Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 107987

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Inorganic Chemistry Communications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/inoche

Short communication

One-step fabrication of N-O-P ternary-doped hierarchical porous carbon T

from kitchen waste for energy storage application
Yuan Gaoa,b, , Qiuhui Zhub, Chunjiang Guana, Qinyan Yuec
⁎

a
National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
b
Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of
Technology, Dalian 116024, China
c
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan
250100, China

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

N-O-P ternary-doped carbon materials with hierarchical porous structure were prepared by a scalable, facile and one-step synthetic approach using kitchen waste as
precursor without any extra nitrogen or phosphorus sources.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: N-O-P ternary-doped carbon materials (NOPCs) with hierarchical porous structure were prepared by a scalable,
Kitchen waste facile and one-step synthetic approach using kitchen waste as precursor without any extra nitrogen or phosphorus
Porous carbon sources. The porous structure, morphology and surface element mapping of NOPCs were fully investigated by N2
Heteroatoms adsorption-desorption analysis and TEM coupled with energy dispersive spectrometer. The investigations illu-
Energy storage
strated that the NOPCs featured high contents of nitrogen (11.48 at.%), oxygen (35.18 at.%) and phosphorus (1.94
at.%). The optimal NOPCs electrode can deliver a high specific capacitance of 290 F g−1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte.
The assembled NOPCs asymmetric supercapacitor delivered high energy density of 20.5 Wh kg−1 at the power
density of 477.9 W kg−1. This study significantly provided a promising pathway for the reuse of kitchen waste.

1. Introduction evergrowing energy crisis, and increasing environmental problems, it is

urgent to develop renewable, inexpensive and efficient materials for
Due to the rapid consumption of nonrenewable resources, energy storage [1,2]. Supercapacitors are highly compelling candidates

⁎
Corresponding author at: National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China.
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Gao).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107987
Received 31 March 2020; Received in revised form 4 May 2020; Accepted 23 May 2020
Available online 26 May 2020
1387-7003/ © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Y. Gao, et al. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 107987

