Cyber security

(16) Rom memory

ROM consists of both the decoder as well as the OR gates within a single IC package. ROMs
are of five types: MROM (masked read only memory), PROM (programmable read only
memory), EPROM (erasable programmable read only memory), EEPROM (electrically erasable
programmable read only memory), and Flash Memory.
*Memory is required in almost every computational device for making it operable and
functional. ROM is the kind of memory, data stored in which persists, i.e. it does not disappear
after a user logs out of the system or if the system restarts. This is possible because of
non-volatile nature of ROM.1)MROM
MROM is an abbreviation for Masked Read Only Memory. It is a read only memory chip that is
programmed (data is stored in it) during it's manufacturing. MROMs cost relatively low.2)PROM
PROM is an abbreviation for Programmable Read Only Memory. PROMs are also called as PLD,
as they are used in logic designs. It's a device that includes both the OR plane as well as
the AND plane within a single IC package. AND plane is fixed and OR plane is programmable.
A plane is a sequence of gates such as AND, OR, etc as shown in the diagram above. it is also
known as an array
3)EPROM
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It is a chip that is non-volatile
in nature and was invented in 1971 by Dov Frohman at Intel. An EPROM can be reprogrammed
if required by exposing it to ultraviolet light. But otherwise, an EPROM does not save or accept
any new data. EPROM chips are not used in modern computers as they have been replaced by
EEPROM chips.(4)EEPROM
EEPROM is an abbreviation for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. It is
non-volatile in nature and is used for storing small amounts of data in computer systems or
some other electronic devices. In an EEPROM, write and erase operations are performed one
byte at a time In an EEPROM an individual byte of data could be erased and reprogrammed
entirety, by application of electrical potential.5. Flash Memory
Flash memory is non-volatile in nature and is therefore has several use cases in which short to
medium-term data storage is required. Flash memory technology implementations range from
flash USB memory sticks (also known as pen drives) to camera memory cards like compact
Flashcards or CF cards and SD memory cards and solid state drives (SSDs) in a computer
system.
(16) Architecture of 8086
Introduction :
The 8086 microprocessor is an 8-bit/16-bit microprocessor designed by Intel in the late 1970s.
It is the first member of the x86 family of microprocessors, which includes many popular CPUs
used in personal computers.
The architecture of the 8086 microprocessor is based on a complex instruction set computer
(CISC) architecture, which means that it supports a wide range of instructions, many of which
can perform multiple operations in a single instruction. The 8086 microprocessor has a 20-bit
address bus, which can address up to 1 MB of memory, and a 16-bit data bus, which can
transfer data between the microprocessor and memory or I/O devices.
The 8086 microprocessor has a segmented memory architecture, which means that memory
is divided into segments that are addressed using both a segment register and an offset. The
segment register points to the start of a segment, while the offset specifies the location of a
specific byte within the segment. This allows the 8086 microprocessor to access large amounts
of memory, while still using a 16-bit data bus.
The 8086 microprocessor has two main execution units: the execution unit (EU) and the bus
interface unit (BIU). The BIU is responsible for fetching instructions from memory and decoding
them, while the EU executes the instructions. The BIU also manages data transfer between the
microprocessor and memory or I/O devices.
8086 does not have a RAM or ROM inside it. However, it has internal registers for storing
intermediate and final results and interfaces with memory located outside it through the System
Busprocessor in a 40-pin, Dual Inline Packaged IC.
The size of the internal registers(present within the chip) indicates how much information the
processor can operate on at a time (in this case 16-bit registers) and how it moves data around
internally within the chip, sometimes also referred to as the internal data bus.
8086 provides the programmer with 14 internal registers, each of 16 bits or 2 bytes wide. The
main advantage of the 8086 microprocessor is that it supports Pipelining.
(16)
ARINC Standard, Avionics
ARINC 629 Digital Data Bus Specifications
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The safety concerns in avionics and automotive computer systems should be given special
attention. Assurance must be provided that computer hardware or software will not result in life
loss or substantial property damage caused by circumstances.
One aspect of this issue is the nature of data buses, which provide a means of communication
to share information between the various electronic devices operating the vehicle.
Avionic communications need a bus capable of reliably transmitting both time-critical data used
in control and monitoring functions where transmission intervals need to be guaranteed and file
or block data, such as data-link communications, which need sufficient throughput capacity.
ARINC 629 was launched in May 1995 and is currently being used on aircraft such as the Boeing
777, Airbus A330, and A340. The specification is based upon the Digital Autonomous Terminal
Access Communications (DATAC) development work of Boeing Commercial Aircraft.
This ARINC bus is a true data bus in that the bus functions as a multiple-source, multiple sink
system. That is, every terminal on the data bus will send data to and receive data from every
other terminal. This enables the sharing of data between units in the avionics system to be much
more flexible. It supports a 2 Mbps data rate.
ARINC 629 protocol is a time-based, collision-avoidance protocol in which a fixed time slot
is allotted to each terminal to access the bus and transfer data to the bus. By using multiple
control timers embedded in the bus interfaces, each terminal will autonomously determine when
the appropriate time slot is available and transmit the necessary data.
(16)What is serial communication?
In serial communication, data is sent in the form of binary pulses. In other words, we can
say that binary 1 means a logic high or 5 volts, and 0 means a logic low or 0 volts. Serial
communication can take various forms, depending on the mode of transmission and the type of
data transmission. This transmission mode is classified as simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex.
There is one transmitter and receiver for each transmission mode. There is one transmitter and
receiver for each transmission mode.
Transmission mode - serial communication
Simplex refers to one-way communication technology. There is only one client (the sender
or receiver is active at the same time). If the sender sends it, the receiver can only accept it.
Television communication is a simplex mode, the television station sends and the television
receives.
In half-duplex mode, both the sender and the receiver are active, but not active at the same
time, ie if the sender sends, the receiver can accept but not send, and vice versa. The Internet is
a good example. If the laptop sends a request for a web page, the web server will process the
application and send back the information.
Full-duplex mode is widely used in the world for communication. Both the sender and the
receiver can send and receive at the same time. An example is your smart phone.
Data transfer can be done in two ways. They are serial communication and parallel
communication. Serial communication is a technique for transmitting data bit by bit using a
two-wire, that is, transmitter
(16) Word
Microsoft word is a word processor software developed by Microsoft in 1983. It is the most
commonly used word processor software. It is used to create professional quality documents,
letters, reports, resumes, etc and also allows you to edit or modify your new or existing
document. The file saved in Ms Word has .docx extension. It is a component of the Microsoft
Office suite, but you can buy it separately and is available for both Windows and macOS. The
latest version of Ms Word is 2019.
*Mnemonics
Mnemonics, also known as mnemonic devices, are a technique that can be used to help us
remember certain topics and ideas. There are many different types of mnemonic, and they
can exist as songs, acronyms, rhymes and in many other forms. They can also help kids learn
important facts and information.