WINSMART ACADEMY

MOTTO: PERSONALISED TUTORING FOR LEADERS OF TOMORROW

WHATSAPP: 08024665051, 08169595996
[email protected]

GST105 - HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE SUMMARY

The word ‘science’ is derived from the Latin word_____

Scientia

The word science is derived from ______ word

Latin

The word science is derived from how many Latin words?

One

The word ‘science’ is derived from the Latin word, ‘scientia’ which means
______
Knowledge

According to The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, ______ has been defined as

the knowledge of the world of nature
Science

Science generally is regarded in three main ways as follows

 A body of knowledge
 A method for acquiring knowledge or studying and understanding the
world
 An institution

The bodies of knowledge generally regarded as science include, chemistry,

biology, physics, mathematics, microbiology, pharmacy and ______
Medicine

The _____ of knowledge generally regarded as science include, chemistry,

biology, physics, mathematics, microbiology, pharmacy and medicine.
Bodies

The two branches of science are empirical and ______ sciences

Formal

There are _____ branches of science

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 1
Two

The two branches of science, empirical and formal sciences use what is
called the_______
Scientific method

The scientific method include the following

 Observation
 Problem definition
 Hypothesis formulation
 Experimentation
 Conclusion
 Theory formulation

______ can be viewed as an institution which comprises millions of experts.

Science

Science can be viewed as an institution which comprises millions

of______________.
Experts

_______ experts engage in the study and development of human knowledge.

Science

Scientific experts engage in the study and development of ______________

human knowledge

_____________ sciences include mathematics (which comprise geometry,

algebra, trigonometry, arithmetic), logic, theoretical physics, and statistics.
Formal

Formal sciences have a formal and _____________character.

Deductive

_____________ sciences have a formal and deductive character.

Formal

Science is said to be _____________ if its contents, arguments and procedures

obey certain rules.
Formal

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 2
For example, in mathematics there are rules of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. There are also rules for solving certain equations
and problems, theorems, etc. Let’s take for instance that you are given the
following problems to solve:

How would you go about it? The rule says that ‘bracket’ is solved first,
followed by ‘of ’, then division, multiplication, addition and subtraction in
that order. The mnemonic device for remembering this rule is BODMAS
where:

BODMAS stand for ______________

Bracket, of, division, multiplication, addition and subtraction

Physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, botany, zoology, biochemistry,

microbiology, geology, medical sciences are examples of ______________
sciences
Empirical

Scientists who observe and experiment in order to find out how things
originate, develop, function and relate to each other are called_____________
Empirical scientists

The knowledge derived in empirical sciences includes inductive

generalisations, laws and _____________
Theories

______________ sciences deal with all natural objects.

Natural

Physical sciences, biological sciences, medical sciences and pharmaceutical

sciences are examples of ______________ science
Natural

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 3
Natural sciences include the following
 Physical sciences
 Biological sciences
 Medical sciences
 Pharmaceutical sciences

Physical sciences include______

disciplines like physics, chemistry, geology, applied mathematics,
astronomy

Disciplines under Biological sciences include______

biology, zoology, botany, microbiology

Pharmaceutical sciences include______

pharmaceutics, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmacognosy and
pharmacology

________ deal with physical and inanimate objects such as rocks, rivers, and
mountains.
Physical sciences

_______ deal with living bodies such as human beings, animals, insects and
plants
Biological sciences

________ disciplines deal with objects and problems that affect human and
animal health.
Medical sciences

______________ disciplines are concerned with drugs and drug contents of

plants and other objects.
Pharmaceutical sciences

The social sciences include the following

 Economics
 Social psychology
 Geography
 Sociology and anthropology
 Social philosophy

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 4
_______ sciences deal with society and social institutions.
Social sciences

Religion, art, metaphysics (a branch of philosophy), mysticism, common

sense and imagination are called_______________
Nonscience

_____________ is concerned with worship of the supernatural

Religion

_____________ is concerned with nature and natural phenomena and objects

Science

In particular, religion is speculative and based on faith or ______________

Dogma

All the following features below describes religion

 it is based on dogma
 it is speculation
 it deals with the worship of supernatural

The aim of ______________ is to make religious beliefs reasonable without

rejecting them.
Theology

Rational religion is also called_____________

Theology

According to (Nwala: 1997), ______________ tries to confirm religious beliefs

Theology

_______ relies on the principle that the universe is governed by spiritual

laws.
Religion

Religion relies on the principle that the universe is governed by

_____________
Spiritual laws

Science is dogmatic.
False

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 5
The figure above illustrates a theme approach to integration of science and
other subjects in the Israeli curriculum (D’Ambrosio: 1979). The theme or
phenomenon under study is ‘light and shadow’. The figure shows how the
theme ‘light and shadow’ is viewed or studied by disciplines such as art,
physics and botany.

