G ?F.laa B9tcW_G RcRgA qOK= "cheque garante card"
OaOJ dp ,OGOT_G 9J9]Arl= Hl]c B9tcW_G d_l9J Hl \8;lg_ uF=_G 9JQOZc B9r9a= dJa

B9F9c= HcaOA c;M Hl u_P mAca ,B9r9a=_G gPJ cl9J gQOZc jP_G ucW_G ?lcr Hl ?Fcgl

.ucW_G QKd b_f ?r9a=_G

IQcMFG gPJ HE EcJ Hl ?cO9g_G ?cpQZl_G B9r9a=_G Hf dFaQAt_DG ucW_G B9r9a= q_AMAa

.B9tcW_9= b9=AQG HaO Hla jQap_G OGOT_G dp mOMATA

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

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ccRc HC ,\c_f ?cFaF9r_G ?GJ_G A9p]Ea dFaQAt_DG ucW_9= cl9gA_G ca=r_ >Gca

?cFaQAt_DG c89TQ_G ?JZ baQW \cp QpGaAA dFaQAt_E hcraA >J9T_G HcOl_G hcraA=
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dJ 9lFEa ,?cFOgl aC BF9t ?crQa ,?cOc_rA ?crcrJ GOarF BTc_ ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G

?c_9l_G B9TTCl_Ga uaF=_G 9JQOZA ?c_T_TA m9rQC BGP ?cFaQAt_E BGOJa Hf IQ9=f

9KAgc=a= RclAA 9KFt_a ,OGOT_Ga hpO_G B9c_lf dp ?cOc_rA_G OarF_G m9rl marA_

.?clrQ_G ?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG

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marF ,?ctP_G Oarg_G QaKd dp OarF_G gPJ \= Bl9r jP_G K]Ga_G QaO__ GQdFa

: dA6G >_al_G aJ ,crATl >_al dp 9KATGQO=

dF 9D_G >_a*G
?cFa~t_DG OarF_9= hpO_G
blTA 9lt ,?c]GQAp:G aC " Money electronique" ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= hpO_G
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. ?cOc_rA_G B;lg_G QaO

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Hf QOZA HC Htlc 9lt ,9K8;lg_ ?c]GQAp:G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_Ga uaF=_G 9JQOZA

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?ctcAT;= B9r9a= b_f cGTA ?c89=QKt Bits B9]=F dp OarF_G gPJ cDlAAa
k k
?crcrJ GOarF BTc_ dKp ,d_6G >T9J_G b_f cGTAa QOZA HC 9]cC Htlca ,?ctP

,?cOc_rA_G ?crcrJ_G OarF_G q89da BGP= marA 9KFt_a ,?TaTJla ?Tal_l ?cO9l

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. ?c_9l_G B;l9gl_G ?caTAa OGOT_ mOMATAa

?c]GQApG ?cFaQAt_E ?dp9J HcatA ?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= hpO_G >_aAca

.?c_9l ?lcr 9K_ BGOJa= 9KFJW mAc

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.?clrQ_G aC ?cRlQ_G B;lg_G aC OarF_9= 9]cC blTA 9lt )32(

u_P Og= b_GaA mD ,HcatA=_G ?_lf dJa ,2001 m9g_G dp ?clrQ ?cFaQAt_E ?_lf caC BQKd )33(

.?clrQ ?_lf q_C Hl QDtC d_9J_G Bra_G dp 9JOOf k_=a ,QcDFG cDl iQMC B;lf QaKd

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45 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

k
k_=l_G OGOT= d_6G >T9J_G R9KG b_E GQlC dpal_G HcOl_G QGOZ@= hpO_G mAca

9Kl_TA OQGl= marA dA_G ,?cFgl_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G aC uF=_G b_E ,\= A9pa_G >a_al_G

b _f 9Kc_lJA scQa Hf \_ bpal_G H8GO_G b_E gOGOT >a_al_G k_=l_G ccaJA= A9pa_G QlC

.\= [9M_G d_6G gR9KG

?crcrJ ?cO9f OarF b_E 9K_aJc HC ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G gPJ \l_TA Og= \_ bpal__a

)35(
. ?cFaQAt_DG \AdpJl dp 9K= epAJc HC aC ,\gl cl9gAc jP_G uF=_G scQa Hf

?c_aO_G ?pZ 9K_a ,?_rATl ?gc=a BGP 9KF.= ?lcrQ_G aC ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G RclAAa

.?c_aO_G B;l9gl_G dp 9K= cl9gA_G c=rc PE

,Qc=t OJ b_E H9lFGa ?cQT_9= ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G scQa Hf OGOT_G RclAc 9lt

)36(
. IQaaAl ?cFaQAt_E c89Taa ?ldFC b_f OlAgc \Fat_

: ?cFa~t_DG OarF_9= hpO_G ?cpct

qGQaC OaGa dtP_G Org_G R9GFE \=_aAc jP_G ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= hpO_G ^QApc

: mJ ?D;D

k
;clf Ogc jP_Ga ,9F]Qp dp dtP Orf mGQ=E dp >iQc Hl aJa dpal_G : a c FG
\_=9rl OGOT= dtP_G Org_G B9rpF ccalA= marAT dA_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G aC uF=_G iO_

.?g_T_G aC ?lOM_G mOrl ?l9f ?pZ=a ,QGCl_G aC h89=_9t Org_G dp QM6G qQa__

k
cl9gAl__ Htlcp 9]cC ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= mAc ?ctP_G Oarg_9= cl9gA_G HFa

OGOTa 9Kcp cl9gAA d A _G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_Ga uaF=_G Hl 9K8GQW= 9Kc_f caZJ_G

d_6G \=T9J b _f ?cFaQAt_DG \Adp9J b_E 9KFJW= marc mD ,?crcrJ OarF= 9K_=9rl

jP_G \Ga_G b_f u_Pa ,HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl mGOMAT9= dtP_G Org_G \AaTGa= mQ=c jP_G

.g9FJ]a HC s=T

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,QG9A Qci aC H9t GQG9A ,dtP_G Org_G dp QM6G qQa_G aJa ,\_ bpal_G :dF 9D_G
h_T Hl \lOrc 9l QcdF ?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= \_ hpO_G Hatc HC c=rc jP_Ga

.dtP_G Org_G Ya]al aC cJl cDlA B9lOM aC

Hl OGOT_Ga hpO_G ?c_lf dp bcTa_G QaO= marA dA_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G : E_9D_G

Q=f Or9gA_G ,OJ9Gl HTJ_G a=C ?l9TC :gQa9Mla ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= OGOT_G dp hGGQ )35(

.101[ ,2002 iQ=t_G ?_Jl_G ,?cFaF9r_G >At_G QGO ,BFQAFDG

9JQaOa ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G ,d=9rg_G HGa_f mT9= :?cFaQAt_DG OarF_9= OGOT_G dp OcRl__ hGGQ )36(

.111 d_G 80[ ,6 OOg_G Bc=_G cJC ?_Gl ,?cOr9gA_G B9lGRA_:9= A9pa_G dp

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

k k
9JQZl Hatc HC gQci aC BF9t 9tF= ?TTCl_G gPJ dp >Gca ,\_ bpal_G b_E dpal_G

)37(
. ?DcOJ_G ?cFaQAt_DG B9cFrA_G mGOMAT9= 9K= cl9gA_Ga ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G QGOZ@= 9K_

: ?cFa~t_DG OarF_9= cl9gA_G H l Bcat_G qral

Hl )8( IO9l_G b]Arl= ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_G mGOMAT9= cl9gA_G dAcat_G YQWl_G R9GC

ccaJA Q=Agc" :HC b_f BZF dA_G ,2014 ?FT_ 20 mrQ ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r

: HccA6G HcaQW_G I9fGQl= u_Pa " hpO_G AGQGD ?_a=rl ?_cTa ?cFaQAt_E c89Ta= OarF_G

Bcat_G uF=a OrF_G H.W dp 1968 ?FT_ )22( mrQ HaF9r_G m9tJ.= OcrA_G : caFG
GPJ dp IQO9Z_G B9lc_gA_Ga i QM F G HcFGar_Ga ,?cpQZl_G ?FKl_G mcdFAa jRtQl_G

.>9JQDG ccalAa cGalFG cTi H.W dp 2013 ?FT_ 106 mrQ HaF9r_G u_Pta ,H.W_G

b_f e9pJ_Ga A;lg__ ?Fal.l B9lOM mcOrA= ?_cpt_G BGAGQGDG P9MAG : dF 9D_G
.?cpQZl_G ?cQT_G

B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )30( mrQ IO9l_G BldF Orp HcaQW_G HcPJ b_E ?p9]D9=a

hpO_G ?aTGa= dpQZl_G cclg_G >9TJ b _f YaQWl_G Q ci Ocr_G ?cFaQAt_DG

.EJ=_G GPJ Hl E_9D_G >_al_G dp \J]aFT 9l GPJa ,dFaQAt_DG

E_9D_G >_a*G
dFa ~t_DG hpO_G H l d caA t_G Y QW*G qral
k
B;l9gl__ ccKTA Hl \_9lgATG b_f >AQAc 9la dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?clJF GQdF
k k
?DOJATl_G ?_cTa_G gPJ dAcat_G YQWl_G QrC Orp GPcpFAa 9lGQ=E ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga

dp 2014 ?FT_ )20( mrQ HaF9r_9= \lcdFA= m9ra ,?cOrF_G B9lGRA_:9= A9pa_Ga hpO__

.?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G H.W

b_f 9KZF= dFaQAt_DG hpO_G CO=l QatPl_G HaF9r_G Hl )28( mrQ IO9l_G BQr.p

GPJ QDCc :a ,hpO_G AGQGD ?_a=rl ?_cTa ?cFaQAt_E c89Ta= OarF_G ccaJA Q=Agc : HC

B9r9pAG ?cC aC HcFGar_G b]Arl= IQQrl_G Qcj_G sarJ b_f BF9t IQaZ ?c.= HaF9r_G

.iQMC

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47 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

dA_G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G b_f B9lGRA_:G ^g= HaF9r_G Hl )29( IO9l_G Br_C mD
k
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.g9]Arl= IQO9Z_G ?ldFFGa ?cPcpFA_G

YaQWl_G Qci Ocr_G B9c_lf Hf ?c_aCTl_G \AGP HaF9r_G Hl )30( IO9l_G BldFa

.dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?aTGa= A;lg__ ?cpQZl_G B9=9TJ_G b_f

?lR;_G B9lc_gA_G QGOZE jRtQl_G Bcat_G uF= b_f B_9JC Orp )31( IO9l_G 9lC

c9lfC mcdFA H.W dp \A=9rQ_ ?g]9M_G ?c_9l_Ga ?cpQZl_G B9TTCl_G 9K= OcrAA dA_G

BGAGQGEa ,YaQWl Q ci ccaJA Hf HA9F_G Ocr_G b_f >AQAc 9la dFaQAt_DG hpO_G

?cpQZl_G c9lfF9= s_gAA iQMC QalC jCa ,B9F9c=_G Hf M9ZpDGa A9aMFG KcJZA
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BGAGRG_G B9lc_gA__ ?p_9Ml_G ?KG_G b_f s=aA HC b_f IQatPl_G IO9l_G BZF 9lt

OrF_G H.W dp 1968 ?FT_ )32( mrQ HaF9r_G Hl )85( IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G

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Aa]_G A9r_@= dA.c 9lcp marF ,g;fC IQatPl_G m9tJFGa [aZF_G Aa] dpa

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?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G 9K_lJAA dA_G B9lGRA_:G :aC ^QgF EcJ ,m9tJFG gPJ mJC b_f
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dKAFFa ,dFaQAt_DG hpO_G B9c_lf HaQGc HcP_G A;lg_G B9=9TJ b_f ?faQWl_G Qci
k
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,?cPcpFA_G \AJ8:a ,2014 ?FT_ )20( mrQ ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r m9tJF

)38(
: HccA6G HclGRA_:G ,g9]Arl= IQO9Z_G ?ldFFGa

:dA6G b_f ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )29( IO9l_G [FA )38(

k
\AJ8:a HaF9r_G GPJ m9tJF 9rpa dFaQAt_DG hpO_G c9lfC UQ9lA ?c_9l ?TTCl ct b_f"

:d_c 9l= mGRA_:G 9lJ9]Arl= IQO9Z_G ?ldFFGa ,?cPcpFA_G

jRtQl_G Bcat_G uF=a OrF_G H.W dp 1968 ?FT_ )32( mrQ HaF9r_G m9tJ.= OcrA_G - C

HaF9r_G u_Pta ,H.W_G GPJ dp IQO9Z_G B9lc_gA_Ga iQMFG HcFGar_Ga ?cpQZl_G ?FKl_G mcdFAa

