Relat ivist ic Thermal Bremsst rahlung
Gaunt Fact or for t he I nt raclust er Plasma
Nozawa, Sat oshi
Josai Junior College for Women
June 18, 2003
1
Collaborat ors
E I t oh, Naoki
E Kawana, Youhei
E Kusano, Shugo
E Sakamot o, Tsuyoshi
E Kohyama, Yasuharu
Publicat ions
E Nozawa, I t oh, & Kohyama, ApJ 507, 530 (1998).
E I t oh, Sakamot o, Kusano, Nozawa, & Kohyama,
ApJ Suppl 128, 125 (2000).
E I t oh, Kawana, & Nozawa, I L Nuovo Ciment o 117B, 359 (2002).
2
Out line
[ 1] I nt roduct ion
[ 2] Review t heoret ical work on t he t hermal bremsst rahlung
E Non-relat ivist ic calculat ions
E Relat ivist ic calculat ions
[ 3] elect ron-elect ron t hermal bremsst rahlung
[ 4] Summary
3
opt ical image of t he Coma clust er X-ray image of t he Coma clust er
XMM-Newt on image
High spect ral resolut ion dat a are available by XMM-Newt on.
4
High angular resolut ion dat a are available by Chandra.
[ 1] I nt roduct ion
High resolut ion X-ray dat a available by t hese sat ellit es.
St ruct ure of clust ers of galaxies
E t emperat ure profile
E abundances of met als
E dynamics (merging of galaxies, cooling flow, et c)
The mechanism of X-ray emission.
T = 2 ~ 10 keV
Relat ivist ic effect s for elect rons become import ant !
(10~ 15)/ 500 = 2~ 3%
Bremsst rahlung of t hermal elect rons in t he gas by ions.
5
(a) Compt on scat t ering of elect rons in CG by CMB phot ons
Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect s for clust ers of galaxies
---- professor I t ohs t alk
(b) Thermal Bremsst rahlung of elect rons in CG plasma
---- present t alk
I n order t o analyze recent precision dat a by Chandra and
XMM-Newt on, more accurat e calculat ions are needed for
t hese fundament al processes.
6
Mot ivat ions
Thermal SZ effect
( )
2 / 3
1 2
2 / 1
2
T S T
T n S
T n T
X CMB
e X
e CMB
A
A
A
X-ray int ensit y
X-ray observat ion and it s relat ion t o t he SZ effect
7
data ray - - - , X T S
X
Det erminat ion of t he plasma t emperat ure T
( ) du u T Z n n d W
j j e
> < exp ) (
2 / 1
2
Thermally averaged X-ray emissivit y
T
T k
u
B
=
=
8
X-ray spect rum of M87 in Virgo Clust er and it s t emperat ure profile
XMM-Newt on observat ion (Boehringer et al. 2000)
9
We would like t o provide calculat ions for t he
fundament al physics processes as accurat e as possible.
[ 2-1] Non-relat ivist ic calculat ions
[ 2] Review t heoret ical work on t he t hermal
bremsst rahlung
(a) Kramers (1923)
d
T k T k m
T k
Z n n
hmc
e
d W
B B
B
j j e K
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= > < exp
3
2
3
2
) (
2 / 1
2
3
5 5
Semi-Classical Calculat ion (dipole approximat ion)
Feynman diagrams
10
(b) Karzas & Lat t er (1961, ApJS 6, 167)
Disadvant ages
E non-relat ivist ic
E dipole approximat ion
Advant age
E exact Coulomb wave funct ion
Good for low-t emperat ure plasmas!
Define t he Gaunt fact or: g
d W
d W
K
> <
> <
) (
) (
g
d
T k T k m
T k
Z n n
hmc
e
d W
B B
B
j j e K
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= > < exp
3
2
3
2
) (
2 / 1
2
3
5 5
11
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) !
) ; ; , (
,
4
; 2 2 ; 1 , 1
,
2 2
1 1
2
exp
4
4
1
,
R
,
R
, 1 1 2 2
3 2
0
1 2
2
1 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
0 1
2 / 1
2
2 / 1
2
0
2 2 2 2
m
x
b a m c
c m b m a
x c b a F
k k
k k
l i l i l F
k k
k k
G
G
l
i l i l
k k
k k
I
Z Z
I I I
m
m
f i
f i
i f
i i
i f
i f
l
l
f i f i
l
f i
f i
f
y j
f
i
y j
i
f i f i f i f i
f i
f i
=
+
+
+
+ +
(
(
+ + +
+
=
+
+ + + +
|
|
.
|
\
|
(
(
=
= =
+ + + + =
KL
g
Gaunt fact or of Karzas & Lat t er
12
[ 2-2] Relat ivist ic calculat ions
(a) Gould (1980, ApJ 238, 1026)
Advant age
E relat ivist ic
Disadvant ages
E plane wave approximat ion (Bet he & Heit ler, 1934)
plus Elwert (1939) correct ion
13
Bad for low-t emperat ure plasmas!
E expansion in t erms of h / mc
2
(leading order)
first order approximat ion
assuming t hat relat ivist ic correct ion is small!
May not be good for very high-t emperat ure
plasmas!
