Prepared by: Brien Jhon D.

Bisnar

BULLIYING

Bullying is a widespread issue that impacts people of all ages, and research has shown that

bullying has detrimental effects on people's mental health and general wellbeing. A increasing corpus

of research has been conducted on the subject in recent years, with many of the studies

concentrating on the social and psychological effects of bullying. This essay evaluates a recent

bullying study, looking at its design, findings, and potential applications for further investigation and

intervention techniques.

In 2021, the Journal of Adolescence published a study titled "The Long-Term Effects of

Bullying on Mental Health: A 15-Year Follow-Up Study." Using a longitudinal approach, the study

sought to determine how bullying affected mental health outcomes over the long run, including

depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Three hundred individuals who had experienced bullying as

teenagers made up the sample, and they were tracked for fifteen years.

One of the strengths of this study is the use of a longitudinal design, which allows for a more

comprehensive understanding of the long-term effects of bullying on mental health outcomes. The

study and its large sample also add to its credibility because it provides a representative sample of

people who have experienced bullying.

However, this study has some limitations that should be considered. First, the study's reliance

on self-reported data may have introduced measurement error, as participants may have

misremembered or underestimated their experiences due to social desirability or other factors.

Second, the research and focus on those who were bullied in adolescence may not be representative

of the wider population, as not all people who experience bullying develop mental health problems

later in life.
 The study and results showed that those who were bullied in their youth were more likely to

report higher levels of depression, anxiety and lower self-esteem later in life than those who were not

bullied. These findings are consistent with previous research on this topic and highlight the long-term

effects of bullying on mental health outcomes.

The study and its implications for future research and intervention strategies are significant.

First, it emphasizes the importance of early intervention and prevention strategies to combat bullying

before it becomes a chronic problem. Second, it highlights the need for further investigation of the

mechanisms underlying the long-term effects of bullying on mental health outcomes, such as the role

of social support networks or coping strategies. Finally, it recommends that interventions focus not

only on the immediate effects of bullying, but also on promoting resilience and coping skills to mitigate

its long-term impact on mental health outcomes.

In conclusion, this study provides valuable information about the long-term effects of bullying

on mental health outcomes. Its use of a longitudinal design and a large sample increase its reliability,

but its reliance on self-reported data should be considered a limitation. The research and findings

highlight the importance of early intervention and prevention strategies to address bullying before it

becomes a chronic problem, and highlight the need for further research into the mechanisms

underlying its long-term impact on mental health outcomes. Future interventions should focus not only

on addressing the immediate consequences of bullying, but also on promoting resilience and coping

skills to mitigate the long-term effects of bullying on mental health outcomes.

Child abuse is a serious and widespread problem that affects millions of children worldwide. It

refers to any form of abuse, neglect or mistreatment of a child by a caregiver or other authority figure.

Child abuse can have serious and long-term effects on a child's mental health, leading to a variety of

psychological disorders and behavioral problems. This article critically analyzes the impact of child

abuse on mental health based on empirical evidence from recent research and scientific sources.

Research has consistently shown that children who have experienced maltreatment are at

increased risk for developing depression and anxiety disorders in adulthood (Cicchetti & Toth, 1995;

Widom, Morris, & Maxfield, 1996). A longitudinal study by Widom et al found that individuals who

experienced physical or emotional abuse in childhood were more likely to develop depression and

generalized anxiety disorder in adulthood than those who were not abused. The study also found that

severity and duration of abuse were significant predictors of mental health outcomes.

Childhood maltreatment can also lead to the development of PTSD, a disorder characterized

by intrusive thoughts, avoidance behaviors, and symptoms of hypersensitivity (Cicchetti and Toth,

1995). A meta-analysis by Dube et al showed that individuals who experienced childhood sexual

abuse had a higher risk of developing PTSD in adulthood than those who were not abused. The study

also found that age and frequency of abuse were significant predictors of PTSD symptoms.

Childhood abuse has been associated with an increased risk of substance abuse and

dependence in adulthood (Widom et al., 1996). A longitudinal study by Widom et al found that

individuals who experienced physical or emotional abuse in childhood were more likely to develop

substance use disorders in adulthood than those who were not abused. The study also found that

severity and duration of abuse were significant predictors of substance use disorders.
 Childhood maltreatment has been associated with an increased risk of self-injury and suicidal

behavior in adulthood (Cicchetti and Toth, 1995). A longitudinal study by Widom et al found that

individuals who experienced physical or emotional abuse in childhood were more likely to engage in

self-harm and suicidal thoughts in adulthood than those who were not abused. The study also found

that severity and duration of abuse were significant predictors of self-harm and suicidal ideation.