=
.>9JQDG ccalAa cGalFG cTi H.W dp 2003 ?FT_ )106( mrQ

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 48

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

: dJa H .W_G BGP HcFGa r_9= OcrA_G : caFG mGRA_:G

mcdFAa jRtQl_G Bcat_G uF=a OrF_G H.W dp 1968 ?FT_ )32( mrQ HaF9r_G -

?Z9M ?pZ=a ,H.W_G GPJ dp IQO9Z_G B9lc_gA_Ga iQMFG HcFGar_Ga ?cpQZl_G ?FKl_G

.jRtQl_G uF=_G 9JQOZc dA_G B9lc_gA_G u_A

.>9JQDG ccalAa cGalFG cTi H.W dp 2013 ?FT_ )106( mrQ HaF9r_G -

: dF 9D_G mGRA_:G
k
hpO_G B9lOMa :9lfC UQ9lA dA_G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G \_lJAA jP_G dF9D_G mGRA_:G

gPK_ 9KlcOrA Hatc H.= ?_cpt_G BGAGQGDG B9TTCl_G gPJ PMAA HC aJ dFaQAt_DG

?cQT_G b_f ep9JA HCa ,?KG Hl 9K8;lg= QQ]_G sJ_A : ?Fal.l ?rcQa= B9lOM_G
k
.iQMC ?KG Hl H.W_G GPJ dp ?g=Al_G ?cFaF9r_G Qcc9gl__ 9rpa ?cpQZl_G

k
>9TJ b _f Ya QWl_G Qci Ocr_G H f ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G ?c_aCTl 9 9D
- cF

: dFa QAt_DG hpO_G B9c_lf d p 9K8;lf

hpO_G GPJ dA.cp A9aMFG ^g= dFaQAt_DG hpO_G B9c_lf spGQc HC QaZAl_G Hl

mAc aC ,\c_f sJATl aJ 9ll QDtC cclg_G >9TJ b_f Ocrc H.t ,hrGa__ spGal Qci

9Kc_f >AQAc dA_G B:9J_G Hl u_P Qcia ,mJQcia RQt9K_G Hl hpO_G B9c_lf ?lG9Kl
k
cJ ,u_P ?g=A clJAc Hlf cC9TA_G QcDc HC \F.W Hl GPJa ,9c_9l A;lg_9= QGQ]DG

? cclg_G 9K_lJAc mC ,@a9M_G hpO_G GPJ BQGC dA_G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G 9KFf c.TA

)39(
BldF dA_G ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )30( IO9l_G u _P Hf B=9GC

?cpQZl_G ?cQT_G b_f e9pJ_Ga A;lg__ ?Fal.l B9lOM mcOrA= ?_cpt_G BGAGQGDG P9MAG - > =
k
."H.W_G GPJ dp ?g=Al_G ?cFaF9r_G Qc9gl__ 9rpa

:dA6G b_f ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )30( IO9l_G [FA )39(

k
hpO_G ?aTGa= dpQZl_G \=9TJ b_f YaQWl Qci Ocr jC Hf :aCTl cclg_G Q=Agc :"

\gcraA= clg_G qra= Ocr_G GPJ AGQGE c=r ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G Z;=@= QO9= GPE dFaQAt_DG

hpO_G ?_cTa \FGOrp= aC >9TJ_G GPJ b_E Qcj_G caMO ?cF9tlE Hl \paMA_ dFaQAt_DG

.dFaQAt_DG \gcraA= HcQM6G ?pQgl Ba=D= aC dFaQAt_DG

k
GPE dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?aTGa= \=9TJ_ YaQWl Qci c9lgATG jC Hf :aCTl cclg_G Q=Agca

9K=GGa= Bl9r Or ?TTCl_G HCa ,?cTc8Q IQaZ= u_P dp mKTC aC iOC Or \_9lJE HC B=D

RaGc : dFaQAt_DG hpO_G B9c_lf dpa .>9TJ_G u_P_ YaQWl Qci c9lgATG jC HaO ?_a_cJ__

c=r Hl \_9TQE mA 9l bAl dFaQAt_DG cGT_G aC OFATl_G b_f QccjA aC ccOgA jC AGQGE

."crATl dFaQAt_E cGT aC OFATl mGOMAT9= mAA HC >Gc A9j_E B9c_lf jCa ,@WFl_G

49 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

k
dp caCTl Qcia B:9J_G ^g= dp :aCTl cclg_G B_gG E cJ ;?c_aCTl_G gPJ

: dA6G \Ga_G b_f u_Pa ,iQMC B:9J

:\ =9TJ_ Ya QWl_G Qci c9lgAT:G H f cclg_G ?c_aCTl - 1

k k
Qci c9lgATG jC Hf :aCTl cclg_G Hatc )30( IO9l_G Hl ?cF9D_G IQrp__ 9rpa

QpGaA hl \Fl c9lJE Yara ?_9J dp dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?aTGa= \=9TJ_ YaQWl

: ?cA6G ?D;D_G baQW_G

k
hrc \8=f H@p ,B9=DDG dp ?l9g_G OfGar__ 9rpaa ,c9lJDG GPJ Ba=D : caFG bQW_G
.?Fcgl_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G aJa \cfOc Hl b_f

YaQWl_G Qci Ocr_Ga B=9D_G cclg_G c9lJE Hc= ?c==T_G ?a=GQ m9cr : dF 9D_G bQW_G
c9lgAT:G b_E iOC jP_G aJ B=9D_G \_9lJE H9t GPE ?r;g_G gPJ QpGaAAa ,\=9TJ b_f

dp c9lJDG GPJ mKTC Or crFG bpa ,?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G iO_ \=9TJ_ YaQWl_G Q ci

.?cTc8Q IQaZ= YaQWl_G Qci c9lgAT:G EaOJ

?JZ Hf 9KcQJA dp ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G Hl QcZrA aC c9lJE mOf : E_9D_G bQW_G

B9a9cAJ:G ct P9MAG aJF 9KA9=GGa= m9cr_9= u_P mAca ,Qcj_G c=r Hl c9lgAT:G GPJ

.>9TJ_G u_P_ YaQWl Qci c9lgATG jC HaO ?_a_cJ__ ?lR;_G BGAGQGDGa

k k
dp 9JcJZa 9A=9D Hatc dFaQAt_DG hpO_G H@p ?D;D_G baQW_G gPJ BQpGaA H@p

.?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G Uc_a \Ag=A clJAc jP_G aKp mD Hla ,\c_f ?GJa cclg_G ?KGGal

:\ =9TJ_ Ya QWl_G Qci c9lgAT:G H f cclg_G ?c_aCTl mOf - 2

k k
Qci Ocr jC Hf :aCTl cclg_G Q=Agc : )30( IO9l_G Hl b_aFG IQrp__ 9rpa

: ?cA6G E;D_G B:9J_G dp dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?aTGa= dpQZl_G \=9TJ b_f YaQWl

dpQZl_G \=9TJ b _E Qcj_G caMO ?cF9tlE Hl cclg_G qaMA GPE : b a _ FG ?_9J_G

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b_f hrc ?_9J_G gPJ dpp ;\cp clg_G qra= m9rp YaQWl Q ci :9lgATG \_9lgATGa

.u_P ?g=A B_lJA :Ea ,>9TJ_G GPJ Hl hpO jC AGQGE Hf qraA_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G

9FJ ,u_P= ?TTCl_G k_=Ca dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?_cTa cclg_G Orp GPE : ?cF9D_G ?_9J_G
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gQ9aME OQGl= cclg_G >9TJ b_f hpO jC AGQGE Hf ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G hFAlA 9]cC

.hpO_G ?_cTa gOrp= ?TTCl_G

\lOMATc jP_G dFaQAt_DG \gcraA_ cclg_G Qci ?pQgl BA=D GPE : ?D_9D_G ?_9J_G

å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 50

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

sJc : PE ,u_P= ?TTCl_G Q9aM@= m9ra dpQZl_G \=9TJ b_f hpO_G AGQGD

.cclg_G >9TJ dp cl9gAA HC ,Orp_G GPK= 9JQ9aME OQGl=a ?_9J_G gPJ dp ?TTCl__

j.= ?c_9l_G ?TTCl__ cclg_G Q9aME b _f >AQAc ?r=9T_G E;D_G B:9J_G dp

\c_f jQGA :a ,cclg_G >9TJ b_f cl9gA_G Hf Y9FAl:9= ?TTCl_G gPJ mGRA_G ,9KFl

,cclg_G b_f \= HAJc :a YaQWl Qci hpO_G GPJ Hatc B_gp H@p ,hpO B9c_lf ?cC

.u_P b_f B=AQA dA_G ?c_aCTl_G ?c_9l_G ?TTCl_G clJAAa ,\Ff c.Tc ;p

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j - 9D_9D
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b_E B_9JC dA_G ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )31( IO9l_9= A9G 9l_ GPcpFA

9K= OcrAA dA_G ,dFaQAt_DG hpO_G c9lfC mcdFA_ ?lR;_G B9lc_gA_G QGOZE jRtQl_G uF=_G

mrQ QGQr_G jRtQl_G Bcat_G uF= QOZC ,c9lfFG gPK= marA dA_G ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G

B9lc_gA_G ^g= h]a jP_G dFaQAt_DG hpO_G c9lfC mcdFA= 2018 ?FT_ 430/44

.B9TTCl_G gPJ Hl I9fGQl_G ?=GGa

QGQr_G Hl )5( IO9l_G 9KA=GaC dA_G B9lc_gA_G gPJ mJC b_E IRGal IQ9WE dA6Ga

: QatPl_G

OcrA HC dFaQAt_DG hpO_G B9c_lf dp clgA dA_G B9TTCl_Ga uaF=_G b_f >Gc - 1

.jRtQl_G uF=_G dp b9WF_G GPK= [9M_G cGT_G dp 9KTpF

k_=l= jRtQl_G uF=__ H9l] >9aM mcOrA dFaQAt_DG hpO_G b9WF caGRl b_f >Gc - 2

.b9WF_G GPK_ \A_aGRl c=r dAcat Q9FcO q_C 100

jRtQl_G uF=_G ?rpGal b_f caZJ_G dFaQAt_DG hpO_G b9WF d_aGRl b_f >Gc - 3
k
BF9tC AGaT ,brp cclg_G Hl 9KlZM mAc dA_G QaGFGa B;lg_G H.W dp 9r=Tl

EGOJATGa ?p9]E ?_9J dp u_Pa ,QMB qQa jF mC ccta_G mC caGRl_G K_9Z_

.9Kcp ccOgA_G aC IOcOG QaGCa maTQa B:alf

:dA6G b_f ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G HaF9r Hl )31( IO9l_G [FA )40(

?lR;_G B9lc_gA_G \A=9rQ_ ?g]9M_G ?c_9l_Ga ?cpQZl_G B9TTCl__ jRtQl_G uF=_G QOZc"

9la dFaQAt_DG hpO_G c89Ta O9lAfG u_P dp 9l= cGalI_ dFaQAt_DG hpO_G c9lfC mcdFA_

Hf M9ZpDGa A9aMFG KcJZA BGAGQGEa ,YaQWl Qci ccaJA Hf HA9F_G Ocr_G b_f >AQAc

mR_A dA_G B9F9c=_G u_P dp 9l= ,?cFaQAt_DG ?cpQZl_G c9lfF9= s_gAA iQMC QalC jCa B9F9c=_G
k
B9lc_gA__ ?p_9Ml_G ?KG_G b_f s=aAa ,HaF9r__ 9r=a u_Pa ,9K= gOcaRA= ?c_9l_G B9TTCl_G

."\c_E Q9Wl_G 1968 ?FT_ 32 mrQ HaF9r_G Hl )85( IO9l_G dp 9Kc_f [aZFl_G BGAGRG_G

51 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

cGalFG cTi B9c_lf ?Jp9tl_ mR_c 9l ct P9MAG b9WF_G d_aGRl b_f HcgAc - 4

.B9la_gl_G HlC I9fGQla

Ha=aFc A;ta dFaQAt_DG hpO_G d_aGRl_ Hatc HC jRtQl_G uF=_G B9lc_gA BR9GC - 5

uF=_G dp u_P= [9M_G cGT_G dp mJOcr Og=a ,c9lfFG gPK= m9cr_G dp mKFf

.jRtQl_G

H9c== ,dtP_G Org_G 9F_ RQpC jP_G df9FaZ:G A9tP_G ?TGQO Hl 9FcKAFG HC Og=

Og=a ,dFaF9r_G gQaO H9c=a ,\lccrA mD ,\A9rc=aAa ,\fGaFCa ,gQaKda \= OaZrl_G

?cFp_G ?cF=_G H;DlA H9A__G H9AcFrA_G 9lJa ,?cFaQAt_DG OarF_Ga ,HcWA ua_=__ 9FATGQO