for the application in portable electronic devices, memory backups, cocoons with high content of nitrogen as precursor and N/P-co-doped
industrial power apparatuses and other electric vehicles because of conductive carbon with multi interconnected network [17]. Wang et al.
their fast charge and discharge capability, long life stability, and high used duckweed as precursor and N,P reservoir to prepare porous carbon
power density [3,4]. Over the last decades, various carbon-based ma- with excellent electrochemical performance [18].
terials, including grapheme [5], carbon nanotubes [6], carbon aerogel Inspired by these previous researches, kitchen waste was used as
[7] and porous carbon [8], have been widely used as prospective both carbon and heteroatoms source to fabricate N-O-P ternary-doped
electrode materials for energy storage devices. Among them, the porous porous carbon in a simple, low-cost and one-step strategy with phos-
carbon from biomass precursor is preferred as electrode material for phoric acid and pyrophosphoric acid as catalyst and pore-forming
supercapactior owing to its low cost and desirable stability [9,10]. agent. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the possi-
However, the confinement effects of micropores in porous carbon bility of the preparation of heteroatom-doped porous carbon with
lead to high internal diffusion resistance for the transport of electrolyte kitchen waste as carbon precursor and heteroatom source. Additionally,
ions into pores, especially at high current rates. The efficient strategy to we also would like to find out if the kitchen waste-dervied porous
alleviate the shuttle phenomenon is tailoring the porous structure with carbon can be used as electrode for supercapacitors. The optimal carbon
desirable micropores, mesopores and macropores, namely hierarchical electrode can deliver a high specific capacitance of 290 F g−1 in a three-
porous structure. Nevertheless, the hard or soft template methods with electrode system.
mesoscopic silica, zeolite, nano-CaCO3 and F127 as templates are re-
quired [7,11]. The large-scale practical applications of these materials 2. Experimental
are highly hindered by the complicated and follow-up tedious removal
processes. Therefore, a one-step, facile and economical synthesis route Kitchen waste was collected from the college dining room of Dalian
should be developed to prepare hierarchical porous carbons. University of Technology, and mixed with catalyst overnight. All re-
Besides, the heteroatoms-doping can modulate the bonding en- agents were used as received. Then, the mixture were calcined at final
vironment and electronic distribution of the adjacent carbon lattice and temperature of 450 °C for H3PO4 and 600 °C for H4P2O7 with a heating
simultaneously provide additional pseudo-capacitance via faradaic re- rate of 10 °C min−1, then preserved for 1 h. The pyrolyzed samples
actions. Currently, the feasible dopants mainly include nitrogen, were washed with 1 M HCl, ethanol, and hot water several times.
oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron and so on [12,13]. The N atom Subsequently, the cleaned samples were dried and ground to fine
doping can induce extra electrons surrounding local sites and adjust the powder. The schematic diagram of the experimental process has been
electron donor/acceptor properties, which is advantageous for im- added in Fig.S1. The final porous carbon by the catalysis of H4P2O7 and
proving the electrical conductivity of carbon materials. The O atom H3PO4 were named as NOPCAx and NOPCPx (x = 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2).
doping can form surface polar functional groups and action sites, which The x stands for the mass ratio of activating agent (H4P2O7 or H3PO4)
is favorable for enhancing the wettability and interactivity between towards the kitchen waste. Besides, the carbon prepared by carbonizing
electrolyte ions and carbon electrodes. The P atom with strong electron- kitchen waste without any activating agent was denoted as NOPC. The
donating ability can expand the interlayer distance and produce edge porous properties were evaluated by using Quantachrome instrument at
plane sites by the formation of P]O and PeC bonds, which benefits the 77 K. The morphological properties and element mappings were vi-
adsorption of electrolyte ions and the introduction of charge density. sualized on transmission electron microscope coupled with energy
More attractively, some previous works have proved that the in- dispersive spectrometer. The elemental species and bonding states of
corporation of multiple dopants could create more dislocations, cur- heteroatoms were conducted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The
vature and defects as well as redistribute the electrostatic charge state electrochemical tests can be found in SI.
of the neighbouring carbon atoms [14]. Till now, one common route is
used to fabricate heteroatoms-doping porous carbons by in situ-treat-
ment or post-treatment. For example, Cai et al. synthesize nitrogen and 3. Results and discussion
phosphorus co-doped hierarchical porous carbon by using polyaniline
as precursor and phytic acid and potassium hydroxide as catalytic agent Fig. 1a shows most of micropores centered on 0.5, 0.65, and 0.8 nm
[15]. Ni et al. prepared hybrid N, P functionalized hierarchical porous emerging with broad peaks. For the mesopore size distribution, a sharp
carbon aniline monomer, Na+-magadiite, silica gel, phytic acid, and peak appeared around 4 nm (Fig. 1b). The results indicated the coex-
ammonium peroxydisulfate as raw materials under polymerization, istence of micropores and mesopores for NOPCs, which can be also
hydrothermal reaction, pyrolyzation and HF etching [16]. Besides, the proved by the type I and IV adsorption-desorption isotherms with
naturally abundant and environmentally friendly biomass waste rich in hysteresis loop in the P/P0 range from 0.5 to 1.0 (Fig. 1c). The micro-
heteroatoms can be used as precursor for producing heteroatoms-doped pores and mesopores can provide abundantly accessible surface active
porous carbons. The advantages are avoiding the extra addition of toxic sites for charge accommodation to guarantee favorable charge storage
or expensive chemicals as well as the homogeneous distribution of capability. Besides, the mesopores and macropores can act as ion-buf-
heteroatoms in carbon lattice. For example, Song et al. used silk fering reservoirs to shorten diffusion distance for rapid ions transport
back and forth. The detailed textual parameters are listed in Table S1.

Fig. 1. (a) Micropore, (b) Mesopore size distributions and (c) N2 adsorption-desorption curves of NOPCs.

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Y. Gao, et al. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 107987

Fig. 2. EDS element mapping of NOPCA1.5.

