Chemistry

Chapter – 3 WATER

EXERCISE – 3(A)

1. Water exists in all three states. Discuss.

Ans. Water exists in all the three physical states : as solid

(ice), as liquid (water) and as gas (water vapour). It occurs in
both free as well as combined states.
Occurrence of water in free state:

 Solid state — In the form of ice, snow, frost.

 Liquid State —
o On the earth's surface as river, water, lake water,
sea water, spring water.
o Below the earth's surface in well water and moisture
accumulation in the soil.
o Above the earth's crust as dew.
 Gaseous state [vapour] — as water vapour, clouds, mist,
fog.

Occurrence of water in combined state :

 Water occurs in the combined form in all living matter i.e.,

plants and animals.
 Water is present in hydrated salts e.g., MgCl 2.6H2O and in
certain minerals.
 Earth's surface - Covers nearly 75% of earth's surface.
 Human body - Nearly, 70% of the body weight.
 Food products - Green vegetables [80-90%], Milk [80-
85%], Dry cereals [3-5%]

2. Why is water considered a compound?

Ans. Henry Cavendish synthesized water from it's elements [2
vols. of hydrogen and 1 vol. of oxygen] by igniting the
elements in their respective ratio, thereby leading to the
conclusion that water is not an element but a compound of
hydrogen and oxygen combined in the ration 2:1.

3. (a) Why does temperature in Mumbai and Chennai

not fall as low as it does in Delhi?

Ans. Mumbai and Chennai are on the shores of the sea. As

water has high specific heat capacity, the presence of a large
amount of water is able to modify the climate of the nearby
land areas, making them warmer in winter and cooler in
summer. Land and sea breeze also take place because of this
great moderating property. Hence, the temperature in Mumbai
and Chennai does not fall as low as it does in Delhi.

(b) Give the properties of water responsible for

controlling the temperature of our body.

Ans. Properties of water responsible for controlling the

temperature of our body:

1. High specific heat capacity — Water has a high

specific heat capacity enabling it to absorb heat from the
body and release it to the environment without causing
significant changes in its own temperature.
2. High latent heat of vaporization — As water has a
high latent heat of vaporization, it requires a large
amount of heat energy to change from liquid to gas. This
property allows sweat to evaporate from the skin, taking
heat from the body and cooling it down.

4. 'Water is a universal solvent'. Comment.

Ans. Water dissolves many substances, forming aqueous

solutions (water solutions). Not only solids but gases and other
liquids can also dissolve in water to a large extent. For the
same reason, water is called a universal solvent.
5. What causes the violence associated with torrential
rain?

Ans. The sudden release of latent heat of condensation causes

the violence associated with torrential rain.

6. (a) Which property of water enables it to modify the

climate?

Ans. Due to its high specific heat capacity, the presence of a

large amount of water is able to modify the climate of the
nearby land areas, making them warmer in winter and cooler
in summer. Land and sea breezes also take place because of
this great moderating property of water.

(b) Density of water varies with temperature. What are

its consequences?

Ans. At 4°C, water has its maximum density, 1g/cm 3 or 1000

kg/m3, and minimum volume. Its density decreases as the
temperature increases or decreases from this point. The
consequences of this are:

1. Water expands on freezing, i.e., 92 volumes of water

become 100 volumes of ice. Therefore, with relative
density of ice being 0.92, it floats on water.
2. It enables marine life to exist in the colder regions of the
world because even when the water freezes on the
surface, it remains in liquid state below the ice layer as
the density of water is greater than the density of ice and
ice is a bad conductor of heat.
3. It can cause pipes to burst in winter season because when
water freezes it expands slightly.

(c) What is the effect of impurities present in water on

melting point and boiling point of water?
Ans. The boiling point of water increases and the melting
point of water decreases due to the presence of dissolved
impurities in it.

7. How do fishes and aquatic animals survive in winters

when the pond gets covered with thick ice?

Ans. The property of anomalous expansion water enables

marine life to exist in the colder regions of the world because
even when the water freezes on the surface, it remains in
liquid state below the ice layer as the density of water is
greater than the density of ice and ice is a bad conductor of
heat.

8. The properties of water are different from the

properties of the elements of which it is formed.
Discuss.

Ans. Water is composed of Hydrogen and Oxygen in the ratio

of 2:1. Its properties are distinct from those of its component
elements in the following ways:

Hydroge
Properties Oxygen Water
n

State at Gas Gas Liquid

room
 Hydroge
Properties Oxygen Water
n

temperatur
e

Boiling
-253°C -183°C 100°C
Point

Melting
–259°C -218.8°C 0°C
point

Necessary
Flammabilit for Extinguishe
Explosive
y combustio s flame
n

Non-
Polarity Non-polar Polar
polar

9. How is aquatic life benefitted by the fact that water

has maximum density at 4 degree Celsius?