Ya]al aJa ,\AGP dp Org_G GPJ ?TGQO b_E H6G crAFF ,dtP_G Org_G clfa QaKd_

.?TGQO_G gPJ Hl E_9D_G cZp_G

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cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

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HcWA ua_=_G dAcFrA QaKda df9FaZ:G A9tP_G B9cFrA dp cJPl_G mOrA_G b_f >AQA

aJa ,OcpFA_Ga mGQ=DG ?cAGP Oarg_G Hl EOJATl YaF QaKd ?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_Ga
k k
Oarg_G gPJ mGQ=D 9KpGQaC dr;A_ ?G9J 9lFaO 9c89r_Aa 9cAGP PpFAa mQ=A dA_G ?ctP_G Oarg_G

Qcj_G Hl A9aTa cMOA b_E ?G9J HaO Hla c= ,9Kl9tJC ?Wr9Fla 9KaaQW b_f mJ9pA_Ga

B9pQZA_G clWc_ Or9gA_G Hl dtP_G blF_G GPJ hTAG 9lt ,mJQcia uaF=_Ga sDal_9t

gPJ \= RclAA 9l >=T= ,?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_G Hl OcOg_G u_Pta ,Oarg_G Qci iQMFG

.B:9J_G Hl QcDt_G dp dAGP_G PcpFA_Ga c= d89r_A_G mGQ=DG b_f IQOr_G Hl Oarg_G

k
HlGQ=a 9rQa \f9=AG OQGl ?ctP_G Oarg_G gPJ hl df9FaZ:G A9tP_G baMA u_P=a
k k k
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?c_Ba 9KA9rc=aAa 9JQaKda 9KlaKpla ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?cJ9l b_f Aa]_G A9r_Da

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: dA6G \Ga_G b_f

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53 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

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k
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........... GPt bpaATG GPE( : ?cA6G ?_O9gl_G dp 9JQ9ZAMG Htlc dA_G ?rcQa_G dJa ,9Kc_f

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dp \iGQpE dtP_G Org_G >_aAc : ctW_G EcJ Hlp : gQ9DB >cAQAa ,\lGQ=E BGAGQGEa

.?Z9M ?c_tW >_aAc : 9lt ,?cOc_rA ?caM ?=9At >aAtl >_9r

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gQaKd H9t Ht_a ,1994 m9f PFl 9JPcpFAa ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G mGQ=E ?_aKT

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.Og= BpQf Or HtA m_ 9JQaO=a ,Org_G dp c=9rl_G aC HlD_G OGOT 9J9]Arl=

scQa_G OKlAa ,?cT9TFG ?cF=_G B_lAtG ?cFaQAt_DG OarF_Ga HcWA ua_=_G QaKd=a
k k
d8GO=_G A9tP_G B9rc=aA O JC gQ9=Af9= 9c_lfa 9cgrGa gQaKd CO=a ,dtP_G Org_G QaKd_
k k
mGQ=E cJGQl ^g= m9lAEa PcpFA dp 9c_Ba 9c89r_A clgA 9K_gGa ?_6G b_f O9lAf:9= H9TF<_

)46(
. B:6Ga IRKGFG B9a9Ta HaO Hl IQW9=l jQW=_G A9tP_G 9K= marc H9t dA_G Org_G

:g9GA:G GPJ dp QdFG )44(

Christopho Roda :GOaQ qaATcQt ,410 [ s=9T hGQl ,dtl bpaZl

Smart comtracts dumb contracs: dalloz ip/it/2018 p.397.

k
;gp 9Krc=aA mAa ,9JQaKd s=T dtP_G Org_G 9Kc_f OlAgc dA_G ?cT9TFG IQtp_G HC hrGa_Ga )45(
k
dA_G ?lOM_G aC ?g_T_G c=9rl hpO OQGl= 9c89r_A clgA dA_G ?c_6G Oarg_G ^g=_ ?=TF_9=

hc= B:B cDl ?acT=_G B9lOM_Ga h_T_G ^g= mOrA dA_G ?c_6G IRKGFG u_P= dFfCa ,9KlOrA

B9Fapc_A_G HJW BaQta ,aQAl_G QtGPA( QtGPA_G hc= aC ,?pcpM_G B:at.l_G ^g=a ia_J_G

.)N_E ... ?_alJl_G

a=GR9T ucF ?l_9g_G Bl9r EcJ ,9JOg= 9la ,1994 m9f b_E dtP_G Org__ b_aFG QaP=_G hGQAa )46(

9Kcp BQa_= E9J=C IOg= ,QcpWA_G m_f dp IO8GQ ?l_9fa ?cFaF9r ?DJ9= dJa , Nik Szabo
.?cQdF_G ?KGa_G Hl dtP_G Org_G maKpl

:9Kp_Cl dtP_G Org_G QaaAa QaKd dp ccZ9pA_G Hl OcRl__ hGGQ

Smart Contract:Formalizying And Securing Pubic Networke 1977.

55 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

Q9WAF:G dp PMC mD ,2013 m9f dp CO= Orp dtP_G Org__ d_lg_G sc=aA_G 9lC

IOf9r UcT.A= Vitalik Buterik ucQAa= uc_9Acp m9r EcJ 2015 m9f Hl AGOA=G

H9tQFG clAtl dtP Orf caC L9lOE dp 9KlOMATG dA_G Ethereum macQDFG B9F9c=

: ?cA6G ?acT=_G ?_O9gl_G b_f marc ,PcpFA__ c=9ra

?_l9gl_G .WFA HcWA ua_=_G IOf9r 9KFl]AAa 9JOOJA ?Fcgl baQW BQpGaA GPE"
k k
."iQW= bcTa cMOA HaO Hl 9c_Ba 9c89r_A 9JPcpFA mAca ,?=a_al_G

mQ=c Org_G H@p QMB [MW_ ua_ll cRFl u_lAa AGQW dp [MW >iQ H@p
k
?G9J HaO Hl cRFl_G ?ct_l crAFA 9lt ,u_P_ IOOJl_G baQW_G QpGaA OQGl= 9c89r_A

9Kc_E hGQc dA_G A9aTa_G Hl mJQci aC ,jQ9rf bcTa aC sDal aC m9Jl ?a9Ta_

)47(
. ?cOc_rA_G Oarg_G mGQ=E dp IO9f

: ?ctP_G Oarg_9= dFaF 9r_G qG~f:G

dp cGR 9l \Fata d_lg_G hrGa_G dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G QaKd ?DGOJ Hl miQ_G b_f

B9gcQWA_G ^g= Oarg_G gPJ bF=A Orp u _P Hl miQ_G b_f ; QaaA_Ga HcatA_G QaO

HaF9r_G m9tJC ^g= cOf jP_G 2017 ?FT_ ?ctcQlFG GO9pcF ?c:a HaF9r 9KFl ?DcOJ_G

The Uniform Electronic Transaction ?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl_9= [9M_G jO9JA:G

)48(
. B9=DDG dp ?cGJ Oarg_G gPJ KFl mA g9]Arl=a

OlAgA dA_G HcWA ua_=_G ?cFrA= dTFQp_G YQWl_G qQAfG ICQG crC IaaM dpa
k
[9M_G 2016 ?FT_ 520 mrQ HaF9r_G b]Arl= :aC u_P mAa ,?ctP_G Oarg_G 9Kc_f

les bon de caisse

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.?cO9ZAr:G I9cJ_G ?FQZfa O9Tp_G ?Jp9tl=

: ?ctP_G Oarg_G clf ?c_B

?ZFl= 9KlGQ=E dp mOMATl_G d_6G >T9J_G b=Q= ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E CO=c

?Fl]Al 9JR9GFE OGQl_G ?c_lg_G aC Org_G B9F9c= c9MOE mAc mD ,?=aiQl_G HcWA ua_=_G
k
c=9rl OGOT u_P d_c ,?ZFl_G B9F9c= OfGar= cGTl aJ 9l_ 9rpa Org_G m9tJCa baQW

Mustapha Mekki tP_ Org_ m Q= p c Z9pA_ l O

:d G G G E d c G H cRl__ QdFG )47(

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;
k
Hl 9J9pfC Orp B;l9gl_Ga Oarg_G AGQGE dp sc=aA_G GPJ mGOMAT: YQWl_G Hl 9gcGWAa )48(

.475 [ ,gQtP s=T hGQl ,?cQa H= OlJl :u_P dp hGGQ .>8GQ]_G

.H9Ar=9T_G IQ9WDGa hGQl_G )49(

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 56
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

k k k
B;lg_G mGOMAT9= 9c_B OGOT_G GPJ mAca , u _P Qci aC GQ9GcE aC 9FlD Org_G GPJ

dp dA.ca ,?lOMATl_G HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl 9K= cl9gAA dA_G ?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG

R9GFE mAc d_6G OGOT_G GPJ m9lAE OQGl=a ,Hcat B=_Ga macQcDFG ?_lf 9KAlOrl
k
,?cQW= ?a9Ta aC cMOA HaO 9c_B gQaO= mAc jP_Ga ,9JPcpFA CO=c mD Hla ,?c_lg_G

dtP_G Org_G mGQ=E L9AJc : u_Pt ; HcrDal_G aC ,HcQ9WATl_G aC Hcl9Jl_9= ?F9gAT:9t

?ctP_G Oarg_G m9tJCa B9F9c= hclG HC b_E u_P hGQca ,\rcDaA_ mJQci aC OaKW b_E

B9=T9J_G Hcc;l IQtGP= epJAa 9K= HRMA HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl scQa Hf mQ=A dA_G

b_f HlB jRtQl m9dF Hl] 9K_cZ9pAa 9KaaQWa 9Kl9tJC ct= 9K= ?a=AQl_G ?c_6G

.?cQ9GA_G P9ATFG QA9pO QGQi

Hl Hatcp 9KA=rGQla B9F9c=_G gPJ b_f Y;a:G mKFtlc HctQ9Wl_G hclG HFa

h=AA hclG__ Htlc 9lt .9Kcp ccOgA_G aC 9JQccjA ,ccJATl_G Hl Htc m_ HE ,>gZ_G

)50(
. 9JPcpFAa 9K89KAFG b_E 9KAcGO= PFl HcWA ua_=_G b_f iQGA dA_G B9c_lg_G Q9Tl

9KlGOMAT9= mAA dA_G B9c_lg_G Hl 9JQcia ,?ctP_G Oarg_G ?rOa ?JZ qraAAa

9KAr=9al iOla ,?lOMATl_G HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl B9la_gla B9F9c= ?rOa ?JZ b_f
k
HlGQ=_G mGOJAT9= ca.= :aC B9F9c=_G gPJ EcOJA IQaQ] >_aAc GPJa ,hrGa__

. Oracle HlGQ= 9KA_DlC Hla ,B9lOM_G gPJ mOrA dA_G ?DcOJ_G ?cFaQAt_DG ?ldFFGa

k k
b_E u _P OAlc 9lFEa ,9c89r_Aa 9cAGP 9KlGQ=E b_f ?ctP_G Oarg_G clf QZArc :a
k k
hc=_G cDl PcpFA_G ?cQap Oarg_G hl ?Z9M ,9]cC 9c89r_A 9Kl9tJC c9lfEa 9JPcpFA H9tlE

B;lg_G mGOMAT9= >a_al_G HlD_G OGOT OQGl= 9JPcpFA mAc EcJ ,?ct_l_G crFa

.?c]GQAp:G ?cFaQAt_DG

"scl" ?j_ 9Kc_f s_ac IQpWl ?Z9M ?cQAac=lt ?j_= ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?=9At HC b_E ?p9]D9= GPJ )50(

.mOMATl_G aC \TpF HlQ=l_G Hl a_a 9K_9MOE Og= 9Kcp QccjA_G aC 9K_cOgA H9tlE mOg= RclAA

?clTA ?ctP_G Oarg_G clfa OGOfE 9J9]Arl= mAc dA_G d_6G >T9J_G IRKGC b_f s_aca

,?cRtQl;_9v= 9K_cjWAa 9K_lf RclAc u_P_ ,9Kcp HctQAWl_G aC HctQ9Wl_9= ?Z9M_G "Org_G"

