df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?

, ;'n;'n] (Mites)
tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/L ljsf; s]Gb|

uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites)
tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

n]vsM
tLy{ s'df/ >]i7 -k|d'v_
;'/Iff ;'j]bL -af=;+=c=_

df}/L ljsf; s]Gb|

uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
 ljifo ;"rL
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) / zq'hLjx?sf]
klxrfg tyf ltgsf] Joj:yfkg============================================== 1
kl/ro ============================================================================ 1
!= df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ================= 2
!=! df}/Lsf] 5fp/f÷nfef{ cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]ux? ============= 2
!=!=! o'/f]lkog kmfpn a|'8 (EFB) ========================== 2
!=!=@ yfO :ofs a|'8 (Thai Sac Brood)=================== 5
!=!=# rs a|'8 (Chalk Brood)================================ 7
!=!=$ cd]l/sg kmfpn a|'8 (American Foul Brood, AFB)==== 9
!=!=% s'kf]if0f (Malnutrition) ============================== 11
!=@ jo:s÷dfp df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]ux? ========================== 14
!=@=! gf]l;df (Nosema) ==================================== 14
!=@=@ cldaf (Amoeba) ===================================== 16
!=@=# kIf3ft (Paralysis) ==================================== 17
@= df}/Ldf nfUg] ;'n;'n]x? (Mites) / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ======= 20
@=! leqL k/hLlj (Internal Parasites) ========================== 20
@=!=! 6«flson ;'n;'n] (Acarapis woodi)=============== 20
@=@ aflx/L k/hLlj (External Parasites) ======================== 22
@=@=! e]/f]jf ;'n;'n] (Varroa mites) ==================== 22
@=@=@ 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] (Tropilaelaps Mites):=== 24
#= df}/Lsf zq'hLjx¿ ===================================================== 29
#=! 3f/ aflx/af6 ;tfpg] hLjx? ============================== 29
#=@ 3f/leq a;L gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] hLjx? =================== 34
;Gbe{ ;"rL (References) ==================================================== 39
( df}/Lkfngsf] cfwf/e"t l;sfO{
 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) /
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg tyf ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
kl/roM
g]kfndf k/fk"as { fnsfnb]lv g} kfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] df}/Lkfng
Joj;fosf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf] z'?cft qmlds ?kdf lj:tf/ x'b+' }
uO/x]sf] kfOG5 . o; df}/Lkfng Joj;foaf6 dx / cGo df}/LhGo
pkhx? pTkfbg u/L dgUo} cfDbfgL lng ;lsg] alnof] ;Defjgf
5 . emg} h}ljs tyf ef}uf]lns ljljlwtfsf sf/0f g]kfndf kfOg]
w]/y} /Lsf k|fs[lts ag:klt / ckgfp+b} cfPsf] v]tL k|0ffnL;+u}
df}/Lkfng u/L jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, vfBkf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;fy} cfocfh{g
ug]{ k|dv ' k]zfsf] ?kdf of] Joj;fonfO{ ckgfpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf dx / df}/LhGo pkhx?sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fO{ o;sf]
cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{g ug'k{ g]{ /fi6«sf] /0fgLlt cg'; ' f/
df}/Lkfngsf] If]qdf Jofj;flos/0f x'g' h?/L b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] ljBdfg
jghËn, v]tLk|0ffnL / r/gIfdtfnfO{ x]bf{ xfn kfng ul/Psf] sl/a
@=% nfv df}/Luf]nfaf6 a9fP/ !) nfv df}/Luf]nf kfng ug{ ;lsg]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o; Aoj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] /fd|f] ;+efjgf
x'bF fx'bF } klg o;sf y'k}| ;d:of / r'gf}ltx? b]vf k5{g\ . df}/Ldf nfUg]
ljleGg /f]ux?, k/hLjL tyf cGo zq'hLjx? Dff}/Lkfng If]qsf] k|dv '
;d:of / r'gf}ltx? x'g\ . log} ;d:of / r'gf}ltsf ?kdf b]vf kg{]
k|dv ' /f]ux? / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg, df}/Ldf nfUg] ;'n;'n] (Mites) /
ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ;fy} df}/L uf]nfdf Iflt k'/o\ fpg] zq'hLjx? / ltgsf]
Joj:yfkg af/] hfgsf/L lng' clt cfaZos b]lvbf oL kIfaf/] tn
lj:t[t ?kdf tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 1

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
!= df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux? / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]ux? df}/Lkfng Joj;fosf] k|dv ' r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf
b]lvPsf] 5 . df}/Luf]nfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]usf] la;+qmd0fsf] sf/0f
Joj;foLn] aif]g{ L 7'nf] Iflt Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . oL /f]ux? vf;u/L
jo:s / nfef{÷5fp/f cj:yfdf nfUg] ub{5 . df}/Lsf] 5fp/f / jo:s
cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]u km/s x'G5, ;fy} Ps cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]un] df}/Lsf]
csf]{ cj:yfdf c;/ ub}g{ . To;}n] oxfF df}/Lsf] 5fp/f cj:yf / jo:s
df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]ux? af/] tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

!=! df}/Lsf] 5fp/f÷nfef{ cj:yfdf nfUg] /f]ux?

!=!=! o'/f]lkog kmfpn a|'8 (EFB)
of] /f]u d]ln;f]sf]s; Ko'6f]g -Melissococcus plutonius_ gfds ;'Id
hLjf0f' -AofS6]l/of_ sf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 nfUb5 . of] hLjf0f' $* 306f
eGbf sd pd]/sf ;fgf nfef{x?df k|j]z ub{5 / nfef{x¿sf] k]6df
;ª\qmd0f ub{5 / l56f]l56f] j[l4 eO{ 5fp/fsf] k]6el/ hLjf0f' km}lnP/
5fp/f s'lxG5 . ;ª\qmldt nfef{sf] lbzfaf6 hLjf0f'÷AoS6]l/of aflx/
lg:sG5 / jo:s df}/Ln] 5fp/fnfO{ vfgf v'jfpFbf / sf]if ;kmf ug]{
qmddf /f]u km}nfpFb5 . of] /f]usf] ;+qmd0fn] uf]nf sdhf]/ x'g] /
gfl;g] ub{5 . z'?df of] /f]u Plk; d]lnkm]/faf6 o'/f]kdf km}lnPsf] xf] /
kl5 of] /f]usf] ljZjAofkLs/0f aGof] . of] /f]un] P=d]lnkm]/f / P=;]/fgf
b'j} df}/LnfO{ g/fd|f] Iflt k'¥ofpF5 .
/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM
• 5fp/f÷nfef{sf] /+u kl/jt{g eO{ kx]n
+ f]–v}/f] v/fgL /+usf] x'g' .
• rfsfdf /x]sf] v'nf sf]ifdf nfef{x¿ d/]sf] b]lvg' .
• of] /f]u sf]ifdf Psgf;n] gnfuL 5l/P/ nfUg] x'gfn] 5fp/f qmddf
(Brood Pattern) Ps¿ktf gx'g' .