Science is based on reason and does not accept any idea or belief on faith.
True

The following statements are true about science

 It is not dogmatic
 It is based on reason and does not accept any idea or belief on faith.
 It subjects everything under its study to critical examination.
 It does not accept anything as sacred and unquestionable.
 It relies on the principle that the universe is governed by material law
which may be mechanical, electrical, chemical and biological

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 6
  Science seeks knowledge that is objective, certain, systematic,
provable and supported by evidence
 In general, science is said to be objective, systematic and reliable

All organs are made up of______________.

Cells

The method of acquiring scientific knowledge is called the ______________

Scientific method

Superficially, science is a collection of _____________ that describe and

explain the workings of nature.
Facts

According to _____________ Knowledge comes from noticing resemblances

and recurrences in the events that happen around us.
Wilfred Trotter

The first step of the scientific method is ______________

Observation

Scientific observation can be both direct and ____________

Indirect

Direct observations are made with the aid of the______________

Senses

_____________ observations are performed with the aid of instruments.

Indirect

Observations can be classified into Spontaneous or __________

Induced

_____________ is a most difficult art acquired only after long experience and
many errors.
Correct observation

______________ concluded that benzene has six carbon atoms

Kekulé

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 7
Benzene has ____________ carbon atoms
Six

The hardest part of the scientific method is known as______________

Experimentation

The German chemist called _____________discovered the structure of benzene

Kekulé

______________ are open to tests, revisions, and tentative acceptance or

rejection.
Theories

______________ may be defined as the formation of possible solutions to a

problem or possible explanations of a phenomenon.
Creative thinking

______________ is the testing and evaluation of these proposed solutions.

Critical thinking

A ______________ explains how things are related or their common

properties.
Theory

When a hypothesis is confirmed through experimentation it becomes a

______________
Theory

_______________ take various forms which may be as diagrams, equations,

statistical and propositional formulations.
Theories

The ancient _____________ believed that rats came from garbage.

Egyptians

The ancient Egyptians believed that rats came from_____________

Garbage

Bacteria microorganisms was discovered in ______________

1676

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 8
Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation
in_____________
1862

______________ disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

Louis Pasteur

The idea of evolution was not originated by _____________

Darwin

The idea of evolution was not originated by Darwin in the ______________

century
nineteenth

During Darwin’s time, biology was dominated by______________.

natural theology

The natural _____________ believed that the variations and adaptations of

organisms proved that each species was fashioned by God for a particular
purpose.
Theologians

In____________, a geologist, James Hutton argued that the earth was older
than a few thousand years
1795

______________ argued that the earth was older than a few thousand years
James Hutton

James Hutton hypothesis was based on the fact that he believed that
sedimentary rocks that encased fossils were formed by the gradual
accumulation of sediments in lakes, rivers and oceans known as
_____________
Gradualism

Charles Darwin was born in _____________

1809

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck proposed that all species, including human

beings were descended from other species in the year_____________
1809

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 9
Charles Robert Darwin was an English______________.
naturalist

Charles Robert Darwin (1809–18882) was an _____________ naturalist.

English

At what age was Charles Robert Darwin a collector of shells?

22 years

Who arranged for him to be a naturalist aboard H.M.S. Beagle?

John Henslow

The ship Charles Robert Darwin boarded was called _____________

H.M.S. Beagle

The title of Thomas Malthus book was ‘Essay on the Armadillo Glyptodont
principles of population’.

Darwin published his work in _____________

1859

In______________ , Darwin received an essay from a young English naturalist

named Alfred Russel Wallace
1858

In 1858, Darwin received an essay from a young English naturalist named

______________
Alfred Russel Wallace

Darwin’s died in the year_____________

1882

______________ before his death predicted that the fossil record should yield
intermediate links between the great groups of organisms.
Darwin

An early bird-reptile called _____________ was discovered in 1861

archaeopteryx

In_____, an early bird-reptile called archaeopteryx was discovered.

1861

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 10
In 1861, an early bird-reptile called _____ was discovered.
archaeopteryx

Discoveries of microscopic fossils by paleontologists have extended back the

known history of life on earth to more than ____________ billion years.
3.5

Microscopic fossils were discovered by _____________

Palaeontologists

Every good theory has a ____________ value.

Predictive

A ______________ is an explanation about the cause or causes of a broad

range of related phenomena.
scientific theory

J.S. Mill defined _____ as ‘nothing but the uniformities, which exist among
natural phenomena’.
PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION
AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 11
laws of nature

The entire universe is said to show uniform patterns and to form a united
system. This view is called _______________
The law of the uniformity of nature

_______________ is the force which pulls every object in the universe toward
every other object in the universe
Gravitation

The force that makes a body fall through space towards the earth is
called______________
Gravitational force

The law of gravitation first started as a theory of ______________

universal gravitation

The theory of universal gravitation was first postulated by_____________

Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and _______________

Physicist

Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity was formulated in ______________

1905

______________ law of universal gravitation states that ‘any two bodies attract
each other with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them’.
Newton’s