IO9pAT:Ga 9Kc_f clg_G ?cQJ uQ9Wl ct_ 9lFEa ,9Kc_f QacTc aC 9Kcp mtJAc Hl OGac ;p

.9JQccjA aC 9KA9F9c= ccOgA \Ftlc OJC ;p ,?rD_G 9K=Ttca H9l.= clgA 9K_gGc 9l GPJa ,9KFl

?rcQa ,\laKpl ,dtP_G Org_G" HGaFg= c9rl :?ctP_G Oarg_G clf dp ccZ9pA_G Hl OcRl__ hGGQ

:dA6G hral_G b_f "\AGlQ=

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57 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å
 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G
d

b _E q9]l_G aC baQWl_G PcpFA_Ga ,h=9AAl_G PcpFA_G ,?AlAC dtP_G Org__ Htlc 9lt

IOT
)51(
. A9cWFG BFQAFE mGOMAT9= u_P mAca ,cGC

k k
Oarg_G ?c_B mGOMAT9= ;Dl Hcl.A_G Oarf QGOZEa mGQ=E Htlc ,u_P_ 9rc=aAa

ua_=_G ?ZFl 9K_9MO@=a ,9Kc_f Hcl.A_G >a_al_G A9cWFG \_ HlCl_G OOJc EcJ ,?ctP_G

OQGl=a ,\=T9Fc jP_G ^Qg_G Q9cAM9= marcp ,Hcl.A_G ^aQf Hl OcOg_G OGc ,HcWA
k
?r;f ?cF ?G9J HaO Hl 9c89r_A Org_G mGQ=E mAc \_ HlCl_G Hl Hcl.A_G k_=l OGOT

.\_ HlCl_Ga HlCl_G Org_G dpQa Hc= IQW9=l

k_9=l OGOTa hpO ?AlAF ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGOMATG Hcl.A_G B9tQW_ Htlc 9lt

.\Fl HlCl_G EO9J_G Yara OQGl= 9KcrJATl_ Hcl.A_G

BFQAFE b_E Hcl.A_G B9tQW .G_A c9Dl_G cc=T b_f ,h89]=_G b_f Hcl.A_G dpp

b_E hFZl_G Hl h89]=_G gPJ crF K]aA ?Z9M BGQgWATl= 9K_9Zc@= A9cWFG

.9Kc_f spAl_G ?KG_G dp 9KfGOcE mD Q9al_G aC A9Fcl_G

k
cGR_Rt ,dgc=a_G 9JGQGl_ 9rpa B9c_lg_G gPJ cT_TA HaO caJc EO9J hra GP@p

BFQAFE H@p ,Hcl.A_G 9Kcajc dA_G iQMFG EGOJFGa EQGat_G Hl u_P Qcia H9]cp aC

spQA dA_G Q9gWAT:G IRKGC c]p= HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl b_E u _P crFc A9cWFG

sJATc mD Hla ,gO] HlCl_G EO9J_G Yara Hl HlCl_G srJAc u_P=a ; h89]=_9=
k
.dtP_G Org_G ?cFrA mGOMAT9= 9c_B gOGOT= HlCl_G marcp ,Hcl.A_G k_=l \_ HlCl_G

?ZFl b_E .G_c HC ,gQci aC cRFl ,9l AdW AGQW dp >iQc Hl_ Htlc 9lt

marc mD ,?ZFl_G gPK= IOOJl_G baQW_G spa gCGQW >a_al_G OcOJA_ ,HcWA ua_=_G

gPJ c=9rl OGOT b_E ?p9]E ,IQpWl_G ?cFaQAt_DG ?_lg_G scQa Hf HlD_G OGOT=

jQAWl_G b _E hc=l_G ?ct_l c r AFAa ,AGQW_G ?c_lf PpFAa mQ=A Qap_G b_fa ,?lOM_G

k
,9DcOJ QKd jP_G BFQAFDG Hl OcOG_G ccG_G Internet Of Things A9cWFG BFQAF@= OZrc )51(

gPJ clWAa ,^g= hl 9K]g= ?a=GQAl_G B:6Ga IRKGFG Hc= cl9gA_Ga mJ9pA_G KcAc_

ccZaA mAc EcJ .df9FaZ:G A9tP_G BGaOCa B9T9TJ_Ga BGQgWATl_Ga BGaOFG IRKGFG

IOf9Tl= ?p_AMl_G ?ldFFG Hc= cf9pA_Ga b=GQA_G HcTJA_ BFQAFD9= 9JQcia ?c_RFl_G IRKGFG

B9GAFl_Ga B9c_lg_G h=AA Htlc .HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl= IRKGFG gPJ ccZaA=a BGQgWATl_G

.9K_JGQla 9KAGaaM hclG dp 9K= ?a=AQl_G

Or9gA_G ?dJ_ PFl BFQAFD9= ?_ZAl_G B9GAFl_G h=AA dp HltA A9cWFG BFQAFD iQ=t_G IRcl_9p
k
\F.W Hl GPJa ,9KFJWa 9K_rF= GQaQl 9K_cZaA H9tl aC 9KA9fOaATl= 9KfGOcE HcJ b_E 9Kc_f

.B9=rf ?cC HaO >T9Fl_G [MW__ >T9Fl_G HAFl_G mc_TA

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 58
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

k
b_E ?G9J_G HaO Hla HcQ9WATl_Ga Hcl9Jl_G aC ,A9aTa_G b_E AaG__G HaO Hl 9c89r_A
k
,jOc_rA_G jO9g_G h c = __ 9rpa ?ct_l_G ccGTAa scDaA= marc jP_G dlTQ_G sDal_G

.9KrcDaAa 9JQ9KWE b_f cc_O QcM ?p_AMl_G 9KAGQaaA= ?c_lg_G gPJ b_f hclG_G Y;a9p

k
Hl9FQ= ?p9]E scQa Hf Q9GcDG Orf PcpFA ?AlAC 9]cC dtP_G Org_G B9c_B Hl
k
dp 9c89r_A QG.ATl_G \Ga dp IQG.ATl_G Hcg_G caMO >9= s _i \gl mAc dFaQAt_E

)52(
bagA dA_G QcpWA_G KcA9pl scQa Hf u_P mAca , ?cQ9GcDG ?lcr_G hpO= \_;ME c9J

.\lGRA_9= QG.ATl_G cMC GPE IQGCl_G Hcg_G s_i Hl \FctlA_ QGCl__

9 facPa ?ctP_G Oarg_G B9rc=aA OOgA

: K

PcpFAa OGOfE ?c89r_A dJa ,?ctP_G Oarg_G 9Kc_f marA dA_G ?cT9TFG IQtp_G

Hf jQW=_G QZFg_G b_E ?G9J Qci Hla ,HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl= HlOA dA_G B;l9gl_G

dp 9KJ9GF >=T=a ; ?lOrAl_G ?cFrA_G HlGQ=a QcpWA_Ga ?AlAFG sQa mGOMATG scQa

b_f QZArA m_a ,B9rc=aA_G Hl QcDt_G 9K_ K=ZC ,B;l9gl_G gPJ ccKTAa bcT=A

dA_G B;l9gl_Ga c9lfFG hclG >faATA_ BOAlG 9lFEa ,?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G
k
: u_P ?_DlC Hla ,9cFaQAt_E RGFA

Hvvl QvvcvvDvvtvv_G dvvp Qvva9vvMvvlvv_G mvvcvvcvvrvvAa svvcvvrOvvAvv_G B9vvcvv_vvlvvfa ,dvvf9vvlvvGvv_G cvvcavvlvvAvv_G B9vvr9vvpvvAG -

dvvp Hvvcvvl.vvAvv_G B9vvcvv_vvlvvfa ,?vvcQ9vvrvvgvv_G HavvJQvv_Ga ,^aQvvrvv_G B9vvcvv_vvlvvfa ,?vvavvWvvFFGa c9vvlvvfFG

.IOOgAl_G 9KA:9Gl

HC sv=vT 9vlvt ,9vKvFvJvWa bvpvFv_G OvcQavA B9vcv_vlvf cvlvWvcv_ ?vcvtPv_G Oavrvgv_G c9vGvl OvAvlG 9vlvt -

.9FJ]aC

k
OGOvvTa ,c9vvlvvgvv_G HvvcvvcvvgvvA BGAGQvvGE bvvcvvTvv=vvAa cvvcvvKvvTvvA 9vv]vvcC ?vvcvvtPvv_G Oavvrvvgvv_vv_ Hvvtvvlvvc -

)53(
.vWvFvA dvAv_G B9vfR9vFvlv_G ^vpv_ dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_G mOvMvAvTvc 9vlvt , mvKvA9vrvJvAvTvla mvJQavGC

.c9Gl_G GPJ dp

k
OQal_G Hc= bpF OcQaA Orf mQ=C EcJ 2016 m9f dp EOJ 9l 9]cC u_P B9rc=aA Hl )52(

Q9gWATG IRKGC 9K= HlOl B9ca9J dp I.=gl ?f9=l_G ?FJW_G BF9ta ,jQAWl_Ga )h89=_G(

A9Fcl_G b_E ?_r9F_G ?FcpT_G caZa OQGl=a ,9K_aZa OFf ?FJW__ dpGQjG_G hral_G OcOJA_
k
QOZl uF=_G m9ra ,u_P= GQ9aME HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl= LQOl_G dtP_G Org_G br_A OaZrl_G

.QMB AGQGE jC b_E ?G9J HaO \c_f spAl_G k_=l_G OGOT= O9lAf:G >9aM
k
BFQAFDG b_f QaWFl c9rl ,>rf b_f 9TCQ m_9g_G >_rA qaT ?ctP_G Oarg_G :u_P dp hGGQ

.\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T

ua_=_G ?ZFl Hl Q9gWE OQGl= cl9g_G QGC hpO= c9Gl_G GPJ dp dtP_G Org_G marc EcJ )53(

.\_lg_ cl9g_G PcpFA= HcWA

59 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

?vpv_vAvMvl B:9vGvla B9vf9vFvZ cvlvWvcv_ ?vcvtPv_G Oavrvgv_G s9vavF OvAvlG Ovrvp ,uv_P Hvl QvDvtCa -

B;vvl9vvgvvlvv_Ga ,?vvpvv_vvAvvMvvlvv_G 9vvKvvA9vvrvvcvv=vvavvAvv= ?vvcvvFaQvvAvvtvv_DG IQ9vvGvvAvv_Ga ?vvcvvtPvv_G cR9vvFvvlvv_G : cvvDvvl

uav_v=v_G ?vZvFvl mavrvA PE ,svcvDavAv_Ga cvcvGvTvAv_G bv_E 9vKvG9vcvAvJG Hvl mviQv_G bv_vf ,?vcQ9vrvgv_G

.caZFGa cGalFG IQGOE dp dtP_G Org_G mOMATG 9lt ,?pcda_G gPK= HcWA

cavZCa mvKvTCa cGavlC Hvl ?vpv_vAvMvlv_G cO9v=vAv_G B9vcv_vlvf dvp dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_G bvWvFvc uv_Pvt -

.iQMC

k
uvv_Pa ,B9vvlOvvMvv_G ^vvgvv= PvvcvvpvvFvvA bvvcvvTvv=vvAa cvvcvvKvvTvvAvv_ ?vvcvvtPvv_G Oavvrvvgvv_G BvvlOvvMvvAvvTG 9vv]vvcC -

c9vGvl dvp cvgvpv_9v= dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_G sv=vaa ,IQavavAvlv_G ?vGvlQv=v_Ga QvcvpvWvAv_G sQvav= 9vKvAvAvlvA.v=