2 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• nfef{sf] a;fO c;fdfGo
-tlGsPsf] cj:yfdf_ x'g' .
• /f]uL nfef{ g/d / kfgL
;lxtsf] x'g] .
• /f]uL nfef{sf Zjf;gnLx¿
(Tracheae) kf/bzL{ x'g' .
• d/]sf] nfef{nfO{ ;lhn};Fu lrq ! M d/]sf / /f]uu|:t nfef{x?
lgsfNg ;lsg] / s'lxPsf nfef{x¿af6 Xjf:; gld7f] uGw cfpg'
• /f]uu|:t jf ev{/} d/]sf nfef{nfO{ ;nfO{sf] sf6L jf lrD6Ln]
lj:tf/} aflx/ lgsfNof] eg] ;fgf] TofGb|f] aGg] . -lrq @_
• s'lxPsf nfef{x¿ n:;fbf/ / ;'s]kl5 kfk|f k/]/ sf]ifsf] leQfdf
6fFl;Psf] cj:yf b]lvg'
/ ;'s]sf kfk|fnfO{ df}/Ln]
x6fpg g;Sbf sf]ifdf g}
e]l6g' .
• 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/ cufl8
d/]sf nfef{x¿ b]lvg' .
• df}/Lsf lqmofsnfkx¿ lrq @ M d/]sf nfef{ tfGbf ag]sf] TofGb|f
lj:tf/} 36\b} hfg' .
• dxk|jfxsf] df};ddf klg uf]nf sdhf]/ x'g' / df}/Lsf] ;+Vof 36\b}
hfg' .
• kl/If0f ljlwM 5fp/f s'lxg] /f]u xf] jf xf]Og eg]/ lgSof]{n ug{ Ps
k|sf/sf] sL6 ljsf; ul/Psf] 5, h'g dlxnfsf] uef{wf/0f k/LIf0f
(Pregnancy Test) ug{] sL6 h:t} x'G5 . o;sf] nflu /f]uL 5fp/fsf]
s]xL efu l;Gsfn] lemsL l8l:6n kfgLdf 3f]nL 8«k/ (Dropper) sf]
;xfotfn] @-# yf]kf /fVg] / s]xL ;dosf] cGt/fn kl5 sL6df
/ftf] wsf{ @ j6f b]lvPdf 5fp/f s'lxg] /f]u xf] egL Plsg ug{
;lsG5 / o;sf] plrt Aoj:yfkg ug{'kb{5 .
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 3
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
of] /f]u z'IdhLjf0f'af6 nfUg] x'Fbf PlG6afof]l6s (Antibiotics)
cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|rng 5 . t/ o;sf] k|of]un] dxsf] u'0f:t/df
g/fd|f] c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 ;fy} lgoldt ?kdf of] cf}ifwL k|of]u ugf{n]
hLjf0f'sf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf a9\b} hfg] / cf}ifwLn] ;d]t sfd gug]{
cj:yf cfpg ;Sb5 . dxsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ dxdf o:tf
cf}ifwLx?sf] k|of]u / To;sf] cjz]if /xg' x'Fb}g . ctM /f;folgs
cf}ifwL k|of]u ug'{ ljsNkdf lgDgfg';f/ df}/Luf]nf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/
u/L of] /f]usf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 M
• Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/L uf]nfx?nfO{ :j:y / dha't -dha't uf]nf
eGgfn] ^ k|]mdeGbf a9L 5fp/frfsf ePsf] uf]nf eg]/ a'‰g' kb{5_
jgfP/ /fVg] . o;sf] nflu k|To]s jif{ /fg' k]mg]{ jf k|lt:yfkg ug]{ .
• df}/Luf]nfsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg tyf lgl/If0f u/L cfjZos gofF
rfsf k|of]u ug]{ .
• uf]nfdf df}/Ln] g9fs]sf rfsf, k'/fgf] sfnf] rfsfx? 3f/af6
x6fpg] .
• uf]nfdf df}/Lsf] cfxf/f -k'ik/; / s'6_ cefj x'g glbg cfjZostf
cg';f/ s[lqd cfxf/f lbg] .
• /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f b]lvPdf, gofF 3f/df df}/L 6S6SofP/ rfsfx¿
x6fpg] / /fg' klg km]g]{ .
• /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f b]lvPdf, uf]nfdf 5fp/fljxLg agfpg] . o;sf]
nflu !! b]lv !$ lbg;Dd /fg'nfO{ lkFh8fdf y'g]/ 3f/ leq} /fvL
k'mnkfg{af6 /f]Sg] / kl5 x6fpg] .
• /f]un] ;ª\qmd0f ePsf 3f/, rf}sf];, rfsfx¿ hnfP/ gi6
ul/lbg] .
• df}/Luf]nfdf /f]u ;g{ ;Sg] sf/0fx¿df Wofg lbO{ cfjZos
;fjwfgL ckgfpg] .
t/ slxn]sfxL+ oL Joj:yfkgsf lasNkx? ckgfpFbf klg /f]usf]
;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf clGtd ljsNksf] ?kdf
4 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 . of] cj:yfdf lgDgfg';f/sf] cf}ifwL
/ o;sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf tn lbOPsf] 5 M
• %)) Pd=hL= clS;6]6«f;fO{lSng jf 6]/fdfO{l;g k|lt ln6/
rf:gLsf] cg'kftdf tof/ u/]/ #÷$ lbgsf] km/sdf # k6s
k|of]u ug]{, cyjf
• clS;6]6«f–e]6 PG6Lafof]l6S; !)) u|fd, &#% u|fd
lrgLsf] w'nf]df ld;fP/ k|lt k|m]d * b]lv !) u|fdsf]
b/n] uf]nf lgl/If0f ug]{ a]nfdf 6k–jf/ lkml8ª
u/fpg], cyjf
lrq # M
• cf]6]6«f–e]6–%) w'nf] PG6Lafof]l6S; )=% u|fd k|lt cf]6]6«f–e]6–%)
/f]uL3f/sf b/n] lrgLrf:gLdf ld;fP/ $–% lbgsf] km/sdf
# k6s v'jfpg], jf o; cf}ifwLnfO{ !)) u|fd lrgLsf] w'nf]df
jf lrgLkfgLsf] kftnf] 3f]ndf ld;fP/ l;w} 5fp/f rfsfdf
xNsf 8li6ª jf :k|] ul/lb+bf /f]u Joj:yfkgsf] glthf /fd|f]
b]lvg] .
• l;–lkmlS;d–@)) 6\ofjn]6 lrgLrf:gLdf 3f]n]/ /f]uL uf]nfnfO{ #
lbg;Dd v'jfpg] . ! 6\ofjn]6 cf}iflw lrgLrf:gLdf 3f]n]/ # j6f
df}/Luf]nfnfO{ lbg ;lsG5 .
!=!=@ yfO :ofs a|'8 (Thai Sac
Brood)
of] yfO{:ofs a|'8 efO/; (Thai Sac
Brood Virus, TSBV) af6 /}yfg] df}/L
-Plk; ;]/fgf_ sf] nfef{df nfUg] k|d'v
/f]u xf] . of] efO/;n] slnnf] nfef{sf]
k]6df ;ª\qmd0f ub{5 / of] nfef{sf]
k]6df g} x'ls{g], j[l4 x'g] / kl5
lrq $ M y}n] /f]usf] nIf0f

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 5

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
lbzf;Fu} aflx/ lg:sg] ub{5 . jo:s df}/Lx¿n] sf]if ;kmf ug]{ / vfgf
v'jfpg] qmddf /f]u km}nfpF5 . of] /f]u ;jeGbf klxn] yfONofG8df
;g\ !(&^ df kQf nufOPsf] xf] . of] /f]uaf6 ;g\ !(&* b]lv !(*!
;Dd g]kfnsf] /}yfg] df}/L -Plk; ;]/fgf_ df Jofks ?kdf ;+qmldt eO
em08} () k|ltzt df}/Luf]nfx¿ gi6 ePsf] tYofÍ kfOG5 . of] /f]usf]
k|sf]k sflt{s – d+;L/ dlxgfdf a9L ePsf] kfOG5 . of] /f]usf] sf/0f
df}/Luf]nf lgs} sdhf]/ x'g] / u[xTofu ug]{ :jefj b]vfpF5 .
/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM
• ;ª\qmldt nfef{sf] /Ë ;]tf]af6 lkmSsf kx]Fnf] x'Fb} lj:tf/} v}/f] /
kl5 sfnf] x'g] .
• ;ª\qmldt nfef{sf] aflx/L 5fnf g/d eO{ k'mn]/ y}nf] (Sac) sf]
cfsf/df kl/0ft x'g] / y}nf]leq xNsf kx]Fnf] v}/f] /Ësf] emf]nn]
el/Psf] b]lvg] .
• sf]ifaf6 nfef{ lems]/ x]bf{ y}nf] h:tf] b]lvg] -To;}n] of] /f]unfO{
y}n]/f]u elgPsf] xf]_ / y}nf]leq nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf efO/;÷ljiff0f'x?
e]l6g] .
• /f]uL nfef{ cfˆgf] 7fpF 5f]8L c;fdfGo tl/sfn] -k|fo sf]ifsf]
leQfdf c8]; nfu]/_ sf]ifdf a;]sf] b]lvg] .
• sf]ifsf] 9Ssg nufPkl5 Ko'kf cj:yfdf gk'Ub} nfef{ dg]{ / o:tf]
9Ssgsf] larefu tnlt/ wl:;g] / lardf sfnf] x'g] .

lrq % M y}n] /f]u nfu]sf] /f]uL nfef{x?

6 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• sdL{df}/Ln] d/]sf nfef{ x6fpg 9Ssgsf] ljrdf Kjfn kf/]sf]
b]lvg] / leq d[t cj:yfdf /x]sf] nfef{sf] 6fpsf], 5ftL / k]6
qmdzM sfnf] x'Fb} hfg] .
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
of] /f]u efO/;af6 ;+qmd0f eO{ k}mlng] ePsf]n] o;sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/
kfOb}g . ctM Joj;foLn] cfˆgf] Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/Luf]nfnfO{ o;
/f]uaf6 arfpg lgDgfg';f/sf] a'Fbfx?df Wofg k'¥ofO{ uf]nfJoj:yfkg
ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 M
• Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/Luf]nfsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg lg/LIf0f u/L
clen]v /fVg] .
• lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf /f]uL uf]nfx¿ Plko/Laf6
cnUu} /fVg] .
• df}/Luf]nfdf 5fp/fljxLg agfpg /fg'nfO{ lkFh8fdf /fVg] / kl5
o; /fg'nfO{ x6fP/ :j:y / u'0f:t/ gofF /fg' km]g]{ .
• df}/LnfO{ 6s6SofP/ gofF 3f/df ;f/L gofF cfwf/rfsf / lrgLrf:gL
k|of]u ug]{, ;fy} /f]uL 3f/, rfsf, k|]mdx¿ hnfP/ gi6 ug]{ .
• aif}{lkR5] /fg' k|lt:yfkg u/L uf]nfnfO{ dha't agfpg], uf]nf ;kmf
ug]{ / uf]nfdf vfgfsf] cefj x'g glbg] .
• cfˆgf] Plko/Ldf /f]u km}ng glbg] pkfox¿ vf]hL ;fjwfgLk"j{s
ckgfpg] .
• clen]vaf6 k|fKt glthfsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf] Plko/Ldf /x]sf]
df}/Luf]nfx? dWo] /f]u vKg ;Sg] uf]nfsf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] j[l4
/ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
!=!=# rs a|'8 (Chalk Brood)
of] /f]u P:sf]k]m/f Plk; (Ascosphaera apis) gfds 9';Laf6 df}/Lsf]
nfef{df nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt nfef{x¿ ;'s]/ kl5
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 7
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
rsh:t} ;]tf] / s8f x'g hfG5, To;}n] of] /f]unfO{ rs a|'8 egL
gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . of] 9';Ln] n}lËs tl/sfaf6 /f]u ;fg{ ;Sg]
;'Id 9';L s0f (Spores) x¿ pTkfbg ub{5 . of] vfgfsf] dfWodaf6
jf nfef{sf] z/L/df 6fFl;P/ k]6df k|j]z u/L ;+qmd0f ub{5 . of] 9';Ln]
#–$ lbgsf] slnnf] cj:yfsf] nfef{df a9L ;+qmd0f ub{5 . of] /f]un]
g]kfndf kfng ul/Psf] df}/Luf]nfdf Iflt k'¥ofPsf] b]lvb}g .
/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM
• of] /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt nfef{ klxnf g/d / s]xL ;'lGgPsf] b]lvg] .
• of] /f]u ev{/sf slnnf] nfef{df nfUg z'? ug]{ / kl5 sf]ifsf]
9Ssg nufPsf] @ lbgleq ;f] nfef{ d/]sf] cj:yfdf e]l6g] .
• d/]sf] nfef{ aflx/ lgsfNg df}/Ln] sf]ifx¿ sf]t/]sf] b]lvg] .
• d/]sf] nfef{ v'lDrP/ s8f eO rsh:t} ;]tf] b]lvg] .
• 9';L -dfO;]lnof_sf] j[l4;Fu} d/]sf] nfef{sf] /Ë rsh:tf] ;]tf]af6
v}/f] x'Fb} kl5 sfnf] x'g] .

lrq ^ M rs a|'8 /f]u nfu]sf nfef{x?