The force which pulls every object in the universe towards every other object
in the universe is called_______________
Gravitational force

The first scientific explanation (theory) of the behaviour of falling objects was
given by ____________
Sir Isaac Newton
Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity was formulated in _____
1905

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 12
______ explains the behaviour of falling objects and the motions of the moon
and the planets and other motions we observe on earth.
Gravitational attraction

The origin of science is often traced to the Egyptians and _______________

Babylonians

The origin of science is often traced to the _______________

Egyptians and the Babylonians

The Egyptians and the Babylonians originated science during the

_______________ when they settled down to an organized agricultural life and
activity.
Neolithic age

The word ‘philosophy’ was derived from two Greek words, namely: ‘philos’
(which means love) and ‘sophia’ (which means wisdom)

The word ‘philosophy’ was derived from _____________ Greek words

Two

The Greek word ‘philos’ means______________

Love

The Greek word sophia’ means ______________

Wisdom

Philosophy literally means _______________

love of wisdom

The kingdom of Egypt was divided into ______________religious centres

Three

The kingdom of Egypt was divided into three religious centres which were
Memphis, Heliopolis _______________
Hermopolis

The Egyptian priest—scholars established a kind of school system known as

the _______________
Egyptian Mystery System schools

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 13
Astronomy originated with the Egyptians through their study of the
heavens, the stars and the weather.

The _____________ are credited for the origination of mathematics.

Egyptians

The Rind Mathematical Papyrus was written during the reign of King A–
User–Re in____________
1650 B.C

The first physician of the ancient world and the most famous was the Black
Egyptian called _____________
Imhotep

_____________ lived about 2980 BC and was called ‘the god of medicine’
Imhotep

Imhotep was called _______________

the god of medicine

The sciences of mathematics, astronomy and engineering developed in

Babylonia about 1800–1600 BC.

The sciences of mathematics, astronomy and engineering developed in

______________
Babylonia

_____________ was the world’s first social philosopher.

Ipuwar

The world’s first philosopher in history Ptah-Hotep (c 2800 BC) was an

_____________
African

______________ was the great mathematician who laid the foundation for the
science of mechanics.
Archimedes

The great mathematician _____________ synthesised geometry as a science in

his book Elements of Geometry
Euclid

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 14
_______________ was the librarian at Alexandria who was called ‘the most
learned man of antiquity’ advanced the knowledge of prime numbers.
Eratosthenes

Ptolemy of Alexandria was a geographer and an ______________

Astronomer

Thales of Miletus, Anaximander, Pythagoras, Heraclitus and Democritus

were popularly called______________
Ionian philosophers

______________ is usually referred to as the father of Western philosophy.

Thales of Miletus

_____________ taught that water was the source of all things in the universe.
Thales of Miletus

Thales got this idea from seeing that the nutriment of all things is moisture
and that water is the origin of the nature of moist things.

_____________ forecasted the eclipse of 585BC

Thales

Anaximander was a pupil of Thales in the Milesian school.

______________ was the first among the Greeks to represent the earth on a
map though the science of map making (cartography) was known in Egypt
and Babylonia.
Anaximander

______________ called the ‘world-stuff’ the ‘infinite something’.

Anaximander

The mathematical theory y called Pythagorean theory is named

after______________
Pythagoras

Pythagoreans believed that the unit ‘one’ is the source of all numbers and
they divided it into odd and even numbers.

Heraclitus (535 – 475 BC) claimed the ‘world-stuff’ is divine ____________

Fire

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 15
The first Greek to advance the principle of change as a universal law is
______________
Heraclitus

____________ was a disciple of Leucippus who is credited with the founding of

the atomic theory or the doctrine of matter.
Democritus

The Socratics included Socrates, Plato and _______________

Aristotle

______________ was the teacher of Plato and was born in Athens.

Socrates (469–399 BC)

Plato’s studies in Egypt and returned to Athens and opened a school called
the ______________
Academy

_____________ was the most accomplished of Plato’s pupils.

Aristotle (384–322 BC)

Aristotle was born at Stagira in ______________

Macedonia

______ was a tutor of Alexander the Great.

Aristotle

________ was one of the emperors who gave the world its present calendar
called the Julian calendar in 46 BC.
Julius Caesar

The revised calendar is called the ______________

Gregorian calendar

_____________ promoted the development of natural history.

Pliny (AD 23-79)

The Middle Ages are also known as the ______________

medieval period

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 16
There are two phases within medieval period
1. The Dark Ages (450 to 800 AD)
2. The Renaissance (9th to 15th century AD)

The most eminent Muslim physicist was _____________

Ibn-al Haitham (965 – 1020 AD)

______________ was the greatest of the Arabic alchemist whose works were
based on experience and experiment.
Rhazes (865 –925)

The second half of the Middle Ages of Western Europe is

called______________
Renaissance Period

_____________ was an English philosopher of science who determined the

main direction of the physical science in the 13th and 14th centuries.
Robert Grosseteste (1175 –1253)

_______________ was an Italian and he could stand as the incarnation of the

true spirit of scientific thought of the renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)

The _____________period was characterised by an increasing desire for

knowledge such that critical power resurfaced.
Renaissance

The Renaissance in science was started by two theologians: Albert the Great
(1193 -1280 AD) and Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274 AD).