)54(
. BGQ9cT_G IO9cr mc_gA

ua_=_G B9ZFl ?Fa9gl= dtP_G Org__ ?c_9J_G B9rc=aA_G IQDt Hl miQ_G b_fa

BFQAF@= ?_ZAl_G B:6Ga IRKGFG dp c89K_G alF_G HC HaQc QcpWA_G A9l_f H@p ,HcWA

)55(
QcDt_G HC b_E u_P HcgGGQ ,?ctP_G Oarg_G mGOMATG IO9cR b_E jOCc qaT A9cWFG

b_f OlAgA qaT BFQAFD9= 9K_cZaA mAcT dA_G ?cTTCl_Ga ?cf9FZ_G IRKGFG Hl
k k
.9rcDaAa 9F9lC QDtC 9K_gGAa ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?c_lf bT=A dA_G IQaaAl_G >TGaJ_G

ua_=_G B9ZFl_ ?Fa9gl_G )B9pQgl_G( HlGQ=a B9cFrA dp QlATl_G QaaA_G HC 9lt

k
:aC 9KrrOAa 9K_ L9AJA dA_G B9F9c=_Ga B9la_gl_9= 9JOlA dA_Ga 9K_lg_ IQaal_Ga HcWA
k
B9ZFl IQOr mcdgA \F.W Hl ,?ctP_G Oarg_9= ?r_gAl_G QalFG B9cQGl_ 9rpa ca.=
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dp 9KA9rc=aA O9cORG dp mKTc qaT 9ll ?ctP_G Oarg_G K_9Z dp >ZFc u _P

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B9la_gl_G Hl QcDt_G mcOrA dtP_G Org_G H9tlE IQaaAl_G B9lOM_G gPJ ?_DlC Hla

ccGTA= 9KAQGOE Hf caCTl_G aC BGQ9cT_G IO9cr mc_gA ?TQOl QcOl marc c9Gl_G GPJ dpa )54(

[MW >iQ GP@p ,?TQOl_G 9KlOrA dA_G IO9cr_G mc_gA UaQO= ?r_gAl_G m9tJFGa B9la_gl_G

HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl b_f dtP Orf dp OOJl mTQ hpO= marc HC \c_f ,UaQO_G gPJ dr_A dp

marc ,u_P Hl HcWA ua_=_G srJAa UQO_G dr_Aa mc_gA_G mAc HC Og=a ,dlc_gA cZp ct Hf
k
m_gAl_G \gpO Or Hatc jP_Ga ,mc_gA_G ?TQOl_ sJATl_G k_=l_G QGOZ@= 9c89r_A dtP_G Org_G
k
.\J9]cE s=9T_G \Ga_G b_f u_Pa ,HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl b_f 9r=Tl

:?ctP_G Oarg_G c9Gl dp A9cWFG BFQAFE B9lGOMATG dp QdFG )55(

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com/evrything-you=need-to-know-about-smart-contracts-beginners....

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 60
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

B9fa]al_9= ?r_gAl_G BGA9ZJDGa ,B;lg_G Q9gTCa ,Ura_G ?_9J= ?Z9M_G B9lOM_Ga

.QcDt_G u_P Qcia ,HGQca_G B;JQ OcfGala ,?p_AMl_G

GPE - ?caG_G B;JQ_Ga HGQca_G - QcMFG c9Gl_G GPJ dp u _P B9rc=aA Hla

q
,Hcl.A_G B9tQW iOJE iO_ ?_JQ_G gPJ b_f HlC Or H9t HC Og= >tGQ ?_JQ Bcj_C

cZJ Or Hatc HC Og= ,Qap_G b_f Hcl.A_G ?lcr >tGQ__ OQc HC dtP_G Org__ Htlcp

)56(
. 9Kc_f LQOl_G HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl Hl ?_JQ_G A9j_E Oct.A b_f

dF 9D_G EJ=*G
?ctP_G Oarg__ dF 9lA8:G QaO_G mcarA
"d tP_G Org__ A P_G qQZA_G >acfa 9cGRl"
d G

9K_ ?faFAl_G 9KGlGQ=a 9KA9rc=aA= ?ctP_G Oarg_G HC ?r=9T_G 9FATGQO Hl 9F_ Hc=A

dp ,?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gl__ 9KAlOr dA_G IOOgAl_G B9lOM_G dp cDlAA 9cGRl_G Hl QcDt_G

.\GQ9Ma HaF9r_G c9Gl

k
>acg_G gPJ HC Qci ,9Kc_E >acg_G ^g= \cGaAa OrF_G Hl m_TA m_ 9]cC 9KFt_a

dp ?c89r_Aa ?AlAC Hl \c_E jOCA 9l b_E QdF_9= Oarg_G gPJ b_E AaG__G HaO cJA m_

?Z9M ?pZ=a ; ?p_AMl_G 9K_JGQl dp 9KAaTGa= iQGA dA_G ?p_AMl_G B;l9gl_G mGQ=E

.B;l9gl_G gPJ PcpFA ?_JQl dp

gPJ 9KlOrA d A _G O8Gap_Ga 9cGRl_G H9c== CO=F ?ctP_G Oarg_G QaO_ 9FlcarA dpa

H9c=a 9Kc_E B=TF dA_G >acg_G b_E QcWF mD ,dF9lA8:G 9JQaO c;M Hl u_Pa ,Oarg_G

.9Kc_E BKGa dA_G BGO9rAF:G

: dA6G \Ga_G b_f ?ctP_G Oarg_G mcarA_ 9FATGQO HatA u_P=a

.?ctP_G Oarg_G O8Gapa 9cGRl : caFG >_al_G

.?ctP_G Oarg_G b_E BKGa dA_G BGO9rAF:Ga >acg_G : dF9D_G >_al_G

:hral b_f QaWFl c9rl :\AGlQ= ?rcQaa \laKpla ,dtP_G Org__ B9rc=aA_G gPJ dp hGGQ )56(

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61 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å
 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

caFG >_a*G
?ctP_G Oarg_G O8Gapa 9cGRl
A9tP_G c89Ta Hl 9JQcia HcWA ua_=_G mGOMAT9= mAA dA_G ?ctP_G Oarg_G mOrA

gPJ OcOJAa QZJ >gZ_G Hl H9t GPEa ; O8Gap_Ga 9cGRl_G Hl QcDt_G df9FaZ:G

)57(
: dA6G dp 9KlJC b_E IQ9WD9= dpAtF 9FF@p ,OaOJl_G EJ=_G GPJ dp O8Gap_G

k
: Oarg_G mGQ=E v ?cp9pW_G H l OcR*G scrJA - :aC
?J9Al_G HcWA ua_=_G B9ZFl= 9Ka9=AQGa ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E ?cpct b_E QdF_9=

b_f Y;a:Ga 9Kc_E caMO_G B9ZFl_G gPK= >9TJ \_ Hl ct_ Htlc EcJ ,?p9t__

BJA hrc \Fat ;?cp9pW_Ga sOZ_G Hl OcRl_G srJc 9KrcQa Hf Or9gA_G H@p ,9KA9F9c=

\_9ZAG c;M Hl u _P mAca ,Or9gA_G GPK= HclAKl_Ga Hc_l9gAl_G hclG ?=rGQla m_f

.HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl=

k
IOOJl_G m9tJFGa baQW__ 9rpa mAc ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E HC b_E ?p9]D9= GPJ
k
aC 9K_cOgA= c;rAT:G 9KcpQa Hl jF Htlc :a ,9r=Tl Hc_l9gAl_G Hc= 9Kc_f spAl_Ga

.9Kcp QccjA_G

k
:9Gl uQAA ;p ,?ctP_G Oarg_G baQWa m9tJC Ma]a m9lCa ,iQMC ?KG Hl

.IO9Agl_G sQa_9= Or9gA_G hl 9JGQF dA_G B9fR9Fl_Ga B9p;M__

k
c =r Hl >f;A_Ga Xj_G B9c_lf ,Q c=t OJ b_Ea ,?ctP_G Oarg_G Og=ATA 9]cC

mAca ,9Kcp ccOgA_G Htlc :a ,QcjAA : ?A=9D 9JOfGara ?J]Ga 9KA9F9c=p ,9KpGQaC
k
.Or9gA_G m9lAE OQGl= 9c_B 9KdpJ

k
9 P p A ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E ?fQT
: J c F a - 9cF9D
,?daJ_l ?GQO= 9KlGQ=E Bra Q9ZAMGa 9JR9GFE ?fQT= ?ctP_G Oarg_G RclAA
k
b_E L9AJA 9l GQcDt dA_G ?cOc_rA_G ?cO9g_G sQa_9= Oarg_G mGQ=@= 9J9FQ9r GPE ?Z9M

.9JPcpFAa 9KlGQ=D Bra_G Hl OcRl_G

9DQ9l :?cFaQAt_DG B;l9gA_G dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGOMATG b_f >AQAA dA_G 9cGRl_G dp hGGQ )57(

.gQtP s=T hGQl ,BFc=

k k
bFgl_9= GOarf 9Kcp iQA : 9lt ,9rJ ?ctP BTc_ ?ctP_G Oarg_G HC iQ A 9KFC ?dJ;l hl
k
:9]cC QdFG .drcrJ_G

Mustapha Mekki,
- Le contract objet des contrat
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2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 62
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

Qcj_G Hf 9K89FjATGa mGQ=DG GPJ ?AlAC b _E ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E ?fQT hGQAa

dFaF9r_G Q9WATl_Ga dl9Jl_G cDl Oarg__ jOc_rA_G mGQ=DG dp mJGQF HcP_G A9aTa_G

PcpFA HC b_E ?p9]D9= GPJ ,B:9J_G Hl QcDt_G dp A9]r_G b_E AaG__Ga c= ,sDal_Ga
k k
)58(
. \Jc]aA 9F_ s=T jP_G \Ga_G b_f ,9c_Ba 9c89r_A mAc ?ctP_G Oarg_G

?_ra 9KlGQ=E ?_aKT= RclAA 9KF@p ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGQ=E ?c_Ba ?AlAC c]p=a

B9f9T dp gR9GFE Htlc 9KFl QcDt_9p ; 9KlGQ=E Bra RAGca QZAMc 9ll ,9KAGAGQGE
k
caac 9l GQcDt dA_G ?cOc_rA_G Oarg_G Hl Utg_G b_f ; m9cFG Hl cc_r aC IOaOJl

.?_lAJl B9fGRF Hl 9KKGGac Or 9l >=T= 9Kl9tJC c9lfEa 9JPcpFA

k
: K 9 l9tJEa ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?rO - 9D_9D
u_P hGQca ,9KA9F9c= m9tJEa 9KArO ?ctP_G Oarg_G 9KlOrA dA_G ?lcdg_G 9cGRl_G Hl
k k k
ua_=_G ?ZFl b_f 9r=Tl IOaGal HatA 9Kl9tJCa 9KaaQW Hl GQc=t GOOf HC b _E

9l OcOJA b_f HcOr9gAl_G QaO QZArca ,BFQAFDG ?t=W mGOMAT9= 9KldFA dA_G HcWA

Oarg_G gPJ m9tJC dA.A u_P_ ; mKA9=iQa mKA9=_aAl_ >cGATca mKA;l9gl hl >T9FAc

.iQMC ?cJ9F Hl \c_f spAla cZpla ,?cJ9F Hl K]Ga ctW= 9JOfGara

9KaaQW= e9pAJ:G Hl \= RclAA 9l ; ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?rO dp Of9Tc 9lla

ccOgA_G H9tlE mOfa 9Kl9tJC PcpFA dp AO=_G c=r HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl b_f 9Kl9tJCa

.g9FJ]aC HC s=T jP_G \Ga_G b_f u_Pa ,9Kcp

c9lfEa 9JPcpFA H@p ,?ctP_G Oarg_G 9lK= RclAA HcP__G Ma]a_Ga ?rO_G >=T=a

hl gOGF jP_G Hc_l9gAl_G QdF B9KGa q;AMGa B9fGRF_G Hl a_Mc O9tc 9Kl9tJC

.9Kl9tJC PcpFA QTcc u_P HC uW :a ,?cOc_rA_G Oarg_Ga B;l9gl_G

k
9JOfGar HC ,9Kl9tJC b9=]FGa ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?rO b_f 9]cC Of9Tc 9lla
k
; ?cOc_rA_G B;l9gl_Ga Oarg_G hl c9J_G aJ 9lt 9crQa epJA : 9Kl9tJCa 9KaaQWa
k
>T9J_G b_f ?lOrAl B9cFrAa HlGQ= mGOMAT9= 9cFaQAt_E 9KdpJa 9K_cGTA mAc 9lFEa

aC Orp_G aC q_A__ 9K]QgA Qc=t OJ b_E Og=ATc u_Pa ,9KlGQ=E dp h=AG jP_G d_6G

?cOc_rA_G ?crQa_G B;l9gl_G b_f 9K_]pc 9ll ;HlR_G QaQl= dGcQOA_G ct5A_G aC u;K_G

.B9c_lg_G gPK_ ?]Qf HatA dA_G

.cZp_G GPJ Hl dF9D_G EJ=l_G dp s=T 9l hGGQ )58(

63 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

cGTc ?ctP_G Oarg_G mGOMAT9= mAc cl9gA aC Or9gA jC H@p ; s=T 9l_ ?p9]D9=

Hla ,mJQcia Hc_l9gAl__ ?c_6G B9=T9J_G hclG dp HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl b_f QKdca

aaT_G B9K=W O9g=ATGa ,QGQrAT:Ga H9lF9= B;l9gl_G gPJ m9TAG u _P H.W

.c9cAJ:Ga cc9JA_G B9c_lfa 9Kc_f ?FZQr_Ga

k
: ?ctP_G Oarg_G qcQ9Zla ?p_tA ?_r - 9g=GQ
?=At_9t jQW=_G cl9g_G Hl Qcj_G ?a9Ta_ 9JO9g=AT9= ?ctP_G Oarg_G RclAA

cc_rA b _E jOCc u _P HC uW :a ,mJQcia HcrDal_Ga HcQ9WATl_Ga Hcl9Jl_Ga

ccGTA_G maTQa A9aTa_G QaGC cc_rA aC O9g=ATG b_E gQaO= jOCc GPJa ,9KAGAGQGE

maTQ_Ga ?c_cjWA_G B9rpF_G Qc=t OJ b_E crA ?l9f ?pZ=a ,HcQ9WATl_G >9gACa

aC RlQ= HcOr9gAl_G OcaRA ?ctP_G Oarg_G hl Htlc EcJ ,scDaAa ccGTA Hl ?cQGODG
k k
;c_O mrQ_G aC RlQ_G GPJ Hatcp ; scDaA_Ga ccGTA_G BGAGQGD ;cO= Hatc jOat mrQ

