MA3151- ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I UNIT-I MATRICES

UNIT-I - MATRICES
PAR T-A

1. Write the method of finding characteristic equation of a 3x3 matrix and 2x2 matrix.
The characteristic equation of a 3x3 matrix is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal elements.
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements.
S3 = Det (A) =|A|
The characteristic equation of a 2x2 matrix is  2  S1  S 2  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal elements.
S2 = Det (A) =|A|
1 2
2. Find the characteristic equation of the matrix   [A.U MAY 2003]
 0 2
Solution:
The characteristic equation is  2  S1  S 2  0
S1 = sum of main diagonal elements
= 1+2=3
S2 = Det (A) =|A|
1 2
=
0 2
S2 = 2-0 = 2
The characteristic equation is 2  3  2  0 .

 2 3 1 
 
3. Find the characteristic equation of  3 1 3 
  5 2  4
 
Solution:
The characteristic equation is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 2+1-4 = -1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 3 2 1 2 3
= + +
2 4 5 4 3 1
= (-4-6)+(-8+5)+(2+9) = -10+(-3)+11 = -2
S3 = Det (A) =|A|
2 3 1
= 3 1 3
5 2 4
= 2(-4-6)-(-3)(-12+15)+1(6+5)
= 2(-10) +3(3) +1(11) = -20+9+11= 0
The characteristic equation is 3  2  2  0

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 1 1 0
 
4. Find the Eigen values of   1 2 1  [A.U M/J 2010]
 0 1 1
 
Solution:
The characteristic equation is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
S1 = 1+2+1=4
2 1 1 0 1 1
S2 = + +
1 1 0 1 1 2
= (2-1)+(1-0)+(2-1) = 3
1 1 0
S3 =  1 2 1 = 1(2-1)+(-1-0)+0 = 0
0 1 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is 3  42  3  0  0
To find the Eigen values
3  42  3  0  0
(2 -4+3) = 0
= 0, (2 -4+3) = 0
(-1)(-3) = 0
 = 1, 3
The Eigen values are 1, 3, and 0.

5. Write down the properties of Eigen values.

Solution:
(i) The sum of the Eigen values of a matrix is the sum of the elements of main diagonal
(ii) The product of the Eigen values is equal to the determinant of the matrix.
(iii) The Eigen values of the triangular matrix are just the diagonal element of the matrix
(iv) If  is an Eigen value of a matrix A, then 1 , (0) is Eigen value of A-1

(v) If 1, 2, ………n are the Eigen values of a matrix A, then Am has a Eigen values
1m ,  m2 ,.......  mn
2 1 2 
6. Find the sum & product of the Eigen values of the matrix A= 1 3 1  [A.U M/J 2014]
2 1  6
Solution:
Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 2+3-6=-1
Product of the Eigen value = |A|
3 1 1 1 1 3
2 1 2
1 6 2 6 2 1
= 2(-18-1)-1(-6-2)+2(1-6) = - 40
Sum = -1 and Product = - 40

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 8 6 2 
7. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of the matrix A=  6 7  4 [A.U A/M 2015]
 2  4 3 
Solution:
Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 8+7+3=18
Product of the Eigen value = |A|
7 4 6 4 6 7
8 6 2
4 3 2 3 2 4
= 8(21-16) +6 (-18+8)+2(24-14)
= 40-60+20 = 0
Sum = 18 and Product = 0
 6 2 2 
 
8. The product of two Eigen values of the matrix A=   2 3  1 is 16. Find the third Eigen
 2 1 3 
 
value of A. [A.U JAN 2012, M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given: The product of two Eigen values of A is 16
(i.e) 12 =16
By property, Product of Eigen values = |A|
123 = |A|
6 2 2
163 =  2 3 1
2 1 3
= 6(9-1)+2(-6+2)+2(2-6)= 32
32
3 = =2
16
The third Eigen value is 2.
 8 6 2 
 
9. Two Eigen values of the matrix A =  6 7 4  are 3 and 0. What is the third Eigen value?
 2 4 3 
 
What is the product of the Eigen values of A? [A.U A/M 2017 N/D 2022]
Solution:
Given: If 1 = 3, 2 = 0, and 3 =?
By property, Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonals.
1+2+3 = 8+7+3= 18
3+0+3 = 18
3 = 18 - 3 = 15
By property, Product of the Eigen values = |A|
(3)(0)(15) = |A|
|A| = 0
The third Eigen value is 15, The product of the Eigen values of A is 0.

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 8 6 2 
 
10. If 3 and 15 are two Eigen values of the matrix A =  6 7 4  then find the third
 2 4 3 
 
Eigen value and hence = |A| [A.U A/M 2018]
Solution:
Given: If 1 = 3, 2 = 15, and 3 =?
By property, Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonals.
1+2+3 = 8+7+3= 18
3+15+3 = 18
3 = 18 - 18 = 0
By property, Product of the Eigen values = |A|
(3)(15)(0) = |A|
|A| = 0
The third Eigen value is 0, The product of the Eigen values of A is 0.

2  2 2 
 
11. If 2 is an Eigen value of A =  1 1 1  . Find other two values.
 1 3  1
 
Solution:
Given: 1 = 2
By property, WKT, 1+2+3 = 2+1-1= 2
2+2+3 = 2
2+3 = 0 (1)
By property, WKT, 1 2 3 = |A|
2 2 3 = 2 (-1-3)+2(-1-1)+2(3-1)
= 2(-4)+2(-2)+2(2)
= -8
2 3 = - 4 (2)
(1)  3 = -2
Sub in (2),   22 = - 4, 2 =  2
If 2 = 2, then 3 = -2
2 = -2, then 3 = 2
Other Eigen values are (2,-2) (or) (-2, 2)

12. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of a 3x3 matrix A whose characteristic equation
is 3  72  36  0 [A.U N/D 2017]
Solution:
Given: 3  72  36  0
WKT, The characteristic equation is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0 .
Where, S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements.
S3 = Det (A) =|A|
By a property, Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the main diagonal elements = S1 = 7
By a property, The product of the Eigen values = The determinant of the matrix = S3 = - 36

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13. If the sum of two Eigen values and trace of a 3x3 matrix A are equal, find the value of |A|
Solution: [A.U N/D 2016]
Sum of two Eigen values = Trace of a 3x3 matrix (Sum of the Eigen values)
(i.e) 1+2 = 1+2+3
0 = 3
By property, Product of Eigen values = |A|
123 = |A|
12(0) = |A|
|A| = 0
14. Given a matrix of order three whose Eigen values are 1, 1 and 1. Find its determinant.
Solution: [A.U A/M 2010]
Given: 1= 1, 2=1 and 3=1
By property, Product of Eigen values = |A|
123 = |A|
1x1x1= |A|
|A | = 1
 7 2 0 
15. Find the Eigen values of a matrix  2 6 2  corresponding to the Eigen vector [-4 –2 4]T
 0 2 5 
Solution: [A.U N/D 2015]
 7 2 0 
Let A =  2 6 2  and X = [-4 –2 4]T
 0 2 5 
WKT [A-  I]X = 0.
7    2 0   4 0
  2 6    2   2 = 0
    
 0  2 5     4  0
 28  4  4  0 0
 8  12  2  8   0
   
 0  4  20  4  0
-24+4  = 0
4  = 24
 = 6.
Hence the corresponding Eigen value is 6.
2 0 1
16. If 2, 3 are the Eigen values of 0 2 0 , then find the value of b. [A.U N/D 2014]
b 0 2
Solution:
2 0 1
Given A = 0 2 0
b 0 2

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Let λ1, λ2, λ3 be the Eigen values of A
Given:  1=2,  2=3
We know that, 1+2+3 = sum of the main diagonal elements
2+3+  3 = 2+2+2
5+  3 =6
 3= 6-5 =1

We know that, 123 = |A|

2 0 1
(2)(3)(1) = 0 2 0
b 0 2
6 = 2(4-0)-0(0-0) +1(0-2b)
6 = 8-2b
2b = 8-6
2b = 2
b=1
 a 4
17. Find the constant a and b such that the matrix   has 3 and -2 as its Eigen values.
1 b
Solution: [A.U A/M 2017]
 a 4 
Given: A    and 1= 3, 2 = -2
 1 b 
By property, Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonals.
1+ 2 = a+b
3-2 = a+b
(1)
(i.e) a+b = 1
By property, product of the Eigen values = |A|
a 4
1 2 =
1 b
-6 = ab-4
-6+4 = ab
-2 = ab (2)
From (1), b =1-a
Sub in (2)
a (1-a) = -2
a - a2 = -2
2
a – a-2=0
(a - 2) (a + 1) = 0
a = 2, a = -1
If a = 2, b = -1
and if a = -1, b = 2

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18. Find the symmetric matrix A, where Eigen values are 1 and 3 with corresponding
1  1
Eigenvectors   and   [A.U JAN 2013]
 1   1
 a1 b1 
Solution: Let A=   be the matrix
a2 b2 
Characteristic equation is (λ-1) (λ-3) = 0
λ2- 4λ+3 = 0
Therefore, λ=1, λ=3
Case 1: λ=1
 a1  1 b1   1   0 
 a     
 2 b 2  1    1   0 
a1-1- b1 = 0
a1 -b1 = 1 -----(1)
a2 - (b2-1) =0
a2 - b2+1=0
a2 - b2 =-1 -----(2)
Case 2: λ=3
 a1  3 b1   1  0
 a      
 2 b2  31 0
a1 -3+b1 = 0
a1+b1 = 3 ----- (3)
a2+b2-3 = 0
a2+b2-3= 0
a2+b2 = 3 ---- (4)
Adding (4) and (2) we get,
a2+b2 = 3
a2 -b2= -1
2a2 = 2
a2=1 -----(5)
Adding (1) and (3) we get
a1 -b1 =1
a1+b1=3
2a1 = 4
4
a1 = = 2
2
a1 = 2
sub (5) in (2) 1-b2 = -1
-b2 = -1-1
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b2 = 2 -----(6)
Sub (6) in (3) 2+b1 = 3
b1 = 3-2
b1 = 1
 a1 b1  2 1
Therefore A =  =  
a2 b2  1 2
19. If  is an Eigen value of a matrix then S.T 1 (or ) 1 is a Eigen Value of A-1 (where   0).

Proof: [A.U N/D 2017]
Let X be an Eigen vector corresponding to , then AX = X
Premultiply by A-1 on both sides, we get
A-1AX = A-1 X
IX =  A-1 X
X =  A-1 X
1 X = A-1 X

(i.e) A-1 X = 1 X

This shows that 1 is the Eigen values of A-1


20. If  is an Eigen value of a square matrix A, then prove that  2 is an Eigen value of A 2 .
Proof: [A.U M/J 2014, 2016, A/M 2019]
We know that,
AX  X ............(1)
Pre multiplying on both sides of (1) by A, We get
A AX   A X 
A 2 X    AX 
A2 X     X  by 1
A X  X
2 2

Hence if  is an Eigen value of A, then 2 is an Eigen value of A 2

21. Prove that any square matrix A and its transpose have the same Eigenvalues. [A.U N/D 2019]
Proof:
We have ( A   I )  A   I   A   I
 A   I  ( A   I )  A   I ( A  A )
 A   I  0 iff A   I  0
 A and A have the same Eigen values.

22. If 1 and 2 are Eigen values of 2x2 matrix A what are the Eigen values of A2 and A-1 ?
Solution: [A.U M/J 2010]
Given: 1=1, 2=2
By property, we know that, “The Eigen values of A2 are 12 and  22 "

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Therefore, the Eigen values of A2 are 1, 4
1 1
We know that, The Eigen values of A-1 are and
1 2
1 1
The Eigen values of A-1 are and
1 2
 3 1 4
 
23. Find the Eigen values of A-1, where A=  0 2 6  . [A.U. M/J 2013,JAN 2022]
0 0 5
 
Solution:
W.K.T the given matrix is an upper triangular matrix.
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 3, 2, 5
1 1 1
By the property the Eigen values of A-1 are , ,
3 2 5
 2 2 1 
 
24. Two Eigen values of the matrix  1 3 1  are equal to one each. Find the Eigen value of A-1
1 2 2
 
Solution: [A.U Nov 2002]
 2 2 1
 
Given: A   1 3 1 
1 2 2
 
1= 1, 2=1
By property, Sum of the Eigen values = sum of the main diagonals
1+2+3 = 2+3+2
1+1+3 = 7
3 = 7-2 = 5
-1
Eigen values of A are 1, 1, 1/5
2 1 0
25. Find the Eigen values of the inverse of the matrix A= 0 3 4 [A.U M/J 2014]
0 0 4
Solution:
Given: A is a upper triangular matrix
Hence the Eigen values are 2, 3, and 4
1 1 1
By the property the Eigen values of A1 are , ,
2 3 4
26. If 2,-1,-3 are the Eigen values of the matrix A then find the Eigen values of the
matrix A 2 , I , 2 I , A2  2 I [A.U M/J 2014, N/D 2015,JAN 2022]
Solution:
Given: The Eigen values of A are 2,-1,-3
The Eigen values of A 2 are 4, 1, and 9
The Eigen values of I are 1, 1, 1
The Eigen values of 2 I are 2, 2, 2

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The Eigen values of A2  2 I are (4, 1, 9) - (2, 2, 2) = 4-2, 1-2, 9-2 = 2,-1, 7

 1 2 
27. What are the Eigen values of the matrix A+3I .If the Eigen values of the matrix A =  
 5 4 
are 6 & -1? Why? [A.U N/D 2015]
Solution:
If  1 &  2 are the Eigen values of A, then the Eigen values of A+KI are K+  1, K+  2
Here  1=6,  2= -1
The Eigen values of A+3I are 3+6 = 9, 3-1 = 2.
 The Eigen values of A+3I are 9, 2

28. If the Eigen values of the matrix A of order 3x3 are 2, 3 and 1, then find the Eigen values of
adjoint of A. [A.U M/J 2016]
Solution:
Given: The Eigen values of A are 2, 3, 1.
1 1
The Eigen values of A-1 are , ,1
2 3
1
Formula: Adj A = A A
A = Product of the Eigen values of A = (2) (3) (1) = 6.
 Adj A= 6A-1
1 1
 The Eigen values of Adj A = 6   , 6   , 6 1 i.e., 3, 2, 6.
 2  3

29. If the Eigen values of the matrix A of order 3x3 are 2, 3 and 1, then find the determinant of A.
Solution: [A.U A/M 2019]
Given: The Eigen values of A are 2, 3, 1.
A = Product of the Eigen values of A = (2) (3) (1) = 6.

30. Show that the Eigen values of a null matrix are zero. [A.U A/M 2018]
Solution:
0 0 0
Let A = 0 0 0 
0 0 0 
0   0 0 
A   I   0 0 0   0
 0 0 0   
 
= 0     2  0
 3  0
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 0, 0, 0

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 cos  sin  
31. Show that A =   is orthogonal [A.U M/J 2011]
  sin  cos  
Solution:
 cos  sin   T  cos   sin  
Given: A =   ; A =  
  sin  cos    sin  cos 
 cos  sin    cos   sin  
AAT =    
  sin  cos    sin  cos 
 cos 2   sin 2   sin  cos  sin   cos 
= 

  sin  cos  sin  cos cos 2   sin 2  
1 0
=   = I
0 1
AAT = I.
A is orthogonal.

1 0
32. Can A=   be diagonalized? Why? [A.U Jan 2010, 2012]
0 1
Solution:
The matrix A is diagonalized if A is symmetric and orthogonal
 D = NTAN
1 0 1 0 1 0
AAT =     =   = A
0 1 0 1 0 1
Therefore A is orthogonal
A=AT
A is symmetric
Hence A be diagonalized

33. State Cayley- Hamilton theorem. [A.U A/M 2011, N/D 2014&2023]
Every square matrix which satisfies its own characteristic equation.

 1  2
34. Show that the matrix   satisfies its own characteristic Equation. [A.U. MAY 2001]
2 1 
Solution:
 1  2
Given: A=  
2 1 
Its characteristic equation  2  S1  S 2  0
S1=1+1=2
1 2
S2= =1+4=5
2 1
 The characteristic equation λ2-2λ+5 = 0

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By Cayley Hamilton theorem, We have to show that A2-2A+5I = 0
 1  2  1  2  1  4  2  2   3  4
A2 =     =   =  
 2 1   2 1   2  2  4 1  4  3
  3  4  1  2 1 0
A2-2A+5 I =   - 2   + 5  
 4  3 2 1  0 1
  3  4   2 4   5 0   0 0 
=   +   +   =  
 4  3   4  2  0 5   0 0 
The matrix A satisfies its own characteristic equation.

1 4
35. If A=   find A-1 using Cayley Hamilton theorem [A.U Dec 2003]
 2 3 
Solution:
1 4
Given: A=  
 2 3
Its characteristic equation  2  S1  S 2  0
S1 = 1+3 = 4
1 4
S2 = = 3-8 = -5
2 3
 The characteristic equation is λ2-4λ-5 = 0
(i.e) A2-4A-5I=0
-1
Premultiply by A on both sides
A- 4I-5A-1 = 0
-5A-1 = -A+4I
5A-1 = A- 4I
1 4  4 0  3 4 
5A-1 =   -   =  
 2 3   0 4   2  1
1  3 4 
A-1 =  
5  2  1
1 4
36. If A=   then find 2 A2  8 A  10 I , Where I is the unit matrix? [A.U N/D 2019]
 2 3
Solution:
1 4
Given: A =  
 2 3
Its characteristic equation  2  S1  S 2  0
S1 = 1+3 = 4
1 4
S2 = = 3-8 = -5
2 3
 The characteristic equation λ2- 4λ - 5 = 0
(i.e.) A2- 4A- 5I = 0
 2 A2  8 A  10 I  2( A2  4 A  5 I )  0

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37. Write the matrix of the quadratic form Q=3x2+2y2-4xy

Solution:
Formula: The matrix of the quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
 coeff x 2
coeff xy
2
coeff xz 
   3 2 0 
1 1  
Q   coeff yx coeff y 2
coeff yz  A   2 2 0 
2 2 
1   0 0 0
1  
 coeff zx coeff zy coeff z  3

 2 2 
This is the required matrix of the given quadratic form.