The scientific revolution started in the late _____________ century

15th

True experimental science, free from philosophy and religion emerged in the
16th and 17th centuries.

______________ invented a telescope and used it to view the heavens

Galileo (1564 – 1642)

Who emphasised the roleof scientific discoveries and inventions in giving

man mastery over the forces of nature?

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 17
Francis Bacon

______________ discovery became known as the law of the conservation of

mass (or matter).
Laurent L avoisier

The statement that ‘cells are the building blocks of living things’ is called
the_______________.
Cell theory

Atoms and molecules are the basic building blocks of matter.

______________ are the basic building blocks of living things.

Cells

In human beings, the cells which aid reproduction are called _____________
Gametes

The gametes from fathers are called______________

sperms

The gametes from mothers are called _____________

eggs or ova

The statement that ‘cells are the building blocks of living things’ is called the
______________
cell theory

In 1839, two scientists, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden made

this general statement or proposed a theory that ‘cells are of universal
occurrence and are the basic building blocks of an organism and that cells
come from pre-existing cells’

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden proposed the cell theory

in_____________
1839

The theory of Evolution was proposed in the _____________ century

19th

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles

Darwin in_____________

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 18
1859

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by ______________

Charles Darwin

_____________ is also called the ‘Newton of Biology’.

Charles Darwin

_______ discovered the laws that govern movements of the heavenly bodies.
Johannes Kepler

______________ was the first person to apply mathematics as an empirical

instrument to discover these laws.
Johannes Kepler

______________ was the first person who attempted to arrange the steps of
the scientific method in a logical manner.
Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626)

In December _____ the German Physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the

xrays
1895

In December 1895, the German Physicist, ______discovered the xrays

Wilhelm Röntgen

The Theory of Relativity was formulated by Albert Einstein in_____________

1905

The Theory of Relativity was formulated by______________

Albert Einstein

In_____________, men walked on the moon and unmanned landings have

been made on the planets – Mars and Venus
1969

The first men to walk on the moon were American Astronauts called
______________
Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin

The first woman in space is _____________ and that was in 1963.

Velentina Tereshkova

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 19
______________ defined as the techniques that make use of living organisms
or parts of organisms such as cells, to make or modify products, to improve
plants and animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific applications
Biotechnology

The techniques of biotechnology are as follows

 cell and tissue culture technique
 fermentation technology
 cell fusion
 embryo transfer
 recombinant DNA (r DNA) technology (or genetic engineering)

The hard core of biotechnology is______________

Genetic engineering

Genetic engineering was born in the ____________

1980’s

The first supersonic passenger airliner called the Concorde began flight
services between Europe and the United States in _____________
1976

The first supersonic passenger airliner is called the ______________

Concorde

A 27-year- old Russian called _______________ was the first person to be in

space.
Yuri Gagarin

Yuri Gagarin orbited the earth for the first time on _____________
12th April 1961

______ stayed in orbit for 108 minutes and was called the Columbus of the
interplanetary age.
Yuri Gagarin

The first American in space is called______________.

Allan Shepard

______ was an advocate of the heliocentric theory.

Johannes Kepler

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 20
______ was credited with the invention of the scientific instrument of
observation called the telescope.
Galileo

Galileo was credited with the invention of the scientific instrument of

observation called the______.
telescope

The cellular telephones were introduced in______________

1979

Picture phone or videophone is where the callers pictures are transmitted

along with their voices. It was first introduced in _____________
1964

A ______________ is a transportation vehicle launched into space to transport

existing forms of communication devices, such as camer as, radios and
television
communication satellite

The first electronic digital computer was built in ___________

1946

ENIAC was built by two US engineers called J. Presper Eckert, Jr. and John
William Mauchly.

ENIAC Stands for_______________

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Some of the facilities and services which the Internet can provide include
 E-mail
 File Transfer Protocol (ftp)
 Telnet

The discoverer of the artifact is called_____________

Dr Jean de Heinzelin

The Yoruba people are one of the tribes in Nigeria and can be found in the
____________ part of the country.
Western

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 21
The early investigations concluded that the origin of the complex system for
large numbers were to cowrie counting

_____________ are shells (shells are hard outer case covering eggs, seeds or
animals) obtained from small snail – like animals found in Indian Ocean.
Cowries

____________ is regarded as the Father of Chemistry.

Robert Boyle

_____________ has been referred to as the ‘Father of Microscopy’.

Marcello Malppghian

_____________ was a reputed mathematician and an astronomer and built

the first accurate pendulum clock.
Christian Huygens

_______________ is most remembered for his microscopic discovery of the

cells of plants.
Robert Hooke

______________ was a brilliant mathematician and physicist and is

remembered mainly for his laws of motion, and the discovery of the
composite nature of white light using a sunbeam and a prism.
Isaac Newton

_____________ is remembered for his discovery of electricity in 1813 during a

series of deliberate researches with very simple apparatus.
Michael Faraday

Fleming, Florey and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize for hysiology and
Medicine in ______________
1945

The global population in 1974 was approximately ____________billion.