/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
9';Laf6 nfef{df nfUg] of] /f]un] df}/Luf]nfdf vf;} 7'nf] Iflt gk'¥ofpg]
ePsf]n] /f;folgs cf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ug{ cfjZos b]lv+b}g . To;}n] tn
pNn]v ul/Padf]lhdsf] df}/Luf]nf Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s] /f]usf] ;+qmd0f
x'gaf6 arfpg ;lsG5 M
8 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• aif}{lkR5] :j:y / u'0f:t/ /fg' k]m/]/ df}/Luf]nfnfO{ dha't jgfO
/fVg] .
• of] /f]usf] k|sf]k lr;f] ;dodf a9L b]lvg] x'Fbf uf]nfnfO{ Gofgf]
jgfO /fVg] .
• df}/Ln] sf]ifx? ;kmf ug]{ qmddf b';Lsf s0fx? (Spores) htftt}
;f/L /f]usf] ;+qmd0f km}nfpg ;Sg] ePsf]n] uf]nfsf] ;/;kmfO{df
Wofg k'¥ofpg] .
• uf]nfdf df}/Ln] g9fs]sf] 5fp/frfsf x6fO{ 8dL af]8{ k|of]u ug]{ .
• e]lG6n];gsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfO{ 3f/sf] cf]if (Moisture) x6fpg] .
• uf]nfdf vfgfsf] cefj x'g glbg s[lqd cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
!=!=$ cd]l/sg kmfpn a|'8 (American Foul Brood, AFB)
of] k]gLJofl;n; nfeL{ (Paenibacillus larvae) gfds AofS6]l/ofaf6
ljsf;] df}/L -Plk; d]lnkm]/f_ sf] nfef{df nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]u ;fg]{
AofS6]l/of laz]if s0f÷:kf];{x? (Spores) pTkfbg u/L %) jif{eGbf a9L
afFRg ;Sg'sf ;fy} of] pRr tfkqmd b]lv clws lr;f];Dd klg lhljt
/xg ;Sb5 . of] /f]u ;fg]{ JofS6]l/ofsf] s0fx?÷:kf];{x¿ vfgfsf]
dfWodaf6 @ lbg] nfef{sf] k]6df k'Ub5 / ;+qmd0f ug{ yfNb5 . of]
/f]uaf6 ;+qmldt nfef{ k'a{ Ko'kf jf Ko'jf cj:yfdf db{5 . of] /f]usf]
hLjf0f' df}/Luf]nf lg/LIf0f ubf{ k|of]u ul/g] ;fdu|Lx? tyf /f]uLuf]nfsf]
df}/Laf6 :j:yuf]nfdf ;lhn} ;f/]/ /f]usf] ;+qmd0f k}mlnO uf]nf gi6
x'g ;Sb5 . of] /f]un] dha't / sdhf]/ b'a} vfn] df}/Luf]nfdf cfqmd0f
u/L Joj;foLnfO{ 7'nf] cfly{s Iflt k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . t/, g]kfndf of]
/f]u xfn;Dd e]l6Psf] 5}g . ctM ljb]zaf6 ljsf;] df}/L, o;sf] /fg'
/ df}/LhGo j:t' g]kfn cfot ubf{ of] xflgsf/s /f]u klg ;Fu} lelqg]
;Defjgf /x]sf]n] cfotstf{ jf Jofkf/L jf lj1n] larf/ k'¥ofpg' kg]{
b]lvG5 .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 9

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM
• of] /f]uaf6 ;ª\qmldt uf]nfdf nfef{ /xg] qmd (Brood Pattern)
Psgf;sf] geO km/s x'g] / /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt nfef{sf] /Ë kl/jt{g
x'g] .
• ;+qmldt uf]nfdf df}/Ln] sf]ifsf] 9Ssg nufPkl5 ;+qmldt nfef{
dg]{ / ToxfF xNsf uf9fv}/f] cw{t/n kbfy{ lg:sg] .
• of] /f]uaf6 ;+qmldt sf]ifsf] 9Ssg tn wl:;Psf], Kjfn k/]sf],
uf9f /Ësf] / leh]sf] h:tf] b]lvg] .
• /f]uu|:t uf]nfdf /x]sf] s'lxPsf] nfef{af6 gld7f] uGw (Sulphurous)
cfpg] .
• of] /f]unfO{ Plsg ug{ /f]lkg]; kl/If0f (Ropiness-test) ug]{ . of]
kl/If0fsf] nflu /f]uu|:t jf ev{/} d/]sf nfef{ jf Ko'kfnfO{ ;nfO{sf]
sfF6L jf lrD6Ln] lj:tf/} aflx/ lgsfNbf v}/f] /Ësf], lrKnf] wfuf]sf]
TofGb|f]h:tf] aflx/ lg:sg] -of] /f]usf] d'Vo nIf0f xf]_ .
• cGtdf s'x]sf] nfef{ ;'s]/ kfk|f jgL sf]ifdf 6fFl;g' .

lrq & M cd]l/sg kmfpn a|'8 nfu]sf] nfef{ / o;sf] /f]lkg]; kl/If0f
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
of] :kf];{ pTkfbg u/L nfdf] ;do;Dd / ljifd kl/l:yltdf klg afFRg
;Sg] JofS6]l/ofaf6 k}mlng] a9L vt/fgfs /f]u ePsf] x'Fbf o;sf]
cf}ifwL pkrf/ eGbf tn pNn]v ul/Padf]lhdsf] uf]nf Joj:yfkg ug]{
cEof; o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf k|rlnt 5M
10 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/Luf]nfsf] lgoldt cjnf]sg lg/LIf0f u/L
clen]v /fVg] .
• lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf klxrfg ul/Psf /f]uL uf]nfx¿ Plko/Laf6
t'?Gt} x6fO{ uf]nf / df}/L3f/ ;Dk"0f{ hnfP/ gi6 ug]{ .
!=!=% s'kf]if0f (Malnutrition)M
of] cfjZos vfBtTj jf cfxf/fsf] sdLn] df}/Lsf] 5fp/f / jo:s
b'a}df b]lvg] c;fdfGo cj:yf xf] . oxfF df}/Lsf] cfjZos vfBtTj
eGgfn] df}/Lsf] ljleGg cj:yfdf s] slt / s:tf] lsl;dsf] cfxf/f
rflxG5 eGg] g} xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df s]xL tYox? tn lbOPsf] 5 M
• Pp6f sdL{ nfef{ x'ls{gsf nflu !$@ ld=u|f= dx / !#% ld=u|f=
s'6sf] cfjZos kg]{ .
• Ps uf]nfnfO{ Ps jif{df ^)–*) s]=hL dx / !%–%% s]=hL=
s'6 cfjZos kg]{ . (Source: Biology of the Honey Bee, Mark L.
Winston)
• Pp6f sdL{df}/LnfO{ cf/fd u/]sf] ;dodf )=& ld=u|f= / p8]sf]
avt !!=% ld=u|f= lrgL k|lt 306f cfjZos kg]{ .
• Pp6f jo:s df}/Lsf] hLjgdf klxnf] *–!) lbg;Dd, k|f]l6g
cefj x'g uPdf p;sf] cfo' 5f]l6g] / xfOkf]kmf/]lGhon u|GyL
(Hypopharangeal gland/fat bodies) sf] ljsf; /fd|f];Fu x'g g;Sg] .

ctM df}/LnfO{ rflxg] cfjZos vfBtTj vfP/ g} df}/Lsf] zf/Ll/s

cËsf] j[l4 / ljsf; x'G5 . of] vfBtTj df}/Lsf] nfef{ cj:yf -vGr'jf
cj:yf_ sf] nflu emg} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . of] cj:yfdf nfef{sf] j[l4
ljsf;sf] nflu k|f]l6g, lrNnf] kbfy{, le6fldg / vlgh kbfy{ rflxG5,
oL ;Dk"0f{ tTj s'6af6 k|fKt ub{5 . nfef{nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBtTj
kof{Kt dfqfdf gkfO{ cefj x'g uPdf To;af6 hlGdg] jo:s df}/L
:j:y geO ckfË, /f]uL jf cfˆgf] b}lgs lqmofsnfk ug{ g;Sg] / pd]/

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 11

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
gk'uL dg{ klg ;Qm5 . o;n] ubf{ Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/Luf]nf qmdzM
sdhf]/ x'Fb} uO{ uf]nfsf] pTkfbg Ifdtfdf ¥xf; cfO{ Joj;foLn]
cfly{s Iflt Aoxf]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf ;[hgf x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] Plko/Ldf
/x]sf] df}/Luf]nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBtTj kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw
u/fPdf dfq df}/Lsf] k"0f{ z/Ll/s ljsf; x'g'sf ;fy} hGdg] ao:s
df}/L :j:y x'G5 . :j:y df}/L -/fg', sdL{ / efn]_ x?sf] sf/0faf6
uf]nf klg dha't / :j:y eO{ a9L pTkfbgd'ns x'G5 / kmn:j?k
Joj;foLn] df}/Luf]nfaf6 k|fKt ug]{ dx / cGo df}/LhGo pkhx?sf]
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 NofO{ cfly{s ;+d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5 .
t/, jftfj/0fdf cToflws tfk jf a9L 708L], vfgf cefj, ljiffbLsf]
k|of]usf] sf/0f Plko/Ldf /x]sf] df}/Luf]nfsf] 5fp/f jf jo:s df}/Lx¿
dg{ ;Qm5 . o;af/]sf] hfgsf/L tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
l;hg
uf]nfdf k'Ug] c;/ jf
qm=;+= c;fdfGo cj:yf -ef}uf]lns s}lkmot
Iflt jf ;d:of
If]q_
!= cToflws tfkn] udL{ rfsf kUng] jf aGb #^°
dg]{ (High l;hgdf sf]if÷ l;N8 a|'8sf] ;]lN;o;
Temperature) -t/fO{ 9Ssg tn wl:;g], eGbf a9L
/ leqL Kjfn kg]{, nfef{ lylrg], tfkqmd
dw]z_ sfnf] v}/f] x'g] / dg]{ . ePdf
@= a9L 708Lsf] hf8f] df}/L ;+Vof sd %°
sf/0fn] l;hgdf x'g uPdf uf]nfdf ;]lN;o;
dg]{÷ lrlnË -;a} nfef{ x'sf{pg rflxg] eGbf sd
(Chilling) If]qdf_ cfjZos tfkqmd tfkqmd
;Gt'ng ug{ g;sL ePdf
rfsfdf ePsf
5fp/fx¿ 708Lsf]
sf/0fn] dg]{ .