, ) 2 / ( 2 1 ) 2 / ( ) 2 / (
4
1
3
2 / 1
2
2 /
0
2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(
+ = u
T k
mc
Z e u K u f
mc
B
j
u
=
Gould
g
Goulds Gaunt fact or
Elwert correct ion
14
| | | |
| |
, ) 1 (
) 2 / 1 (
) 2 / (
) (
,
) ( ) (
2 ) ( 2 ) ( 1
2
) (
,
) (
) (
4
1
) (
,
2 / 1 2
1
2 / 1
0 1
2 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 / 1
0
1
dt t e
z
z K
z K z K e
e z z
z
z
z K
z K
z
z f
T k
u
zt
z
z
B
+
=
+ +
=
+ =
=
=
(b) Nozawa, I t oh & Kohyama (1998, ApJ 507, 530)
Advant ages
E relat ivist ic
E non-expansions
Disadvant ages
E plane wave approximat ion (Bet he & Heit ler)
plus Elwert (1939) correct ion
E non-expansions for Elwert fact or
Good for high-t emperat ure plasmas!
15
Bad for low-t emperat ure plasmas!
Gaunt fact or by Nozawa, I t oh & Kohyama
(Bet he Heit ler Elwert )
,
1
) (
) , (
, ,
,
) , (
) , , , (
32
6 3
1
2 / 1 2 2
3
0
2
0
2 / 7
dx
e
x x
G
T k
u
T k mc
T k
G
Z u J
e
x
B B
B
j
u
=
= = =
=
=
BHE
g
16
Elwert correct ion
17
T k
u
u
x u x x u x
L
u x u x
x x
B
f
i
=
=
+
=
+
=
+
=
,
) ( ] ) [( ) (
ln 2
,
] ) [( ) (
ln 2
,
) (
ln 2
1
2 2 / 1 2 2 2 / 1 2 2
1
2 / 1 2 2
1
2 / 1 2 2
18
Comparison of t heoret ical calculat ions
plasma electron of e temperatur :
energy photon :
ion of charge electric :
T
Z
j
=
(1) Karzas & Lat t er vs Nozawa, I t oh & Kohyama
(Bet he Heit ler & Elwert )
19
20
21
22
23
24
High t emperat ure region
E relat ivist ic effect is import ant .
E Coulomb effect is small.
E Elwert Coulomb correct ion is OK.
Bet her, Heit ler & Elwert
Low t emperat ure region
E non-relat ivist ic approximat ion is OK.
E Coulomb effect is significant .
E Elwert Coulomb correct ion fails.
Karzas & Lat t er
I nt ermediat e t emperat ure region
E t wo calculat ions agree well!
25
T k
B
>> =
T k
B
<< =
(2) Gould vs Nozawa, I t oh & Kohyama
method Gaunt factor ratio
Nozawa, I toh & Kohyama 0.6867 1
Gould 0.6837 0.996
Karzas & Latter 0.6746 0.982
keV 20 keV, 10 , 1 = = = = T k Z
B j
keV 20 keV, 10 , 26 = = = = T k Z
B j
metho d Gaunt facto r r atio
N o zawa, Ito h & Ko hyama 1.195 1
Go uld 1.8 7 2 1 .5 6 7
Kar zas & Latter 1.196 1.001
Gould met hod fails for large Z!
26
Ot her calculat ions
(a) Elwert & Haug (1969, Phys. Rev. 183, 90)
E relat ivist ic (st art wit h t he Dirac equat ion)
E t reat t he Coulomb pot ent ial pert urbat ively.
1
st
order pert urbat ion (Sommerfeld-Maue
wave funct ion)
(b) Tseng & Prat t (1974, Phys. Rev. Let t . 33, 516)
E relat ivist ic
E Dirac equat ion in Coulomb field
27
Drop some t erms by hand!
Not suit able for t he pract ical applicat ion!
[ 3] elect ron-elect ron t hermal bremsst rahlung
Next -t o-leading order cont ribut ion
+ + +
e e e e
(a) non-relat ivist ic calculat ions
Maxon & Corman (1967, Phys. Rev. 163, 156)
I t oh, Kawana & Nozawa (2002, I L Nuovo Ciment o
117B, 359)
(b) relat ivist ic calculat ions
Haug (1975, Nat urforsch 30a, 1546)
28
(dipole t erm vanishes)
Gaunt fact or
d W T d W
K ee ee
> < = > < ( ) , ( ) ( g
T k
u
mc
T k
B
B
e
=
= = ,
2
29
(5keV)
(15keV)
) , ( of dependence u J u
e
T k
u
mc
T k
B
B
e
=
= = ,
2
30
a few percent !
) , ( of dependence u J
e e
31
a few percent !
[ 4] Summary
High precision dat a are now available by Chandra
and XMM-Newt on (Ast ro-E2 in t he near fut ure).
We have provided t heoret ical informat ion on t he
fundament al processes (bremsst rahlung) as accurat e
as possible in order t o cope wit h t hose precision dat a.
32
(1) We have obt ained Gaunt fact or for int raclust er plasmas
for Z = 1 ` 26, T = 10
4
` 10
9
K, h = 10
-4
k
B
T~ 10
3
k
B
T.
Relat ivist ic correct ions are import ant for
high-t emperat ure clust ers 10 - 15 keV.
(2) Elect ron-elect ron bremsst rahlung gives a few percent
cont ribut ion t o elect ron-ion bremsst rahlung.