38. Write down the matrix of the quadratic form 2x2+8z2+4xy+10xz-2yz . [A.U. M/J 2013]
Solution:
Formula: The matrix of the quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
 coeff x coeff xy coeff xz 
2 2
  2 2 5 
 1 1  
Q  coeff yx coeff y 2
coeff yz    2 0 1
2 2 
1 1   5 1 8 
 coeff zx coeff zy coeff z 
3

 2 2 

39. Write down the matrix corresponding to the quadratic form 2 x12  5 x22  4 x1 x2  2 x3 x1 .
Solution: [A.U N/D 2016]
Formula: The matrix of the quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
 coeff x1 2
coeff x1 x 2
2
coeff x1 x3 
 1   2 2 1
1
A   coeff x 2 x1 2
coeff x 2 coeff x 2 x3  A   2 5 0 
 2 2   1 0 0
 1 coeff of x x 1 coeff x x 2   
coeff x3
 2 3 1
2
3 2 

 2 0  2
40. Write down the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix  0 2 1  . [A.U JAN 2013]
 2 1  2
 a11 a12 a13   2 0  2
Solution: Let a21 a22 a23  =  0 2 1 
a31 a32 a33   2 1  2

Formula: The general form is:

= a11 x1  a 22 x 2  a 33 x 3  2 ( a12 ) x1 x 2  2 ( a 23 ) x 2 x 3  2 ( a13 ) x1 x 3
2 2 2
, Since x i x j  x j x i
= 2 x12  2 x 22  2 x 32  2 (0 ) x1 x 2  2 (1) x 2 x 3  2 ( 2 ) x1 x 3
= 2 x12  2 x 22  2 x 32  2 x 2 x 3  4 x1 x 3

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41. Define Index and signature of the quadratic form.

INDEX:
The number of positive square terms in the canonical form is called the index of the quadratic
form.
 The number of positive square term is index = S.

SIGNATURE:
The difference of number of positive and negative terms= S-(r-S) = 2S-r is called the signature
of the quadratic form.

42. Write down the nature of the quadratic form.

Solution:
The quadratic form Q = XTAX in n variables is said to be,
a. Positive definite: If all the Eigen values of A are positive numbers.
b. Negative definite: If all the Eigen values of A are negative numbers.
c. Positive semi-definite : If all the Eigen values of A≥0 and at least one Eigen value is zero
d. Negative semi-definite : If all the Eigen values of A≤0 and at least one Eigen value is zero
e. Indefinite: If A has both positive and negative Eigen values.

43. When is a Q.F is said to be singular? What is its rank then? [A.U M/J 2016]
Solution:
If the rank of A is r < n (number of variables) then the quadratic form is singular. Rank of the
Matrix A is the rank of a quadratic form.
 2 1 1 
 
44. Find the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is   1 2  1 [A.U M/J 2010]
 1 1 2 
 
Solution:
 2 1 1 
 
Given: A =   1 2  1
 1 1 2 
 
D1= 2 = 2 (+ ve)
2 1
D2= = 3 (+ ve)
1 2
2 1 1
D3 = 1 2 1 =2(4-1) + 1(-2+1) + 1(1-2) = 4 (+ve)
1 1 2
The quadratic form is said to be Positive definite.

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 1 0 0 
45. Give the nature of the quadratic form whose matrix is  0  1 0 
 [A.U A/M 2015]
 0 0  2
Solution:
 1 0 0 
Given: Q=  0  1 0 

 0 0  2
D1=  1 = -1(-ve)
1 0
D2= =1(+ve)
0 1
1 0 0
D3= 0 1 0 =-1(2-0)-0(0-0)+0(0-0)= -2(-ve)
0 0 2
The quadratic form is said to be negative definite.

46. Discuss the nature of the quadratic form 3 x12  3 x 22  5 x 32  2 x1 x 2  6 x 2 x 3  6 x1 x 3 .

Solution:
Given: The quadratic form is 3 x12  3 x 22  5 x 32  2 x1 x 2  6 x 2 x 3  6 x1 x 3
 2 1 1 
 coeff x1 2
coeff x1 x 2
2
coeff x1 x3 
3  1  3
 1 1   
Q   coeff x 2 x1 coeff x 22 coeff x 2 x3  =   1 3  3 
 2 2   
 1 coeff of x x 1 coeff x x 2    3  3  5
coeff x3
 2 3 1
2
3 2 
D1 = 3 = 3 (+ve)
3 1
D2 = = 8 (+ve)
1 3
3 1 3
D3 = 1 3 3 = 3(-15-9) + 1(5-9) - 3(3+9) = -112(-ve)
3 3 5

The quadratic form is said to be indefinite.

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47. Identify the nature, index & Signature of the quadratic form 2x1x2+2x2x3+2x3x1.
Solution: [A.U N/D 2015]
The matrix of the quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
 coeff x 2
coeff xy
2
coeff xz 
  0 1 1
1 1  
Q   coeff yx coeff y 2
coeff yz   1 0 1
2 2 
1  1 1 0
1  
 coeff zx coeff zy coeff z 
3

 2 2 

D1 = 0 = 0
0 1
D2 = = -1(-ve) ,
1 0
0 1 1
D3 = 1 0 1 = 0(0-1) - 1(0-1) + 1(1-0) = 1+1 = 2(ve)
1 1 0
 The quadratic form is indefinite.
Index = Number of positive square term = S = 3
Rank of the matrix = r = 3
Signature = 2S- r = 6 – 3 = 3.
 1 4
48. Given that  ,  are the Eigen values of the matrix A    , form the matrix whose
 2 3
Eigen values are  2 ,  2 ? [A.U N/D 2020]
Solution:
If 1 ,  2 ,..... n are Eigen values of A , then 1K ,  K2 ,......  Kn , are Eigen values of A K for any
positive integer.

1 4
Let A    ,  ,  are be the Eigen values.
 2 3
A 2  A. A
1 4 1 4
=    
 2 3  2 3

1  8 4  12 
  
1  6 8  9 
 9 16 
  
 7 17 
 9 16 
   is the matrix whose Eigen values are  2 ,  2 .
 7 17 

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49. If the canonical form in three variables u, v, w is given by 3v 2  15w2 corresponding to a

quadratic form, then state the nature, index, Signature and rank of the quadratic form.
Solution: [A.U N/D 2020]
Nature of the quadratic form: Positive semi definite
[All Eigen values are positive and zero]
Index: 2
[Number of positive term in canonical form is 2]
Signature: 2
[(Number of positive term in canonical form) – (Number of
negative term in canonical form) = 2]
Rank: 2
[Number of terms in canonical form (r) = 2]

. 50. Write down the matrix for the following quadratic form: 2 x12  2 x 22  4 x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  6 x 2 x3
[A.U JAN 2022]
Solution:
Given: The quadratic form is 2 x12  2 x 22  4 x32  2 x1 x2  6 x1 x3  6 x 2 x3
 2 1 1 
 coeff x1 2
coeff x1 x 2
2
coeff x1 x3 
 2 1 3 
 1 1   
Q   coeff x 2 x1 coeff x 22 coeff x 2 x3  =  0 2 3 
 2 2  0 0 4 
1
 coeff of x x 1  
coeff x3 x 2 coeff x3 
2
 2 3 1
2 
51. Prove that x 2  y 2  4 z 2  4 xy  2 yz  6 xz is indefinite. [AU A/M 2022]

Solution:
Given: x 2  y 2  4 z 2  4 xy  2 yz  6 xz
1 2 3
 
The matrix form is  2 1 1 
 3 1 4
 
D1  a11  1  1

a11 a12 1 2
D2    1  4  5
a21 a22 2 1

a11 a12 a13 1 2 3

D3  a21 a22 a23  2  1 1  20
a31 a32 a33 3 1 4

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 It is indefinite.
1 2 3
 
52. Write the quadratic form corresponding to the matrix A =  2 2 4  [A.U N/D 2022]
 3 4 3 
 
Solution:
 a11 a12 a13   1 2 3 
 a a a    2 2 4 
Let  21 22 23   
 a31 a32 a33   3 4 3 
Formula: The general form is
= a11 x1  a 22 x2  a33 x3  2( a12 ) x1 x2  2( a 23 ) x2 x3  2( a12 ) x1 x3 , since xi x j  x j xi
2 2 2

= x  2 x  3 x  4 x1 x 2  6 x1 x3  8 x2 x3
2 2 2
1 2 3

 3 0 0
1

2

52. Find the eigen values of A and A if A =  8 4 0  [A.U N/D 2023]
6 2 5
 
Solution:
Since A is lower triangular, the eigen values of A are 3, 4 and 5
1 1 1
 The eigen values of A 1 are , ,
3 4 5
2
The eigen values of A are 9,16,25

53. If  is an eigenvalue of a matrix A, then prove that  2 is an eigenvalue of A 2 .[A.U A/M 2024]

Solution:

Since,  is an eigenvalue of a matrix A

 AX  X  A AX   AX   A 2 X    AX 

 A 2 X   X 

 A 2 X  2 X .

  2 is an eigenvalue of A 2 .

1 1 3
54. If x   1,0,1 is the eigenvalue of the matrix A  1 5 1 ,then find corresponding eigenvalue.
T

3 1 1
[A.U A/M 2024]

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Solution:
1   1 3   1
 A  I  X 0 
 1 5 1   0   0
 3 1 1     1 

 1     0  3  0

   2

 1
 Eigenvalue corresponding to the eigenvector  0  is   2 .
 1 

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PART-B
Non-Symmetric Matrix With Non-Repeated Eigen values
1 1 4 
 
1. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  3 2  1 [A.U JAN 2011]
 2 1  1
 
Solution:
1 1 4 
 
Given: A=  3 2  1
 2 1  1
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
= 1+2-1=2
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 1 1 4 1 1
= + +
1 1 2 1 3 2
= (-2+1) + (-1-8) + (2+3) = -1-9+5 = -5
S3 = Det (A) = |A|
1 1 4
= 3 2  1 = 1(-2+1) + 1(-3+2) + 4(3-4)
2 1 1
= 1(-1) + 1(-1) + 4(-1) = -1-1-4 = - 6
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  22  5  6  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
If =1 By synthetic division 1 1 -2 -5 6
0 1 -1 -6
1 -1 -6 0

Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by 2    6  0

(+2)(-3) = 0
 = -2, 3
Therefore Eigen values are1,-2, 3

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve: (A-λI) X = 0
 1  1 4   1 0 0   x1   0 
       
  3 2  1     0 1 0   x 2    0 
 2 1  1  0 0 1   x   0 
   3   

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 1   1    x1   0 
4
    
 3 2  1  x 2    0 
 21  1      x 3   0 
(1-λ) x1- x2+4x3 = 0
3x1+ (2-λ) x2- x3 = 0 ….(1)
2x1+x2+ (-1-λ) x3 = 0
Case 1: Substitute λ=1 in, (1) we get
0x1-x2+4x3 = 0 …. (2)
3x1+x2-x3 = 0 …. (3)
2x1+ x2- 2x3 = 0 …. (4)
Solving (2) and (3) by cross multiplication rule, we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 4 0 -1
1 -1 3 1
x1 x2 x3
 
1  4 12  0 03
x1 x2 x
   3
3 12 3
x1 x2 x
   3
1 4 1
  1
 
Therefore X1 =  4 
1
 
Case 2: Substitute λ = -2 in (1), we get
3x1-x2+4x3 = 0 ….(5)
3x1+4x2-x3 = 0 ….(6)
2x1+x2+x3 = 0 ….(7)
Solving (5) and (6) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 4 3 -1
4 -1 3 4
x1 x2 x3
 
1  16 12  3 12  3
x1 x x
  2  3
 15 15 15
x1 x x
  2  3
1 1 1

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  1
 
Therefore X2 =  1 
1
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=3 in (1) we get
-2x1-x2+4x3=0 …. (8)
3x1-x2-x3=0 …. (9)
2x1+x2-4x3=0 …. (10)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 4 -2 -1
-1 -1 3 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
1  4 12  2 2  3
x1 x2 x3
  
5 10 5
x1 x x
  2  3
1 2 1
1
 
Therefore X3=  2 
1
 
  1   1 1
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1,-2, 3 and the Eigenvectors are  4  ,  1  ,  2
1 1 1
     
1 2 1
 
2. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A   6  1 0  [A.U Jan 2013]
  1  2  1
 

Solution:
1 2 1
 
Given: A   6  1 0 
  1  2  1
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=1-1-1 =-1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 0 1 1 1 2
= + + = -12
 2 1 1 1 6 1
S3 = Det (A)=|A|

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1 2 1
= 6 1
0 =0
1  2 1
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  2 12  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
3  2 12  0
λ(λ2+λ-12) = 0
λ(λ+4)(λ-3) = 0
λ = 0,-4,3
Hence the Eigen values are 0, - 4, 3
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 1 2 1  1 0 0   x1   0 
       
 6  1 0     0 1 0   x 2    0 
  1  2  1  0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
1   2 1   x1   0 
     
  6  1   0   x 2    0 

  1 2  1     x3   0 

(1-λ) x1+2x2+x3=0
6x1+(-1-λ)x2+0x3=0 …(1)
-x1-2x2+(-1-λ)x3=0
Case 1: Substitute λ=0 in (1), we get
x1+2x2+x3=0 ….(2)
6x1-x2+0x3=0 ….(3)
-x1-2x2-x3=0 ….(4)
 x1+2x2+x3 = 0
 6x1-x2 = 0
 x1+2x2+x3 = 0
Since (2) and (4) are same
x1 x2 x3
2 1 1 2
-1 0 6 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
0  1 6  0  1  12
x1 x x
  2  3
1 6  13

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 1 
 
Therefore X1=  6 
 13
 
Case 2: Substitute λ= - 4 in (1), we get
5x1+2x2+x3=0 …(5)
6x1+3x2+0x3=0 …(6)
-x1-2x2+3x3=0 …(7)
Solving (5) and (6)
x1 x2 x3
2 1 5 2
3 0 6 3
x1 x x3
 2 
3 6 15  12
x1 x x
  2  3
3 6 3
x1 x x
  2  3
1 2 1
  1
 
Therefore X2=  2 
1
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
-2x1+2x2+x3=0 ….(8)
6x1 - 4x2+0x3=0 ….(9)
-x1 -2x2 - 4x3=0 ….(10)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
2 1 -2 2
-4 0 6 -4
x1 x x3
 2 
4 6 8  12
x1 x x
  2  3
4 6 4
 2 
 
Therefore X3=  3 
  2
 
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 0,-4, 3
1   1  2 
     
Result: the Eigen values of A are 0,-4, 3 and the Eigen vectors are  6  ,  2 ,  3 
13  1   2
     

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11 4 7 
 
3. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  7 2 5  [A.U N/D 2016, A/M 2018]
10 4 6 
 
Solution:
 11 4 7 
 
Given: A   7 2 5 
10 4 6 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=11-2-6 = 3
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 5 11 7 11 4
= + +
4 6 10 6 7 2
= (12-20) + (-66+70) + (-22+28) = 2
11 4 7
S3 =|A| = 7 2 5 = 0
10 4 6
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 32  2  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
3 32  2  0
λ(λ2-3λ+2) = 0
λ(λ-1)(λ-2) = 0
λ = 0, 1, 2
Hence the Eigen values are 0, 1, and 2.
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI) X= 0
 11 4 7   1 0 0    x1   0 
       
 7 2 5     0 1 0    x2    0 
 10 4 6   0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
 11   4 7    x1   0 
     
 7 2   5    x2    0  ……. (A)
 10 4 6      x3   0 
Case (1): If λ= 0 then the equation (A) becomes

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11 4 7   x1   0 
 7 2 5   x    0 
  2  
10 4 6   x3   0 
(i.e) 11x1- 4x2 -7x3 = 0 ….. (1)
7x1- 2x2-5x3 = 0 ….. (2)
10x1- 4x2- 6x3 = 0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-4 -7 11 -4
-2 -5 7 -2
x1 x2 x3
 
20  14 49  55 22  28
x x x x x x
 1 2  3  1 2  3
6 6 6 1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1= 1
1
Case (2): If λ=1 then the equation (A) becomes
10 4 7   x1   0 
 7 3 5   x    0 
  2  
10 4 7   x3   0 
(i.e) 10x1- 4x2-7x3=0 ….. (4)
7x1- 3x2- 5x3=0 ….. (5)
10x1- 4x2-7x3=0 ….. (6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-4 -7 10 -4
-3 -5 7 -3
x1 x2 x
  3

20  21 49  50 30  28
x x x x x x
 1  2  3  1 2  3
1 1 2 1 1 2
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2= 1
 2 
Case (3) If λ=2 then the equation (A) becomes
 9 4 7   x1   0
 7 4 5   x    0 
  2  
10 4 8   x3   0 

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(i.e) 9x1- 4x2-7x3= 0 …. (7)
7x1- 4x2-5x3= 0 …. (8)
10x1- 4x2- 8x3=0 …. (9)

Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x2 x3
-4 -7 9 -4
-4 -5 7 -4
x1 x2 x3
 
20  28 49  45 36  28
x x x
 1  2  3
8 4 8
x x x
 1 2  3
2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3= 1 
 2 
1 1 2
Result: Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1= 1 , X2= 1 , X3= 1 
   
1  2   2 

 1 2  2
 
4. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a matrix A=  1 2 1  [A.U N/D 2015]
 1 1 0 
 
Solution:
 1 2  2
 
Given: A=  1 2 1 
 1 1 0 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
= -1+2+0 = 1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 1 1  2 1 2
= + +
1 0 1 0 1 2
= (0+1)+(0-2)+(-2-2) = 1-2-4 = -5
S3 = Det (A)=|A|

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1 2 2
= 1 2 1 = -1(0+1) -2(0+1) -2(-1+2)
1 1 0
= -1(1)-2(1)-2(1) = -1 - 2 – 2 = - 5
Hence the characteristic equation A is 3  2  5  5  0
If λ = 1; 1-1-5+5 = 0
Therefore λ=1 is a root

By synthetic division 1 1 -1 -5 5
0 1 0 -5
1 0 -5 0

Therefore the =1 is a root and other roots are given by 2  0  5  0

2  5  0     5
Therefore Eigen values are 1, 5 ,- 5
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
  1 2  2   1 0 0   x1   0 
       
 1 2 1     0 1 0   x 2    0 
  1  1 0   0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
1  2 2  x1   0 
    
 1 2 1  x 2    0 
 1  1 0    x3   0 

(-1-λ) x1+2x2-2x3 = 0
x1+(2-λ) x2+x3 = 0 …(1)
-x1-x2+(0-λ) x3 = 0
Case 1: Substitute λ=1 in (1), we get
-2x1+2x2-2x3 = 0…(2)
x1+ x2+x3 = 0…(3)
-x1-x2- x3 = 0…(4)
(2)  x1- x2+x3 = 0
Solving (2) and (3), we get,
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 1 -1
1 1 1 1
x1 x2 x
  3
11 11 11
x1 x2 x x x x
   3  1  2  3
2 0 2 1 0 1

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  1
 
Therefore X1=  0 
1
 
Case 2: Substitute   5 in (1), we get
(-1- 5 )x1+2x2-2x3 = 0 … (5)
x1+(2- 5 )x2+x3 = 0 … (6)
-x1-x2- 5 x3 = 0 … (7)