12 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 l;hg
uf]nfdf k'Ug] c;/ jf
qm=;+= c;fdfGo cj:yf -ef}uf]lns s}lkmot
Iflt jf ;d:of
If]q_
#= vfgf gkfP/ vfgf nfef{x?nfO{ k|f]l6gsf] k'ik/; /
dg]{ (Starving) cefjsf] sdL x'g uO{ hlGdg] s'6 k|jfx
l;hg df}/Lsf] k]6 k'mNg], gePsf]
-;a} p8\g g;Sg], 3l;|g] l;hgdf
If]qdf_ cj:yfdf k'Ug] / l/Qf]
sf]ifdf jo:s df}/L
6fpsf] 3';f/]/ dg]{ .
$= ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ljiffbL ljiffbLo'Qm v]tLafnLdf s8f
(Poisoning) k|of]usf] k'mn]sf k'mnx?df /f;folgs
l;hg ljr/0fsf qmddf ljiffbLx?sf]
-;a} df}/Lx? dg]{ . ljif cgfjZos
If]qdf_ nfu]sf] df}/L / ljiffQm k|of]u
k'ik/; lelqPkl5 ePdf
uf]nfsf 5fp/f;d]t
dg]{ .

s'kf]if0f / df}/L dg]{ ;d:ofsf] Joj:yfkgM

• sdL{df}/Ln] uf]nfsf] tfkqmd ;Gt'ng /fVg / ljr/0fdf hfgsf]
nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfjf]{xfO8«]6÷lrgL k'ik/;af6 kl/k'lt{ ub{5 .
vfgf cefjsf] a]nf df}/Ln] cfˆgf] sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf kof{Kt
dfqfdf rf:gL lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
• uf]nfnfO{ :j:y / dha't agfpg df}/Lsf] nfef{cj:yf b]lvg}
Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . nfef{sf] j[l4 / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
k|f]l6g, le6fldg, lrNnf] kbfy{, vlgh kbfy{ -s'6af6 k|fKt x'g]_ /
sfaf]{xfO8«]6 -k'ik/;af6 k|fKt x'g]_ cfk'lt{sf nflu s'6 / rf:gLsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 13

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• udL{ofddf uf]nfnfO{ cToflws udL{÷tfkaf6 arfpg df}/L3f/nfO{
5fx/Lsf] Joj:yf u/L e]lG6n];gsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ldnfpg] .
• hf8f]ofddf uf]nfnfO{ cToflws lr;f] jf 708Laf6 hf]ufpg
uf]nfnfO{ h'6sf] jf]/fn] a]/L Gofgf] kfg]{ / e]lG6n];gnfO{ ;fF3'/f]
jgfO uf]nfdf vfgfsf] cefj x'g glbg k|z:t s[lqd vfgf -rf:gL
/ s'6_ sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
• v]tLafnLdf k|of]u x'g] ljiffbLsf] ljsNkdf k|fËl/s v]tLdf cfwfl/t
v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug]{ . olb afnLgfnLdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u
ug]{ xf] eg] ;'/lIft ljiffbLsf] k|of]u af]6lj?jf k'mn k'mn]sf] a]nfdf
gu/L o;sf] cl3 jf kl5 ug]{ .
• o; afx]s, df}/Luf]nfdf /fg'df}/Ln] kf/]sf] ;a} k'mnaf6 nfef{
lg:sG5 eGg ;lsb}g . nfef{ lgl:sb}df ;a} afFRb}g klg . afFr]sf
;a} nfef{ Ko'kf cj:yfdf ?kfGt/0f x'Fb}g / To;}u/L Ko'kf cj:yfdf
k'u]sf ;a} Ko'kf ao:s aGg ;Sb}g . o;/L k'mn b]lv jo:s
cj:yf;Dd ?kfGt/0f x'Fbf :jefljs ?kdf s]xL df}/Lx? dg]{ ub{5,
o;}nfO{ df}/Lsf] d[To'b/ eGg] ul/G5 . df}/Lsf] ljleGg cj:yfsf]
d[To'b/ klg km/s km/s x'G5 . sdL{df}/L hlGdg] k'mn ^Ü, nfef{
*=^Ü, Ko'kf !%Ü sf b/df d/]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . To:t},
jo:s sdL{sf] pd]/ o;n] ;DkGg ug]{] sfo{nf]8df lge{/ ub{5 .
ctM sfd ug{'kg]{ l;hgdf sdL{df}/Lsf] cfo' ;/b/ ^ xKtf hlt
x'G5 eg] / sfd ug{ gk/]sf] l;hgdf of] sl/a @) xKtf;Dd
afFRg ;Sb5 / o;kl5 df}/L dg]{ x'G5 . o;/L dg]{ df}/Lsf] nflu
Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan] s]xL klg ug'{ kb}{g .

!=@ jo:s÷dfp df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]ux?

!=@=! gf]l;df (Nosema)M
of] gf]l;df Plk; (Nosema apis) gfds k/hLjLaf6 jo:s df}/Ldf
nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] /f]usf] k/hLljn] jo:s df}/Lsf] kfrgk|0fnLdf
14 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
u8a9L NofO{ df}/Ln] kftnf] lb;f ub{5 / oxL lb;fsf] dfWodaf6
:j:ydf}/Ldf /f]u ;b{5 . of] /f]un] df}/LnfO{ hf8f]ofddf, jfblnPsf]
df};d / jiff{ofddf a9L ;tfpF5 . of] /f]un] sdL{df}/LnfO{ dfq geP/
/fg' / efn]nfO{ klg ;+qmd0f ub{5 . /f]uL /fg'sf] k'mn kfg]{ Ifdtf 36\b}
hfG5 / uf]nfdf a[4f]åf/ (Supersedures) sf]if b]lvG5 . of] /f]uaf6
;+qmldt sdL{df}/L p8\g g;sL 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/df l3;|]/ lx+8\g] ub{5
/ kl5 7'nf] ;+Vofdf df}/L dg{ klg ;Sb5 . of] /f]usf] sf/0f df}/L
cNkfo'sf] x'g], sdL{df}/Lsf] zL/u|GyL ¥xf; x'Fb} hfg] / kmn:j?k uf]nf
sdhf]/ aGb} hfG5 .

lrq * M gf]l;df /f]u nfu]sf] 3f/df b]lvPsf] nIf0f

/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM

• /f]uL sdL{df}/Lsf] k]6 k'mNg' / k]6 rlDsnf] x'g' .
• df}/Lsf] cfGb|fsf] /Ëdf kl/jt{g b]lvg] -:j:y df}/Lsf] cfGb|fsf] /Ë
v}/f] x'g] t/ /f]uL df}/Lsf] cfGb|f ;]tf] / k'ms]sf] x'g]_ .
• /f]uL uf]nfsf] 3f/leq / aflx/ df}|/Lsf] kftnf] lb;f b]lvg' .
• /f]uL df}/Lsf] lb;f a9L b'u{lGwt x'g] .
• uf]nfdf dx / s'6 ;~ro sd x'g' .
• df}/Lsf] cfo' 36\g' .
• df}/Luf]nf sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfg' .
• df}/Luf]nfsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 36\b} hfg' .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 15

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
• df}/Luf]nfnfO{ dha't jgfP/ /fVg] .
• 3f/df e]lG6n];gsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ldnfO{ aflx/L cfb|tf / 708Laf6
arfP/ /fVg] .
• uf]nfdf k'/fgf] rfsf x6fO gofF rfsf lbg] / k'/fgf] rfsfnfO{
k|zf]wg u/L k|of]udf Nofpg] .
• /f]uL /fg' x6fO{ uf]nfdf :j:y / u'0f:t/ /fg'sf] k|j]z u/fpg] .

!=@=@ cldaf (Amoeba)

of] dflNkmcldaf d]lnlkm;L (Malphighamoeba mellificae) gfds
k/hLjLaf6 jo:s df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] k/hLlj df}/Lsf] k]6df
/x]sf] lb;f ug]{ cË (Malpighian tubules) df j[l4 eO{ ;'Id luvf{x?
(Cysts) jgfpFb5 / of] luvf{ lb;f;Fu} aflx/ lg:s]/ csf]{ df}/Lsf]
z/L/df k|jz ] ub{5 . of] /f]u g]kfnsf] /}yfg] df}/L -P=;]/fgf_ / ljsf;]
df}/L -P=d]lnkm]/f_ df xfn;Dd e]l6Psf] kfOb}g . t/ o'/f]lkog /
cd]l/sg d'n'sdf gf]l;df / cldaf ;Fu;Fu} klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

lrq ( M gf]l;df / cldafsf] ;d:of Ps;fy b]lvPsf] cj:yf

-;'Idbz{s oGqaf6 cjnf]sg ubf{_

16 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM
• of] /f]usf] k/hLjLn] ;ª\qmd0f u/]sf] df}/Ldf vf;} nIf0f gb]lvg' .
• of] /f]usf] klxrfgsf] nflu k|of]uzfnfdf k/LIf0f (LabTest) g}
ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
• df}/Luf]nfnfO{ dha't jgfP/ /fVg] .
• df}/L3f/nfO{ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ tkm{ Wofg lbg] .

!=@=# kIf3ft (Paralysis)

of] /f]u efO/;sf sf/0fn] jo:s df}/Ldf nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] kIf3ft
u/fpg] efO/; d'VotM b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\M (i) df}/Lsf] qmf]lgs
kIf3ft ug]{ efO/; (Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus/CBPV) / (ii) df}/Lsf]
t'?Gt} kIf3ft ug]{ efO/; (Acute Bee Paralysis Virus/ABPV)
o; afx]s df}/Ldf kIf3ft /f]u ;fg]{ y'k|} cGo efO/;x? hfgsf/Ldf
cfPsf] cWoogn] b]vfpF5 . tL x'gM
• Snfp8L ljË (Cloudy wing)
• Ps'6 kf/fnfOl;; (Acute paralysis)
• cf/sfG;f; (Arkansas)
• ANofs SjLg ;]n (Balck queen cell)
• l8kmd{ jLË (Deformed wing)
• OlhK6, sf:dL/, OG8Log :6«]g (Egypt, Kashmir, Indian strain)
• sf:dL/, ci6«]lnog :6«]g (Kashmir, Australian strains)

/f]usf] nIf0f / klxrfg ug]{ tl/sfM

(i) qmf]lgs kIf3ft ug]{ efO/; (Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus/CBPV)
nfu]df df}/Ldf b]lvg]] nIf0fM–

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 17

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 • df}/L cf+lzs ?kdf kIf3ft x'g], kl5 p8\g g;sL e'FOdf l3;|]/
lx+8\g] .
• /f]uL df}/L /f}+ ljlxg eO{ uf9f / rlDsnf] x'g] (Hairless black
syndrome) / -d'Vo nIf0f_
• /f]uL df}/Lsf] k]6 s]xL 7'nf] / rlDsnf] x'g] .
• kl5 /f]uL df}/Lx? d/L uf]nf gfl;g] .
(ii) t'?Gt} kIf3ft ug]{ efO/; (Acute Bee Paralysis Virus/ABPV)
nfu]df df}/Ldf b]lvg]] nIf0fM–
• ;ª\qmldt df}/Ln] cfˆgf] kv]6f / z/L/ c;fdfGo ultdf
rnfpg] .
• /f]uL df}/L p8\g g;sL e'FOdf l3;|]/ lxF8\g] .
• /f]uLdf}/Lsf] k]6 k'mn]sf] / kv]6fn] 7fpF 5f8]sf] x'g] .
• /f]uL df}/Lx¿ yf]/} lbgdf g} d/]sf] b]lvg] .
• /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0f a9\b} uPkl5 k|foM xKtflbg leqdf uf]nf gi6
x'g] .
• jiff{sf] cGtdf uf]nfdf /fg';Fu Hofb} Go"g ;+Vofdf sdL{df}/Lx?
afFsL x'g] .
-gf]6M Ps/fOg ;'n;'n]sf] cfqmd0faf6 df}/Ldf b]lvg] nIf0f /
kIf3ftsf] nIf0f k|fo p:t} b]lvg] ._
/f]usf] Joj:yfkgM
of] efO/;af6 ;g]{ /f]u ePsf]n] o;sf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ e]l6b}+g .
df}/Luf]nfdf /f]usf] ;+qmd0f x'g glbg lgDgfg';f/sf] uf]nfJoj:yfkgsf]
pkfox? cjnDag ug'{kb{5 M
• df}/Luf]nfdf lgoldt lg/LIf0f u/L clen]v /fVg] .
• df}/Luf]nfsf] ;/;kmfO{df Wofg k'¥ofpg] .
• df}/Luf]nfnfO{ uf]nf dha't jgfO{ /fVg] .