.Or9gA_G cJl AdW_G ?ct_l c9rAFG mD Hla ,\rcDaAa Or9gA_G m9lAE b_f

k
: Hc Or9gA*G i O_ H 9lFGa ?rD_G A9tPE - 9Tl9M
k
;p ,draFl dg=9AA m9dF spa 9c89r_A mAc gPcpFAa \lGQ=E HC dtP_G Org_G 9cGRl Hl

,hc=_G Orf dpp ,9KAr=9T PcpFA Hl HrcA_G Og= :E \_JGQl Hl ?_JQl aC IaaM ?cC PpFA

m9lAE Hl Ot.A_G Og= : h89=_G b_E hc=_G HlD dtP_G Org_G OOTc H_ ,c9Dl_G cc=T b_f
k
LQOl_G HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl scQa Hf u_P mAca ,9p_T 9Kc_f spAl_G m9tJFGa baQW_G

,HcOr9gAl__ H9lFG Hl Qc=t QOr= Or9gA_G BGAGQGE mTac HC \F.W Hl GPJa .9Kc_f

.iOT hc]A H_ mK_GalC HC GaFl.ca ,mKcO_ ?rD_G E=ca

k
: K 9 A=9rQa Or9gA_G ?c_lf |T h=AA - 9TO9T
s_gAA B9F9c= Hl 9KFl]AA 9l= HcWA ua_=_G ?cFrA c;M Hl ,dtP_G Org__ Htlc

9KAaTGa= mAA dA_G B;l9gl_G Hl 9JQcia Or9gA_G B9c_lf h=AA ?p_AMl_G Oarg_G YGaF.=

: 9KAGAGQGE spOAa m9dAFG b_f qara__

maTQl_G \Ga_G b_f QTA m_ GPE Or9gA_G BGOFATl mcOrAa OGOfE ?g=9Al \Ftlcp vvvvvvvv
k
.9KFl A9KAF:G m9lA b_Ea Or9gA_G dp QctpA_G Hl GAO= 9K_

Hc_l9gAl_G B9lGRA_Ga sarJ AaWF ?g=9Al \Ftlc dtP_G Org_G H@p u _P sc=aA_a

.9KaarT HaO ?_a_cJ_G b_f clg_Ga ,9JOcfGala

å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ 64

cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

9KcrJATl b_E 9K_caJAa Hc_l9gAl_G Hc= OGOT_Ga hpO_G B9c_lf ?g=9Al u_Pta

)59(
. 9J9FJ]aC HC 9F_ s=T dA_G dFaQAt_DG hpO_G sQa=

k
9l= Or9gA_G ?c_lf Hl]A dA_G ?p_AMl_G B9F9l]_G ?g=9Al IQOr 9]cC dtP_G Org__

)60(
. dtP_G Org_9= Hc_l9gAl__ >AQAA dA_G sarJ_G ?c9lJ Hl u_P \c_E jOCc

k
dA_G B9F9c=_Ga B9la_gl__ s=Tl_G OGOfDG dp mKl QaO - 9]cC - dtP_G Org__
k
Hl Or9gA_G ^QAgc Or 9l= 9lOrl . =FAc HC hcaATc \Fat_ ;Or9gA_G B9c_lg= s_gAA

.9KcO9pA_ ?lR;_G ca_J_G 9K_ h]c mD Hla B9=agZ

,?gpW_9= PMFG H9tlE hraAc HC dtP_G Org__ Htlc ?cQ9rg_G Yac=_G c9Gl dpp

?lR;_G BGAGQGDG OcOJA= marca ,\_ \ATQ9ll h=9Aca ,sJ_G 9FJ \_ B=Dc Hl OOJca

caJc u_P=a ,9Kcp sJ_G \_ Hl gOGOT= mRA_c jP_G hc=__ drcrJ_G HlD_G OcOJAa ,u_P_

)61(
. c9Gl_G GPJ dp CaGaA_Ga Xj_G B9c_lf HaO

k
:d tP_G Org__ d 89r_A_G w6G PcpFA_G - 9g=9T
k k
9c89r_Aa 9cAGP \l9tJC c9lfEa gPcpFA dJ dtP_G Org_G 9KlOrc dA_G 9cGRl_G mJC

Hl \FtlA d A _G ?lOrAl_G ?GlQ=_G B9cFrA mGOMAT9= \_lf ?c89r_Aa \AAlAC ?GcAF

.\l9tJC P9pFE dp jQW=_G cl9g_G Hf A9FjAT:G

k
9cpaATl HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl= \GGQOE OQGl= dtP_G Org__ d_6G PcpFA_G QKdca

jP_G \pGQaC B9rJATla gR9GFE maTQ Hl \_=9rl OGOT Hl 9Kcp 9l= ,gOfGara \aaQW
k k
CO== u_P mAc HC OQGl=p ,?c]GQAp:G OarF_Ga dFaQAt_DG hpO_G mGOMAT9= 9]cC 9c_B mAc
k
Hl cMOA HaO Hla ,?Fcgl BGAGQGE b_E \G9J HaO Hl 9cAGP cf9pA_9= dtP_G Org_G
k
RclAc 9l c]p= u_Pa ,9c_B mAA HC Htlc gPcpFA cJGQla BGaaM ctp ,Qcj_G aC \pGQaC

?DcOJ_G ?cFrA_G c89Ta= 9KAGlQ= mAc RalQa m9rQC OQGl \Fat Hl dtP_G Org_G \=

OarF_Ga dFaQAt_DG hpO_G B9c_B ccgpA c;M Hl Hcl.A_G Oarf dp ?Z9M ?pZ= u_P QKdca )59(

jP_G ,u_P= dtP_G Org_G HcWA ua_=_G QgWA \Fl HlCl_G EO9J_G Yara OQGl=p ,?c]GQAp:G
k
.9c89r_A OGOT_G PcpFA= gQaO= marc
n
9AQGC )9TFQp dp 9TtC ?tQWa U_aC ?tQW( Hcl.A_G B9tQW ^g= HC b_E IQ9WDG QOGAa
k
^cagA= Hcl.A_G B9tQW 9Kcp mRA_A ?Fcgl B:9J H.W= 2017 m9f dp ?ctP_G Oarg__ GQ9=AMG

gPJ dp dtP_G Org_G M9GF >Q9GA_G BA=DC Ora ,9KA;JQ QM.A c9J dp ?caG_G baaM_G A;lf

.B:9J_G

.\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T hGQl ,BF= 9DQ9l :hGGQ )60(

.\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T hGQl ,dtl bpaZl ,84 [ ,?cQa H= Qlgl :u_P dp hGGQ )61(

65 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

k k
\ARQJC jP_G c89K_G QaaA_G c]p= 9cAGP 9c89r_A \_JGQl Hl QcDt_G dp clgc_ IQaaAl_G

.?ctP_G Oarg_G PcpFA IQGOEa OGOf@= marA dA_G HcWA ua_=_G B9cFrA

YGaFC q;AM9= q_AMA \GaFG Hl QcDt_G dtP_G Org_G PcpFA ?cAGPa ?AlAFa

: dA6G dp 9KlJC H9c= 9FFtlca ,Org_G GPJ 9KFl]Ac dA_G B9c_lg_G ?gc=aa

k
svcQva Hvf ,dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_9vp ,9vcv89vrv_vA mvKv_ 9vKv_vcavJvAa Ovr9vgvAv_G qGQvaC B9vrvJvAvTvl OGOvT -

YGOvvcE OQvvGvvlvv= uvv_P mvvAvvca ,9vvKvv_vvcavvJvvAa cGavvlFG OGOvvT bvv_vvf IQOvvr \vv_ ,HvvcvvWvvA uavv_vv=vv_G

Hvl svrvJvAv_G mvAvc HvcvWvA uav_v=v_G svcQva Hvgvp ,\vaaQvWa gOvfGavr m9vlvAEa ,?v_GOv_G sv89vDav_G

OGOvvvTa PvvvcvvvpvvvFvvvAvvv_G ?vvv_vvvJQvvvl COvvv=vvvA mvvvD Hvvvla ,9vvvKvvvrvvvcvvvDavvvAa Ovvvr9vvvgvvvAvvv_G ?vvvcvvv_vvvlvvvf ?vvvJvvvZa m9vvvlvvvAE

)62(
. B9rJATl_G

9vlvFEa ,qGQvaFG B9vrvJvAvTvlv_ jQavpv_G PvcvpvFvAv_G bv_vf dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_G B9vF9vtvlE QvZvAvrvA :a -
k
B5vWvFvlv_G hvcv= B:9vJ dvp 9vlvt dvGvcQOvAv_G PvcvpvFvAv_G BGP B9vlGRvAv_:G PvcvpvFvA 9v]vcC \vFvtvlvc
k
mavrvcvp ,A9vFv=v_G R9vGvFE iOvlv_ 9vrvpa b9vTvrC bv_vf HvlvDv_G OGOvT mvAvc EvcvJ ,A9vWvFDG BvJvA

uavv_vv=vv_G Hvvl uvv_Pvv= gQ9vvgvvWE Ovvgvv=a A9vvFvv=vv_G dvvp ?vv_vvJQvvl ?vvcC R9vvGvvFE OQvvGvvlvv= dvvtPvv_G Ovvrvvgvv_G
k k
.ca.= :aCa 9c89r_A ?rJATl_G b9TrFG OGOT= HcWA

qvrvA : : cvcv]vpvA aC ?vcav_aC savrvJa ?vZ9vM BGR9vcvAvlG Hvl Oavrvgv_G \vFvlv]vAvA 9vl PvcvpvFvA -

,IO9vAvgvl OvfGavra baQvW Hvl \vA;vl9vgvl \vFvlv]vAvA 9vl c9vlvfE bv_vf dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_G B9vF9vtvlE
k
savrvJvt ?vZ9vM baQvW Hvl B;vl9vgvlv_G gPvJ \vFvlv]vAvA 9vl PvcvpvFvA 9v]vcC \vFvtvlvc 9vlvFEa

)63(
. ?_l9gl_G aC Org_G qGQaC ^g= 9K= hAlAc dA_G ?ca_aFG aC ?c_]pFG

k
,9vv]vvcC ?vdavvJvv_vlvv_G dvvtPvv_G Ovrvgvv_G 9vvcGRvl Hvvl : Oavrvvgvv_G 9vvKvvFvvlvv]vvAvvA dvAvv_G BGAGRvvGvv_G PvvcvvpvvFvA -

Hvl \vFv lvv]vA 9vvlv= c;vMDG c9vJ dvp ?vcOvr9vgvAv_G BGAGRvGv_G c9vvlvfEa PvcvvpvvFvA bvv_vf \vAQOvr

Bruno dondero:les smart contracts, p20 aQcOFaO aFaQ= :ccZ9pA_G Hl OcRl__ hGGQ )62(