Solving (6) and (7)

x1 x2 x3
(2- 5 ) 1 1 (2- 5 )
-1 - 5 -1 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
 2 5  5 1 1 5 1 2  5
x1 x2 x3
  
62 5  (1  5 ) 1  5
x1 x2 x3
  
( 6  2 5 ) (1  5 )  (1  5 )(1  5 ) (1  5 )(1  5)
x1 x2 x3
  
6  6 5  2 5  10  (1  5 ) (1  5 )
x1 x x x1 x x
  2  3   2  3
4 54 4 4 5 1 1 1
 5  1
 
Therefore X2 =  1 
 
  1 
Case 3: Substitute    5 in (1), we get
(-1+ 5 )x1+2x2-2x3 = 0 … (8)
x1+(2+ 5 )x2+x3 = 0 …(9)
-x1-x2+ 5 x3 = 0 …(10)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
2 -2 (-1+ 5 ) 2
(2+ 5 ) 1 1 (2+ 5 )
x1  x2 x3
  
2  2(2 + 5)  1  5  2 (-1 + 5 )(2 + 5) - 2

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x1  x2 x3
  
62 5 (1  5 ) 2 5 2 5 52
x1  x2 x3
  
62 5 (1  5 ) (1  5 )
x1  x2 x3
  
( 6  2 5 )( 1  5 ) (1  5 )(1  5 ) (1  5 )(1  5)
x1  x2 x3
  
( 6  6 5  2 5  10 (1  5 ) (1  5 )
x1 x x
  2  3
44 5 4 4
x1 x x
  2  3
 (1  5 ) 1 1
x1 x x
  2  3
1 5 1 1
1  5 
 
Therefore X3=   1 
 
 1 
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 5 ,- 5
  1  5  1 1  5 
 
Result: The Eigen values are 1, 5 ,- 5 and the Eigen vectors are  0  ,  1  ,   1 
 1    1   1 
     
Non-Symmetric Matrix With Repeated Eigen values
  2 2  3
 
5. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  2 1  6 [A.U N/D 2015]
 1  2 0 
 
Solution:
  2 2  3
 
Given: A=  2 1  6
 1  2 0 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
= -2+1+0=-1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 6 2 3 2 2
= + +
2 0 1 0 2 1

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= (0-12)+(0-3)+(-2-4) = -12-3-6=-21
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
  2 2  3
 
= 2 1  6  = -2(0-12)-2(0-6)-3(-4+1) =45
 1  2 0 
 
Hence the characteristic equation is     21  45  0
3 2

if λ=1; 1+1-21-45 ≠0
if λ=-1; -1+1-21-45 ≠0
if λ= 2; 8 + 4- 42 - 45 ≠ 0
if λ= -2; -8 + 4+ 42-45 ≠ 0
if λ= 3; 27 + 9 - 63 - 45 ≠ 0
if λ= -3; -27 + 9 + 63- 45 ≠ 0
Therefore λ = -3 is a root
By synthetic division -3 1 1 -21 -45
0 -3 6 45
1 -2 -15 0
Therefore the = -3 and other roots are given by   2  15  0
2

(-5)(+3) = 0
= 5,-3,-3
Therefore Eigen values are 5, -3,-3 and Here the Eigen values are repeated.
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
  2 2  3    0 0  x1   0 
      
  2 1  6    0  0  x 2    0 
  1  2 0   0 0   x3   0 
  
(-2-λ) x1+2x2 -3x3 = 0
2x1 + (1-λ)x2 - 6x3 = 0 … (1)
-x1-2x2 - λx3= 0
Case 1: Substitute λ=5 in (1) we get,
-7x1+2x2-3x3 = 0 ….(2)
2x1-4x2-6x3 = 0 ….(3)
-x -2x2-5x3 = 0 ….(4)
Solving (3) and (4) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-4 -6 2 -4
-2 -5 -1 -2
x1 x2 x3
 
20  12 6  10 44
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1  2  3
8 16 8 1 2 1

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1
 
Therefore X1=  2 
 1
 
Case 2: Substitute λ=-3 in (1), we get
x1+2x2-3x3=0 …. (5)
2x1+4x2-6x3=0 …. (6)
x1+2x2-3x3=0 …. (7)
Since (5), (6), (7) are all same, So we considered only one equation
x1+2x2-3x3= 0
Put x1= 0
2x2-3x3 = 0
 2x2 = 3x3
x2 x
 3
3 2
0
 
Therefore Eigenvector is X2=  3 
 2
 
Put x2 = 0
x1-3x3 = 0
 x1 = 3x3
x1 x
 3
3 1
 3
 
Therefore Eigenvector is X3=  0 
1
 
 1 0  3
     
Result: The Eigen values are-3,-3,5 and Eigenvectors are   2  ,  3  , 0
 1   2 1
     
 2 2 1
 
6. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 3 1  [A.U June 2010]
1 2 2
 
Solution:
2 2 1
 
Given: A=  1 3 1 
1 2 2
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
= 2+3+2=7
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
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3 1 2 1 2 2
= + +
2 2 1 2 1 3
= (6-2)+(4-1)+(6-2) =11
S3 = Det (A) = |A|
2 2 1
= 1 3 1 =2(6-2)-2(2-1) + 1(2-3) =5
1 2 2
Hence the characteristic equation is   7 11  5  0
3 2

If λ=1; 1-7+11-5 =0

By synthetic division 1
1 -7 11 -5
0 1 -6 5
1 -6 5 0
Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by   6  5  0
2

(-5)(-1) = 0  = 1,5
Therefore Eigen values are 1, 1, 5

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 2 2 1    0 0   x1   0 
       
 1 3 1    0  0   x 2    0 
 1 2 2   0 0    x3   0 
(2-λ) x1+2x2+x3=0
x1+(3-λ)x2+x3=0 ….(1)
x1+2x2+(2-λ)x3=0

Case 1: Substitute λ=5 in (1), we get

- 3x1+2x2+x3=0 …. (2)
x1-2x2+x3=0 …. (3)
x1+2x2-3x3=0 …. (4)

Solving (2) and (3) by cross multiplication rule we get

x1 x2 x3
2 1 -3 2
-2 1 1 -2
x1 x2 x3
 
2  2 1 3 6  2
x1 x x
  2  3
4 4 4
x1 x x
  2  3
1 1 1

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1
 
Therefore X1= 1
1
 
Case 2: Substitute λ=1 in (1), we get
x1+2x2+x3=0 …. (5)
x1+2x2+x3=0 …. (6)
x1+2x2+x3=0 …. (7)
Equation (5), (6) and (7) are all same,
so we take one equation, x1+2x2+x3=0
Put x1 =0
2x2+x3=0
2x2 = -x3
x2 x
 3
1 2
0
 
Therefore X2=   1
2
 
Put x2 = 0,
x1+x3 = 0
x1 = -x3
x1 x
 3
1 1
  1
 
Therefore X3=  0 
1
 
 0    1 1
     
Result: The Eigen values are 1,1,5 and the Eigenvector are   1 ,  0  , 1
 2   1  1
     

Symmetric Matrix With Non-Repeated Eigen values

 1 1 3
 
7. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 5 1  [A.U M/J 2016]
3 1 1
 
 1 1 3
 
Solution: Given: A=  1 5 1 
3 1 1
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=1+5+1=7

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S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 1 1 3 1 1
= + + = (5-1)+(1-9)+(5-1)=0
1 1 3 1 1 5
1 1 3
S3 = |A|= 1 5 1 =1(5-1)-1(1-3)+3(1-15) = -36
3 1 1
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  72  0  36  0
If λ=1; 1-7+0+36 ≠ 0
if λ=-1; -1-7+0+36 ≠ 0
if λ=2; 8-24+0+36 ≠ 0
if λ= -2; -8-24+0+36=0  λ= -2 is a root

To solve the characteristic equation:

if =-2 By synthetic division -2 1 -7 0 36
0 -2 18 -36
1 -9 18 0
Therefore the =-2 and other roots are given by   9  18  0
2

(-6)(-3) = 0
= 3,6
Therefore Eigen values are-2, 3, 6
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 1 1 3    0 0   x1   0 
       
  1 5 1    0  0   x 2    0 
 3 1 1   0 0    x 3   0 
  

(1-λ)x1+x2+3x3=0
x1+(5-λ)x2+x3=0 …(1)
3x1+x2+(1-λ)x3=0
Case 1: Substitute λ=-2 in (1), we get
3x1+x2+3x3=0 …(2)
x1+7x2+x3=0 …(3)
3x1+x2+3x3=0 …(4)
Since (2) and (4) are same we consider, solving (2)and (3) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
1 3 3 1
7 1 1 7
x1 x2 x3
 
1  21 3  3 21  1
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1  2  3
 20 0 20  10 0 10

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  1
 
Therefore X1 =  0 
1
 
Case 2: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
-2x1+x2+3x3=0 … (5)
x1+2x2+x3=0 …(6)
3x1+x2-2x3=0 … (7)
Solving (5) and (6) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
1 3 -2 1
2 1 1 2
x1 x2 x3
 
1 6 2  3  4 1
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1  2  3
5 5 5 1 1 1
  1
 
Therefore X2=  1 
  1
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=6 in (1), we get
-5x1+x2+3x3=0 … (8)
x1-x2+x3=0 … (9)
3x1+x2-5x3=0 …(10)

x1 x2 x3
1 3 -5 1
-1 1 1 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
1 3 3  5 5 1
x1 x x x1 x x
  2  3   2  3
4 8 4 1 2 1
1
 
Therefore X3=  2 
1
 
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 6,-2, 3
  1   1  1 
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 6,-2, 3 and the Eigenvectors are  0  ,  1  ,  2 
 1    1  1 
     

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 7 2 0 
 
8. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix   2 6  2  [A.U N/D 2014]
 0 2 5 
 
Solution:
 7 2 0 
 
Given: A=   2 6  2 
 0 2 5 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
= 7+6+5=18
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
6 2 7 0 7 2
= + +
2 5 0 5 2 6
= (30-4) + (35-0) + (42-4) =99
S3 = Det (A) =|A|
7 2 0
= 2 6  2 =7(30-4)+2(-10-0)+0=162
0 2 5
Hence the characteristic equation is  18  99 162  0
3 2

if λ=1; 1-18+99-162 ≠ 0
if λ=-1; -1-18-99-162 ≠ 0
if λ=2; 8-72+198-162 ≠ 0
if λ=-2; -8-72-198-162 ≠ 0
if λ=3; 27-162+297-162 = 0
By synthetic division 3 1 -18 99 -162
0 3 -45 162
1 -15 54 0
Therefore the =3 and other roots are given by   15  54  0
2

-9)(-6) = 0
= 6, 9
Therefore Eigen values are 3, 6, 9.
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 7  2 0    0 0   x1   0 
       
  2 6  2    0  0   x 2    0 
 0  2 5   0 0    x3   0 

(7-λ) x1-2x2+0x3=0
-2x1+ (6-λ)x2-2x3=0 ….(1)
0x1-2x2+ (5-λ)x3=0

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Case 1: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
4x1-2x2+0x3=0 ….(2)
-2x1+3x2-2x3=0 ….(3)
0 x1-2x2+2x3=0 ….(4)
Solving (2) and (3) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 0 4 -2
3 -2 -2 3
x1 x2 x3
 
4  0 0  8 12  4
x1 x x
  2  3
4 8 8
x1 x x
  2  3
1 2 2
1
 
Therefore X1 =  2 
 2
 
Case 2: Substitute λ=6 in (1), we get

x1-2x2+0x3=0 ….(5)
-2x1 + 0x2 -2x3=0 ….(6)
0x1-2x2-x3=0 ….(7)
x1 x2 x3
-2 0 1 -2
0 -2 -2 0
x1 x2 x3
 
40 02 04
x1 x x x1 x x
  2  3   2  3
4 2 4 2 1 2
 2 
 
Therefore X2=  1 
  2
 

Case 3: Sub λ=9 in (1), we get

-2 x1-2x2+0x3=0 …. (8)
-2x1-3x2-2x3 =0 …. (9)
0x1-2x2-4x3 =0 …. (10)
x1 x2 x3
-2 0 -2 -2
-3 - 2 -2 -3

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x1 x2 x3
 
40 04 64
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1  2  3
4 4 2 2 2 1
 2 
 
Therefore X3=   2 
 1 
 
1  2   2 
     
Result: The Eigen values are 3,6,9 and the Eigen vectors are  2  ,  1  ,   2 
 2   2  1 
     

 2 0 1
 
9. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 0  [A.U 2013,A/M 2022]
1 0 2
 
Solution:
 2 0 1
 
Given: A   0 2 0 
1 0 2
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=2+2+2 = 6
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 0 2 1 2 0
= + + = 11
0 2 1 2 0 2
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
2 0 1
=0 2 0 =6
1 0 2
Hence the characteristic equation is   6 11  6  0
3 2

To solve the characteristic equation:

If λ=1, 1-6+11-6 =0
Therefore λ=1 is a root
By synthetic division 1 1 -6 11 -6
0 1 -5 -6
1 -5 6 0
Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by   5  6  0
2

(-2)(-3) = 0
= 2,3
Therefore Eigen values are1, 2, 3
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To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 2 0 1   1 0 0   x1   0 
       
 0 2 0     0 1 0   x 2    0 
 1 0 2   0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
 2   0 1   x1   0 
     
 0 2 0   x 2    0 
 1 0 2     x3   0 
(2-λ) x1+0x2+x3=0
0x1+ (2-λ)x2+0x3=0 ….(1)
x1+0x2+(2-λ)x3=0

Case 1: Substitute λ=1 in (1), we get

x1+x3=0 ….(2)
x2=0 ….(3)
x1+x3=0 ….(4)
Since (2) and(4) are same
x1+x3 = 0
x1 = -x3
x1 x
  3
1 1
  1
 
Therefore X1=  0 
1
 
Case 2: Substitute λ=2 in (1), we get
0x1+0x2+x3=0 ….(5)
0x1+0x2+0x3=0 ….(6)
x1+0x2+0x3=0 ….(7)

x1 x2 x3
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
x1 x2 x3
 
00 1 0 0  0
x1 x2 x
   3
0 1 0
0
 
Therefore X2=  1 
0
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
-x1+0x2+x3=0 ….(8)

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0x1-x2+0x3=0 ….(9)
x1+0x2-x3=0 ….(10)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
0 1 -1 0
0 -1 1 0
x1 x x x1 x x
 2  3   2  3
0 11 0 0 2 0
0
 
Therefore X3=  2 
0
 
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3
  1  0   0 
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3 and the Eigenvectors are  0  ,  0  ,  2 
 1  0  0
     
 8 6 2 
10. Find the Eigen values and Eigenvectors of the matrix  6 7  4 [A.U A/M 2019]
 2  4 3 
Solution:
 8 6 2 
Given: A=  6 7  4
 2  4 3 

Step:1 To find the characteristic equation.

The characteristic equation of A is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 8+7+3=18
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
7 4 8 2 8 6
=   = 45
4 3 2 3 6 7
8 6 2
S3 = |A|= 6 7 4  0
2 4 3
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ3-18λ2+45λ=0

Step 2: To solve the characteristic equation

λ3- 18λ2+ 45λ=0
λ (λ2-18λ+45)=0
λ (λ-15)( λ-3)=0

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i.e., λ=0 , λ=3, λ=15

Step 3 : To find the Eigen vectors

To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- λI) X=0
 8    6 2   x1  0
 
(i.e)   6 7    4   x 2   0 ..... ( A)
 2  4 3     x3  0

Case (1): If λ=0 then the equation (A) becomes

 8  6 2   x1  0
 6 7  4  x   0
  2   
 2  4 3   x3  0
(i.e) 8x1-6x2+2x3=0 ….. (1)
-6x1+7x2-4x3=0 ….. (2)
2x1-4x2+3x3=0 ….. (3)

Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x2 x3
-6 2 8 -6
7 -4 -6 7
x1 x2 x3
 
24  14  12  32 56  36
x x x
 1  2  3
10 20 20
x1 x2 x3
  
1 2 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  2 
 2 
Case (2) If λ=3 then the equation (A) becomes
 5  6 2   x1  0
 6 4  4  x   0
  2   
 2  4 0   x3  0

(i.e) 5x1-6x2+2x3=0 ….. (4)

-6x1+4x2-4x3=0 ….. (5)
2x1-4x2+0x3=0 ….. (6)

Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get

x1 x2 x3
4 -4 -6 4
-4 0 2 -4

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x1 x2 x3
 
0  16  8  0 24  8
x x x
 1  2  3
 16  8 16
x x x
 1  2  3
2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  1 
 2

Case (3): If λ=15 then the equation (A) becomes

 7  6 2   x1  0
  6  8  4   x   0 
  2   
 2  4  12  x3  0
(i.e) -7x1-6x2+2x3=0 …. (4)
-6x1-8x2-4x3=0 …. (5)
2x1-4x2-12x3=0 …. (6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-8 -4 -6 -8
-4 -12 2 -4
x1 x2 x
  3
96  16  8  72 24  16
x x x
 1  2  3
80  80 40
x x x
 1  2  3
2 2 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  2
 1 
1  2 2
Result: Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1=  2  , X2=  1  , X3=  2
   
 2   2  1 

 3  1` 1 
 
11. Find the Eigen values and Eigenvectors of the matrix   1 5  1 [A.U N/D 2019]
 1`  1 3 
 

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Solution:
 3  1` 1 
 
Let A=   1 5  1
 1`  1 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
= 3+5+3=11
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 1 3 1 3 1
= + + =15-1+9-1+15-1=36
1 3 1 3 1 5
S3 = Det (A)= |A|
3 1 1
= 1 5  1 =3(15-1)+1(-3+1)+1(1-5)=36
1 1 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 112  36  36  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
if λ=1; 1-11+36 - 36 ≠ 0
if λ=-1; -1-11- 36 - 36 ≠ 0
if λ=2; 8 - 44+72-36 = 0
λ= 2 is a root
if =2 By synthetic division 2 1 -11 36 -36
0 2 -18 36
1 -9 18 0
Therefore the =2 and other roots are given by   9  18  0
2

(-6)(-3) = 0
= 2, 3, 6
Therefore Eigen values are 2, 3, 6

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 3 1` 1    0 0    x1   0 
       
 1 5 1   0  0    x2    0 
 1` 1 3   0 0     x3   0 
(3-λ) x1-x2+x3=0
-x1+(5-λ)x2 - x3=0 …(1)
x1-x2+(3-λ)x3=0
Case 1: Substitute λ=2 in (1), we get
x1-x2+x3=0 …(2)
-x1+3x2-x3=0 …(3)
x1-x2+x3=0 …(4)

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Since (2) and (4) are same we consider, solving (2)and (3) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 1 -1
3 -1 -1 3
x1 x2 x
  3
1  3 1  1 3  1
x1 x x
  2  3
2 0 2
x1 x x
  2  3
1 0 1
  1 1
   
Therefore X1 =  0  or  0 
1  1
   
Case 2: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
0x1-x2+x3=0… (5)
-x1+2x2-x3=0…(6)
x1-x2+0x3=0… (7)
Solving (5) and (6) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 0 -1
2 -1 -1 2
x1 x2 x3
 
1  2 1  0 0  1
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1  2  3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
 
Therefore X2= 1
1
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=6 in (1), we get
-3x1-x2+x3=0 … (8)
-x1-x2-x3=0 … (9)
x1-x2+-3x3=0 …(10)
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 -3 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
x1 x2 x
  3
1  1 1  3 3  1
x1 x x
  2  3
2 4 2

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x1 x x
  2  3
1 2 1
1
 
Therefore X3=  2 
1
 
Therefore the Eigen values of A are 2, 3, 6
  1 1  1 
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 2, 3, 6 and the Eigenvectors are  0  , 1 ,  2 
 1  1  1 
     

Symmetric Matrix With Repeated Eigen values

 6 2 2 
 
12. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of   2 3  1 [A.U A/M 2015, M/J 2016]
 2 1 3 
 
Solution:
 6 2 2 
 
Given: A=   2 3  1
 2 1 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=6+3+3=12
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
3 1 6 2 6  2
= + +
1 3 2 3  2 3
= (9-1) + (18-4) + (18-4) = 8+14+14 = 36
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
6 2 2
= 2 3  1 =32
2 1 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 122  36  32  0
if λ=1; 1-12+36-32 ≠ 0
if λ=-1; -1-12-36-32 ≠ 0
if λ=2; 8-42+72-32 = 0

By synthetic division 2 1 -12 36 -32

0 2 -20 32
1 -10 16 0

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Therefore the =2 is a root
and other roots are given by 2  10  16  0
(-8)(-2) = 0
 = 8, 2
Therefore Eigen values are 8, 2, 2.