18 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
• df}/Luf]nfdf vfgf cefj x'g glbg] .
• uf]nfdf b'O{ jif{ k'/fgf rfsfx? x6fO gofF rfsf km]g]{ .
• Plko/Ldf /x]sf df}/Luf]nfdf jif}{lkR5] :j:y / u'0f:t/Lo /fg'
km]g]{ .
• /f]uL uf]nf Plko/LeGbf cnu jf gi6 u/fO{ :j:y uf]nf /f]u
nfUgaf6 ;'/lIf6 ug]{ .
• df}/Luf]nfdf /f]usf nIf0f blvP lj1x?sf] ;Nnfx lnO ;f] /f]usf]
Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 19

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
@= df}/Ldf nfUg] ;'n;'n]x? (Mites) / ltgsf]
Joj:yfkg
df}/Ldf nfUg] ;'n;'n]x? d'VotM aflx/L (External) / leqL (Internal)
k/hLlj u/L b'O{ y/Lsf x'G5g\ . 6«flson ;'n;'n] (Tracheal mites) leqL
k/hLlj xf], h:n] df}/Lsf] leqL cËdf uO{ df}/LnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpFb5 /
o;nfO{ gfËf] cfFvfn] b]Vg klg ;lsb}g eg] e]/f]jf ;'n;'n] (Varroa
mites) / 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] (Tropilaelaps mites) cfFvfn] ;lhn}
b]Vg ;lsg] df}/Lsf] aflx/L k/hLlj x'g\ / logn] df}/Lsf] nfef{, Ko'kf /
jo:ssf] z/L/df 6fFl;P/ /ut r'l; df}/LnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] ub{5g\ .
ctM df}/LnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;'n;'n]af/] la:t[t hfgsf/L tn lbOPsf]
5M

@=! leqL k/hLlj (Internal Parasites)

@=!=! 6«flson ;'n;'n] (Acarapis woodi)
of] ;'n;'n] c08fsf/sf] cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] cfsf/ (Size: Length=
125-174 microns and Breath=60-81 microns) sf] ;'Id k/hLlj xf] . of]
;'n;'nn ] ] df}/Lsf] jo:s cj:yfdf dfq cfqmd0f ub{5 . o;sf] kf]yL
;'n;'n] slnnf] df}/Lsf] Zjf;l5b| (Thoraxic Spiracle) df k|jz ] u/L
Zjf;gnL (Trachea) df % b]lv & j6f c08f kfb{5 / c08faf6 #÷$
lbgdf aRrf hlGdPkl5 o;sf] j[l4ljsf; ToxL+ x'G5 . o;/L ;'n;'ns ] f]
efn] hlGdgsf] nflu !!–!@ lbg nfUb5 eg] !$–!% lbgdf kf]yL
hlGdG5 . efn] / kf]yL ;'n;'n] ;Dks{ /fv]kl5 ue{jtL kf]yL ;'n;'nn ] ]
l5b|af6 aflx/ lg:sL df}/Lsf] z/L/sf] /f}s
+ f] 6'Kkf]df 6fFl;P/ a:b5 /
kl5 csf]{ df}/Ldf ;b{5 / cfˆgf] hLjg k|lqmof k'g z'? ub{5 . o;n]
df}/Lsf] Zjf;gnLdf a;]/ df}/LnfO{ sdhf]/ kf5{ . o;nfO{ df}/Lsf]
Psf/fOg /f]u (Acarine disease) klg eGg] ul/G5 . of] ;'n;'nn ] ] sd
pd]/ ;d"xsf jo:s df}/LnfO{ a9L cfqmd0f ug]{ / kl5 k}mlnb} uO /fg'
20 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
6«flson
;'n;'n]sf] dfp df}/Lsf] Zjf;gnL (Trachea) df
kf]yL ;'n;'n] efn] ;'n;'n] n;'n]sf] cfqmd0f
;'
lrq !) M 6«flson ;'n;'n] / o;sf] cfqmd0f
df}/LnfO{ ;d]t cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb5 . g]kfndf o; /f]usf] ;d:ofaf6
df}/Luf]nfdf Iflt k'us
] f] cj:yf 5 .
Ps/fOg /f]usf] nIf0fx¿ M
• /f]uL df}/L p8\g g;sL 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/ cufl8 3;|]/ lxF+8\g' .
• /f]uL df}/Lsf] kv]6fsf] cfsf/ cË|]hLsf] s] (K) h:tf] b]lvg' .
• /f]uL df}/L 3f/af6 aflx/ lg:s]/ a:g] / 3f/leq hfg gvf]Hg] .
o:tf] /f]uL df}/LnfO{ ;dft]/ 3f/leq x'lnlbPdf t'?Gt} 3f/aflx/
lg:sg] .
• ;'n;'n]af6 cfqmd0f ePsf] df}/Lsf] k]6 rlDsnf] b]lvg' .
• 3f/df dx / s'6sf] ;~ro sd x'g'
• /f]uL df}/Lx? 3f/sf] jl/k/L, k|j]zåf/ glhsdf d/]sf] b]lvg' .

/f]usf] Joj:yfkg M
• of] ;'n;'n] vKg ;Sg] k|hfltsf] hflto 5gf}6 u/L /fg' k|lt:yfkg
ug]{ . h:t} Maskmf:6 df}/L (Buckfast bees) df of] ;'n;'n]sf]
cfqmd0f ;xg;Sg] Ifdtf a9L x'G5 .
• d]Gynsf] k|of]u ug]{M d]Gyn emf]nn] skf; lehfP/ ;nfO{sf] a§f
/ Knfl:6ssf] y}nf]df ;;fgf Kjfn jgfO{ xKtf xKtfdf cf;g
af]8{dfly /fVg] . df}/Lsf] hft / 3gTj x]/L Ps k6sdf %–!%
yf]kf;Dd ^–& xKtf;Dd k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 21

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 lrq !! M 6«flson ;'n;'n]af6 u|l;t df}/L -afofF_
/ ;'n;'n] Joj:yfkgsf nflu d]Gyf]nsf] k|of]u -bfofF_

• d]Gynsf] ljsNkdf emf]n leS; -;Grf] jf af]emf]_ k|of]u ug{

;lsG5 . of] # b]lv % yf]kf dfly elgP e}+m k|of]u ug]{ . /}yfg]
df}/Ldf a9L dfqf (Dose) df ;~rf]sf] k|of]u ePdf df}/Ln] u[xTofu
;d]t ug{ ;Sb5 .
• lrgLsf] w'nf]df jg:klt l3p / t]n ld;fO{ k]:6 jgfP/ df}/Lsf]
hft / ;+Vof x]/L %) b]lv !)) u|fd;Dd 6kaf/dfly sfuh /fvL
/f]6L cfsf/sf] jgfO{ /flvlbg] .
-gf]6 M of] ljlw k|of]u ubf{ sdLnf nfUg] ;Defjgf ePsf] x'bF f 3f/ j/k/
lg/LIf0f / ;kmf ug{' kb{5 ._

@=@ aflx/L k/hLlj (External Parasites)

@=@=! e]/f]jf ;'n;'n] (Varroa mites)
of] ;'n;'n], df}/Lsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L efudf a;]/ df}/LnfO{ r';L Iflt
ug]{ xflgsf/s k/hLlj xf] . o;sf] zfl/l/s jgfj6 c08fsf/ x'g] /
o;sf] z/L/ !–!=& ld=ld= nfdf] / !=%–!=(( ld=ld= rf}8f k}mlnPsf]
x'G5 . o;nfO{ gfËf] cfFvfn] ;lhn} b]Vg ;ls5 . o;sf] z/L/sf]
/Ë /ftf] jf v}/f] x'G5 . o;sf] kf]yL ;'n;'n] df}/Lsf] 5fp/f ePsf]
v'Nnf sf]ifdf k|j]z ub{5 / 5fp/fsf]if aGb ePsf] t]>f] lbgkl5 kf]yL
;'n;'n]n] lbgsf] !÷! j6f k'mn kfg{ yfNb5 / ToxL df}/Lsf] sf]ifleq
22 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
aRrf hlGdO{ df}/Lsf] Ko'kfnfO{ != e]/f]jf ;'n;'n]sf] ljleGg cj:yfx?
r';L÷vfO{ x's{g] ub{5 . ;'n;'n]sf]
aRrf kl/kSs dfp jg]kl5 efn]
@= nfef{df e]/f]jf ;'n;'n] nfu]sf] cj:yf
nfUb5 / efn] ;'n;'n] db{5 .
o;kl5 kf]yL ;'n;'n]n] sf]if 5f]8]/
cGo sf]if tyf 3f/x?df k|j]z u/L
k'g Iflt k'¥ofpFb5 . vf;u/L of]
;'n;'n] efn] sf]ifdf w]/} kfOG5 . #=;'njo:sdf e]/f]jf
;'n] nfu]sf] cj:yf
of] ;'n;'nn] ljsf;] df}/L -Plk;
d]lnkm]/f_ nfO{ a9L ;tfpg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . of] e]/f]jf ;'n;'n]sf] @
k|hflt, h:n] df}/LnfO{ Iflt u/]sf]
kfOG5 . tL x'g\ M
(i) e]/f]jf Hofsf]K;f]gL (Varroa
lrq !@ M e]/]jf ;'n;'n]/ o;sf] cfqmd0f
jacobosoni ) /
(ii) e]/f]jf 8]:6«S6/ (Varroa destructor)

e/f]jf ;'n;'n]sf] sf/0f df}/Luf]nfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿M