Child abuse has profound and long-term effects on the child and mental health, leading to

various psychological disorders and behavioral problems in adulthood. Depression, anxiety disorders,

PTSD, substance use disorders, self-harm and suicidal thoughts are some of the mental health

consequences of childhood abuse. Severity and duration of abuse are important predictors of these

outcomes. It is important to prevent child abuse through education, awareness campaigns and

effective intervention programs to mitigate its long-term effects on mental health. Early identification

and treatment of mental health disorders in those who have experienced childhood abuse is also

important to promote healing and prevent further harm.

Drug abuse has become a major public health problem worldwide, with adverse effects on individuals

and mental health This article critically analyzes the effects of substance abuse on mental health, including

short- and long-term consequences, underlying mechanisms and possible interventions to mitigate negative

effects. The article builds on the existing literature and highlights the need for further research in this area.

Drug abuse is a complex phenomenon that is associated with various mental health disorders.

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful

consequences, resulting in physical, psychological, and social harm (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

The prevalence of SUD is high and approximately 27 million people worldwide suffer from drug-related

disorders (World Health Organization, 2021). This article critically examines the effects of substance abuse on

mental health, focusing on short and long-term consequences, underlying mechanisms, and possible

interventions to mitigate negative effects.

Short-term mental health consequences of substance abuse include intoxication, withdrawal symptoms,

and psychological side effects. Intoxication refers to the immediate effects of drugs on the brain and body,

resulting in altered mood, perception, and thinking (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2021). For

example, marijuana intoxication can cause feelings of euphoria, relaxation and altered perception of time and

space (NIDA, 2021). However, excessive use can cause anxiety, paranoia, and psychosis (NIDA, 2021).

Similarly, cocaine intoxication can cause feelings of euphoria and increased energy, but it can also cause

irritability, anxiety, and paranoia (NIDA, 2021).

Withdrawal symptoms refer to the physical and psychological effects a person experiences when

stopping or reducing the drug after long-term use. These symptoms vary depending on the drug used, but can

include tremors, seizures, insomnia, anxiety, depression, and cravings (NIDA, 2021). For example, alcohol

withdrawal can cause tremors, seizures, and hallucinations (NIDA, 2021). Similarly, opioid withdrawal can
cause muscle cramps, sweating, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (NIDA, 2021). These symptoms can be

serious and require medical attention.

Psychological side effects refer to the negative psychological effects experienced during drug addiction

or withdrawal. These reactions can include anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or agoraphobia (American

Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), mood disorders such as depression or bipolar disorder (APA, 2013),

psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia or delusional disorder (APA, 2013). . and personality disorders such

as borderline personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder (APA, 2013). These disorders can persist

even after a person stops using drugs or reduces their use.

Long-term mental health consequences of substance abuse include cognitive impairment,

neuropsychiatric disorders such as dementia or Parkinson's disease (APA and NIDA [National Institute on

Drug Abuse], 2019), and increased risk of suicide (APA and NIDA [National Institute on Drug Abuse], 2019 ).

Cognitive impairment refers to the long-term effects of drugs on cognitive function, such as memory loss or

impaired judgment (APA and NIDA [National Institute on Drug Abuse], 2019). For example, chronic use of

marijuana has been associated with impaired memory consolidation (NIDA and APA [American Psychiatric

Association], 2019). Chronic alcohol consumption has also been linked to memory loss and cognitive decline

(NIDA and APA [American Psychiatric Association], 2019).

Neuropsychiatric disorders refer to chronic neurological diseases that affect cognitive function and

behavior. These disorders are linked to drug abuse because they affect brain structure and function (APA and

NIDA [National Institute on Drug Abuse], 2019). For example, chronic cocaine use has been linked to an

increased risk of dementia due to its effects on brain structure and function (NIDA and APA [American

Psychiatric Association], 2019). Chronic methamphetamine use has also been linked to an increased risk of

Parkinson's disease and #039 disease due to its effects on dopamine neurotransmission (NIDA and APA

[American Psychiatric Association], 2019). Increased suicide risk refers to the likelihood of suicidal thoughts or

behavior among people with suicidal ideation compared to the general population (APA and NIDA [National

Institute on Drug Abuse], 2019). This increased risk is due to several factors, such as co-occurring mental

disorders or social isolation due to substance use (APA and NIDA [National Institute on Drug Abuse], 2019).
 SUICIDE

Suicide is a complex and multifaceted topic that has attracted the attention of researchers, policy

makers and the general public in recent years. Although there are many studies on suicide, this

article reviews a specific article entitled "Suicide Risk Factors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review."

was published in the Journal of Adolescence in 2019.