The surface areas of NOPCA1.5, NOPCA0.5, NOPCP1.5 and NOPCP1 were sites of carbon lattices [19]. The O atoms in PeO groups could serve as
208, 274, 202, and 674 m2 g−1. Raman spectroscopy was utilized to a bridge between the C atoms and P atoms, which may improve the
examine the degree of defect or graphitization of carbon materials electron delocalization and poverty of the C atoms [23]. Notably, the
(Fig.S2). The ID/IG values of NOPCA1.5, NOPCA0.5, NOPCP1.5 and increased proportion of PeO groups after activation probably resulted
NOPCP1 were 0.98, 1.02, 0.87 and 0.88, respectively. The high ID/IG from the cross-linking polymerization, oxidation and aromatic con-
values were possibly related to the destruction of hexagonal symmetry densation reactions of kitchen waste and activating agents [15,24]. This
of graphite or the growing defects of the carbon matrix caused by is also the reason why the P2p spectra of NOPC only displayed one
heteroatoms doping as well as the continuous developing pores as- typical PeC groups at 133.1 eV. The N1s spectra of all NOPCs can be
cribed to chemical activation [16]. According to the previous reports, deconvoluted into three peaks, assigned to pyridinic-N (398 ± 0.2 eV),
the amorphous structure of NOPCs may provide more available active pyrrolic-N (400 ± 0.3 eV), and graphitic-N (403 ± 1.5 eV). However,
sites for energy storage [19]. the intensities of three N species in all the NOPCs samples were dif-
Fig.S3 show that the morphologies of NOPCA0.5 and NOPCA1.5 dis- ferent. The pyrrolic-N species with lone pair are located in a π-con-
play sheet-like surface. Moreover, the microstructures of NOPCP0.5 and jugated system of five carbon aromatic rings, which possess high ac-
NOPCP1 were much looser and more amorphous than those of NOPCA0.5 tivity of electron transfer and thus contribute to more pseudocapacitive
and NOPCA1.5. The high-resolution TEM images of NOPCs show a large interactions [25]. The high-resolution spectra of O1s were fitted into
number of white dots, corresponding to the micropores and mesopores three peaks. The peaks around 530.6 ± 0.2 eV was related with the
in the size range from 0.5 to 40 nm, which could provide favorable path quinone-type groups or C]O carbonyl groups. The main signal cen-
for the diffusion of electrolyte ions [20]. And the discontinuous worm- tered at 532.4 ± 0.1 eV belonged to bridge-bonded oxygen of CeOeH,
like lattice fringes with random distribution represent the turbostatic CeOeC, and CeOeP groups in the carbon lattice. The shoulder peaks
structure of graphitic carbon layers [21]. EDS elemental mapping at 533.9 ± 0.2 eV in NOPCA0.5 and NOPCA1.5 were ascribed to ester
images in Fig. 2 and Fig.S4 illustrate the homogeneous distribution of groups and the shoulder peaks at 535.4 ± 0.2 eV in NOPCP1 and
numerous C, N, O, and P atoms in NOPCs, indicating that the het- NOPCP1.5 were ascribed to chemisorbed oxygen or water [26]. It has
eroatoms were remained after activation. been proved that the quinone-type groups and carbonyl groups can
Fig.S5 displays four obvious peaks around 284, 400, 532, and improve the electrochemically redox activity of the carbon materials
133 eV, confirming the existence C, N, O, and P dopants in all NOPCs, [27-29]. The presences of N and O groups are not only beneficial to
which is consistent with the EDS analysis. The detailed elemental improve the surface wettability but also contribute to extra pseudo-
compositions as well as valence states of NOPCs are summarized in capacitance [30,31].
Table 1 and Table S2. Interestingly, the contents of N and P in NOPC Fig. 4a and Fig.S10 shows the CV curves of NOPCs displayed ap-
were 9.66% and 1.04, suggesting the intrinsic presence of N and P proximately rectangular shape at various scan rates, representing the
elements in kitchen waste and successfully in-situ doping of these ele- characteristic of double layer capacitance. The asymmetrical curves
ments in the resultant carbon materials. The overall content of N- were due to the existence of heteroatoms and consequently pseudoca-
doping was 11.48 at% (NOPCA0.5) > 10. 43 at% (NOPCA1.5) > 9.66 pacitance. The nearly symmetric shaped charge-discharge curves re-
at% (NOPC) > 6.32 at% (NOPCP1.5) > 5.41 at% (NOPCP1) and the presented the dominating double-layer energy storage behavior, which
overall degree of P doping was 1.94 at% (NOPCA0.5) > 1.25 at% is consistent with the CV analysis (Fig. 4b, Fig.S11). The specific ca-
(NOPCA1.5) > 1.04 at% (NOPC) > 0.69 at% (NOPCP1.5) > 0.68 at% pacitance of NOPCA1.5 was 290 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and still maintained
(NOPCP1). The binding energy positions of NOPCs after activation also 253 F g−1 at 10 A g−1, implying a good retention capability. Inter-
changed, especially for C and P elements. estingly, the specific surface area of NOPCP1 was 3.24 times larger than
High-resolution XPS spectra were deconvoluted to further estimate that of NOPCA1.5. However, the specific capacitances of NOPCP1 were
the chemical states and relative contributions of C1s, N1s, O1s, and lower than those of NOPCA1.5 at each current density. This may be at-
P2p. As shown in Table 2, Fig. 3 and Fig S6-S9, the C1s spectra of NOPC tributed to high content of N element and P element on the surface of
were divided into three peaks located at 284.3 eV (C]C groups), NOPCA1.5, which were 1.65 times and 1.84 times higher than those of
285.4 eV (CeO/CeN groups), and 288.6 eV (OeC]O groups). In NOPCP1, respectively. The axis intercept in Fig. 4c represented the total
comparison with NOPCA1.5, the C1s spectra can be curve-fitted to four solution resistance, including intrinsic electrode, resistance electrolyte
peaks at the binding energies of 284.4, 285.5, 286.5, and 289.2 eV,
corresponding to C]C groups, CeO/CeN groups, C]O groups and Table 1
OeC]O groups. The increasing binding energy of C1s implied that Elemental analysis results of NOPCs from XPS.
more electrons were transferred from C atoms to neighboring N or P Samples C (wt%) O (wt%) N (wt%) P (wt%)
atom, which could improve the charge delocalization of C atoms
[22].The P2p spectra of NOPCA1.5 with two featured peaks at 132.7 and NOPC 67.85 21.45 9.66 1.04
134.2 eV, assigned to PeC groups and PeO groups, respectively. NOPCA1.5 55.88 32.43 10.43 1.25
NOPCA0.5 51.40 35.18 11.48 1.94
Among them, the PeC groups indicated the phosphorus atoms were
NOPCP1.5 75.56 18.34 5.41 0.69
embedded into the carbon matrix [18] and the PeO groups suggested NOPCP1 67.86 25.15 6.32 0.68
that the phosphorus atoms were bonded with oxygen atoms at the edge