• Ko'kfsf]ifsf 9Ssgx¿ tn wl:;Psf] jf Kjfn k/]sf] v'Nnf b]lvg' .
• cf;gaf]8{ / k|j]zåf/aflx/ d/]sf Ko'kfx¿ b]lvg' .
• ev{/ lg:s]sf jo:s df}/Lx¿sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] x'g' / kv]6f lau|]sf]
b]lvg' .
• 5fp/frfsfdf 5fp/fqmd (Brood pattern) Ps¿ktf gx'g' .
• df}/Lsf] v'§f, kv]6fn] sfd ug{ g;Sg' .
• df}/L p8\g, lxF8\g g;Sg' .
• /f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtfdf sdL cfpg' .
• efn] df}/Ln] /fg'snfO{ uef{wfg u/fpg g;Sg'' .
• df}/L3f/df dx, s'6, d}g, ;Íng 36\g' jf gx'g'

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 23

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
@=@=@ 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] (Tropilaelaps Mites):
of] 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n]
klg gfËf] cfFvfn] ;lhn}
b]Vg ;lsg], df}/Lsf]
z/L/sf] aflx/L efudf
a;]/ df}/LnfO{ r';L Iflt
ug]{ csf]{ xflgsf/s
k/hLlj xf] . of] ;'n;'n]
e/f]jf eGbf sl/a cfwf
;fgf], t/ nflDrnf]
cfsf/sf] z/L/ ePsf]]
lrq !# M 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n]sf] dfp
/ o;sf] z/L/ ! ld=ld
nfdf] / )=^ ld=ld rf}8f k}mlnPsf] x'G5 .
kf]yL ;'n;'n]sf]] z/L/sf] /Ë xNsf /ftf], v}/f] x'G5 . of] ;'n;'n]sf
;a} cj:yfn] df}/Lsf] /ut (Haemolymph) r';]/ df}/Lsf] ljsf;df
lgs} Iflt k'¥ofp5 . kf]yL ;'n;'n] df}/Lsf] 5fp/f ePsf] v'Nnf sf]ifdf
k|j]z ub{5 / 5fp/fsf]if aGbePkl5 kf]yL ;'n;'n]n] k'mn kfb{5 /
ToxL df}/Lsf] sf]ifleq aRrf hlGdO{ x's{G5 . o;n] d]lnkm]/f df}/Lsf]
5fp/f cj:yfdf cfqmd0f u5{ / !–@ lbg pd]/sf 5fp/f gkfPdf
afFRg ;Sb}g . oL ;'n;'n] 5fp/f rfsfdf lxFl8/x]sf] b]Vg klg ;lsG5 .
df}/LnfO{ Iflt ug]{ $ k|hfltsf 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] kfOG5 . tL x'g\M
(i) 6«f]lknfNofK; SNo]/L (Tropilaelaps clareae)

(ii) 6«f]lknfNofK; dl;{8L (Tropilaelaps mercedesae)

(iii) 6«f]lknfNofK; sf]OgLhd{ (Tropilaelaps koenigerum)

(iv) 6«f]lknfNofK; yfO{ (Tropilaelaps thaii)

24 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 lrq !$ M e/f]jf ;'n;'n] -afofF_, 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] -bfofF_

6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n]sf] sf/0f df}/Luf]nfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx¿M

• ;+qmldt 5fp/fx¿ Psgf;n]
x'ls{Psf] gb]lvg] (Irregular
Brood Pattern)
• ev{/ lg:s]sf] sdL{df}/Lx¿
;fgf cfsf/sf, kv]6f v'lDrPsf
las[t, v'§f lasnfË ePsf] lrq !% M 6«f]lknfNofK; ;'n;'n] nfu]sf]
b]lvg] . cj:yf / wl:;Psf sf]ifx?
• sf]if aGb ePsf 5fp/fx¿ lems]/ x]bf{ z/L/df ;'n;'n]x¿ e]l6g] .
df}/Lsf] ;'n;'n]sf] Joj:yfkg M
df}/Ldf nfUg] ;'n;'n] cfly{s gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{ tyf xfgLsf/s
k/hLlj xf] . o; ;'n;'n]sf] sf/0f aif]{gL df}/Lkfns Joj;foLx?n] 7'nf]
Iflt Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ctM Joj;foLx?n] a]n}df oL xfgLsf/s
k/hLljsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] pkfox? cjnDag
ug{'kb{5 M
(i) df}/Lkfngsf] tl/sf (Cultural Method): of] tl/sfsf] Wo]o
eg]sf] ;'n;'n]sf] k|hgg k|lqmofaf6 x'g] ;Gtfg j[l4nfO{ /f]Sg] xf] .
of] tl/sfaf6 ;'n;'n] Joj:yfkgsf nflu tnsf a'Fbfx? ckgfpg'
kb{5 M
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 25
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 • ;'n;'n]sf] k|sf]k vKg ;Sg] k|hflt -h:t}M/l:;og df}/L_ sf]
k|of]u ug]{,
• rfsfsf] sf]ifsf] cfsf/ 36fpg] -%=$ ld=dL=af6 36fP/
$=( ld=dL= agfpg]_,
• 5fp/f hGdg] qmdnfO{ 6'6fP/ -# xKtf /fg'nfO{ c08f
kfg{af6 /f]Sg /fg'lk+h8fsf] k|of]u ug]{_,
• b'/L sfod u/]/ M ;'n;'n]af6 u|l;t uf]nfnfO{ :j:y uf]nfeGbf
%–^ ld6/ 6f9f /fVg] / df}/LnfO{ n'6n8fOaf6 arfpg] .
o;f] ugf{n] /f]uL uf]nfaf6 cGo uf]nfdf ;/]/ ;'n;'n]n] Iflt
k'¥ofpg kfpFb}g .
(ii) oflGqs jf ef}lts tl/sf (Mechnical/Physical Method) :
of] tl/sf cg';f/ efn] 5fp/f gi6 u/]/, rfsfsf] kf;f] jgfP/,
df}/L3f/ ;kmfu/]/, b'w÷d}bf÷Un'sf]hsf] w'nf] k|of]u u/]/, ;'tL{sf]
w'jfF nufP/ ;'n;'n]sf] Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .
• rfsfsf] efn] 5fp/f gi6 u/]/
(Drone Brood Removal) M
;'n;'n]sf] cfqmd0f efn] 5fp/fdf
a9L x'g] ePsf]n] dxk|jfxsf] ;'?df
efn] sf]if aGg] cfwf/rfsf k|of]u u/L
efn]5fp/f pTkfbg ug]{ / of] Ko'kf
jg]]kl5 rfsf uf]nfaf6 x6fO{ ;'n;'n]
gi6 ug]{ .
• rfsfsf] kf;f] jgfP/ (Comb lrq !^ M ;'n;'n] lgoGq0f ug{
rfsfsf] efn] sf]if x6fO{+b}
Trapping) M ;'n;'n]n] cfˆgf]
hLjgrqm df}/Lsf] 5fp/fdf g} k'/f ug]{ ePsf]n] 5fp/f
rfsfnfO{ kf;f]sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ lgolGqt tl/sfaf6 5fp/f
pTkfbg u/fP/ ;'n;'n]sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf]

26 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 nflu uf]nfdf 7f8f] @ j6f lSjg÷k|m]d P:Sn'n8/ (Queen
Excluder) k|of]u u/]/ /fgLnfO{ aLrsf] Pp6f rfsfdf dfq
k'mn kfg{ nufpg] / kf]yL ;'n;'n]x? Tolx rfsfdf cfs{lif{t
eO{ 5fp/fdf cfqmd0f ug{ z'? ub{5 / 5fp/f l;n ePkl5
k|m]d lgsfn]/ df}/Lsf] 5fp/f ;lxt ;'n;'n] gi6 ug{] . of]
k|lqmof ;'n;'n] lgoGq0fsf] nflu bf]xf]¥ofpg] .
• hfnLbf/ cf;gaf]8{sf] k|of]u u/]/ (Screened Bottom
Board) : df}/L 3f/leq lx+88'n / ;kmf ug]{ qmddf ;'n;'n]
tn cf;gaf]8{df v:b5 / o;/L v;]sf ;'n;'n] a6'n]/ gi6
ug]{ .

lrq !& M df}/L3f/df hfnLbf/ cf;gaf]8{sf] k|of]u

• d}bf jf w'nf]sf] k|of]u u/]/M ;'n;'n]af6 u|l;t uf]nfsf] df}/Ldfly

Un'sf]hsf] w'nf] jf b"wsf] w'nf] jf ux'Fsf] d}bf 5l/lbg] . o;f]
ugf{n] df}/Lsf] z/L/df 6fFl;P/ /x]sf] ;'n;'n] lrKn]/ tn
emb{5 / em/]sf ;'n;'n]nfO{ a6'n]/ gi6 ug]{ . of] k|lqmof x/]s
$÷$ lbgdf bf]xf]¥ofpFb} hfg] .
• cfuf]sf] Hjfnf (Flame) sf] k|of]u u/]/M df}/Luf]nfdf k|z:t
;'n;'n] b]lvPdf ;a} df}/LnfO{ gofF3f/df ;f/]/ 3f/ vfnL
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 27
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 u/fO{ cfuf]sf] Hjfnfn] ;'n;'n] gi6 ug]{ . o;sf] nflu s;fxLn]
df;'kf]Ng] ˆn]d/ (Flamer) sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
• ;'tL{sf] w'jfFsf] k|of]u u/]/ M ;'n;'n]af6 u|l;t df}/Luf]nfdf
a]n'sLkv # u|fd ;'tL{ -sfFrf]kft_ ;NsfP/ w'jfF lbg] / o;sf]
!% ldg]6kl5 cf;g af]8{df v;]sf ;'n;'n]nfO{ a6'n]/ gi6
ug]{ . ;'tL{sf] w'jfF lbg] a]nfdf uf]nfdf 5fp/f gePsf] cj:yf
eP a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] .
(iii) h}ljs tl/sf (Biological Method) : of] tl/sfaf6 ;'n;'n]
Joj:yfkg ubf{ s'g} /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ul/+b}+g . ;'n;'n]nfO{
cfqmd0f u/L /f]uL jgfO dfg{ ;Sg] ;'Id hLjf0f', 9';L, efO/;
cflbsf] k|of]u u/L o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
(iv) /f;folgs tl/sf (Chemical Method): df}/Luf]nfdf ;'n;'n]sf]
cfqmd0faf6 7'nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg ;Sg] x'Fbf clGtd ljsNksf]
?kdf /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ h}ljs /
ef}lts ljlwaf6 ;'n;'n] lgoGq0f gePdf lj1x¿sf] ;Nnfx lnO{
/f;folgs ljlw k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . g/d
/ s8f u/L b'O{y/Lsf /;fog k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 M
• g/d /;fog M kmld{s Pl;8 (Formic
acid), cShflns Pl;8 (Oxalic Acid),
yfOdn (Thymol), xf]K;a]6f Pl;8
(Hops Beta Acid) cflbsf] k|of]uaf6
;'n;'n]sf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
• s8f /;fog M Psf/L;fO8
(Accaricides) / dfOl6;fO8 (Miticides)
sf] k|of]u u/]/ ;'n;'n] lgoGq0f ug{
;lsG5 . lrq !* M Plk:6fg