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI) X=0
6    2 2   x1  0
  2 3    1   x   0  ….. (A)
  2   
 2  1 3     x3  0

Case (1): If λ = 8, then the equation (A) becomes

 2  2 2   x1  0
  2  5  1   x   0 
  2   
 2  1  5  x3  0
(i.e) -2x1-2x2+2x3=0 .... (1)
-2x1-5x2-x3=0 ….. (2)
2x1-x2-5x3=0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 2 -2 -2
-5 -1 -2 -5
x1 x2 x3
 
2  10  4  2 10  4
x x x
 1  2  3
12 6 6
x x x
 1  2  3
2 1 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  1
 1 

Case (2): If λ = 2 then the equation (A) becomes

 4  2 2   x1  0
 2 1  1  x   0
  2   
 2  1 1   x3  0
(i.e) 4x1-2x2+2x3=0 …. (4) -
2x1+x2-x3=0 …. (5)
2x1-x2+x3=0 …. (6)
Here (4), (5), (6) represents the same equation,
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2x1-x2+x3=0
If x1=0 we get, -x2+x3=0
-x2 = - x3
x2 = x3
x x
(i.e) 2  3
1 1
0 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2= 1 
1 
l 
Let X3=  m  as x3 is orthogonal to x1 and x2 since the given matrix is symmetric
 n 
l 
[2 -1 1] m  0 or 2l-m+n=0 …. (7)
 n 
l 
[0 1 1] m  0 or 0l+m+n=0 …. (8)
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
-1 1 2 -1
1 1 0 1
l m n l m n
    
1  1 0  2 2  0 2 2 2
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  1 
1
 2  0   1 
Result: The Eigen values are 8, 2, 2 and the Eigen vectors are  1 , 1  ,  1 
 1  1  1

13. Prove that the Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real. [A.U June 2014]
Proof:
Let  be an Eigen values of the real symmetric matrix A.
let the corresponding Eigen vector be X.
Let A denotes the transpose of A.
We have AX  X
'
Pre-multiplying this equation by 1  n matrix X ,
' '
where the bar denotes that all elements of X are the complex conjugate of those of X ,

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we get, X ' AX   X ' X .......(1)

Taking the conjugate complex of this we get
X ' A X   X ' X (or) X ' A X   X ' X
Since, A  A for A is real.
Taking the transpose on both sides, we get
X A X    X X , (i.e)., X A' X   X X
' ' ' ' '

X ' AX   X ' X , since A’=A for A is symmetric

But from (1), X AX   X X hence  X ' X   X ' X

' '

Since X ' X is an 1 1 matrix whose only elements is a positive value,

   (i.e)  is real

Cayley Hamilton theorem

 2 0  1
 
14. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix  0 2 0  and hence find A-1 & A4
 1 0 2 
 
Solution: [A.U. JUNE 2012]
 2 0  1
 
Given: A =  0 2 0 
 1 0 2 
 

To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=2+2+2=6
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 0 2 1 2 0
= + + =11
0 2 1 2 0 2
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
2 0 1
= 0 2 0 =6
1 0 2
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  62 11  6  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  6A2 11A 6I  0

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VERIFICATION:
 2 0  1  2 0  1
  
A2 = A x A =  0 2 0   0 2 0 
 1 0 2   1 0 2 
  
 4  0  1 0  0  0  2  0  2  5 0  4
   
= 0  0  0 0  4  0 0  0  0 = 0 4 0 
 2  0  2 0  0  0 1 0  4   4 0 5 
  
 2 0  1  5 0  4 
3
  
A =AxAxA=  0 2 0  0 4 0 
 1 0 2    4 0 5 
  
 10  0  4 0  0  0  8  0  5   14 0  13
   
= 0  0  0 0  8  0 0  0  0  = 0 8 0 
  5  0  8 0  0  0 4  0  10    13 0 14 
  

 14 0  13  5 0  4   2 0  1  1 0 0 
3 2
       
A -6A +11A-6I =  0 8 0  -6  0 4 0  +11  0 2 0  -6  0 1 0 
  13 0 14    4 0 5   1 0 2  0 0 1
       
 14  30  22  6 0000  13  24  11   0 0 0 
   
= 0  0  0  0 8  24  22  6 0  0  0  0  =  0 0 0
  13  24  11  0 0  0  0  0 14  30  22  6   0 0 0 
   

To find A4
A3-6A2+11A-6 I=0
Multiply by A on both sides
A4-6A3+11A2-6A = 0
A4 = 6A3-11A2+6A
 14 0  13  5 0  4   2 0  1
     
= 6  0 8 0  -11  0 4 0  +6  0 2 0 
  13 0 14   4 0 5    1 0 2 
  
 84 0  78    55 0 44   12 0  6 
     
= 0 48 0  + 0  44 0  +  0 12 0 
  78 0 84   44 0  55    6 0 12 


 84  55  12 000  78  44  6   41 0  40 
   
= 0  0  0 48  44  12 000 =  0 16 0 
  78  44  6 000 84  55  12    40 0 41 
 

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To find A-1
A3-6A2+11A-6I = 0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-6A+11I-6A-1 = 0
6A-1 = A2-6A+11I
 5 0  4   2 0  1 1 0 0
     
=  0 4 0  -6  0 2 0  +11  0 1 0 
  4 0 5   1 0 2  0 0 1
     
 5  12  11 0  0  0  4  6  0   4 0 2 
   
=  0  0  0 4  12  11 0  0  0  =  0 3 0 
  4  6  0 0  0  0 5  12  11  2 0 4 
   
 4 0 2
1 1 
Therefore A   0 3 0 
6 
 2 0 4
 41 0  40   4 0 2
  1 1 
4
Result: A =  0 16 0  and A   0 3 0 
  40 0 6
 41   2 0 4


 2 1 2 
 
15. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 2  1 and hence find A-1 & A4
 1 1 2 
 
Solution: [A.U A/M 2011, 2013, 2017, N/D 2014]
 2 1 2 
 
Given: A=   1 2  1
 1 1 2 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 2+2+2=6
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 1 2 2 2 1
= + + =8
1 2 1 2 1 2
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
2 1 2
= 1 2 1 = 3
1 1 2
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  62  8  3  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  6A2 8A3I  0

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VERIFICATION:
 2 1 2   2 1 2 
  
A2 = A x A =   1 2  1   1 2  1
 1 1 2   1 1 2 
  
 4 1 2  2  2  2 4 1 4   7  6 9 
   
=   2  2 1 1 4  1  2  2  2 =   5 6  6
 2 1 2  2  2  2 2 1 4   5  5 7 
   
 2 1 2   7  6 9 
  
A = A x A x A =   1 2  1   5 6  6 
3

 1 1 2   5  5 7 
  
 14  5  10  12  6  10 18  6  14   29  28 38 
   
=   7  10  5 6  12  5 6  12  5  =   22 23  28 
 7  5  10  6  6  10 9  6  14   22  22 29 
   
 29  28 38   7  6 9   2  1 2   1 0 0
       
A3-6A2+8A-3I =   22 23  28  -6   5 6  6  +8   1 2  1 -3  0 1 0
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1  1 2   0 0 1 
      
 29  42  16  3  28  36  8  0 38  54  16  0   0 0 0
   
=   22  30  8  0 23  36  16  3  28  36  8  0  =  0 0 0
 22  30  8  0  22  30  8  0 29  42  16  3   0 0 0 
  
4
To find A
A3-6A2+8A-3I = 0
Multiply by A on both sides
A4-6A3+8A2-3A=0
A4 = 6A3-8A2+3A
 29  28 38   7  6 9   2  1 2 
     
= 6   22 23  28  -8   5 6  6  +3   1 2  1
 22  22 29   5  5 7   1  1 2 
     
 174  108 228    56 48  72   6  3 6 
     
=   132 138  108  +  40  48 48  +   3 6  3 
 132  132 114    40 40  56   3  3 6 
     
 174  56  6  108  48  3 228  72  6 
 
=   132  40  3 138  48  6  108  48  3 
 132  40  3  132  40  3 114  56  6 
 
 124  123 162 
 
=   95 96  123
 95  95 124 
 

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To find A-1
A3-6A2+8A-3I = 0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-6A+8-3A-1= 0
3A-1 = A2-6A+8I
 7  6 9   2  1 2  1 0 0
     
=   5 6  6  -6   1 2  1 +8  0 1 0 
 5  5 7   1 1 2  0 0 1
     
 7  12  8  6  6  0 9  12  0   3 0  3 
   
=   5  6  0 6  12  8  6  6  0  =  1 2 0 
 5  6  0  5  6  0 7  12  8    1 1 3 
   
 3 0  3
1 1 
Therefore A   1 2 0 
3 
 1 1 3 
 124  123 162   3 0  3
  1 1 
Result: A =   95 96  123 and A   1 2 0 
4

 95  95 124  3 
   1 1 3 
1 1 1
 
16. Show that the matrix  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation. Find also its inverse
 2 0 3
 
Solution: [A.U Jan 2013]
 1  1 1 
 
Given: A=  0 1 0 
 2 0 3
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=1+1+3 = 5
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 0 1 1 1 1
= + + =5
0 3 2 3 0 1
S3 = Det (A) =|A|
1 1 1
=0 1 0 =1
2 0 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  52  5 1  0

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By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  5A  5A  I  0

3 2

1 1 1 1 1 1
  
A2 = A x A =  0 1 0   0 1 0 
 2 0 3  2 0 3
  
1 0  2 11 0 1 0  3  3  2 4 
   
=  0  0  0 0  1 0 0  0  0 = 0 1 0 
 2  0  6  2  0  0 2  0  9   8  2 11
   
1 1 1 3  2 4 
  
A3 = A x A x A =  0 1 0   0 1 0 
 2 0 3   8  2 11
  
 3  0  8  3  2  0 3  0  12   11  5 15 
   
= 0  0  0 0 1 0 0  0  0 = 0 1 0
 8  0  22  8  2  0 8  0  33   30  10 41
   
 11  5 15   3  2 4   1  1 1   1 0 0 
       
A  5A  5A  I   0 1 0  -5  0 1 0  +5  0 1 0  -  0 1 0 
3 2

 30  10 41  8  2 11  2 0 3   0 0 1 
       
 4 5 5   4 5 5   0 0 0
     
 0  4 0    0  4 0  =  0 0 0
  10 0  14    10 0  14   0 0 0 
     
-1
To find A
A3  5A2  5A  I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2 5A  5I  A1  0
A-1 = A2-5A+5I

 3  2 4  1 1 1 1 0 0
     
A-1 =  0 1 0   5 0 1 0   5 0 1 0 
 8  2 11  2 0 3  0 0 1
    
  2 3 1 5 0 0
   
=  0  4 0   0 5 0
  2  2  4 0 0 5 
  
 3 3  1
 
 0 1 0
 2  2 1 
 

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 8 0  3
 
Result: The given matrix satisfies its own char. equation & A-1 =   43 1 17 
 3 0  1 


1 2 
17. Show that A satisfies its own characteristic equation and hence find A8 if A   
 2  1
Solution: [A.U N/D 2020]
1 2 
Given: A   
 2  1
To find the characteristic Equation of A.
The Characteristic equation of A is A  I  0
1  2
0
2 1 
 (1   )(1   )  4  0
 2  5  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A 2  5 I   0.......(1)
1 2   1 2  1 2 
A     A 2    
 2  1   2  1  2  1 
 1  4 2  2 
  
 2  2 4  1 
 5 0 
  
 0 5 
 5 0   1 0 
From (1)  A 2  5 I     5 
 0 5   0 1 

 5 0 5 0
     
 0 5 0 5
 5  5 0  0
  
0  0 5  5
 0 0
A 2  5 I   
 0 0
The given matrix satisfies its own Characteristic Equation.

To Find A 8
1 2   5 0
Given A 8    and A 2   
 2  1   0 5 
 5 0  5 0 
A 2 . A 2    
 0 5  0 5 

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 25  0 0  0 
A 4   
 0  0 0  25 
 25 0 
A 4   
 0 25 
 25 0  5 0 
A 4 . A 2  A 8    
 0 25  0 5 
125  0 0 
  
 0 0  125 
125 0 
 A 8   
 0 125 

 3  1` 1 
 
18. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 5  1 and hence find A-1
 1`  1 3 
 
Solution: [A.U A/M 2015]
 3  1` 1 
 
Let A=   1 5  1
 1`  1 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1 2  S 2   S 3  0

Where, S1= sum of main diagonal

=3+5+3=11
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 1 3 1 3 1
= + + =15-1+9-1+15-1=36
1 3 1 3 1 5
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
3 1 1
= 1 5  1 =3(15-1)+1(-3+1)+1(1-5)=36
1 1 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 112  36  36  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A 11A  36A36I  0
3 2

VERIFICATION:
 3  1` 1   3  1` 1 
  
A2 = A x A=   1 5  1   1 5  1
 1`  1 3   1`  1 3 
  

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 9  1  1  3  5  1 3  1  3   11  9 7 
   
=   3  5  1 1  25  1  1  5  3  =   9 27  9 
 3  1  3  1  5  3 1  1  9   7  9 11 
   
 3  1` 1   11  9 7 
  
A3 = A x A x A =   1 5  1   9 27  9 
 1`  1 3   7  9 11 
  
 33  9  7  11  45  7 11  9  21   49  63 41 
   
=   27  27  9 9  135  9  9  27  27  =   63 153  63 
 21  9  11  7  45  11 7  9  33   41  63 49 
   
 49  63 41   11  9 7   3  1` 1  1 0 0
       
A  11A  36 A  36I =   63 153  63  -11   9 27  9  +36   1 5  1 -36 0 1 0
3 2

 41  63 49   7  9 11   1`  1 3  0 0 1
       
 49  121  108  36  63  99  36  0 41  77  36  0 
 
=   63  99  36  0 153  297  180  36  63  99  36  0 
 41  77  36  0  63  99  36  0 49  121  108  36 

 0 0 0
 
=  0 0 0
 0 0 0
 
Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.
To find A-1
A3-11A2+36A-36I = 0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-11A+36I-36A-1 = 0
-36A-1 = -A2+11A-36I
36A-1 = A2-11A+36I
 11  9 7   3  1` 1  1 0 0
     
=   9 27  9  -11   1 5  1 +36  0 1 0 
 7  9 11   1`  1 3  0 0 1
     
11  33  36  9  11  0 7  11  0   14 2  4 
   
=   9  11  0 27  55  36  9  11  0  =  2 8 2 
 7  11  0  9  11  0 11  33  36    3 2 14 

 14 2  4 
1 1  
Therefore A   2 8 2 
36  
  3 2 14 
 14 2  4 
1  
Result: A 1   2 8 2 
36  
  3 2 14 

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1 2 3 
 
19. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for A =  2 1 4  .Hence using it find A-1.
 3 1 1
 
Solution: [A.U 2016, A/M 2022]
1 2 3 
 
Given: A =  2 1 4 
 3 1 1
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=1-1-1= -1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 4 1 3 1 2
= + + =11
1 1 3 1 2 1
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
1 2 3
= 2 1 4
3 1 1
= 1(1-4)-2(-2-12)+3(2+3) = 40
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  2 18  40  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  A2 18A 40I  0

VERIFICATION:
1 2 3  1 2 3 
  
A2 = A x A =  2 1 4   2 1 4 
 3 1 1  3 1 1
  
 1  4  9 2  2  3 3  8  3  14 3 8 
   
=  2  2  12 4  1  4 6  4  4  = 12 9 2 
 3  2  3 6  1  1 9  4  1   2 4 14 
   
14 3 8   1 2 3 
  
A3 = A x A x A = 12 9 2   2 1 4 
 2 4 14   3 1 1
  
14  6  24 28  3  8 42  12  8   44 33 46 
   
=  12  18  6 24  9  2 36  36  2  =  24 13 74 
 2  8  42 4  4  14 6  16  14   52 14 8 
   

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 44 33 46  14 3 8  1 2 3 1 0 0
       
A3+A2-18A-40I =  24 13 74  + 12 9 2  -18  2 1 4  -40  0 1 0 
 52 14 8   2 4 14  3 1 1 0 0 1
      
 0 0 0
 
=  0 0 0
 0 0 0
 
Therefore Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.
To find A-1
A3+A2-18A-40I = 0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2+A-18I- 40A-1 = 0
40A-1 = A2+A-18I
14 3 8   1 2 3  1 0 0
     
40A-1 = 12 9 2  +  2 1 4  -18  0 1 0
 2 4 14   3 1 1 0 0 1 
    
 3 5 11 
 
40A-1 =  14 10 2 
5 5 5 

 3 5 11 
1  
Result: Therefore A1   14 10 2 
40 
5 5 5 
 1 2 2 
 
20. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 5 4  . And also
 3 7 5 
 
verify the theorem. [A.U M/J 2016]
Solution:
 1 2 2 
 
Given: A =  2 5 4 
 3 7 5 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=1+5-5= 1
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 4 1 2 1 2
= + + =5
7 5 3 5 2 5
S3 = Det (A)=|A|

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1 2 2
= 2 5 4 = 1(-25+28)-2(-10+12)-2(14-15) = 1
3 7 5
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  2  5 1  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  A2  5A I  0

VERIFICATION:
 1 2 2   1 2 2 
  
A2 = A x A =  2 5 4   2 5 4 
 3 7 5   3 7 5 
  
 1 4  6 2  10  14 2  8  10   1 2 0 
   
=  2  10  12 4  25  28 4  20  20  =  0 1 4 
 3  14  15 6  35  35 6  28  25   2 6 9 
   
 1 2 0   1 2 2 
  
A3 = A x A x A =  0 1 4   2 5 4 
 2 6 9   3 7 5 
  
 1  4  0 2  10  0 2  8  0   5 12 10 
   
=  0  2  12 0  5  28 0  4  20  =  10 23 16 
 2  12  27 4  30  63 4  24  45   13 29 17 
  
 5 12 10   1 2 0   1 2 2   1 0 0  0 0 0
         
A3-A2+5A-I =  10 23 16  -  0 1 4  +5  2 5 4  -  0 1 0 =  0 0 0
 13 29 17   2 6 9   3 7 5   0 0 1   0 0 0 
      
Therefore Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.