.486 [ ,?cQa H= OlJl

?ca_aC HatA HC b_f ,mK]g= aC mKgclG ,9l ?tQW dp A9tQW_G spAc HC u_P B9rc=aA Hla )63(

cR9FAl_G Qcj_G cJl ca_J_9= ,HcQM6G A9tQW__ ,A9tQW_G OJC 9KFf cR9FAc dA_G [ZJ_G u_lA

A9tQW_G Q9aME dtP_G Org__ Htlc Qcj__ cR9FAa s9pA:G GPJ A9tQW_G OJC q_9M GP@p ,\_

c= ,\_Jl ca_J_Ga Qcj__ 9KFf cR9FAl_G ?ZJ_G u_lA dp mKFl >iQc Hl marc_ HcQMFG
k
.u_P b_f HlQ= 9l GPE 9c89r_A ?c_]pFG bQW c9lfEa ca_J_G gPJ AGQGE dtP_G Org__ Htlca

.21 [ s=9T hGQl ,aQcOFaO aFaQ= :hGGQ

:u_P dp hGGQ ,?cQ9rg_G Yac=_G dp ?gpW_G sJ c9lfE dtP_G Org__ Htlc 9KAGP ?rcQa_9=a

.486[ ,\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T hGQl ,?cQa H= OlJl

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 66
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

bv_E AavGv_v_ ?vG9vJ HaO \v= c;vMDG c9vJ dvp Ovrvgv_G NvTvp \vFvtvlvcvp ,B9vlGRvAv_Ga OvfGavr
k
?v=v_9vavl ?v_9vJ dvp PvcvpvFvAv_G mOvgv= hvpOv_G c9vlvfE uv_Pvta ,9vcv89vrv_vA NvTvpv_G mvAvc EvcvJ A9v]vrv_G

Hvl \vcv_vf 9vl avJ PvpvF Ovr Hvtvc mv_ \vFC mviQ \vA9vlGRvAv_G PvcvpvFvAv= QvM6G qQvav_v_ \vpQvaC OvJC

HvlvDv_G [9vrvFEa ,svJ \vGa HaO hvpOvA dvAv_G kv_9v=vlv_G Y9vGQvAvTG \vFvtvlvc 9vlvt ,B9vlGRvAv_G

svv_vvgvvAvvA BGAGRvvG Hvvl uvv_P Qvvcvvi bvv_Ea ,dvv8RvvGvv_G PvvcvvpvvFvvAvv_G c9vvJ dvvp IOQvvpvvFvvlvv_G IOGQD9vv=

)64(
. Org_G OaF== c;MD9=

dF 9D_G >_a*G
?ctP_G Oarg_G yE BKGa d A_G BGO9rAF:Ga >acg_G
HaO g9FJ]a jP_G \Ga_G b_f dtP_G Org_G 9KlOrc dA_G O8Gap_Ga 9cGRl_G cJA m_

)65(
: >acg_G gPJ mJC dA.c 9lcp K]aFa ,?c_6G >_9Dl_Ga >acg_G ^g= \cGaAa gO9rAFG

k
?cQdF_G mdFA dA_G m9tJFGa OfGar_G ^g= hl dtP_G Org_G spGaA mOf : :aC
: 9JPcpFAa 9JP9pF= s_gAc 9lcp aC 9KlGQ=@= s_gAc 9lcp AGaT Oarg__ ?l9g_G

?cOr9gA_G m9tJFGa B9r;g__ ?ldFl_G ?l9g_G B9cQdF_Ga O9=l_G Hl OcOg_G u9FKp - C

: u_P Hl dtP_G Org_G hl 9Krc=aA >gZc

\vJvFvla dv]9vrv_G cvMOvAv= B:9vJv_G Hvl QvcvDvtv_G dvp KvlvTvA dvAv_G NvTvpv_G ?vcQvdvF -

Hvl Qv=vtFG ARvGv_G PvcvpvFvA ?v_9vJ dvp 9vlvt ,\v]vpQv_ aC \v_9vlvfD ?vcQvcOvrvA ?vav_vT

.?cQcOrA_G ?a_T_G gPJ cDl u_lc ;p dtP_G Org_G 9lC ,mGRA_:G

HC dvtPv_G Ovrvgv_v_ Hvtvlvc : ?vcv=OC QavlC bv_vf Ovrvgv_G m9vtvJC Hvl QvcvDvtv_G qvravAvc -

9vKv8avTa ?vcvFv_G HvTvJ B:9vJ dvp 9vlvt ,9vKv_9vlvfE \vFvtvlvc : mvD Hvla ,9vKvTvlv_vAvc

Le contract objet des smart contract ,dtl bpaZl :u_P dp hGGQ )64(

.417 [ ,\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T hGQl

:>acg_G gPJ dp hGGQ )65(

https://www.alarbcoin.com/2018/03/smart-contracts-will-turn-thefinancial-
world-upside-down.html?m=1
[ s=9T hGQl le contract objet des smart contracts<
.419 tl paZl ,d b -

- Christophe roda: Smart contracts dump contracts: Dalloz ip /it 2018 p401.
- Andrew hinkes: Blokchains smart contract and the death of specific
performance insidecoun-sel(july 29-2014)
- Mustapha Mekki le contract objet des smart contract (partie 1) Dalloz ip/it
2018 p419

67 å 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC dp 9lJQaOa d f9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

jO9vvgvv_G Ovvr9vvgvvAvv_G hvvl svv=vvavvA dvvAvv_G m9vvtvvJFG Hvvl QvvcvvDvvtvv_G 9vvKvvcvv_vvf bvvFvv=vvc dvvAvv_G

.dtP_G Org_G hl 9Krc=aA >gZca

^vvgvv= dvvp dvv]9vvrvv_G uvv_vvlvvc ,\vvlGRvvAvv_: HvvcOvvr9vvgvvAvvlvv_G OvvJC PvvcvvpvvFvvA mOvvf c9vvJ dvvp -

k
uvv_Pvv= bvv]vvrvvA 9vvlvvt mGRvvAvv_:G PvvcvvpvvFvvAvv_ ;vvGC \vvJvvFvvlvvc HC 9vvJQOvvrvvc dvvAvv_G B:9vvJvv_G

\vvA;vvl9vvgvvA mvvAvvA jPvv_G dvvtPvv_G Ovvrvvgvv_vv_ Hvvtvvlvvc : 9vvlvvFvvcvv= ,IQvvTvvcvvlvv_G IQvvdvvF m9vvtvvJC
k k
.cGFG GPJ cDl KFl 9c_Ba 9c89r_A
k
PvvvcvvvpvvvFvvvAvvv_G bvvv_E AavvvGvvv_vvv_G B:9vvvJ dvvvp 9vvvcQaQvvv] Havvvtvvvc jPvvv_G svvv=vvvTvvvlvvv_G QGPvvvfDG -

.dtP_G Org_G b_f >gZc ,jQ=G_G dFcg_G

bv_vf kv=vTvA dvAv_G B9vfav]avlv_Ga ?vlvdvFFG Hvl QvcvDvtv_v_ ?v=vTvFv_9v= QvlFG GPvtvJa -

,Ovr9vgvAv_v_ ?vTv=;vlv_G qaQvdv_G QvcOvrvAv= dv]9vrv_v_ KvlvTvA ?vcvr;vMC ?vJvTvl Ovrvgv_G

.dtP_G Org_G hl 9K_9lfE Htlc :a

k
dp I9fGQl_G ?=GGa ?FQl_G Qcc9gl_G Hl QcDt_G ?l9g_G \8O9=l_ 9rpa Org_G ?cQdF mtJc - >

Hla ,QagW_Ga UJ_G Hl OQGl_G dtP_G Org_G dp 9K_9lfE >gZca jO9g_G Or9gA_G

: u_P B9rc=aA

,Ovrvgv_G dvp QvDCvcvp uv_Pvt Ovgvc 9vla ,?vl9vgv_G >GO6Ga m9vgv_G m9vdvFv_G IQvtvp c9vlvfE -

.Org_G \= QD.Ac ;p Ogc : 9la

baQvvvWvvv_Ga cavvvrvvvgvvvlvvv_G aC O9vvvAvvvgvvvlvvv_G uavvv_vvvTvvv_Ga ,?vvvcvvvfaQvvvWvvvlvvv_G Qvvvcvvvc9vvvgvvvla Q9vvvtvvvpC -

mOvvvfa ,mvvvcvvvTvvvGvvv_G .vvvavvvMvvv_Ga ,QvvvcvvvTvvvcvvv_G .vvvavvvMvvv_Ga ,H9vvvfPDG Oavvvrvvvfa ,?vvvcvvvpvvvTvvvgvvvAvvv_G

cO9vgv_G HvlvDv_Ga 9vKvFvcv= XvJ9vpv_G c;vAvM:Ga ,HvcOvr9vgvAvlv_G B9vlGRvAv_G Hvcv= HRGavAv_G

... UM=_G HlD_Ga

dp 9lt 9K_9lfE dtP_G Org__ Htlc : Q cDt 9JQcia Qcc9gl_Ga Q9tpFG gPJ ct

.jO9g_G Or9gA_G

k
HCa ?Z9M ,\TpF A9r_A Hl BGQGQr P9MAG dtP_G Org__ uQAc HC .aM_G Hl : cF 9 9D
d_T_TA aC draFl QctpA b_f 9JP9MAG dp OFATA : ?c89r_A_G c9lfFGa BGQGQr_G gPJ
k
cDl dtP_G Org_G 9Kt_lc : dA_G ?clccrA_G QalFG ^g= b_f 9]cC OlAgA 9lFEa ; brp

.?_GOg_G IQtpa qa9gA_Ga .aM_Ga >GaZ_9= U9TJDGa s;MFGa mcr_G

k
?ZFl 9KglGA d A _G B9F9c=_G b _f gPcpFAa \lGQ=E dp d t P _G Org_G OlAgc : 9D_9D
:C ?Fcgl Oarg_ ?=TF_9= Htlcp B9F9c=_G gPJ ?l9M] Hl miQ_G b_fa ; HcWA ua_=_G

c= ,?=a_al_G ?c_lg_9= ?_Z_G BGP Y9]aFGa B9c_lg_G hclG_ ?=9GAT;_ ?cp9t HatA

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 68
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

c= ,HcOr9gAl_G B9=iQa c9J_G hrGa_ B9la_gl_G gPJ RG f m9lC >cGATA :C Htlca

.?cOc_rA Qci ?Z9M m9tJC Hl B;l9gl_G ^g= \=GaATA Or 9l b_E >cGATA :C Htlca

k
dtP_G Org_G ?aTGa= B;l9gl_Ga B9pQZA_G Hl 9JQcia Oarg_G AGQGE : 9g=GQ
k
?_aO_G >F9G Hl cMOA aC ?=9rQ ?cC Hf GOcg= mAc ; HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl mGOMAT9=a

?p_9Ml B9pQZA Hl \ c _E jOCc Or 9l_ OrAFl QlC GPJa ,?p_AMl_G ?c=9rQ_G 9KARKGCa

dp ?Z9M ?pZ= bpMA : IQaaM Hl u_P b_f >AQAc 9la ,m9g_G m9dF_G aC HaF9r__

b_E q]C ;?Ja=Wl_G B;l9gA_G Hl u_P Qcia >9JQDG ccalAa cGalFG cTi c9Gl
k
dp 9KcFGA ?p_AMl maTQa >8GQ] Hl 9K_ 9rJATl Hatc 9ll ?_aO_G H9lQJ u _P

.?cOc_rA_G B;l9gl_G

b_f ,d_aO mcdFA jC Hf ?c_t OgA=A \A9c_lfa dtP_G Org_G HC b_E ?p9]D9= GPJ
k
Or GPJa ,B9c_lg_G gPJ R9GFE b_f GQO9r \_gGc ?c_aO_G ?t=W_G b_f \_lf HC Hl miQ_G
k
.d_aO_G O9ZAr:G b_f 9=_T QDCc

k k
Hl miQ_G b_gp ,\cp 9=cf >_rFA HC Htlc dtP_G Org_G 9cGRl ^g= 9Tl9M
:

IRcl cDlc jP_Ga g9FJ]a HC s=T jP_G \Ga_G b_f Org_G GPJ \lOrc jP_G H9lFG

\l9tJCa \aaQWa \A9F9c= b_f B;cOgA ?cC AGQGE H9tlE mOf ?GcAF dtP_G Org__ ?car

: P8OFfa ,B;cOgA_G gPJ AGQGE >GaATA dA_G qaQd_G ^g= OGATA Orp ;\l9lAE Og=

Hl C Qa 9l spa OcOG Hl \lGQ=E IO9fE iaT ?_9J_G gPJ dp Hc_l9gAl_G m9lC Hatc

.?c_f9p_G mOfa QaZr_9= dtP_G Org_G mZac u_P HC uW :a ,qaQd

k k k
\Fl]AA 9ll miQ_G b_f ,?ctP_G Oarg_G HC bTFF ;p ,GQMB Uc_a GQcMC : 9TO9T
?GlQ=a ?AlAC Hl \Fl]AA 9l ?GcAF ?Z9M ?pZ= ,PcpFA_G dp ?cAGPa ?c89r_A Hl