28 df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 • Pkl:6fgsf] k|of]u ug]{ M Plk:6fg Ps l;Gy]l6skfO/]y|f]O8
gfds ljiffbL xfn]/ ;'n;'n] lgoGq0fsf] nflu jgfOPsf]
sfuhsf] kftf xf] . of] Ps Kofs]6df !) jf @) kftf /x]sf]
x'G5 . Pp6f uf]nfdf ! kftfsf] b/n] Plk:6fg k|of]u ug{], o;n]
@%–#% lbg ;Dd sfd ub{5 .
#= df}/Lsf zq'hLjx¿
df}/Lsf] zq'hLj eGgfn] df}/L / df}/L3f/df cfqmd0f u/L df}/Lsf]
z/L/sf] /ut r';]/ jf df}/Lsf] ;+lrt cfxf/f -dx_ vfOlbP/, rfsf
-d}g_ vfO{ lauf/L lbP/ / 5fp/f jf df}/LnfO{ vfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg]
hLjx? x'g eg]/ a'e\mg'kb{5 . k|s[ltdf df}/LnfO{ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg]
y'k|}y/Lsf sL6ktË, r/fr'?ËL / hgfj/x? kfOG5g\ . o;/L df}/LnfO{
xfgL ug]{ hLjx?nfO{ df]6fdf]6L ?kdf @ tl/sfn] 5'§ofpg ;lsG5 .
tL x'g\M
• 3f/ aflx/af6 ;tfpg] hLjx? M cl/Ëfn, jR5\oF', dn;fFk|f], sdL-
nf, dfp;'nL, 5]kf/f, Eofu'tf, dfs'/f, r/f, efn' cflb .
• 3f/leq a;L gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] hLjx?M d}gk'tnL, sdLnf, d}gvk6],
kmf]l/8 lemFuf cflb . o;sf] cnaf dflg;n] dx rf]/]/ vfO{ 5fp/f,
s'6 / rfsf ;d]t emg} gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf] ;'Ggdf kfOG5 ;fy}
r/g If]qdf /x]sf df}/L3f/nfO{ e]8fafv|f, ufO{j:t', 3f]8fvRr/n]
;d]t 3f/ kN6fP/ gf]S;fg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
#=! 3f/ aflx/af6 ;tfpg] hLjx?
cl/Ëfn, jR5\oF', dn;fFk|f], sdLnf, dfp;'nL, 5]kf/f, Eofu'tf, dfs'/f,
r/f, efn' cflb hLjx?n] df}/L3f/ aflx/af6 g} df}/L / df}/L3f/df
cfqmd0f u/L df}/Lsf] cfxf/f, 5fp/f, rfsf / df}/L g} vfOlbP/ gf]S;fg
k'¥ofpFb5g\ . df}/Luf]nfdf Iflt k'¥ofpg] oL zq'hLjx?, ltgsf] Ifltsf]
k|sf/ / Ifltaf6 arfpg ug{'kg]{] Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf] pkfoaf/]df
tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf 29
zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg
 30
qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
#= dn;fFk|f] M of] sfnf] jf v}/f] /Ësf] df+; • k|foM /ftsf] ;dodf cfO{ • s's'/kfn]/ o;nfO{ t;f{pg]÷
xf/L tyf :tgwf/L hËnL hgfj/ xf] . df}/L3f/df cfqmd0f u/L Iflt v]b\g] .
;fy} of] k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . • t;f{pg] vfnsf dfG5]sf d"lt{
df}/Lsf] • o;/L cfqmd0f u/] kl5 jgfP/ /fVg] .
k|d'v zq' df}/L3f/ kN6fO gf]S;fg • 3f/dfly ux|f}+ 9'Ëf÷d'9fn] lyRg]
hLj klg k'¥ofpFb5 . jf 3f/k]6Ln] s;]/
xf] . • df}/L3f/leqaf6 rfsf, dx -afFw]/_ ;'/lIft agfpg] .
/ df}/L ;d]t lems]/ vfO{ • 3f/dfly l;pF8Lsf] sfF9f
gf]S;fg ub{5 . /flvlb+bf o;sf] cfqmd0f sd
x'g] kfOPsf] .
$= Effn' M sfnf], v}/f] :tgwf/L, hËnL • o;n] df}/Lsf] dx lgs} dg • s's'/ nufO{ eufpg], v]b\g] .
hgfj/ xf] . k/fpg] ePsf]n] Plko/Ldf • Plko/Ldf t;f{pg] vfnsf]
k|j]z u/L uf]nfdf Iflt ub{5 . dfG5]sf] a'Vofrf jgfP/ /fVg].
• Plko/Ldf /x]sf df}/L 3f/ • aGb's k8\sfP/ t;f{pg] t/
e'FOdf n8fP/ 5/ki6 kf/L gdfg]{ .
df}/LnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofO lbG5 . • 3f/dfly ux|f}+ 9'Ëf jf d'9fn]
• o;/L e'FOdf n8fPsf] 3f/ lyr]/ /fVg] jf 3f/k]6Ln] afFw]/
leqaf6 rfsf, dx / df}/L /fVg] .
;d]t lems]/ vfO gf]S;fg • w]/} g} ;d:ofu|:y If]qdf
k'¥ofpFb5 . df}/Lkfng gug]{ .

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
 qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
!= cl/Ëfn÷jR5\oF' M of] • cl/Ëfn df}/Lsf] 7'nf] zq' xf] . • cl/Ëfn÷aR5\o"FnfO{ lk6\g ldNg]
df}/LeGbf 7'nf] Dff+zxf/L vf;u/L kxf8L If]qdf >fj0f u/L jgfOPsf] bflanf]n] xfg]/
sL/f xf] . of] sL/f, cGo dlxgf b]lv sflt{s dlxgf dfg]{ jf kf;f] yfk]/ dfg]{ .
sL/fsf] nfef{ ;Dd o;n] ;tfpg] ub{5 . • o;sf] kf;f] agfpgsf] nflu
• o;n] p8\b} u/]sf] df}/L jf kfs]sf] s]/f÷km;L{÷:ofp,
tyf jo:s
cj:yfsf 3f/df g} cfO{ df}/L 5f]k]/ l;w|fdf5f lk;]/ leg]u/df
cfˆgf] aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg ld;fO 3f/ glhs} Knfli6ssf]
sL/fx¿ Vff]Hb} n}hfg] ub{5 .
lzsf/ u/L af]tndf /flv e'm08\ofOlbg] .
• aR5\o'F, cl/Ëfn eGbf s]xL • cl/Ëfn÷aR5\oF'sf] uf]nfx?

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

cfˆgf] aRrf 7'nf] cfsf/sf] x'g] / o;n] vf]h]/ kQf nufO{ gi6 ug]{ .
x'sf{pg nUb5 . 3f/leq g} k|j]zu/L jo:s

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

df}/L df/]/, vfP/ ;vfk} kf/L
Iflt k'¥ofpg] ub{5 .
@= r/fr'¿ËL M uf}FynL, • hf8f] / afbn nfu]/ w'lDdPsf] • r/fnfO{ gdf/L t;f{pg jf
lra], df}/Lvfg] df};ddf 3f/sf] jl/kl/ a;L eufpg u''n]nLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .
r/f (Bee Eater df}/L 5f]k]/ vfO{ gf]S;fg • Plko/Ldf t;f{pg] vfnsf
Bird) df}/Lsf] k'¥ofpF5 . dfG5]sf] d"lt{ -a'Vofrf_ jgfP/
• cfqmd0f a9\b} uPdf 3f/df /fVg] .
k|d'vzq' xf] .
jo:s df}/Lsf] ;+Vof sd xF'b} • glhsdf oL r/fx?sf] u'0f÷
hfG5 . cf>o:yn e]§fP;Dd x6fpg].
• uf]nfaf6 df}/Lr/gdf
lg:s+b}g .

31
 32
qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
%= dfp;'nL, 5]kf/f / Eofu'tfM • k|foM udL{ ofddf oL hLjx? • 3f/leq jf 3f/jl/k/L df}/L
htftt} b]lvg] / df}/Ldf 9's]/ a;]sf] cj:yfdf e]l6Psf
cfqmd0f u/]sf] e]l6G5 . oL zq'hLjx?nfO{ eufpg] jf
• dfp;'nLn] 3f/leq k;]/ klg df/]/ gi6 ul/lbg] .
df}/LnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpFb5 . • oL zq'hLj n's]/ cfqmd0f
!= dfp;'nL @= 5]kf/f] • vf;u/L oL hLjx?n] vfg] ug{ g;sf];\ eg]/ df}/L3f/
#= Eofu'tf]
cGo sL/fx? ge]6]sf] jl/k/Lsf emf/kft x6fO{ ;kmf
cj:yfdf 3f/sf] jl/kl/ n's]/ /fVg] .
a;L df}/L 5f]k]/ vfO{ gf]S;fg • oL zq'hLjaf6 x'g] cfqmd0f
ub{5 . / Iflt Go'g ug{ cfw'lgs
• cfqmd0f a9\b} uPdf 3f/df df}/L3f/sf] k|of]u ug]{ .
jo:s df}/Lsf] ;+Vof sd xF'b}
• dfp;'nL / 5]kf/f l3;|]/ lxF8\g]
hfg] / kl5 uf]nf sdhf]/
(Reptile) ju{df kg]{ z/L/df sTnf,
jgL k'/} uf]nf gi6 eP/ hfg
nfdf] k'R5/ / RofK6f] 6fpsf]] ePsf]
;Sb5 .
;–;fgf df+zfxf/L hLj x'g\ .
• Eofu'tf peor/ -kfgL / hldg
b'a}df a:g ;Sg]_ ju{df kg]{ k'R5/
gePsf ;fgf] hLj xf] .