4.0

The global population in _____________ was approximately 4.0 billion.

1974

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 22
The continent of _____________ has the lowest Gross National Product (GNP)
per capital in the world.
Africa

______________ is a measure of national wealth.

GNP

GNP stands for_____________

Gross National Product (GNP)

_______________ is a measure of national wealth.

Gross National Product (GNP)

The period of uneasy peace was called the ____________

Cold war

BSSRS stands for______________

British Society for Social Responsibility in Science

SESPA is the acronym for______________

Scientists and Engineers for Social and Political Action

Scientists and Engineers for Social and Political Action (SESPA) was formed
in ______________ by a group of US scientists and engineers
1969

The knowledge about the world in general was called _______________

Philosophy

According to_______________, the laws of nature are not the same in the
planets, yet the scientists use the same law of gravitation for them because
of the scientific faith in the uniformity of nature.
Philosophers

_____________ means the science of the meaning of words.

Semantics

Semantics as a department of semiotics is the study of the relation of signs

to the objects to which the signs refer to or designate or are applicable.

_____________ is concerned with the validity or soundness of the inferences

and conclusions, which we make in our arguments.

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 23
Logic

According to evolution man evolved from_____________

Apes

The Homo habilis evolved the Homo erectus discovered first in Java in 1893
and later in Perking in 1970.

The Homo habilis evolved the _____________

Homo erectus

______ evolved the Homo sapiens sapien (modern man)

Homo sapiens

The genus Australopithecus aferensis was found in ______ at Hader in

Ethiopia by Johanson
1978

______ a Dutch naturalist made ‘a detailed study of the spermatozoa

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

There is a group of ____________ chromosomes within the nucleus of each

reproductive cell.
46

The genes are composed of what is called______________.

deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

_____________is the protein substance which controls the form and function
of the cells and tissues of each particular individual so that they harmonize
with his hereditary pattern
DNA

____________ is thus responsible for transmitting hereditary character istics

and for the building of proteins.
DNA

The 46 chromosomes are arranged in pairs of_____________.

23

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 24
Fraternal twins make up 75% of all twin pregnancies while identical ones
constitute 25%.

The branch of philosophy, which studies the structure of the universe is

called_____________
The cosmos

______________ is the area of study (in both disciplines) concerned with the
structure of the universe.
Cosmology

The branch of philosophy which deals with the evolution and origin of the
universe is called____________.
Cosmogony

The earth on which man lives is a planet or satellite of the sun.

It takes the earth approximately _____ hours (around the equator) to rotate
or turn on its axis.
24

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 25
It takes the earth about ______days (i.e. one year) to complete one revolution
around the sun.
365

The earth is ____________ million miles away from the sun.

93

The earth is _______ miles in radius.

4,000

The earth has a surface area of ______ square miles.

196,550,000

The greatest known height is______, which is 29,028 feet high

Mount Everest

Mount Everest is in South Asia between Nepal and Tibet.

The ______ is the layer from the sea level to about 5 miles high at the North
Pole and 11 miles at the equator.
Troposphere

Within the stratosphere is the region of gas called ________

Ozone

A powerful oxidising agent used in water purification is ________

Ozone

The _______ in the upper atmosphere absorbs the most energetic ultra-violet
radiation from the sun.
Ozone

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 26
There are ____________ minor planets called asteroids.
2,000

There are 2,000 minor planets called______________.

asteroids

Mars has two moons known as phobos and_____________

deimos

The earth has ______ moon

One

The planets with large numbers of satellites are Saturn and Jupiter. Saturn
has 10 while Jupiter has 12. Uranus has 5.

The powerful energy from the sun, called solar energy is responsible for all
the energy and the light in the whole solar system.

The sun, plus its _____planets and their satellites form the solar system.
nine

The sun, plus its nine planets and their satellites form the______.
solar system

________ are a large system of stars held together by mutual gravitation and
isolated by similar systems by vast regions of space.
Galaxies

The Galaxy is called the _______

Milky Way Galaxy

A _______ is the distance traversed by light in one mean solar year.

light year

One light year is about ______________ miles

5,880,000,000,000

The energy from the sun is called_____________

Solar energy

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 27
The unit of measurement which is used to measure astronomical distances
is called _____________
light year

The earth takes approximately ____________ hours to rotate on its axis and
365 days
24

The basic foods needed by man include:

 Carbohydrates
 Fats and oil
 Proteins
 Mineral and vitamins
 Vitamins

______ means the plant life of a region. It influences the type of farming done
in an area.
Vegetation

Natural resources can be classified into ______

two

Natural resources can be classified into two:______ and_______

living and non-living resources and renewable and non-renewable
resources

Non living resources are managed by:

 Beneficiation
 Maximisation
 Substitution
 Allocation
 Recycling

______ is the science that explores the relationship between life and the
environment in which it occurs.
Ecology

______ science is concerned with knowledge which can be observed with the
senses
Empirical

Anatomy is an example of______ science

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION
AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 28
medical

Religion believes that the universe is governed by_____ laws

spiritual

______is the character of science which guarantees that all who adopts the
same method or procedure can prove or verify the claims or statements,
which the body of scientific knowledge contains.
Objectivity

Theories that have proved to be universally valid and have a high degree of
probability are called ______
Natural Laws

The ancient Egyptians believed that rats came from _____

Garbage

Another name for doctrine of fixed species is ______

Creationism

The theory of spontaneous generation was disproved by _____

Louis Pasteur

The carriers of hereditary materials in living organisms are called_____

Chromosomes

______is the third step of scientific method

Hypothesis formulation

_______ is the name given to the procedures of doing science

Scientific Methods

Another name for basic science is______

Pure science

Among ancient Africans the ______of Mali were reputed for their vast
knowledge of astronomy
Intergovernmental organizations

_______ is the author of "Elements of Geometry"?

Euclid

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 29
Democritus believed that everything is achieved by combination of______
Atoms

______introduced inductive reasoning to scientific and philosophical

discourses
Socrates

The Babylonian unit of length was______

Finger

The Greek father of modern medicine is______

Hippocrates

Love of wisdom is said to be the etymological meaning of______

Philosophy

In scientific method hypothesis is tested during ______

Experimentation

The Latin word for knowledge is _____

Scientia

Subtraction, addiction, multiplication, etc. are rules of ______

Mathematics

The doctrine that each species of living things was created by God is
called______
Creationism

The explanation that individuals with superior physical or behavioural

attributes might have an edge in survival battle is known as______
Natural selection

Induction is rested on a scientific law known as the_____

Law of uniformity of nature

The force which pulls every object in the universe toward every other object
in the universe is called______
Gravitation

_______ is the name which the ancient Greeks gave the Egyptian greatest
physician of the ancient time

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 30
God of medicine

The Babylonian gods lived in_____

Heaven

The type of writing invented by ancient Egyptians is called _____

Hieroglyphics

______is often referred as the father of western philosophy

Thales

The Pythagorean theory is named after ______

Pythagoras

The atomic theory was invented by_____

Leucipus

Aquinas regarded _____as the source of all knowledge

God

Einstein held that the only absolute unchanging quantity in the universe
was _____
Speed of light

The only single surviving species of hominids is the______

Homo sapiens

Which of the following is not a discipline in the social science?

Biology

In resolving mathematical problems involving BODMAS what do you resolve

first?
Bracket

Which of these is not a branch of mathematics?

Addition

Which among the following is not an example of empirical science?

Ethics

Which of the following is an appropriate concern of empirical science?

Material Things

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 31
Which of the following is not a tool of the empirical science?
History

Which of these is not an example of physical science?

Mathematics

Which of these is an example of non-science?

Religion

The fact that scientific claims can be verified by others adopting the same
method is proof of what in science?
Objectivity

Which of these is not a characteristic of non science?

Objectivity

―Which of these is not a definition of science?

Absolute truth about the world

Which step of the scientific method is concerned with guessing?

Hypothesis formulation

What is the mark of a good theory?

Its predictive value

Science does not enables us to do which of the following?

Worship nature

_______science has deductive character

Formal

What is the name given to unexpected scientific observation?

Spontaneous observation

Scientists undertake experimentation because they are in search of what?

Evidence

Which of these is not a manifestation of man's creative capacity?

Procreation

What are the types of thinking required by the scientific method?

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 32
Creative thinking and critical thinking

Falsifiability as a scientific attitude is credited to _____

Karl Popper

Hypothesis is basically about what?

Guessing answers to questions raised

Which of the following is not a form which a theory can take?

Prophetic pronouncement

Which of these is not an example of a theory?

Theory of assumptive veneration

From who did the Islamic scholars borrow the idea of Zero?
Hindu Mathematicians

Modern science arose in what centuries AD?

15th and 16th

The traditional explanation of reality does not involve which of these?

Causality

Who first propounded the theory of universal gravitation?

Isaac Newton

Which of these is not among the great groups of organisms?

Insects

Which of these is the naturalist who independently arrived at theory of

evolution at the same time with Darwin?
Alfred Wallace

Which of the following is not a rule of Mathematics?

Triangulation

______branch of science studies objects and phenomena which can be

observed through any of the senses
Empirical science

The religious centres of Kingdom of Egypt were administered by who?