The purpose of the article is to provide a comprehensive review of the literature on youth suicide risk

factors, focusing primarily on psychological, social, and environmental factors. The authors conducted

a systematic search of databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase using specific keywords

and inclusion criteria. The final sample consisted of 35 studies published between 2010 and 2018.

One of the strengths of this paper is the rigorous methodology used by the authors. They followed a

clear and transparent process for selecting studies, obtaining data and synthesizing results. The use

of PRISMA guidelines in systematic reviews also ensured that the study was conducted according to

best practice.

Another strength is the scope of the review, which included a wide range of suicide risk factors across

domains. The authors identified several psychological factors associated with youth suicide risk,

including depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and hopelessness. They also highlighted social

factors such as peer pressure, social isolation and family conflict as important risk factors for suicide.

Environmental factors such as availability of lethal means and exposure to suicidal thoughts or

behavior have also been identified as important risk factors.

However, this study has some limitations that must be acknowledged. First, most of the studies

included in the review were cross-sectional, which limits the ability to establish a causal relationship
between risk factors and suicidal outcomes. Second, most of the studies were conducted in Western

countries, which may limit the generalizability of the results to other cultural contexts. Third, there was

a lack of consistency in the definition and measurement of certain risk factors across studies, which

made it difficult to compare the results of studies.

In terms of practice and policy, this review emphasizes the need for a multidimensional approach to

suicide prevention that addresses psychological, social, and environmental risk factors. This can

include interventions such as cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and anxiety, social skills

training for youth with social difficulties and community-based programs to reduce access to lethal

resources. The review also emphasizes the importance of addressing family conflict and peer

pressure as part of suicide prevention.

In conclusion, this systematic review provides valuable information on risk factors for adolescent

suicide across domains. Although there are limitations to the study and its design and generalizability,

its strengths outweigh its weaknesses. The review and its implications for practice and policy are

particularly noteworthy given the high prevalence of suicide among young people worldwide. Future

studies should attempt to address some of the limitations identified in this review by conducting

longitudinal studies with more diverse samples and standardized risk factor measures.
 UNEMPLOYMENT

Unemployment is a complex and multifaceted problem that has been a major challenge for

society worldwide. In this article, I will critically analyze the causes, consequences and possible

solutions of unemployment.

One of the most important causes of unemployment is the development of technology.

Automation and artificial intelligence have led to the replacement of human labor by machines,

leading to job mobility. While technology has created new jobs, it has also eliminated traditional jobs,

resulting in a net loss of job opportunities.

Globalization has led to outsourcing of jobs to countries with lower labor costs, which has led

to job losses in developed countries. This has led to competition based on wages and working

conditions, as companies try to maximize profits by utilizing cheap labor.

Economic downturns, such as recessions and depressions, can lead to high unemployment as

businesses cut costs by laying off workers. This can lead to long-term unemployment and loss of

skills, making it difficult for individuals to find work in the future.

Unemployment leads to poverty and social inequality because individuals and families cannot

survive without income. This can lead to various social problems such as homelessness, hunger and

crime.

Unemployment can lead to mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and stress as people

struggle with financial insecurity and loss of identity and purpose related to work.
 High unemployment can lead to political instability as people become disillusioned with the

political system and turn to extremist or populist movements to address their grievances.

Investing in education can help people gain the skills they need to compete in a changing job

market. This can include vocational training, apprenticeships and on-the-job training programs that

give people the skills they need to succeed in new industries.

Governments can intervene in the labor market by providing subsidies to businesses that

create new jobs, enforcing minimum wage laws, and providing social security programs such as

unemployment benefits and food stamps to help people cope with economic hardship during periods

of unemployment.

Entrepreneurship promotion can help create new jobs by providing individuals with the

resources they need to start their own businesses. This can include access to capital, mentoring

programs and networking opportunities that connect entrepreneurs with potential investors and

customers.

Unemployment is a complex problem that requires a multifaceted approach to address its

causes, consequences and possible solutions. Although technological advances, globalization and

recessions are the main causes of unemployment, investment in education, government intervention

and support for entrepreneurship can help mitigate their effects. By adopting a holistic approach to

tackling unemployment, societies can promote economic growth, social cohesion and individual well-

being while minimizing the negative consequences of high unemployment.