To find A-1
A3-A2+5A-I = 0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-A+5I-A-1 = 0
A-1 = A2-A+5I
 1 2 0   1 2 2   1 0 0   3 4 2 
       
A-1 =  0 1 4  -  2 5 4  +5  0 1 0  =  2 1 0 
 2 6 9   3 7 5   0 0 1   1 1 1 
       

 3 4 2 
 
Result: A-1 =  2 1 0 
 1 1 1 
 

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1 2  2
 
21. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 3 0  and find A-1 & A4
 0 2 1 
 
Solution: [A.U N/D 2011, 2013 N/ D 2020]
1 2  2
 
Given: A=   1 3 0 
 0 2 1 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=1+3+1=5
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
3 0 1 2 1 2
= + + =9
2 1 0 1 1 3
1 2  2
 
S3 = |A| =   1 3 0  =1
 0 2 1 
 
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  52  9 1  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  5A  9A  I  0
3 2

To find A-1
A3  5A2  9A  I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-5A+9I-A-1 = 0
-A-1 = -A2+5A-9I
A-1 = A2-5A+9I
1 2  2  1 2  2  1  2 2  6  4  2  2
     
A2 =   1 3 0   1 3 0  = 1 3  2  9 2 
 0 2 1   0 2 1   2 62 1 
   
  1 12  4 
 
= 4 7 2 
 2 8 1 
 
  1 12  4   5 10  10   9 0 0   3 2 6
       
A-1 =   4 7 2     5 15 0   0 9 0 = 1 1 2
 2  8 1   0  10 5   0 0 9   2 2 5 
      
To find A4
A3  5A2  9A  I  0
Multiply by A on both sides
A4-5A3+9A2-A=0

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A4 = 5A3-9A2+A
3 2
A =A A
  1 12  4   1 2  2    1  12  2  36  8 2  4    13 42  2 
       
A3 =   4 7 2   1 3 0  =   4  7  8  21  4 8  2  =   11 9 10 
 2 8 1   0 2 1   2 8 4  24  2  4  1  10  22  3 
   

A4 = 5A3-9A2+A
  65 210  10    9 108  36   1 2  2    55 104 24 
       
=   55 45 50     36 63 18     1 3 0     20  15 32 
 50  110  15   18  72 9   0  2 1   32  40  23 
       
 3 2 6   55 104 24 
   
Result: A-1 =  1 1 2  and A4    20  15 32 
 2 2 5  32  40  23 
   

1 0 3 
22. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 2 1  1 hence find its A1
1  1 1 
Solution: [A.U June 2014, N/D 2015]
The characteristic equation of A  I  0 (i.e., )  S 1   S 2   S 3  0
3 2

S1 =sum of the main diagonal elements

S1  1  1  1  3
S 2 =sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
1 1 1 3 1 0
S2     (1  1)  (1  3)  (1  0)  1
1 1 1 1 2 1
1 0 3
S3  A  2 1 1  1(1  1)  0(2  1)  3( 2  1)  9
1 1 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is 3  32    9  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  3A  A  9I  0
3 2

VERIFICATION:
1 0 3  1 0 3 
  
A2 = A x A = 2 1  1 2 1  1
1  1 1  1  1 1 
 1  0  3 0  0  3 3  0  3   4 3 6 
   
=  2  2 1 0 1  1 6 11  =  3 2 4 
 1  2  1 0  1  1 3  1  1   0 2 5 
   

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 4 3 6   1 0 3 
  
A3 = A x A x A =  3 2 4   2 1 1
 0 2 5   1 1 1 
  
 4  6  6 0  3  6 12  3  6   4 9 21
   
=  3  4  4 0  2  4 9  2  4  = 11 2 11 
 0  4  5 0  2  5 0  2  5   1 7 7 
   
 4 9 21  4 3 6   1 0 3   1 0 0
 
A 3A  A 9I = 11 2 11  - 3  3 2 4  -  2 1 1 +9  0 1
3 2
0
 1 7 7   0 2 5   1 1 1   0 0 1 
      
 4 9 21  12 9 18   1 0 3   9 0 0  0 0 0
         
= 11 2 11  +  9 6 12  +  2 1 1  +  0 9 0 =  0 0 0
 1 7 7   0
   6 15   1 1 1   0 0 9   0 0 0 
Therefore Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.

To find A-1
A3 3A2  A 9I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-3A-I+9A-1 = 0
9A-1 = -A2+3A+I
1
A1  ( A2  3 A  I ).........(1)
9
1 0 3  1 0 3  1  0  3 0  0  3 3  0  3  4 3 6 
Now A  2 1
2
 1 2 1  1   2  2  1 0  1  1 6  1  1    3 2 4 
1  1 1  1  1 1  1  2  1 0  1  1 3  1  1   0 2 5 
 4  3 6    3 0  9  1 0 0  
 1  
1
(1)  A   3 2 4    6  3 3   0 1 0 
9 
0  2 5    3 3  3 0 0 1 
 0 3 3 0 3 3 
1  1
  3 2 7    3 2 7 

9 9
 3 1 1   3 1 1
0 3 3 
1
Result: A-1 =  3 2 7 
9
 3 1 1

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 7 2 2 
 
23. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A-1, where A =  6 1 2  [A.U N/D 2016]
 6 2 1 
 
Solution:
 7 2 2 
 
Given: A=  6 1 2 
 6 2 1 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=7-1-1 = 5
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 2 7 2 7 2
= + + =(1- 4)+(-7+12)+(-7+12) = 7
2 1 6 1 6 1
7 2 2
S3 =|A| = 6 1 2 = 7(1-4) -2(6-12) -2(12+6) = 3
6 2 1
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 52  7 3  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  5A  7A 3I  0
3 2

To find A-1
A3 5A2  7A3I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-5A+7I-3A-1 = 0
3A-1 = A2-5A+7I
1

A-1 = A2  5 A  7 I
3

 7 2 2   7 2 2   49  12  12 14  2  4 14  4  2 
    
A2 =  6 1 2   6 1 2  =  42  6  12 12  1  4 12  2  2 
 6 2 1   6 2 1   42  12  6 12  2  2 12  4  1 
   
 25 8 8 
 
A2 =  24 7 8 
 24 8 7 
 
 25 8 8   7 2 2   1 0 0   3 2 2 
-1 1        1  6 5 2 
A =  24 7 8   5  6 1 2   7  0 1 0  =  
3  3 
   
 24 8 7   6 2 1   0 0 1    6 2 5 
 3 2 2 
1  
Result: A-1 =  6 5 2 
3 
 6 2 5 

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1 1 3
 
24. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A-1, if A =  1 3 3  [A.U N/D 2016]
 2 4 4 
 
Solution:
1 1 3
 
Given: A=  1 3 3 
 2 4 4 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=1+3-4 = 0
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
3 3 1 3 1 1
=   =(-12-12)+(-4+6)+(3-1) = -20
4 4 2 4 1 3
1 1 3
S3 =|A| = 1 3 3 = 1(-12-12)-1(-4-6)+3(-4+6) = -8
2 4 4
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  20  8  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  20A 8I  0
3

To find A-1
A3  20A 8I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-20I+8A-1 = 0
8A-1 = 20I - A2
1

A-1 = 20 I  A2
8

 1 1 3   1 1 3   4 8 12 
    
A2 =  1 3 3   1 3 3  =  10 22 6 
 2 4 4   2 4 4   2 2 22 
    
  1 0 0   4 8 12    24 8 12 
1 1     1  
A  20  0 1 0    10 22 6     10 2 6 
8      8  2 2 2 
  0 0 1   2 2 22    
 24 8 12 
-1  1  10 2 6 
Result: A
8  

 2 2 2 

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25. State Cayley Hamilton theorem and using it , find the matrix represented by
2 1 1
 
A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+A4-5A3+8A2-2A+I when A =  0 1 0  [A.U N/D 2015]
 1 1 2
 
Solution:
Statement: Cayley Hamilton theorem
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.
2 1 1
 
Given: A=  0 1 0 
 1 1 2
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=2+1+2=5
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 0 2 1 2 1
= + + =7
1 2 1 2 0 1
2 1 1
S3 =|A|= 0 1 0 =3
1 1 2
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  52  7  3  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A  5A  7A  3I  0 -------- (1)
3 2

Let f(A) = A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+A4-5A3+8A2-2A+I

f(λ) = λ8-5λ7+7λ6-3λ5+λ4-5λ3+8λ2-2λ+I
λ5+λ
3  52  7  3 λ8-5λ7+7λ6-3λ5+λ4-5λ3+8λ2-2λ+I
λ8-5λ7+7λ6-3λ5

λ4-5λ3+8λ2-2λ
λ4-5λ3+7λ2-3λ
λ2+λ+1

f(A) = (A 5A  7A3I ) (A5+A) + A2+A+I

3 2

= 0 + A2+A+I By (1)
f(A) = A2+A+I ------------ (2)

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2 1 1 2 1 1
  
2
A =AxA=  0 1 0  0 1 0
 1 1 2  1 1 2 
 
 4 1 0 2 11 2  0  2 5
4 4
   
=0  0  0 0 1 0 0  0  0 =0
1 0
2  0  2 11 2 1  0  4   4
4 5 

 5 4 4  2 1 1  1 0 0 8 5 5
       
(2)  f (A) =  0 1 0  +  0 1 0 +  0 1 0 =
 0 3 0
 4 4 5  1 1 2   0 0 1 
5 5 8
    
8 5 5
8 7 6 5 4 3 2  
Result: A -5A +7A -3A +A -5A +8A -2A+I =  0 3 0 
5 5 8
 
2 1 1
 
26. Show that A =  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation and hence find A-1.
 1 1 2
 
Solution: [A.U N/D 2017, 2019]
2 1 1
 
Given: A=  0 1 0 
 1 1 2
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=2+1+2=5
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 0 2 1 2 1
= + + =7
1 2 1 2 0 1
2 1 1
S3 =|A|= 0 1 0 =3
1 1 2
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  52  7  3  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  5A2  7A  3I  0 -------- (1)
2 1 1 2 1 1   4  0  1 2  1  1 2  0  2  5 4 4
      
A2 = A x A =  0 1 0   0 1 0 =  0  0  0 0  1  0 0  0  0 = 0 1 0
 1 1 2  1 1 2   2  0  2 1  1  2 1  0  4   4 4 5 
 

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2 1 1   5 4 4  10  0  4 8  1  4 8  0  5  14 13 13
      
A = A x A = 0
3 2 1 0  0 1 0 =  0  0  0 0  1 0 0  0  0  =  0 1 0 
1 1 2   4 4 5   5  0  8 4  1  8 4  0  10  13 13 14 

14 13 13  5 4 4   2 1 1   1 0 0 
       
A  5A  7A  3I =  0
3 2
1 0  -5  0 1 0  +7  0 1 0  -3  0 1 0 
13 13 14   4 4 5   1 1 2   0 0 1 

14 13 13   25  20  20  14 7 7    3 0 0 
       
= 0 1 0 + 0 5 0 + 0 7 0  + 0  3 0 
13 13 14    20  20  25   7 7 14   0 0  3 

0 0 0
 
= 0 0 0
0 0 0 

This shows that given matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation.

To find A-1
A3 5A2  7A3I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-5A+7I-3A-1= 0
3A-1 = A2-5A+7I
1

A-1 = A2  5 A  7 I
3

 5 4 4   2 1 1   1 0 0   2  1  1
1       1 
A-1 =  0 1 0   5 0 1 0   7 0 1 0  = 0 3 0
3    3 
 4 4 5   1 1 2   0 0 1   1 1 2 

 2  1  1
1  
Result: A-1 =  0 3 0 
3 
 1 1 2 
 1 2 1
 
27. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse of the given matrix A =  2 2 1 
 1 1 3
 
Solution: [A.U A/M 2018]
 1 2 1
 
Given: A =  2 2 1 
 1 1 3
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal =1+2+3=6

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S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements

2 1 1 1 1 2
= + + =5
1 3 1 3 2 2
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
1 2 1
= 2 2 1 = -5
1 1 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  62  5  5  0
By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  6A2  5A 5I  0 -------- (1)
 1 2 1  1 2 1  6 7 6 
    
A2 = A x A =  2 2 1   2 2 1 =7 9 7 
 1 1 3  1 1 3   6 7 11
 
-1
To find A
A3  6A2  5A 5I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2  6A 5I  5A1  0

5A1  6A A2 5I 
1
A1   6A A2 5I 
5
  1 2 1   6 7 6   1 0 0   5 5 0 
1 
1       1  5 2 1
A  6  2 2 1    7 9 7   5  0 1 0   =  
5 
1 1 3   6 7 11  0 0 1   5  0 1 2 
        
 5 5 0 
1  
Result: A-1 =  5 2 1
5 
 0 1 2 

Diagonalize the matrix

 8 6 2 
28. If the Eigen values of  6 7  4 are 0, 3, 15 find the Eigenvectors of A and diagonalize the
 2  4 3 
matrix A [A.U JAN 2013]
Solution:
 8 6 2 
Given: A=  6 7  4
 2  4 3 
Step:1 To find the characteristic equation.

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The characteristic equation of A is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 8+7+3=18
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
7 4 8 2 8 6
=   = 45
4 3 2 3 6 7
8 6 2
S3 = |A| = 6 7 4  0
2 4 3
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ -18λ2+45λ=0
3

Step 2: To solve the characteristic equation λ3-18λ2+45λ=0

λ(λ2-18λ+45)=0
λ(λ-15)( λ-3)=0
i.e., λ=0 , λ=3, λ=15
Step 3 :To find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- λI) X=0
 8    6 2   x1  0
 
(i.e)   6 7    4   x 2   0 ..... ( A)
 2  4 3     x3  0
Case (1): If λ=0 then the equation (A) becomes
 8  6 2   x1  0
 6 7  4  x   0
  2   
 2  4 3   x3  0
(i.e) 8x1-6x2+2x3=0 ….. (1)
-6x1+7x2-4x3=0 ….. (2)
2x1-4x2+3x3=0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-6 2 8 -6
7 -4 -6 7
x1 x2 x3
 
24  14  12  32 56  36
x x x
 1  2  3
10 20 20
x x x
 1  2  3
1 2 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  2 
 2 
Case (2): If λ=3 then the equation (A) becomes

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 5  6 2   x1  0
 6 4  4  x   0
  2   
 2  4 0   x3  0
(i.e) 5x1-6x2+2x3=0 ….. (4)
-6x1+4x2-4x3=0 ….. (5)
2x1-4x2+0x3=0 ….. (6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
4 -4 -6 4
-4 0 2 -4
x1 x2 x3
 
0  16  8  0 24  8
x x x
 1  2  3
 16  8 16
x x x
 1  2  3
2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  1 
 2
Case (3): If λ=15 then the equation (A) becomes
 7  6 2   x1  0
  6  8  4   x   0 
  2   
 2  4  12  x3  0
(i.e) -7x1-6x2+2x3=0 …. (4)
-6x1-8x2-4x3=0 …. (5)
2x1-4x2-12x3=0 …. (6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-8 -4 -6 -8
-4 -12 2 -4
x1 x2 x
  3
96  16  8  72 24  16
x x x
 1  2  3
80  80 40
x x x
 1  2  3
2 2 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  2
 1 

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1  2 2
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1=  2  ,X2=  1  ,X3=  2
   
 2   2  1 
Step 4: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

1 2 2 
3 3 3 
2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2
 2 1  1
N=   = 2 1  2 N = 2 1  2
T
3 3 3  3  3
2  2 1  2  2 1  2  2 1 
 3 3 3 
Step 5: Find AN
 8  6 2  1 2 2
1
AN =  6 7  4 2 1  2
3
 2  4 3  2  2 1 
 8  12  4 16  6  4 16  12  2 
1
=  6  14  8  12  7  8  12  14  4
3
 2  8  6 446 4  8  3 
0 6 30  0 2 10 
1
= 0 3  30 = 0 1  10
 
3
0  6 15  0  2 5 
T
Step 6: Calculate D = N AN
1 2 2 0 2 10 
1
D = 2 1  2
0 1  10
 
3
2  2 1 
0  2 5 
0 2  2  4 10  20  10 0 0 0 
1 1
= 0 4  1  4 20  10  10 = 0 9 0 

3 3
0 4  2  2 20  20  5  0 0 45
0 0 0 
D  0 3 0 
0 0 15
Result: The diagonal elements are the Eigen values of A.