Priest-scholars

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 33
In which country was the lunar calendar invented?
Egypt

Who pioneered the division of day into hour?

Babylonians

To whom do we attribute the critical tradition of medicine?

Anaximander

The simple meaning of Australopithecus is ________

Southern Ape

Which stage of evolution did the HOMO looked very much like modern man?
Homo Sapien

At what stage of evolution did man began to control fire and fashion
advanced tools?
Homo Erectus

According to the evolutionist, man originated from ______

Africa

The principle of Gravitational attraction which answers the questions of

earlier scientists was formulated by _______
Issac Newton

The honour of inventing a scientific instrument called the telescope goes to

_______
Galileo

According to history, the first great change in scientific outlook after the
renaissance was made by a Polish mathematician and astronomers called
______
Nicolaus Copernicus

The Nigerian scientist whose name appear in the history book of internet
was _____
Philip Emeagwali

The geologist who propounded the idea of gradualism in evolution is called

______

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 34
James Hutton

_____ is the remains or body impressions of dead organism that lived is the
past
Fossils

The belief that each kind of animal and plant had remained unchanged
since creation is called ________
doctrine of fixed creationism

The progressive change of living things through ages and time is called
______
Evolution

Among the ancient settlement, Tigris and Euphrates valley is found in

_______
Babylonia

_____ is not part of primitive agriculture

Seasoning

True experiment science, free from philosophy and religion emerged in the
_______
16th and 17th century

An Italian monk who taught alongside Albert the great at University of Paris
in the 12th century was _____
Thomas Aquinas

Historically rebirth or revival of learning was started in Italy by three

scholars called _________, __________ and ________
Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio

The spirit of questioning old beliefs and forming new opinions was described
as _______
renaissance

What is the difference between the renaissance men and the men of dark of
ages in term of attitude. It is _______
men of dark ages were satisfied and did not ask question

The food that man eat are derived from ______

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 35
plant and animal

The sun supplies solar energy while the plants provide _______
Oxygen

Man's existence is sustained through biological reproduction and _____

utilization of natural resources from his environment

The founder of the Geometric Machine Corporation and a consultant to

North Atlantic Treaty Organization is _____
Bartholomew Nnaji

Yangte is a river found in ______

China

The interdependence between man and plant in their air consumption is

called______
Symbiosis

______ is a simpler form of sugar which is derived from carbondioxide, water

and sunlight
Glucose

Yankari Game Reserve is located in ________ state

Bauchi

Which of these sphere is not part of the layers in the atmosphere _______
Xtratosphere

In which of these vegetation is farming difficult. ______

Tundra

Temperate rain forest can be found can be found in ______

USA and China

The theory that state that the earth is the center of the universe and all
other heavenly bodies move round it. This theory is called _______
Geocentric

A scientist who used his primitive microscopic in 1665 to observe that plant
materials have cellular structure was ______
Robert Hooke

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 36
The combination of two hydrogen atom and one atom of oxygen will produce
_______
Water

Who among the following scientists will receive the honour of revolution in
chemistry. It goes to ______
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

____ is a substance whose presence in the air is harmful

Pollutant

_____ refers to the release of substances or energy into the environment in

quantities which are harmful to man and other living things
Pollution

The bombing of Japanese cities during the second world war in 1945 was
carried out by the _______
Japan

Which of these towns were destroyed by atomic bombs during the 2nd world
war?
Nagasaki

_____ refers to absorbing and returning of heat to the earth's surface due to
green house gases
global warming

The threat to climate arises from the retention of a level of _____ in the
atmosphere
Carbondioxide

____ is a collection of various computer networks linked together and

communicating by a common protocol
Internet

The term ENIAC simply means _____

Electronic Numeral Integrator and Computer

The first electronic digital computer was assembled in the year ______
1946

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 37
The first communication satelite called "Echos" was launched by the _____
United State

The first step of the Arabs when they came in contact with ancient science
was ______
searched for the writing of the greeks and translated them into their
language

In which region of the world did Islamic knowledge flourish?

East

One significant invention during the dark ages that was not noticed is _____
the convention of rigid horse collar and iron horse shoes

The proposition that "everything that moves is moved by something else" can
be credited to ______
Aristotle

From the point of view of early christians, knowledge on nature was valued
only as a means of _____
Edification

The first scientist-philosopher who attempted to arrange the steps of

scientific method in a logical manner was _______
Francis beacon

The most greatest eminent Muslim Physicist was _______

Ibn-al-Huthaim

The copernican theory of the universe was ______

not based on experimentation

The view of the universe which posited that the sun is at the centre of
universe while the planets revolve round is called ______
heliocentric theory

The view of the author of AlMajest about the earth and other planets is
called ______
geocentric theory

Australopithecus______ was found in 1924 in South Africa

Africanus

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 38
Paradigm conservation in philosophy refers to _______
impractical proposal