Ans. At 4°C, water has its maximum density, 1g/cm 3 or 1000

kg/m3, and minimum volume. Its density decreases as the
temperature increases or decreases from this point. This
enables marine life to exist in the colder regions of the world
because even when the water freezes on the surface, it
remains in liquid state below the ice layer as the density of
water is greater than the density of ice and ice is a bad
conductor of heat.

10. What are your observations and conclusion when

tap water is boiled and evaporated in watch glass?
Ans. Observation and conclusion when tap water is boiled
and evaporated in watch glass are:-

(i) Observation — On looking at the watch glass against light,

a number of concentric rings of solid matter are seen. These
are the dissolved solids left behind after evaporation of water.
(ii) Conclusion — Tap water contains dissolved solids.
11. What is the importance of dissolved salts in water?
Ans. Importance of dissolved salts in water are as follows:

1. Salts and minerals are essential for the growth and

development of plants.
2. They add taste to water.
3. They supply the essential minerals needed by our bodies.

12. State the importance of the solubility of CO 2, and

O2 in water.

Ans. Solubility of CO2, and O2 in water is important for the

following reasons:

1. Marine life like fish use the oxygen of the air dissolved in
water for respiration and thus aquatic life is sustained. 1
dm3 (1 litre) of water contains 40 cm 3 of dissolved
oxygen.
2. Aquatic plants make use of dissolved carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis, i.e., to prepare their food.
Chlorophyll
6CO2 + 12H2O sunlight
>C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
3. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water reacts with limestone to

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⟶ Ca(HCO3)2

form calcium bicarbonate.

Marine organisms such as snails, oysters, etc., extract

calcium carbonate from calcium bicarbonate to build their
shells
13. How is air dissolved in water different from ordinary
air?

Ans. Ordinary air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and

0.01% carbon dioxide. But oxygen is more soluble in water as
compared to nitrogen. Hence, the composition of air dissolved
is different from ordinary air.
The composition of air dissolved in water is 33% oxygen, 66%
nitrogen and 1% carbon dioxide.
14. Identify A, B, C and D; first one is done for you.

Ans.
(B) Latent heat of vaporization — It is the heat energy
required to change water into its vapour at its boiling point
without any change in temperature.
(C) Latent heat of condensation — It is the heat energy
released when a gas converts to liquid.
(D) Latent heat of solidification — It is the heat energy
released when a liquid converts to solid.
15. Explain why:
(a) Boiled or distilled water tastes flat.
(b) Ice at zero degree centigrade has greater cooling
effect than water at 0°C.
(c) Burns caused by steam are more severe than burns
caused by boiling water.
(d) Rivers and lakes do not freeze easily?
(e) Air dissolved in water contains a higher proportion
of oxygen.
(f) If distilled water is kept in a sealed bottle for a long
time, it leaves etchings on the surface of the glass.
(g) Rain water does not leave behind concentric rings
when boiled.
Ans.
(a) Pure water is tasteless. The taste in water is due to the
gases and solids dissolved in it i.e., impurities present in it. As
boiled and distilled water are pure containing no impurities
hence they taste flat i.e., are tasteless.
(b) The latent heat of fusion of ice is 336 J g-1 so it absorbs 336
J of heat and changes to water at 0°C and then water at 0°C
absorbs heat and temperature is raised. Therefore, ice at 0°C
absorbs extra heat in comparison to water at 0°C (due to latent
heat of fusion). Hence, ice at 0°C has greater cooling effect
than water at 0°C.
(c) Steam has a higher heat content on account of high specific
latent heat of condensation that is 2268 J g-1. Hence, steam at
100°C carries more heat than water. Therefore, burns caused
by steam are more severe than burns caused by boiling water.
(d) Rivers and lakes do not freeze easily because the specific
latent heat of fusion of ice is sufficiently high (= 336 J g -1). The
water in lakes and rivers will have to liberate a large quantity of
heat to the surrounding before freezing. The layer of ice formed
over the water surface, being a poor conductor of heat, will also
prevent the loss of heat from the water of lake, hence the water
does not freeze all at once.
(e) Air dissolved in water contains a higher proportion of
oxygen because oxygen is more soluble in water compared to
nitrogen. The composition of air dissolved in water is 33%
oxygen compared to 21% in ordinary air.
(f) Substances that are apparently insoluble in water actually
dissolve in it in traces. Even, when we put water in a glass
vessel, an extremely small amount of glass dissolves in it. It is
for this reason that when distilled water is kept in a sealed
bottle for a long time, it leaves etchings on the inside surface of
the glass.
(g) As rainwater does not contain dissolved solids hence, it
does not leave behind concentric rings when boiled.

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