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10 2 5
29. Reduce the matrix  2 2 3  to diagonal form [A.U A/M 2017]
 5 3 5 
10 2 5
Solution: Given A   2 2 3 
 5 3 5 
The characteristic equation is A   I  0
  3  S1 2  S 2   S 3  0
Where S1 =Sum of the main diagonal elements
S1  10  2  5  17
S 2 =sum of the minors of main diagonal elements
2 3 10 5 10 2
S2   
3 5 5 5 2 2
 (10  9)  (50  25)  (20  4)  42
10 2 5
S3  A  2 2 3
5 3 5

 10(10  9)  2( 10  15)  5( 6  10)  0

The characteristic equation is

 3  17 2  42  0
 ( 2  17  42)  0
(i.e., )  0, ( 2  17  42)  0
(i.e., )  0, (  3)(  14)  0
  0, 3,14
The Eigen values are   0, 3,14

The Eigen vectors are given by  A   I  X  0

10   2 5  x1 
  
 2 2 3  x2   0 …….. (A)
 5 3 5    
  x3 

Case (1): If λ = 0, then the equation (A) becomes

 10 2 5   x1 
  
 2 2 3   x2   0
 5 3 5   x 
  3 

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10 x1  2 x2  5 x3  0 ....... (1)
2 x1  2 x2  3 x3  0 ....... (2)
5 x1  3 x2  5 x3  0 ....... (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 -5 10 -2
2 3 -2 2
x1 x x x x x
 2  3  1 2  3
4 20 16 1 5 4
1
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   0 is X 1   5 
 4
 
Case (2): If λ = 3, then the equation (A) becomes
 7 2 5   x1 
  
 2 1 3   x2   0
 5 3 2   x 
  3 
7 x1  2 x2  5 x3  0 ....... (4)
2 x1  x2  3 x3  0 ....... (5)
5 x1  3 x2  2 x3  0 ..... (6)
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 -5 7 -2
-1 3 -2 -1
x1 x x x x x
 2  3  1 2 3
11 11 11 1 1 1
1
 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2= 1
1
 
Case (3): If λ = 14 then the equation (A) becomes
 4 2 5   x1   0 
    
 2 12 3   x2    0 
 5 3 9   x   0 
  3   
(i.e.) -4x1-2x2-5x3 = 0 …. (7)
-2x1-12x2+3x3 = 0 …. (8)
-5x1+3x2-9x3 = 0 …. (9)
Solving (7) & (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 -5 -4 -2
-12 3 -2 -12

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x1 x x
 2  3
66 22 44
x x x
 1  2  3
3 1 2
 3 
 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  1 
2
 
1 1  3 
     
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X 1   5  , X2= 1 , X3=  1 
 4 1 2
     
T
Form normalized matrix N, and find N
 1 1 3   1 5 4 
   
 42 3 14   42 42 42 
 5 1 1   1 1 1 
N =  and NT = 
 42 3 14   3 3 3 
 4 1 2   3 1 2 
 42   14 
 3 14   14 14

Find AN:
 1 1 3 
 
10 2 5  42 3 14 
 5 1 1 
AN=  2 2 3   42
 3 14 
 5 3 5 
 4 1 2 
 42 14 
 3
 10  10  20 10  2  5 30  2  10   42 

42 3 14
 0 3
14 
  
 2  10  12 2  2  3 6 26   14 
= 
42 3 14 = 0 3
14 
   
 5  15  20 5  3  5 15  3  10   28 
  0 3
14 
 42 3 14 

Calculate D=NTAN

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 1 5 4   42 

42 42 42 
 0 3
14 
  0 0 0 
 1 1 1   14 
D=  0 3 = 0 3 0 
 3 3 3  14 
  0 0 14 
 3 1 2   28 
 14  0 3
14 
 14 14
0 0 0
Result: The diagonal form is D = 0 3 0 
0 0 14 

30. The Eigenvectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to Eigen values 1, 3 and 3
are (1 0 -1)T, (1 0 1)T and (0 1 0)T respectively. Find the matrix A by an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U N/D 2017]

Solution:
To form a real symmetric matrix
Given: Eigenvalues are 1, 3 and 3
 1  1 0
     
Eigenvectors are  0 ,  0 , 1
  1  1  0
     
The Normalized matrix
 1 1 
 1 1   0 
 0  2 2
 2 2  1 1 
N  0 0 1  , N  
T
0
 1 1 2 2
 0   0 1 0 
 2 2   
 
We Know That, D = NTAN
ND = NNTAN
NDNT = (NNT) A (NNT)

N is an orthogonal matrix.
Therefore NNT = NTN = I
A = NDNT

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 1 1 
 1 1   0 
 0 1 0 0  2 2
 2 2    1 1 
A=  0 0 1  0 3 0  0
 1 1  0 0 3  2 2
 2 0    0 1 0 
 2   
 
 1  1
 1 1  0 
 0  2 2
 2 2  3 3 
A = 0 0 1   0
 1 1 2 2
 2 0   0 3 0 
 2   
 
2 0 1
 
A =  0 3 0
 1 0 2
 

31. The Eigenvectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to Eigen values 2, 3 and 6
are (1 0 -1)T, (1 1 1)T and (-1 2 -1)T respectively. Find the matrix A by an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U N/D 2020]

Solution:
To form a real symmetric matrix
Given: Eigen values are 2, 3 and 6
1 1  1
Eigenvectors are  0  1

2
 
1 1  1
’ , 
The Normalized matrix
 1/ 2 1/ 3  1/ 6   1/ 2 0  1/ 2 
   
N  0 1/ 3 2 / 6  , N   1/ 3
T
1/ 3 1/ 3 
 1 / 2 1 / 3  1 / 6   1 / 6 2/ 6  1 / 6 
  
We Know That, D = NTAN
ND = NNTAN
NDNT = (NNT) A (NNT)
N is an orthogonal matrix.
Therefore NNT = NTN = I
A = NDNT
 1/ 2 1/ 3  1/ 6  2 0 0  1 / 2 0  1/ 2 
  0 3 0  1 / 3 
A=  0 1/ 3 2 / 6
 
1/ 3 1/ 3 
 1 / 2 1 / 3  1 / 6  0 0 6  1 / 6 2/ 6  1 / 6 
 

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 1/ 2 1/ 3  1/ 6   2 / 2 0  2 / 2
   
A =  0 1/ 3 2 / 6   3 / 3 3/ 3 3/ 3 
 1 / 2 1 / 3  1 / 6   6 / 6 12 / 6  6 / 6 
   
 3 1 1 
A =  1 5  1
 1  1 3 
.
Reduction of the quadratic form to the canonical form through an orthogonal transformation.
Non-Repeated Eigen Values
32. Find a change of variables that reduce the quadratic form
3 x12  5 x 22  3 x 32  2 x1 x 2  2 x1 x 3  2 x 2 x 3 to a sum of squares and express the quadratic form in
term of new variable (OR) [A.U JAN 2011 A.U JUNE 2013 A/M 2024]
Reduce the quadratic form 3 x  5 y  3 z  2 yz  2 zx  2 xy to the canonical form through an
2 2 2

orthogonal transformation. [Nov/Dec 2014]

Solution:
Given: 3 x12  5 x 22  3 x 32  2 x1 x 2  2 x1 x 3  2 x 2 x 3
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x1 2
coeff of x1 x 2
2
coeff of x1 x3 
 3 1 1 
1 1   
Formula: Quadratic form A   coeff of x 2 x1 coeff of x 2 x3     1 5  1
2
coeff of x 2
 2 2   1 1 3 
 1 coeff of x x 1 coeff of x x 2   
coeff of x3
 2 3 1
2
3 2 
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=3+5+3=11
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 1 3 1 3 1
= + + =36
1 3 1 3 1 5
3 1 1
S3 = |A| =  1 5  1 =36
1 1 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3 112  36  36  0
if λ=1; 1-11+36-36  0
λ=-1; -1-11-36-36  0
λ=2; 8-44+72-36 = 0

By synthetic division 2 1 -11 36 -36

0 2 -18 36
1 -9 18 0
Therefore the =2 and other roots are given by   9  18  0
2

(-6)(-3) = 0
 = 6,3

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Therefore Eigen values are 2, 6, 3
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 3  1 1    0 0   x1   0 
       
   1 5  1    0  0   x 2    0 
 1  1 3   0 0    x 3   0 

(3-λ) x1-x2+x3=0
-x1+(5-λ)x2-x3=0 ….(1)
x1-x2+(3-λ)x3=0

Case 1: Substitute λ=2 in (1), we get

x1-x2+x3=0 ….(2)
-x1+3x2-x3=0 ….(3)
x1-x2+x3=0 ….(4)
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 1 -1
3 -1 -1 3
x1 x2 x3
 
1 3 11 3 1
x1 x x
  2  3
2 0 2
  2    1
   
Therefore x1=  0    0 
 2  1
   
Case 2: Substitute λ=3 in (1) we get
-0x1-x2+x3=0 …(5)
-x1 +2x2 -x3=0 …(6)
x1-x2+0x3=0 …(7)
Solving (5) and (6)
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 0 -1
2 -1 -1 2
x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 1 0 1
x1 x2 x
  3
1 1 1

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  1 1
   
Therefore, X2=   1   1 
  1 1
   
Case 3: Substitute λ=6 in , (1) we get
-3x1-x2+x3=0 ….(8)
-x1 -x2 -x3=0 …. (9)
x1-x2-3x3=0 ….(10)
Solving (8) and (9)
x1 x2 x3
-1 1 -3 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
11 1 3 3 1
x1 x x
  2  3
2 4 2
 2   1 
   
Therefore, X3=   4   X3=   2 
 2   1 
   

To form the Normalized matrix N:

 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  2 2
 1  2 T  1 1 1 
N  0  N  
 3 6  3 3 3
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
   
 2 3 6  6 6 6
 1 1 1 
 
 3 1 1   2 3 6
  1 2
AN=   1 5  1  0 
 1 1 3   3 6
  1 1 1 
 
 2 3 6
 3  0  1 3 1  1 3  2 1    2 3 6 
   
 2 3 6   2 3 6 
 1  0 1 1  5  1 1  10  1   3  12 
  0 
 2 3 6   3 6 
 1  0  3 11  3 1 2  3   2 3 6 
   2 3 6 

 2 3 6 

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To form diagonalise: D=NTAN

 1 1 2 3 6 
 0  
 2 2 2 3 6 
 1 1 1  3  12 
  0 
 3 3 3 3 6 
 1 2 1  2 3 6 
  
 6 6 6 2 3 6 
 202 3 03 606
 
 2 6 6 
 2 0 2 333 6  12  6 
 
6 3 18 

20 2 363 6  24  6 
 6 
 12 18 
4 
 0 0 
2   2 0 0
9  
0 0  , D  0 3 0
 3 
 0 0 6
36   
0 0 
 6 

To form canonical form:

 y1   2 0 0  y1 
    
 y1 y2 y 3 D y 2    y1 y2 y 3  0 3 0  y 2 
y   0 0 6  y 
 3   3 

1.
 2 y12  3 y 22  6 y 32

2.
Result: The canonical form is 2 y12  3 y 22  6 y 32

33. Reduce the quadratic form x 2  5 y 2  z 2  2 x y  6 z x  2 yz to a canonical form through

an orthogonal transformation [A.U A/M 2015]
Solution:
Given: x 2  5 y 2  z 2  2 x y  6 z x  2 yz
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
1 1 
Formula: Quadratic form is A =  coeff of yx coeff of y 2 coeff of yz 
2 2 
 1 coeff of zx 1
coeff of zy coeff of z 2 
 2 2 

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 1 1 3
 
 1 5 1
3 1 1
 
The characteristic equation of A is   S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
3

Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal

=1+5+1=7
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 1 1 3 1 1
= + + =0
1 1 3 1 1 5
1 1 3
S3 = |A| = 1 5 1 = -36
3 1 1
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  72  0  36  0
if λ=1; 1-7+0+36  0
λ=-1; -1-7+0+36  0
λ=2; 8-28+36  0
λ=-2; -8-28+36 = 0
By synthetic division -2 1 -7 0 36
0 -2 18 -36
1 -9 18 0
Therefore the = -2 and other roots are given by   9  18  0
2

-6)(-3) = 0
 = 3, 6
Therefore Eigen values are -2, 3, 6
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 1 1 3    0 0   x1   0 
       
 1 5 1    0  0   x 2    0 
 3 1 1   0 0    x 3   0 
(1-λ)x1+x2+3x3=0
x1+(5-λ)x2+x3=0 …. (1)
3x1+x2+(1-λ)x3=0
Case 1: Substitute λ= -2 in (1), we get
3x1+x2+3x3=0 ….(2)
X1+7x2+x3=0 ….(3)
3x1+x2+3x3=0 ….(4)
x1 x2 x3
1 3 3 1
7 1 1 7
x1 x2 x3
 
1  21 3  3 21  1

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x1 x x
  2  3
20 0 20
  20    1
   
Therefore X1=  0    0 
 20   1 
   
Case 2: Substitute λ=3 in (1), we get
-2x1+x2+3x3=0 … (5)
x1 +2x2 +x3=0 … (6)
3x1+x2-2x3=0 … (7)
Solving (5) and (6)
x1 x2 x3
1 3 -2 1
2 1 1 2
x1 x2 x3
 
1 6 3  2  4 1
x1 x x
  2  3
5 5 5
  5   1
   
Therefore, X2=  5    1 
  5   1
   
Case 3: Substitute λ = 6 in (1), we get
-5x1+x2+3x3=0 ….(8)
x1 –x2 +x3=0 ….(9)
3x1+x2-5x3=0 ….(10)
Solving (8) and (9)
x1 x2 x3
1 3 -5 1
-1 1 1 1
x1 x2 x3
 
1 3 3  5 5 1
x1 x x
  2  3
4 8 4
 4 1
   
Therefore, X3=  8  X3=  2 
 4 1
   
Hence the Eigen vectors are
  1   1 1
     
X 1   0  , X 2   1  , X 3   2  and the normalized Eigen vectors are
 1   1 1
     

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 1   1 
 1     
   3  6
 2 N  1  N  2 
0  , X2   , X3  
N
X1  
 1  3 6
   

 2    1   1 
 3  6
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  2 2
The normalized Eigen vectors are ,  1 2   1 1 1 
N  0 N 
T

3 6 3 3 3
   
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 
 2 3 6  6 6 6
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  1 3  2 2  2 0 0
1  
 1 2   1 1 1    0 3 0
NAN T
 0  1 5 1  
3 6  3 3 3  0 0 6 

1 1  3 1 1   
 1  1 2 1 
   
 2 3 6  6 6 6
Now consider the orthogonal transformation X  NY .then the given quadratic form is transformed
to Q  X T AX

 NY T A NY  
 Y N T AN Y
T
 
  2 0 0  y1 
  
  y1 y 2 y 3  0 3 0  y 2   2 y1  3 y 2  6 y 3
2 2 2

 0 0 6  y 
  3 
Result: The canonical form is  2 y1  3 y 2 2  6 y3 2
2

34. Reduce the quadratic form x12  5 x 22  x32  2 x1 x 2  2 x 2 x3  2 x1 x3 to the canonical form through
Orthogonal transformation and find its nature. [A.U June 2014]
Solution:
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x1 coeff of x1 x 2 coeff of x1 x3 
2 2
1 2 1 
The given quadratic form is A   coeff of x 2 x1 coeff of x 2 coeff of x 2 x3 
2 2 
 1 coeff of x x 1 coeff of x x coeff of x3
2 
 2 3 1
2
3 2 
 1 1 3
 
A  1 5 1
3 1 1
 
The characteristic equation of A  I  0 (i.e., ) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0

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S1 =sum of the main diagonal elements
S1  1  5  1  7
S 2 =sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
5 1 1 3 1 1
S2     (5  1)  (1  9)  (5  1)  0
1 1 3 1 1 5
1 1 3
S 3  A  1 5 1  1(5  1)  1(1  3)  3(1  15)  36
1 1 1
Therefore the characteristic equation is 3  72  36  0
(  2)(3   )(6   )  0
  2,3,6
The Eigen values are   2,3,6
The Eigen vector are given by  A  I X  0
1   1 3   x1 
  
 1 5 1   x2   0........(1)
 3 1 1     x3 

For   2, (1)becomes
 3 1 3  x1 
  
 1 7 1  x2   0
 3 1 3  x 
  3 
3 x1  x2  3 x3  0
x1  7 x2  x3  0
3 x1  x2  3 x3  0
Solving first two equations we have
x1 x x
 2  3
1  21 3  3 21  1
x1 x x x x x
 2 3  1  2 3
 20 0 20 1 0 1
  1
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   2 is X 1   0 
1
 
For   3, (1)becomes,
  2 1 3  x1 
  
 1 2 1  x2   0
 3 1  2  x 
  3 
 2 x1  x2  3 x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0

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3 x1  x2  2 x3  0
Solving first two equations we have
x1 x2 x3
 
1 6  2  3  4 1
x x x x x x
 1  2  3  1  2  3
5 5 5 1 1 1
  1
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   3 is X 2   1 
  1
 
For   6, (1)becomes,
 5 1 3  x1 
  
 1  1 1  x 2   0
 3 1  5  x3 

 5 x1  x 2  3 x3  0
x1  x 2  x3  0
3 x1  x 2  5 x3  0
Solving first two equations we have
x1 x2 x
  3
1 3  5  3 5 1
x1 x 2 x3 x x x
   1 2  3
4 8 4 1 2 1
1
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   6 is X 3   2 
1
 
Hence the Eigen vectors are
  1   1 1
     
X 1   0  , X 2   1  , X 3   2  and the normalized Eigen vectors are
 1   1 1
     
 1 
 1   
 1     6
   3
 1  , X 3N  
 2 , 2 
 6
N
X1   0  X2  
N

 1  3  
  1 
 2   1  
   
 3  6
The normalized Eigen vectors are

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 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6  2 2
 1 2   1 1 1 
N  0  NT  
3 6 3 3 3
   
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
  
 2 3 6  6 6 6
 1 1 1   1 1 
   0 
 2 3 6   1 1 3  2 2   2 0 0
 1 2      1 1  1   
NAN T   0   1 5 1      0 3 0
3 6  3 3 3
   3 1 1     0 0 6
 
 1  1 1   1 2 1 
 2 3 6  6 6 6
Now consider the orthogonal transformation X  NY .
then the given quadratic form is transformed to
Q  X T AX
 
 NY T A NY 

 Y T N T AN Y 
  2 0 0   y1 
   
  y1 y3   0 3 0    y2   2 y1  3 y2  6 y3
2 2 2
y2
 0 0 6  y 
   3

Result: The canonical form is  2 y12  3 y 2 2  6 y3 2

The nature of the Quadratic form is indefinite.