Semantic in philosophy is about ______

Language

The philosopher that introduced the principle of falsifiability is called ______

Karl Popper

Falsifiability simply means ______

the principle which take care of statement which cannot be verified

Philosophy with the analysis of concepts and the meaning of words is called
______
Semeiotic

The branch of philosophy which deals with validity and soundness of an

argument is called ______
Logic

All men are mortal, John is a man, therefore John is a mortal. The
conclusion John is Mortal is a _____ knowledge
Deductive

______ is a branch of philosophy that deals with human and thought

Logic

Philosophy of science is hinged on the ________ nature of philosophy

Reflective

According to the Greeks, a philosopher is simply ______

lover of wisdom

Anatomy, physiology, surgery can be categorized as _______

medical science

Physics, chemistry and astronomy can also be described as _____

physical science

Sense perception objects are mostly associated with ______

empirical science

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 39
Physics, chemistry, biology and medical sciences are best described as _____
empirical science

Religion relies on the principle that the universe is generally governed by

____ laws
Spiritual

Logic, physics and statistics will be best described as _____

formal science

Geometry, algebra, trigonometry and arithmethic are examples of ______

formal science

Which of the Australopithecus was discovered in Ethiopia in 1978?

Aferensis

The year ______ seems to be the most important time in early development of
modern science.
1660

_______ formed the first great synthesis of physical knowledge which is the
primary aim of science.
Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton

______ proposed a principle of gravitational attraction

Newton

By using principle of gravitational attraction, ______ was able to explain the

motion of the planets round the sun, the familiar fall to the ground of fruit
from trees, and all other motions which we see on earth.
Newton

_______ is regarded as the first person to attempt to arrange the steps of the
scientific method in a logical manner.
Francis Bacon

In the ______centuries, further advances were made in Mathematics and

Astronomy.
18th and 19th

The person that can be called the ‘Newton of Chemistry’ was a man named
______

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 40
Antoine

_______ discovered that it was a gas, which he named oxygen that enables
combustion (burning) and respiration to take place
Laurent Lavoisier

______ insisted that the central concern of the new chemistry was the use of
gravimetric method.
Lavoisier

Lavoisier insisted that the central concern of the new chemistry was the use
of ______ method.
Gravimetric

______ involves paying particular attention to the weight of the ingredients

involved in chemical reactions and of the products that result.
Gravimetric method

The discovery of Laurent Lavoisier became known as the_______

law of the conservation of mass (or matter)

The revolution in ______ was both a revolution in method as well as in ideas.

Chemistry

The ______ century has been regarded as the beginning of the scientific age
19th

The 19th century has been regarded as the beginning of the ______
scientific age

Living things are built with______.

Cells

In human beings also, the cells which aid reproduction are called______.
Gametes

The gametes from fathers are called _____

sperms

The gametes from mothers are called______.

eggs or ova

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 41
The combination of the sperm of a man and the egg from his wife brings
_____
Pregnancy

The statement that ‘cells are the building blocks of living things’ is called
the_____.
cell theory

______ is called the ‘Newton of Biology’.

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin is called the______.

Newton of Biology

_______ was the first person who attempted to arrange the steps of the
scientific method in a logical manner.
Francis Bacon

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by ______

Charles Darwin

The theory of evolution by natural selection was proposed by Charles

Darwin in______.
1859

The formulation of the cell theory by Theodor Schwann and Matthias

Schleiden took place in ______
1839

______ states that the earth is the centre of the universe and all other
heavenly bodies move round it.
Geocentric theory

Geocentric theory was proposed by______.

Ptolemy of Alexandria

The observation made by Copernicus is called _____

direct observation

The observation made by Galileo is called______.

indirect observation

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 42
______ use his naked eyes to view the heavens while ______ made use of the
telescope.
Copernicus, Galileo

The ______ states that ‘cells are of universal occurrence and are the basic
building blocks of an organism and that cells come from pre-existing cells’.
cell theory

The most disturbing of all the upsetting results of early 20th century
physics was the formulation of Theory of Relativity by _____
Albert Einstein

The most disturbing of all the upsetting results of early 20th century
physics was the formulation of Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein in
_____
1905

Picture phone or videophone is where the callers pictures are transmitted

along with their voices. It was first introduced in_____.
1964

The first communication satellite is called ______

Echo I

The first communication satellite called Echo I was launched by the United
States in______.
1960

A _____ is a transportation vehicle launched into space to transport existing

forms of communication devices, such as camer as, radios, television Etc.
communication satellite

The ______ enables the communication devices to operate at a far greater

distance and add vast amounts of information to man’s knowledge
Satellite

The first electronic digital computer was built in ______

1946

The Internet is a collection of various computer networks, linked together

and communicating by a common protocol known as ______
TCP/IP

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 43
The Internet is an invention of the _____ century.
20th

E-mail means______
Electronic mail

PLEASE PATRONISE US FOR MORE EXAM SUMMARY, PAST QUESTION

AND TMA (30/30) - WHATSAPP 08024665051, 08169595996 Page 44