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
 qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
^= dfs'/f M • of] hLj, 3f/leq / aflx/ • 3f/leq a;L Iflt ug]{
cUnf ¿vx¿df hfn yfk]/ dfs'/fnfO{ x6fpg] jf dfg]{ .
df}/L / cGo sL/fx?nfO{ • of] hLjn] af]6 lj?jfdf
hfndf km;fO{ kl5 df/]/ vfO{ jgfPsf] hfnf] nfdf] n¶L jf
gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5 . ef6f]sf] d2tn]] x6fOlbg] .
• 3f/leq k:g glbg 3f/sf]
dfs'/f] k|j]zåf/ ;fgf] kfg]{ .

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

• of] hfnf] kf;f]df kf/]/ lzsf/ ug]{

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

cf7v'§} ;fgf] df+zfxf/L hLj xf] .

33
 34
#=@ 3f/leq a;L gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] hLjx?
d}gk'tnL, sdLnf, d}gvk6], kmf]l/8 leFmuf cflb 3f/leq a;L df}/Lsf] cfxf/f, 5fp/f, df}/L / rfsf vfP/
gf]S;fg k'¥ofpFb5g\ . df}/Luf]nf leq a;L df}/Ldf Iflt k'¥ofpg] oL zq'hLjx?, ltgsf] Ifltsf] k|sf/ / Ifltaf6
arfpg ug{'kg]{] Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf] pkfoaf/]df tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
!= dx vfg] k'tnL M • o;n] /ftsf] ;dodf 3f/leq • of] k'tnL 3f/leq l5g{
• of] 7'nf] cfsf/sf] /fqLr/ k'tnL xf], k;]/ dx rf]/]/ vfO{ gf]S;fg glbg 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/
o;sf] z/L/ sl/a %–^ ;]=dL nfdf] / k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . ;fgf] agfpg] .
%–^ ;]=dL= nfdf] kv]6f x'G5 . • 3f/sf] leq s'gfdf a;]/ df}/Lsf] • 3f/df k'tnL l5g]{ vfnsf]
dx r';]/ vfPsf] b]lvg] / Pp6} sxL Kjfn e]l6P df6f]
k'tnLn] sl/a *–!) u|fd dx d'5]/ 6fln aGb ul/lbg] .
r';]/ vfg ;S5 . • 3f/leq k'tnL b]v]df
• 3f/df dxsf] ;~ro 36\b} hfg] dfl/lbg] jf eufpg] .
dxvfg] k'tnL / kl5 uf]nf sdhf]/ aGb} hfG5 .

@= d}gk'tnLx¿ M @ k|sf/sf x'G5 . k'tnLn] d}g vfP/ Iflt ub{5 .

@=! 7'nf] d}gk'tnLM of] cgfhdf nfUg] k'tnL • k|foM udL{ 7fpFdf, df}/Ln] • df}/Luf]nf ;w}F alnof]
eGbf cln 7'nf], gf}gL£o" /Ësf] x'G5 . g9fs]sf rfsfx¿df o;sf] /fVg] .
;d:of b]lvg] ub{5 . • sdhf]/ uf]nfnfO{ csf]{

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
uf]nf;Fu ld;fpg] .
 qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
• kf]yL k'tnLn] df}/L 3f/sf] • 3f/leq df}/Ln] g9fs]sf
s'gfsfKrf / rs]{sf 7fpFdf rfsf lems]/ ;'/lIft
k'mn kfg{] / kl5 k'mnaf6 nfef{ /fVg] .
lg:sL df}/Lsf] rfsf÷ d}g • df}/Lsf] 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/
vfP/ nfef{x¿ x'ls{G5g\ . oL ;fgf] kfg]{ / cGo Kjfnx¿
nfef{x?n] d}grfsfdf Kjfn}Kjfn 6fNg] .
7"nf] d}gk'tnL (Greater wax moth)
kf/]sf], /]zdL wfuf]h:tf] hfnf] • ;do ;dodf 3f/sf]
jgfPsf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} rfsfdf lg/LIf0f / ;kmf ug]{ .

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

nfef{x? l56\l56f]] lxF8]sf] b]lvg] /
nfef{sf] y'k|} la:6f b]lvg] k|sf]k

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

a9\b} hfFbf df}/Ln] u[xTofu ;d]t
ub{5 .
7"nf] d}gk'tnLsf] nfef{ / o;n] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt

@=@ ;fgf] d}gk'tnL M • g]kfnsf] kxf8L efudf, sdhf]/ • 7'nf] d}g k'tnLsf]
uf]nfdf df}/Ln] g9fs]sf] rfsfdf Joj:yfkgdf h:t} ug]{ .
o;sf] ;+qmd0f a9L b]lvG5 .
• kf]yL vk6]n] 3f/sf] s'gf sfKrf
/ rs]{sf 7fpFdf k'mn kfg]{ / kl5
;fgf] d}gk'tnL (Lesser wax moth) k'mnaf6 nfef{x? lg:sL df}/Lsf]

35
 36
qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
cgfhdf nfUg] k'tnLhq}, kx]Fnf] 6fpsf] rfsf÷d}g vfP/ x'ls{G5 . oL
/ z/L/ gf}gL£o" /Ësf] b]lvg] / k'tnLn] nfef{x?n] d}grfsfdf Kjfn}Kjfn
@%)–#)) ;Dd k'mn kfg]{ ub{5 . kf/]sf], /]zdL wfuf]h:tf] hfnf]
jgfPsf] b]lvg'sf ;fy} rfsfdf
nfef{x? l56\l56f]] lxF8]sf] b]lvg] /
nfef{sf] y'k|} la:6f b]lvG5 .
• k|sf]k a9\b} hfFbf df}/Ln] u[xTofu
;d]t ub{5 .

;fgf] d}gk'tnLsf] nfef{ / o;n] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt

#= d}g vk6]M of] vk6] ju{sf] sL/fdf kg]{ • of] sL/f 3f/sf s'gfsfKrf / • 3f/ ;w}+ ;kmf /fVg'sf
x'Fbf o;sf] aflx/L kv]6f s8f eO{ / r/df n's]/ a;L df}/L uf]nfdf ;fy} uf]nfnfO{ dha't
leqL Iflt k'¥ofpg] ub{5 . jgfO /fVg] .
kv]6f • df}/L3f/ vf]n]/ lg/LIf0f • 3f/leq ePsf dl;gf
g/d / ug]{qmddf of] vk6] 3f/sf] Kjfn / r/x? /ftf]
kf/bzL{ s'gfsfKrfdf n's]/ a;]sf] e]l6g] df6f]n] lnk]/ 6flnlbg] .
x'G5 . / kl5 oqtq 5l/P/ efu]sf] • df}/L3f/ cgfjZos ?kdf
b]lvG5 . k6s k6s gvf]Ng] .

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
 qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
• df}/L3f/df ;+lrt df}/Lsf] • vk6]nfO{ kf;f] yfk]/ gi6
cfxf/f÷s'6, df}/Lsf] k'mn / ug]{M o;sf] nflu cfwf
5fp/f;d]t vfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpFb5 . OGrsf] kfOknfO{ #–$
O~r nfdf] 6'qmf kf/L
Psflt/sf] d'v aGb u/L
yf]/} s'6 ld;fPsf] cfxf/f
xfnL a]n'sLkv 3f/leq
/flvlbg] / ef]lnkN6

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

kfOkdf ePsf] vk6]
@= d}gk'tnLsf] nfef{ / o;n] u/]sf] Iflt ;Íng u/L gi6 ug]{ .

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf

$= kmf]l/8 lem+ufM • of] lemËfsf s]xL k|hflt dfq • df}/Luf]nfnfO{ ;w}+ dha't
of] kmn s'xfpg] df}/Lsf k/hLlj eO{ afFRg] jgfP/ /fVg] .
cfF+};f h:t} b]lvg] ub{5 / o;sf] kf]yLn] 3f/ leq • df}/L3f/ ;kmf /fVg] .
sL/f xf] . oL ljleGg k|sf/sf] k'mn kfg]{ / To; k'mn af6 @$ • a9L ;d:of b]lvPdf w'jfF
kmf]l/8 lemËfx?
lemËfsf w]/} 306fdf nfef{ ÷cf}+;f lg:sL ;f] lbP/ lemFËfnfO{ eufpg] .
k|hfltx? x'g] / nfef{n] df}/LnfO{ vfP/ dfb{5 .
logLx? p8\g' • of] lemËfsf] cfqmd0f ePdf
eGbf a9L bf}l8g] 5fp/f sf]ifx¿df lemËfsf dl;gf
u5{g\ . ;]tf cf}F;fx¿ b]lvG5 .
• df}/L sdhf]/ x'Fb} hfG5 .

37
 38
qm=;+= zq'hLjsf] ljj/0f Ifltsf] k|sf/ Joj:yfkg÷;dfwfgsf]] pkfo
%= sldnf M of] sL/f ju{df kg]{ ;fgf] • o;n] df}/L3f/leq k;]/ dx, • Plko/Lsf df}/L3f/
df+zfxf/L hLj xf] . of] hdLg d'lg / dfly df}/Lsf] k'mn, 5fp/f vfO{ Iflt jl/k/Lsf] emf/kftx?
u'F8 nufP/ ;d"xdf a:g] ub{5 . k'¥ofFb5 . X6fO{ ;kmf /fVg].
• o;n] 7"nf df}/Lx?nfO{ klg • df}/L3f/nfO{ kmnfd] 3f/
cfqmd0f u/L df/]/ vfO{ Iflt :6}08 dfly /fvL $
ub{5 . j6} v'§fdfkfgL e/]sf]
srf}/fdf /flvlbg] /
:6}08sf] v'§fdf lu|h bn]/
sdLnfdfly r9\g g;Sg
agfpg]
• 3f/sf] k|j]zåf/ ;fgf]
agfpg] .

df}/LnfO{ Iflt ug]{ sldnfx?

zq'hLjx?sf] klxrfg / ltgsf] Joj:yfkg

df}/Ldf nfUg] k|d'v /f]ux?, ;'n;'n] (Mites) tyf
;Gbe{ ;"rL (References)
• df}/Lkfngsf] cfwf/e"t l;sfO{ (Basic Learning for Beekeeping)
tLy{ s'df/ >]i7, ejfgL >]i7, l;Udf hg/n ckm;]6 k|];, @)&* .
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