35. Reduce the quadratic form 2 x 2  5 y 2  3 z 2  4 xy to the canonical form through an orthogonal
transformation. Find also its nature. [AU A/M 2018]
Solution:
Given: 2 x 2  5 y 2  3 z 2  4 xy
Formula: Quadratic form is:
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
 
2 2 0
1 1
A =  coeff of yx coeff of y 2
coeff of yz    2 5 0 
2 2   
 1 coeff of zx 1 coeff of zy coeff of z 2   0 0 3 
 2 2 
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=2+5+3=10
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
5 0 2 0 2 2
= + + =27
0 3 0 3 2 5

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2 2 0
S3 =|A|= 2 5 0 =18
0 0 3
Hence the characteristic equation is  10  27 18  0
3 2

if λ=1; 1-10+27-18=0
By synthetic division 1 1 -10 27 -18
0 1 -9 18
1 -9 18 0
Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by   9  18  0
2

(-3)(-6) = 0
 = 3,6
Therefore Eigen values are 1,3,6
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 2 2 0    0 0    x1   0 
       
  2 5 0    0  0    x2    0 
 0 0 3   0 0     x3   0 
(2-λ) x1+2x2+0x3=0
2x1+ (5-λ)x2+0x3=0 ….(1)
0x1+0x2+ (3-λ) x3=0

Case 1: Substitute λ=1 in (1), we get

x1+2x2+0x3 =0 ….(2)
2x1+4x2+0x3 = 0 ….(3)
0x1+0x2+2x3 = 0 ….(4)
Solving (3) and (4)
x1 x2 x3
4 0 2 4
0 2 0 0
x1 x2 x3
 
80 04 00
x1 x x
  2  3
8 4 0
8 2
   
Therefore x1=  4    1
0 0
   
Case 2: Substitute λ=3 in (1) we get
-x1+2x2+0x3=0 ….(5)
2x1+2x2+0x3=0 ….(6)
0x1+0x2+0x3=0 .…(7)

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Solving (5) and (6)
x1 x2 x3
2 0 -1 2
2 0 2 2
x1 x2 x3
 
0  0 0  0 2  4
x1 x x
  2  3
0 0 6
 0
 
Therefore, X2=  0 
1
 
Case 3: Substitute λ=6 in , (1) we get
-4x1+2x2+0x3=0 ….(8)
2x1-x2+0x3=0 ….(9)
0x1+0x2-3x3=0 ….(10)
Solving (9) and (10)
x1 x2 x3
-1 0 2 -1
0 -3 0 0
x1 x2 x3
 
30 06 00
x1 x x
  2  3
1 2 0
1
 
Therefore,X3=  2 
0
 

To form the Normalised matrix N:

 2 1 
 0  2 1 
 5 5   0
 5 5 
 1 2 
N  0 NT   0 0 1
 5 5   
 1 2
 0 1 0   0 
   5 5 
 

To form diagonalise: D =NTAN

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 2 1 
 2 1   0 
 0  2 2 0 5 5  1 0 0
5 5 
    1 2   0 3 0
 0 0 1  2 5 0
 0  
  0 0 3   5 5   0 0 6 
0    
 1 2
  0 1 0 
 5 5   
 
To form canonical form:
 y1   1 0 0  y1 
 y1 y2 y3  D  y2    y1 y2 y3   0 3 0 
  
 y2   1 y1  3 y2  6 y3
2 2 2

y   0 0 6  y 
 3   3 
Result: The canonical form is y1  3 y 2  6 y3
2 2 2

Nature of the quadratic form is Positive definite.

36. Reduce the quadratic form 8 x12  7 x22  3 x32  12 x1x2  8 x2 x3  4 x3 x1 to the canonical form through
orthogonal transformation. Hence find the following: [A.U N/D 2015&2022&2023]
(i) Nature of the quadratic form. (ii) Rank,index and signature of the quadratic form, and
(iii) A set of non-zero values of x, y, z which will make the quadratic form zero.
Solution:
Step 1: The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
 8 6 2 
1 1   
A =  coeff of yx coeff of y 2 coeff of yz  =  6 7  4
2 2   
 1 coeff of zx 1 coeff of zy coeff of z 2   2  4 3 
 2 2 
Step 2: To find the characteristic equation.
The characteristic equation of A is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of the main diagonal elements
= 8+7+3=18
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
7 4 8 2 8 6
=   = 45
4 3 2 3 6 7
8 6 2
S3 = |A|=  6 7 4 = 0
2 4 3
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ3-18λ2+45λ=0
Step 3: To solve the characteristic equation
λ3- 18λ2 + 45λ = 0
λ (λ2-18λ+45) = 0
λ (λ-15) ( λ-3) = 0
i.e., λ=0 , λ=3, λ=15

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Step 4: To find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A- λI) X=0
 8    6 2   x1  0
 
(i.e)   6 7    4   x 2   0 ..... ( A)
 2  4 3     x3  0
Case (1): If λ = 0 then the equation (A) becomes
 8  6 2   x1  0
 6 7  4  x   0
  2   
 2  4 3   x3  0
(i.e) 8x1-6x2+2x3 = 0 ….. (1)
-6x1+7x2-4x3 = 0 ….. (2)
2x1-4x2+3x3 = 0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-6 2 8 -6
7 -4 -6 7
x1 x2 x3
 
24  14  12  32 56  36
x x x x x x
 1 2  3  1 2 3
10 20 20 1 2 2
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  2 
 
 2 
Case (2): If λ = 3 then the equation (A) becomes
 5 6 2   x1   0 
 6 4  4   x 2    0 

 2 4 0   x 3   0 
(i.e) 5x1-6x2+2x3=0 ….. (4)
-6x1+4x2-4x3=0 ….. (5)
2x1-4x2+0x3=0 ….. (6)
Solving (5) & (6) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
4 -4 -6 4
-4 0 2 -4
x1 x2 x3
 
0  16  8  0 24  8
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1 2  3
 16  8 16 2 1 2
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  1 
 2

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Case (3): If λ = 15 then the equation (A) becomes
 7  6 2   x1  0
  6  8  4   x   0 
  2   
 2  4  12  x3  0
(i.e) -7x1-6x2+2x3 = 0 …. (7)
-6x1-8x2-4x3 = 0 …. (8)
2x1-4x2-12x3 = 0 …. (9)
Solving (8) & (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-8 -4 -6 -8
-4 -12 2 -4
x1 x2 x3
 
96  16  8  72 24  16
x1 x x x x x
  2  3  1 2  3
80  80 40 2 2 1
 2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  2
 1 
1  2 2
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1 =  2  ,X2 =  1  ,X3 =  2
   

 2   2  1 

Step 5: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

1 2 2 
3 3 3 
2 1  2 1 
1 2 2 1 2 2
  1
N=   = 2 1 2
  NT= 2 1  2

3 3 3  3 3
2  2 1  2  2 1  2  2 1 
 3 3 3 

Step 6: Find AN
 8  6 2  1 2 2
1
AN =  6 7  4 2 1  2
3
 2  4 3  2  2 1 
 8  12  4 16  6  4 16  12  2 
1
=  6  14  8  12  7  8  12  14  4
3
 2  8  6 446 4  8  3 

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0 6 30  0 2 10 
1
= 0 3  30 = 0 1  10
 
3
0  6 15  0  2 5 

Step 7: calculate D = NTAN = (NT)(AN)

1 2 2  0 2 10  0 2  2  4 10  20  10
1 1
D = 2 1  2 0 1  10 = 0 4  1  4 20  10  10

3 3
2  2 1  0  2 5  0 4  2  2 20  20  5 
0 0 0  0 0 0
1
= 0 9 0   0 3 0 
3
0 0 45 0 0 15

Step 8: The Canonical form is

 y1  0 0 0   y1 
(y1 y2 y3) (D)  y2  =(y1 y2 y3) 0 3 0   y  = 2
   2 0 y1  3 y 22  15 y32
 y3  0 0 15  y3 
Step 9: (i) Nature of the quadratic form is Positive Semi-definite.
(ii) Index = Number of positive square term = s = 2
Rank = r = 3, Signature = 2s – r = 2(2) – 3 = 1
Step 10: (iii) The canonical form of the Q.F is zero
When y2 = 0, y3 = 0 and y1 is arbitrary.
The orthogonal transformation X = NY
1 2 2 
3 3 3 y 
 x1    1
 x    2 1 2   y 
 2 3 3 3  
2

 x3     y3 
 2 2 1 
 3 3 3 
1 2 2
x1  y1  y2  y3
3 3 3
2 1 2
x2  y1  y2  y3
3 3 3
2 2 1
x3  y1  y2  y3
3 3 3
Taking y1 = 3, y2 = 0, y3 = 0, we get
x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 2
These values of x1, x2, x3 makes the Quadratic form zero.

Repeated Eigen Values

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37. Reduce the quadratic form x2+y2+z2-2xy-2yz-2zx to canonical form through an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U. JUNE 2012]
Solution:
Given: x2+y2+z2-2xy-2yz-2zx
Formula: Quadratic form is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
1  1  1
1 1   
A   coeff of yx coeff of x 2
coeff of yz     1 1  1
2 2   
1
 coeff of zx 1 2   1 1 1 
coeff of zy coeff of z
 2 2 
The characteristic equation of A is 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
= 1+1+1=3
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + =0
1 1 1 1 1 1
S3 = Det (A) = |A|
1 1 1
= 1 1 1 = - 4
1 1 1
Hence the characteristic equation is   3  0  4  0
3 2

if λ=1; 1-3+0+40
λ=-1; -1-3+4 = 0
By synthetic division -1 1 -3 0 4
0 -1 4 -4

1 -4 4 0
Therefore the =-1 and other roots are given by   4  4  0
2

(-2)(-2) = 0
= 2,2
Therefore Eigen values are -1, 2, 2
To find the Eigenvectors:
To get the Eigenvectors solve (A-λI)X=0
  1  1  1   0 0   x1   0 
       
  1 1  1   0  0   x 2    0 
  1  1 1   0 0    x 3   0 

(1-λ) x1-x2-x3 =0
-x1+ (1-λ) x2-x3 =0 …(1)
-x1-x2+(1-λ) x3 =0

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Case 1: Substitute λ=-1 in (1), we get,
2x1-x2-x3=0 …(2)
-x1+2x2-x3=0 …(3)
-x1-x2+2x3=0 …(4)
x1 x2 x3
-1 -1 2 -1
2 -1 -1 2
x1 x2 x3
 
1 2 1 2 4 1
x1 x x
  2  3
3 3 3
 3  1
   
Therefore X1=  3   1
 3  1
   
Case 2: Substitute λ=2 in (1), we get

- x1-x2-x3=0 …(5)  x1+x2+x3=0

- x1 -x2 -x3=0 …(6)  x1 +x2+x3=0
-x1-x2-x3=0 …(7)  x1 -x2 -x3 =0
Since (5) and (7) are same we have,
Put x1= 0
x1+x2+x3=0
x2 x
x2 = - x3   3
1 1
0
 
Therefore, X2=   1
1
 

Since the given matrix is symmetric with repeated Eigenvalues,we have

l
 
X 3   m  as x3 is orthogonal to x1 and x2
n
 

X 1T X 3  0 and X 2T X 3  0
l l
   
(i.e) (111)  m   0 & (0  11) m   0
n n
   

L+m+n=0 …(8)

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0l – m + n = 0 …(9)

Solving (8) and (9)

l m n
1 1 1 1
-1 1 0 -1
l m n
 
11 0 1 1 0
l m n
  
2 1 1
2
 
Therefore X3 =   1
  1
 

To form the Normalised matrix N:

 1 2   1 1 1 
 0   
 3 6  3 3 3
 1 1 1  T  1 1 
N   N  0 
 3 2 6   2 2
 1 1 1   2 1 1 
   
 3 2 6  6 6 6
 1 2 
 0 
 1  1  1  3 6
  1 1 1 
AN=   1 1  1  
1 1 1   3 2 6
  1 1 1 
 
 3 2 6
 1 1 1 1 1 2 11   1 4 
   0  
  0 
 3 3 3 2 2 6 6 6  3 6
 1 1  1 1 2 1 1   1 2 2
   0      
 3 3 3 2 2 6 6 6  3 2 6
 1  1

1 1
0
1 2

1

1   1 2 2
   
 3 3 3 2 2 6 6 6  3 2 6

To form diagonalise: D=NTAN

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 1 1 1   1 4 
  0 
 3 3 3 3 6
 1 1   1  2  2 
 0 
 2 2   3 2

6
 2 1 1   1 2 2
   
 6 6 6 3 2 6
 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 2 
    0   
 3 3 3 6 6 18 18 18 
 1 1 2 2 2 2 
 0 0  0  
6 6 2 2 12 12 

 2  1  1 0
2

2 8 2 2
  
 6 6 6 
 18 18 18 12 12 
3 
 0 0
 3   1 0 0
4  
 0 0  ,D   0 2 0 
 2 
  0 0 2
12   
 0 0 
 6

To form canonical form:

 y1    1 0 0  y1 
    
 y1 y 2 y3 D y 2    y1 y 2 y3  0 2 0  y 2    y12  2 y 22  2 y 32
y   0 0 2  y 
 3   3 
Result: The canonical form is  y1  2 y 2  2 y3
2 2 2

38. Reduce the quadratic form Q= 2x1x2+2x2x3+2x3x1 into canonical Form [A.U 2009,Jan 2013]
Solution:
Step :1 The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
 
0 1 1
1 1
A=  coeff of yx coeff of y 2
coeff of yz  = 1 0 1

 2 2   
1
 coeff of zx 1 
1 1 0 
coeff of zy coeff of z 2 
 2 2 
Step:2 To find the characteristic equation:
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
where, S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 0+0+0=0
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements

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0 1 0 1 0 1
=   = -3
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1
S3 = |A| = 1 0 1 = 2
1 1 0
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ3-0λ2-3λ-2 = 0
(i.e) λ3-3λ-2 = 0
Step 3: To solve the characteristic equation
λ3-3λ-2 = 0
If λ=1 then λ3-3λ-2=1-3-2 ≠ 0
If λ=-1 then λ3-3λ-2=-1+3-2 = 0
Therefore, λ=-1 is a root

By synthetic division -1 1 0 -3 -2
0 -1 1 2
1 -1 -2 0
Other roots are given by λ2-λ-2=0
(λ+1)(λ-2)=0
Hence the Eigen values are -1,-1, 2
Step 4 :To find the Eigen vectors:
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 0 1 1   1 0 0   x1  0
   
(i.e)  1 0 1     0 1 0   x2   0
 1 1 0   0 0 1    x  0 
   3   
  1 1   x1  0
 1   1   x   0  ….. (A)
  2   
 1 1     x3  0
Case (1): If λ=2 then the equation (A) becomes
 2 1 1   x1  0
 1  2 1   x   0 
  2   
 1 1  2  x3  0
(i.e)-2x1+x2+x3=0 .... (1)
x1-2x2+x3=0 …. (2)
x1+x2-2x3=0 …. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
1 1 -2 1
-2 1 1 -2
x1 x x
 2  3
1  2 1 2 4 1
x x x x x x
 1  2  3  1  2  3
3 3 3 1 1 1

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1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1= 1
1
Case (2): If λ = -1 then the equation (A) becomes
1 1 1  x1  0
1 1 1  x   0
  2   
1 1 1  x3  0
(i.e) x1+x2+x3=0 …. (4)
x1+x2+x3=0 …. (5)
x1+x2+x3=0 …. (6)
Here (4), (5), (6) represents the same equation,
x1+x2+x3=0
Put x1=0 we get x2=-x3
x x
(i.e) 2  3
1 1
0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  1 
1
l 
Let x3=  m  as x3 is orthogonal to x1 and x2 , since the given matrix is symmetric
 n 
l 
[1 1 1] m  0 or l+ m + n=0 ….(7)
 n 
l 
[0 1-1] m  0 or 0l+m-n=0 ….(8)
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
1 1 1 1
1 -1 0 1
x1 x x
 2  3
11 0 1 1 0
x x x
 1  2  3
2 1 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  1
 1

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1 0 2
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1= 1 ,X2=  1  ,X3=  1
   
1 1  1

Step 5: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

 1 2   1 1 1 
 3 0   3
 6  3 3 
 1 1 1 T  1 1 
N= N= 0
 3 2 6  2 2
 1 1 1  2 1 1 
   
 3 2 6  6 6 6

Step 6: Find AN:

 1 2 
 0
0 1 1  3 6 
1 1 1
AN = 1 0 1 
 3 2 6
1 1 0  1 1 1
 
 3 2 6
 1 1 1 1 1 1   2  2
0  3

3
0
2

2
0
6

6   3
0
6 
 
1 1 1 2 1  2 1 1 
=  0 00 0 = 
 3 3 2 6 6  3 2 6
 1 1 1 2 1   2 1 1 
  0 0 0 0   
 3 3 2 6 6   3 2 6

Step 7: calculate D=NTAN = (NT)(AN)

 1 1 1  2  2
 0
 3
 3 
3  3 6  2 0 0 
1 1   2 1 1 
D=  0 = 0  1 0 
 2 2  3 2 6
 2 1 1   2 1 1  0 0  1
  
 6 6 6  3 2 6
 y1  2 0 0  y1 
Step 8: Canonical form is (y1 y2 y3)(D)  y2  =(y1 y2 y3) 0
   1 0  y  =
 2  2 y1  y 2  y 3
2 2 2

 y3  0 0  1  y3 
Result: The canonical form is 2 y12  y 22  y 32

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39. Reduce the quadratic form 2xy-2yz+2xz into a canonical form by an orthogonal reduction.
Solution: [A.U A/M 2019]
Step :1 The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
 
0 1 1
1 1
A=  coeff of yx coeff of y 2 coeff of yz  = 1 0 1
 2 2   
 1 coeff of zx 1 coeff of zy coeff of z 2  1 1 0 
 2 2 
Step:2 To find the characteristic equation:
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λI| = 0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
where, S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 0+0+0=0
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
0 1 0 1 0 1
=   = -3
1 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1
S3 = |A| = 1 0 1 = -2
1 1 0
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ3-0λ2-3λ+2 = 0
(i.e) λ3-3λ+2 = 0

Step 3: To solve the characteristic equation

λ3-3λ+2 = 0
If λ=1 then λ3-3λ+2=1-3+2 = 0
Therefore, λ=1 is a root
By synthetic division
11 0 -3 2
0 1 1 -2
1 1 -2 0
2
Other roots are given by λ +λ-2=0
(λ-1)(λ+2)=0
Hence the Eigen values are 1,1,-2
Step 4 :To find the Eigen vectors:
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A-λI)X=0
 0 1 1   1 0 0    x1  0
   
(i.e)  1 0 1    0 1 0    x2   0
 1 1 0   0 0 1    x  0
   3   

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  1 1   x1  0 
 1   1   x    0  ….. (A)
  2  
 1 1    x3  0 
Case (1): If λ= -2 then the equation (A) becomes
 2 1 1   x1  0
1 2 1  x   0
  2  
1 1 2   x3  0
(i.e) 2x1+x2+x3=0 .... (1)
x1+2x2-x3=0 …. (2)
x1-x2+2x3=0 …. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
1 1 2 1
2 -1 1 2
x1 x2 x
  3
1  2 1  2 4  1
x x x x x x
 1  2  3  1  2  3
3 3 3 1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  1 
 1 
Case (2): If λ = 1 then the equation (A) becomes
 1 1 1   x1  0 
 1 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 1 1 1  x3  0 
(i.e) -x1+x2+x3 = 0 …. (4)
x1-x2-x3 = 0 …. (5)
x1-x2-x3 = 0 …. (6)
Here (4), (5), (6) represents the same equation,
-x1+x2+x3 = 0
Put x2=0 we get -x1 = -x3
x x
(i.e) 1  3
1 1
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  0 
 1 
l 
Let X3=  m  as x3 is orthogonal to X1 and X2 , since the given matrix is symmetric
 n 