,H9TFDG cgp Hl dA.A ?GlQ=_Ga ?cFrA_G gPJ H@p ; ?cFrA_G Hl c9f QOr b_f QcpWAa
k
dA_G ,A9aMFG Hl 9l8GO a_Mc : jQW=_G cl9g_G HFa ,9JQOZl aJ iQW=_G cl9g_9p

;gPcpFA aC Org_G mGQ=E dp AGaT BGQjD aC B9c=_T Hl \c_E jOCA 9l= cgp_9= hpA Or

Oarg_G H.W u_P dp 9KF.W A9aMI_ ?]Qgl ,uW ;= ,HatA ?ctP_G Oarg_G H@p u_P_

QlFG Uc_a jOc_rA_G Or9gA_G hl 9KcO9pA cKT_G Hl BGQjD_Ga A9aMFG gPJ ,IO9Agl_G

.dtP_G Org_G hl u_Pt

:>crgA
9Kc_f >_jA_Ga 9K_J HC Qci ,dtP_G Org__ BKGa dA_G BGO9rAF:G mJC dJ mt_A

QcaaA_G Qaa dp cGR9la I.WF_G EcOJ dtP_G Org_G HCa ?Z9M ,ccJATl_G QlF9= Uc_

69 2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å
 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

B;tWl Hl \pO9Zc Or 9l b_f >_jAc cgp_9= gGQF qaT HlR_G mOrA hla ,HcTJA_Ga

9Kc_f OFATca dtP_G Org_G 9K= LQOc dA_G HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl HCa ?Z9M ,>9gZa

IQO9=l_G Htlc dA_G ,A9aMFG Hl qaMA_G Qc=t OJ b_E OO=c 9ll hclG__ ?J9Al HatA

.Org_G mGQ=E ?_JQl dp ?Z9M ,B:9J_G Hl QcDt dp 9KJcJZA=

k
?c=9rQ_G 9KARKGCa ?_aO_G ?=9rQ Hf GOcg= dtP_G Org_G B9c_lf m9lAD ?=TF_9=a

caJc 9l OGac : \FC OrAgFp ,B9raQMa B9p_9Ml Hl u_P b_f >AQAc Or 9la ?p_AMl_G

Htll QlC dKp ,?=9rQ_G gPK= ?_argl OaOJ dp ?c=9rQ_G 9KARKGCa ?_aO_G m9cr HaO

.?l9g_G ?J_Zl_G \c]ArA 9l=TJ YQWl__ gQcOrA uQAca

dA_G OaKG_Ga B9cGlQ=_G ma_f dp QlATl_G mOrA_G HE car_G 9FFtlc ,?l9f ?pZ=a

dp mKFtlcT mJQcia QAac=lt_G ma_fa B9cGlQ=_G gPJ dp HaZAMl_G 9K_P=c

Oarg_G b _E BKGa dA_G BGO9rAF:Ga >_9Dl_G Hl Q c D t _G jO9pA Hl >cQr_G c=rATl_G

?g=Al_G BGAGQGDG bcT=A aJF mKFl >aCO_G clg_G u_P b_f Of9Tc qaT 9lt ,?ctP_G

Oarg__ ?cGPalF_G b9lFFGa >_Gar_G Hl ?faFAl OGOfC O9GcE c;M Hl ,?ctP_G Oarg_G hl

.9Kc_E IQ9WDG s=9T_G >_9Dl_G iO9pAA dA_G ?ctP_G

\89r= HaO dtP_G Org_G b_E BKGa dA_G >_9Dl_Ga BGO9rAF:G caJA : ,GPtJa

.9K= A9rAQ:Ga \A9c_B dp QlATl_G QcaaA_G hl gQGQlATGa

k
MQArG Orp Q t FA : dA_G IOOgAl_G \AGRcll b_E QdF_9=a ,dtP_G Org_9= 9tTlAa

u_P mAca ,jOc_rA_G Org_G Hc=a \Fc= hlG_Ga \c_f A9r=DG gQcaaA=a \= HclAKl_G ^g=

sQa_9= \lGQ=Ea gOGOfE mAc jP_G d_ZFG Org_9= \G9lOE b_f gQaO QZr scQa Hf
k
L9AJc dA_G ?cr;MFG ?JTl_G BGP OfGar_Ga ?FQl_G Qc9gl_Ga O9=l_G 9Fl]Al ?cOc_rA_G

)66(
. dtP_G Org_G 9Kc_E

k
^g= iCQ ,IOcOg_G g9cGRla gO8Gapa dtP_G Org_9= 9F9lcEa ,?c_C9pA IQdF bpa

m9lAJGa \D9J=C O9cORG hl ,>cQr_G c=rATl_G dp jOCc qaT \FC \ATGQO= HclAKl_G

)67(
. 9K_Jl ca_J_Ga Org__ ?cOc_rA_G ?cQdF_G A9pAMG b_E ,\= HcZAMl_G

OlJl ,\c_E IQ9WDG Br=T ,27 [ ,2019 Qc9Fc Ra__GO :dtl bpaZl ,u_P ^Qf dp QdFG )66(

.497 [ ,?cQa H=
k
,?cOc_rA_G ?crQa_G Oarg__ 9fGOa Ga_ar :HGaFg= BF_G b_f QaWFl c9rl :bFgl_G GPJ dp QdFG )67(
k k
.9=GQO 9pcW atQcl ?aTGa= ,>rf b_f 9TCQ m_9g_G >_rA qaT ?ctP_G Oarg_G :9]cC QdFGa

https://www.alarbcoin.com/2018/03/smart-contracts-will-turn-the-financal-
world-upside-down.html?m=1

2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 70
cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

: ?lA9M_G
B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC mdF EOJC b_f Aa]_G A9r_E b_E EJ=_G GPJ qOJ
k
dp 9K_9lgATG YGPa ?_c_r HcFT PFl 9DcOJ BQKd dA_G ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?cFrA mGOMAT9=
k k
.9cFaQAt_Ea 9cFrA ?lOrAl_G caO_G ^g=

;?cFaF9r_G ?aWFFG c9Gl dp df9FaZ:G A9tP_G BGRGQpE mJC OJC ?ctP_G Oarg_G OgAa

dp B;l9gl_G Hl 9JQcia ,?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?c89r_Aa ?AlAC b_E qOKA EcJ

.N_E ....?cQ9GAa ?cf9FZa ?c=aa ?cf9lAGGa ?cO9ZArG ,iQMFG B:9Gl_G bAW

OAlA 9lFE ,B;l9gl_G gPJ c9lfEa R9GFE b_f ?ctP_G Oarg_G ?pcda QZArA :a
k k k
9cGRl_G Hl OcOg_G 9Kc_f >AQA 9ll ,9c89r_Aa 9cAGP 9Kl9tJC c9lfEa 9JPcpFA clWA_ 9]cC
k
.?TGQO_G gPJ dp ;cZpA g9FJ]a jP_G \Ga_G b_f O8Gap_Ga

HcAcFrA b_f 9KaaQWa 9Kl9tJC PcpFAa 9K_9lfC dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G OFATAa

k
9Kc_f marA dA_G ?AlAFG PcpFAa clf dp jQJaGa mKl QaO 9lKFl ct_ 9]cC HcADcOJ

OarF_G mGOMAT9= dFaQAt_DG hpO_G ?cFrAa ,HcWA ua_=_G ?ZFl :9lJa ,Oarg_G gPJ

dA_G ,?ctP_G Oarg_G \c_E OFATA jP_G dFrA_G E_Dl_G clAtG HcAcFrA_G HcA9K=a ,?c]GQAp:G
k
gPJ Qp9]A= 9F_ HAFCa GQMCl gQaO= QKd jP_G ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G mOrA QDE BQKd

B;l9gl_G ?AlAC \gl clAtA jP_G EcOJ_G 9JQaOa 9KlaKpl= ?ctP_G Oarg_G B9cFrA_G

.?cFaF9r_G Qcia ?cFaF9r_G

,9K8WFla Oarg_G gPJ cZC H9c== 9K_KATF HC ?ctP_G Oarg__ 9FATGQO B]ArG Ora

9lJa ,Oarg_G gPJ 9lKc_E OFATA HcA__G HcAcFrA_G b_E 9F_rAFG mD ,df9FaZ:G A9tP_G aJa

Oarg_9= 9FATGQO 9FcKFCa ,?c]GQAp:G OarF_G mGOMAT9= dFaQAt_DG hpO_Ga HcWA ua_=_G

V
H9c== 9KlccrA= 9Flr mD ,9KA9rc=aAa 9KA9c_Ba 9JQaKda 9KAcJ9l 9Fc= EcJ 9KAGP dp ?ctP_G

.BGO9rAFGa >acf Hl 9Kc_E \Ga 9la ,9JO8Gapa 9J9cGRl

BTc_ ,?ctP_G Oarg_G HC 9F_ Hc=A ,9Kc_E Q9Wl_G B9fa]al__ 9FATGQO Aa] dpa

?paQgl BF9t 9lFEa ?cFaF9r_G B;l9gl_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAF ?c_t IOcOG ?_cTa aC IQJ9d

h_T_G ^g= hc=_ B:Ba IRKGC dp cDlAA ?c8GO= ?_cTa BF9t 9KFt_a ,ccaa Bra PFl

mcOrA= ?Z9M_G QtGPA_G aC )B9WAaOFT_G( ?gcQT_G B;tFGa B9=aQWl_G cDl B9lOM_Ga

k k
dp K=ZA_ 9cQPG GQaaA BQaaA 9KFt_a .... ?_alJl_G qAGaK_G HJW BaQta B9lOM_G

B9KGa_G Hl QcDt_G dp ?cOc_rA_G Oarg_G b_f 9KrapAa 9KJ9GF B=D EcJ EcOJ_G 9K_tW

.9J9F]Qf dA_G

71 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

 ?cFaF9r_G B9pQZA_Ga Oarg_G ?AlAC d p 9lJQaOa df9FaZ:G A9tP_Ga ?ctP_G Oarg_G

?FQ9rl ?DcOJ_G 9KAQaZ dp ?ctP_G Oarg_G c9lgATG ?cOaOJl Hl miQ_G b_fa

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2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

å 72
 cc__G a=C mcJGQ=E .O .C

Smart Contracts and Artificial Intelligence and

their role in the automation of contracts and
legal acts: Study of the role of scientific
progress in the development of contract theory

Prof. Ibrahim EL-Desouki Aboellail

The relationship between science and its electronic technical progress and
the law and its rules governing society have developed a strong and well-
established relationship, which has established a degree of close interdependence
and cooperation between them. Both affect each other and are influenced by it,
and as a result of this interconnection between science and law has shown us
what might be called the scientific law or the law of science, which is concerned
with the follow-up of modern scientific developments, and responds to its
requirements and the legal and regulatory regulations it needs.
Scientific and technical progress is an urgent necessity in our time to provide
the solutions that the law needs to regulate society and the legal, social and economic
relationships within it to achieve the progress and well-being of its members.
One of the most notable scientific and technical advances of our time in the
scope of law in general and the theory of contracts in particular is the use of
advanced methods and technological means to conclude and prove contracts
and legal procedures, thus creating, in addition to contracts in their usual
traditional form, electronic contracts based to some extent on its mandate and
automatic conclusion, documentation and proof.
Technical progress did not stop at this, but at the beginning of the current
century produced us more mechanism and automation in the conclusion of
contracts and legal procedures and prove and implementation using artificial
intelligence, which is based on the creation of devices and endocrine machines
human intelligence, and thus the possibility of concluding contracts, actions and
various legal actions, through the so-called Smart Contract.
This research focuses on demonstrating the role of technical progress and
artificial intelligence in the development of the legal rules governing the
conclusion of contracts and legal procedures through three topics, each of which
we make a special research as follows:
The first topic: the concept of artificial intelligence, its appearance,
development and legal applications.
The second topic: technical progress and the automation of contracts and
legal acts.
The third topic: smart contract and its legal uses.

73 å2020 -1L-4 ÏbFÇ

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