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Y. Gao, et al. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 107987

Table 2
Binding energy positions of surface groups from XPS results.
Samples C1s (eV) N1s (eV) O1s (eV) P2p (eV)

C]C CeO/CeN C]O OeC]O Pyridinic-N Pyrrolic-N Graphitic-N C]O CeO O]C-C/water PeC PeO

NOPC 284.3 285.4 – 288.6 398.1 400.2 402.7 530.8 532.4 535.9 133.1 –
NOPCA1.5 284.4 285.5 286.5 289.2 398.2 400.1 401.9 530.6 532.4 533.7 132.7 134.2
NOPCA0.5 284.4 285.7 286.3 289.9 398.0 399.8 402.5 530.7 532.3 534.1 132.7 134.2
NOPCP1.5 284.0 284.7 286.6 – 397.9 399.7 404.5 530.5 532.3 535.6 133.1 134.2
NOPCP1 284.2 285.2 287.6 – 398.1 400.0 403.7 530.7 532.5 535.2 133.0 134.6

Fig. 3. High resolution XPS spectra corresponding to (a) C1s, (b) N1s, (c) O1s, and (d) P2p of NOPCA1.5.

resistance and contact resistance around electrode and electrolyte in- the electrode-electrolyte contact area and active storage sites, further
terface (Rs), which was 0.273 and 0.268 Ω for NOPCA1.5 and NOPCP1. promoted the formation of electrical double-layer and pseudocapaci-
These results demonstrated that the NOPCs electrode owned low con- tance.
tact resistance. Ragone plots show NOPCA1.5 and NOPCP1 symmetric
supercapacitors exhibited high energy density of 20.5 and 12.3 Wh
kg−1 at the power density of 477.9 and 469.2 W kg−1, respectively CRediT authorship contribution statement
(Fig.S12), which were higher than some previous studies [26,26,32-
36]. Yuan Gao: Writing - original draft, Methodology. Qiuhui Zhu: Data
curation. Chunjiang Guan: Supervision. Qinyan Yue: .
4. Conclusion

In this contribution, we developed kitchen waste as precursor to Declaration of Competing Interest

prepare N-O-P ternary-doped porous carbon. The obtained material
displayed promising electrochemical performance in both three-elec- The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
trode and two-electrode system. The impressive performance was interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
mainly attributed to the synergistic effects from the hierarchical porous ence the work reported in this paper.
structure and homogenous N, O, P functionalization, which increased

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Y. Gao, et al. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 118 (2020) 107987

Fig. 4. (a) CV curves of NOPCs at 20 mV s−1, (b) charge-discharge curves of NOPCA1.5, (c) Nyquist plots.

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