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l 
[-1 1 1] m  0 or –l+m+n=0 ….(7)
 n 
l 
[1 0 1] m  0 or l+0m+n=0 ….(8)
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
1 1 -1 1
0 1 1 0
x1 x x
 2  3
1  0 1 1 0 1
x x x
 1 2  3
1 2 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  2 
1
1 1  1
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1=  1  ,X2=  0  ,X3=  2 
   
 1   1  1

Step 5: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
 3  
 2 6 3 3 3
 
 1 2  T  1 1 
N=  0 N = 0
3 6 2 2
   
 1 1 1   1 2 1 
 3 2 6 
 6 6 6 

Step 6: calculate D=NTAN = (NT)(AN)

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 1 1 1   1 1 1 
 3  3 6 
3 3 2
   0 1 1   2 0 0
 1 1    1 2  
0 
D= 
2
0
2 1 0 1  3 0
6 
= 0 1
  1 1 0    0 0 1 
 1 2 1   1 1 1  
 6 6 6   3 2 6 
 y1   2 0 0  y1 
Step 7: Canonical form is (y1 y2 y3)(D)  y2  =(y1 y2 y3)  0 1 0  y  =
 2   2 y1  y 2 
2 2
y 32
 y3   0 0 1   y3 
Result: The canonical form is  2 y12  y 22  y32

40. Reduce the quadratic form 6x2+3y2+3z2 -4xy-2yz+4xz into canonical Form by an orthogonal
reduction. Hence find its rank and nature
(OR)[A.U Jan 2013, M/J 2016, N/D 2017, 2019,A/M 2022]
Reduce the quadratic form 6x1+3x2+3x3 -4x1x2-2x2x3+4x1x3 into canonical Form by an
orthogonal reduction.Hence find its rank and nature [A.U N/D 2015, N/D 2016, A/M 2022]
[HINT:Replace x,y,z by x1, x2, x3]
Solution:
Step :1 The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x coeff of xy coeff of xz 
  6 2 2 
2 2
1 1
A=  coeff of yx coeff of y 2
coeff of yz  =  2 3  1
2 2   
 1 coeff of zx 1 coeff of zy coeff of z 2    2  1 3 
 2 2 
Step 2: To find the characteristic equation:
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
where, S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 6+3+3=12
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
3 1 6 2 6 2
=   =36
1 3 2 3 2 3
6 2 2
S3 = |A| =  2 3  1 =32
2 1 3
Therefore, The characteristic equation is λ3-12λ2+36λ-32=0
Step 3: To solve the characteristic equation λ3-12λ2+36λ-32=0
If λ=1 then λ3-12λ2 + 36λ-32 = 0 = 1-12+32 ≠ 0
If λ=-1 then λ3-12λ2 + 36λ-32 = 0 = -1-12-36-32 ≠ 0
If λ=2 then λ3-12λ2 + 36λ-32 = 0 = 8-42+72-32 = 0

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Therefore, λ=2 is a root
By synthetic division
2 1 -12 36 -32
0 2 -20 32
1 -10 16 0

Other roots are given by λ2-10λ+16 = 0

(λ-8) (λ-2) = 0
Hence the Eigen values are 2, 2, 8.
Step 4: To find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A-λI) X=0
6    2 2   x1  0
  2 3    1   x   0  ….. (A)
  2   
 2  1 3     x3  0

Case (1): If λ=8 then the equation (A) becomes

 2  2 2   x1  0
  2  5  1   x   0 
  2   
 2  1  5  x3  0
(i.e)-2x1-2x2+2x3 = 0 .... (1)
-2x1-5x2-x3 = 0 ….. (2)
2x1-x2-5x3 = 0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 2 -2 -2
-5 -1 -2 -5
x1 x2 x3
 
2  10  4  2 10  4
x x x
 1  2  3
12  6 6
x x x
 1  2  3
2 1 1
2
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  1
 1 

Case (2): If λ=2 then the equation (A) becomes

 4  2 2   x1  0
 2 1  1  x   0
  2   
 2  1 1   x3  0
(i.e) 4x1-2x2+2x3 = 0 …. (4) -

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2x1+x2-x3 = 0 …. (5)
2x1-x2+x3 = 0 …. (6)
Here (4),(5),(6) represents the same equation,
2x1-x2+x3 = 0
Put x1=0, -x2+x3 = 0
-x2 = - x3
x2 = x3
x x
(i.e) 2  3
1 1
0
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  1 
 1 
l 
Let x3=  m  as x3 is orthogonal to x1 and x2 Since the given matrix is symmetric
 n 
l 
[2 -1 1] m  0 or 2l-m+n = 0 …. (7)
 n 
l 
[0 1 1] m  0 or 0l+m+n=0 …. (8)
 n 
Solving (7) and (8) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
l m n
1 1 2 -1
1 1 0 1
x1 x x
 2  3
1  1 0  2 2  0
x x x
 1  2  3
2 2 2
x x x
 1 2  3
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3=  1 
1
2 0 1
 
Therefore the Eigen vectors are X1=  1 , X2=  1  , X3=  1 
 
 1   1  1
Step 5: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

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 2 1   2 1 1 
 0  
 6 3  6 6 6 
 1 1 1   1 1 
N=  and NT=  0
 6 2 3   2 2 
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
 6 3   3 
 2  3 3

Step 6: Find AN:

 2 1 
 0 
 6 3
 0 1 1 
 1 1 1 
AN= 1 0 1 

6 2 3 
1 1 0 
 1 1 1 
 6 3 
 2
12  2  2 0  2  2 6  2  2   16 2 
   0 
 6 2 3   6 3
 4  3  1 0  3  1 2  3  1   8 2 2 
=  =  6
 6 2 3   2 3 
 4  1 3 0 1  3 2 1  3   8 2 2 
 3   6 3 
 6 2 2
Step 7: calculate D = NTAN
 2 1 1   16 2 
 6   0 
 6 6  6 3
8 0 0 
 1 1   8 2 2  0 2 0 
D=  0    =  
 2 2   6 2 3   0 0 2 
 1 1 1   8 2 2 
 3
 3 3   6 2 3 

Step 8: The Canonical form is

 y1   8 0 0   y1 
(y1 y2 y3)(D)  y2  =(y1 y2 y3) 0 2 0   y 
   2
 y3   0 0 2   y3 
= 8 y12  2 y 22  2 y32
Nature of the quadratic form is Positive definite.
Index = Number of positive square term = s = 3
Rank = r = 3, Signature = 2s – r = 2(3) – 3 = 3
Result: The canonical form is 8 y12  2 y 22  2 y32
.
41. Reduce the quadratic form 3x2+2y2+3z2 -2xy-2yz into canonical Form by an orthogonal
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reduction. [A.U N/D 2020]
Solution:
Given: 3x2+2y2+3z2 -2xy-2yz=0
Step: 1 The matrix of the Q.F is
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x 2
coeff of xy
2
coeff of xz 
3 1 0 
1 1  
A=  coeff of yx coeff of y 2 coeff of yz  =  1 2 1
 2 2   
 1 coeff of zx 1 coeff of zy coeff of z 2   0 1 3 

 2 2 
Step: 2 To find the characteristic equation:
The characteristic equation of the given matrix is |A-λI|=0
(i.e) 3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
where, S1 = Sum of the main diagonal elements
= 3+2+3=8
S2 = Sum of the minors of the main diagonal elements
3 1 2 1 3 0
=   = (6-1) + (6-1) + 9 = 19
1 2 1 3 0 3
3 1 0
S3 = |A| = 1 2 1 = 12
0 1 3
Therefore, the characteristic equation is λ3-8λ2+19λ-12=0
Step 3: To solve the characteristic equation λ3-12λ2+36λ-32 = 0
If λ=1 then λ3-8λ2+19λ-12=0=-20+20 = 0 Therefore,
λ=1 is a root
By synthetic division
1 1 -8 19 -12
0 1 -7 12
1 -7 12 0

Other roots are given by λ2-7λ+12 = 0

(λ-4) (λ-3) = 0
Hence the Eigen values are 3,1,4.
Step 4: To find the Eigen vectors
To find the Eigen vectors solve (A-λI) X=0
3   1 0   x1  0 
 1 2   1   x   0  ….. (A)
  2  
 0 1 3     x3  0 
Case (1): If λ=3 then the equation (A) becomes
 0 1 0   x1  0 
 1 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 0 1 0   x3  0 
(i.e) 0x1-x2+0x3 = 0 .... (1)
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-x1-x2-x3 = 0 ….. (2)
0x1-x2+0x3 = 0 ….. (3)
Solving (1) and (2) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 0 0 -1
1 -1 -1 1
x1 x x
 2  3
1  0 0  0 0 1
x x x
 1 2  3
1 0 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X1=  0 
1
Case (2): If λ=1 then the equation (A) becomes
 2 1 0   x1  0 
 1 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 0 1 2   x3  0 
(i.e) 2x1-x2+0x3 = 0 .... (4)
-x1+x2-x3 = 0 ….. (5)
0x1-x2+2x3= 0 ….. (6)
Solving (4) and (5) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-1 0 2 -1
1 -1 -1 1
x1 x x
 2  3
1  0 0  2 2 1
x x x
 1 2  3
1 2 1
1 
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X2=  2 
1 
Case (3): If λ=3 then the equation (A) becomes
 0 1 0   x1  0 
 1 1 1  x   0 
  2  
 0 1 0   x3  0 
(i.e) 0x1-x2+0x3 = 0 .... (7)
-x1-x2-x3 = 0 ….. (8)
0x1-x2+0x3 = 0 ….. (9)
Solving (8) and (9) by rule of cross multiplication, we get
x1 x2 x3
-2 -1 -1 -2

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-1 -1 0 -1
x1 x2 x3
 
2 1 0 1 1 0
x x x
 1 2  3
1 1 1
1
Hence the corresponding Eigen vector is X3= 1
 1 

Step 5: Form normalized matrix N, and find NT

 1 1 1   1 1 
 2   0
 6 3  2 2 
 2 1   1 2 1 
N=  0  and NT= 
6 3 6 6 6
   
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
 2 6 3   3 3 3 
Step 6: Find AN:
 1 1 1 
 2 6 3 
 3 1 0  
 2 1 
AN=  1 2 1  0
6 3
 0 1 3   
 1 1 1 
 2 6 3 
 3 0 0 3 2 0 3 1 0   3 1 4 
 2 6 
3   2  6 3 

 1  0  1 1  4  1 1  2  1   2 4 
=   =  0
2 6 3 6 3
   
 0  0  3 0  2  3 0  1  3   3 1 4 
 2 6 3   2 6 3 
 1 1   3 1 4 
 0
 2 2   2
 6 3 
3 0 0 
 1 2 1   2 4  
Step 7: calculate D = NTAN= D =   0 =  0 1 0 
6 6 6 6 3 
     0 0 4 
 1 1 1   3 1 4  
 3 3 3   2 6 3 
Step 8: The Canonical form is

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 y1   3 0 0   y1 
(y1 y2 y3)(D)  y2  =(y1 y2 y3)  0 1 0   y2 
 
 y3   0 0 4   y3 
= 3 y12  y 22  4 y32
Result: The canonical form is 3 y12  y 22  4 y32

42. An Elastic membrane in x1 , x 2 plane with boundary circle x1 , x 2  1 is stretched in such a way
2 2

that particular point P (x1 , x 2 ) on the membrane is displaced at the point Q (y1 , y 2 ) such that
y1  5 x1  3 x2 ; y 2  3 x1  5 x2 . Find the principal directions. What shape does the boundary circle
take under this deformation?
Solution:
y  x  5 3
Y  AX Y   1 , X   1 , A   
Consider a matrix A in a deformation where
 y2   x2  3 5
The principal directions associated with this matrix are defined by the Eigenvectors.

The characteristic equation of A is

A  I  0
5 3
0
3 5
 (5   )2  9  0
  2  10  25  9  0
  2  10  16  0
 (  8)(  2)  0
 1  8, 2  2

The direction of X after stretch = the direction before the stretch

AX   X x2

. .
X X2
 AX   X  0 135o 1
45o
 ( A   I ) X  0.......(1)
 1,1 1,1
Case (i) When   1  8

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5  8 3   x1   0  
 x1
    
 3 5  8   x2   0 
 3 3   x1   0 
     
 3 3   x2   0 
From (1)
 3 x1  3 x2  0.........(2)
 3 x1  3 x2  0.........(3)

Here (2) = (3)

(2)  3 x1  3 x2
 x1  x2
x1 x2
 
1 1
1
 X1   
1
corresponding Eigen value is 1

Case(ii) When   2  2
5  2 3   x1   0 
(1)       
 3 5  2   x2   0 
 3 3   x1   0 
     
 3 3   x2   0 
 3 x1  3 x2  0.......(4)
 3 x1  3 x2  0.......(5)
Here,(4)  (5)
(4)  3 x1  3 x2
x1 x2 x x
  (or ) 1  2
1 1 1 1
1  1
X 2    (or )   corresponding eigen value is2
 1 1

x  x 
If X1=  1  then   tan 1  2  ,  is the angle with the positive x1 direction.
 x2   x1 

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1 1
X1=   then   tan 1    tan 1 1  45o
1 1
1  1 
X2=   then   tan 1    tan 1  1  135o  or  45o
1  1 
X1and X2 make 45o and 135o angles with the positive x1 direction. They give the principal directions. The
Eigen values show that in the principal directions the membrane is stretched by factors 8 and 2
respectively.

Accordingly, if we choose the principal directions as directions of a new Cartesian u1 u2 coordinate system
say, with
the positive u1 - semiaxis in the first quadrant and the u2 -semiaxis in the second quadrant of x1 x2 system
and if we
put u1  r cos  , u2  r sin  then a boundary point of the unstretched circular membrane has coordinates
cos  ,sin  .
Hence, after the stretch we have
z1  8cos  , z 2  2sin 
z1 z
 cos   ,sin   2
8 2 we know that
c o s   s in   1
2 2

z 12 z 22
 2  2 1
8 2

This show that the deformation boundary is an ellipse with principal semi-axes 8 and 2 in the principal
direction.

43. Find the principal directions and corresponding factors of extension or contraction of an elastic
 3 1 
 2 2
Y  AX A   
deformation of with given  1 .
 2 1 
Solution:
Consider a matrix A in a deformation
 y1   x1 
Y  AX where Y    , X    ,
 y2   x2 
 3 1 
 2 2
A 
 1 
 2 1 

The principal directions associated with this matrix are defined by the Eigenvectors.

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The characteristic equation of A is

A  I  0
3 1 
2  2
 0
 1 
 2 1   
3 3 1
      2   0
2 2 2
 3  3  2  2  1  0
2

 2 2  5  2  0
1
 1  2, 2 
2

The direction of X after stretch = the direction before the stretch x2

AX   X
 AX   X  0
  A   I  X  0  1

. .
when  1  2 35.26o
125.26o X1
3 1  X2
2  2 2   x1  0
1        ( 2,1)
 1   x2  0  (1, 2)
 2 1  2  ) x1
Case (i)
1 1
 x1  x2  0   2 
2 2
1
x1  x2  0   3 54.74o
2
1 1 x x  2
Here (2) = (3) (2)  x1   x2  1  2  X 1   
2 2 2 1  1 
Corresponding to
1  2

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1
when  2 
2
3 1 1 
2  2 2   x1  0 
1    
 1 1   x2  0 
Case (ii)  2 1  2 
1
 x1  x2  0   4 
2
1 1
x1  x2  0   5
2 2

Here (4) = (5)

1 x x
 x1   x2  1  2
2 1  2
1
 1 
Corresponding to
 
 X2   
2
2
  2 
x  x 
If X1=  1  then   tan 1  2  ,  is the angle with the positive x1 direction.
 x2   x1 
1  1 
X1=   then   tan 1    35.25
o

1
   2 

 1  
1  2

 then   tan    54.74 (or )125.26
o o
X2= 
 2   1 
X1and X2 make 35.26o and 125.26o angles with the positive x1 direction. They give the principal
directions.
1
The Eigen values show that in the principal directions the membrane is stretched by factors 2 and
2
resp.
 2 2 0
 
44. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  2 1 1  [A.U JAN 2022]
 7 2 3 
 
Solution:
 2 2 0
 
Given: A=  2 1 1 
 7 2 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is  3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1 = sum of main diagonal
=2+1-3=0
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S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
1 1 2 0 2 2
= + +
2 3 7 3 2 1
= (-3-2)+(-6+0)+(2-4) = -5-6-2 = -13
S3 = Det (A) = |A|
2 2 0
= 2 1 1 =2(-3-2)-2(-6-7)-3(2-4)
7 2 3
=2(-3-2) - 2(-6+7) + 0(2-4) = -10-2+0= - 12
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  02 13 12  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
If =1 By synthetic division 1 1 0 -13 12
0 1 1 - 12
1 1 -12 0
Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by  2    12  0
(+4)(-3) = 0
 = -4, 3
Therefore Eigen values are 1,-4, 3

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve: (A-λI)X=0
 2 2 0   1 0 0    x1   0 
       
 2 1 1     0 1 0    x2    0 
 7 2 3   0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
 2   2 0    x1   0 
     
 2 1  1    x2    0 

 7 2 3      x3   0 

(2-λ) x1+2x2 = 0
2x1+(1-λ) x2+x3 = 0 ….(1)
-7x1+2x2-(3+λ) x3 = 0
Case 1: Substitute λ= -4 in, (1) we get
6x1+2x2+ 0x3 = 0 …. (2)
2x1+ 5x2+ x3 = 0 …. (3)
-7x1+ 2x2+ x3 = 0 …. (4)
Solving (3) and (4) by cross multiplication rule, we get
x1 x2 x3
5 1 2 5
2 1 -7 2

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x1 x2 x3
 
5  2  7  2 4  35
x1 x x
  2  3
3  9 39

 3  1   1 
     
Therefore X1=  9  or  3  or  3 
 39   13   13 
     
Case 2: Substitute λ= 1 in (1), we get
x1+2x2+0x3 = 0 ….(5)
2x1+0x2+x3 = 0 ….(6)
-7x1+2x2-4x3 = 0 ….(7)

Solving (5) and (6) by cross multiplication rule we get

x1 x2 x3
2 0 1 2
0 1 2 0
x1 x2 x3
 
2  0 0 1 0  4
x1 x x
  2  3
2 1 4
 2  2 
   
Therefore X2=  1  or  1 
 4   4
   
Case 3: Substitute λ=3 in (1) we get
-x1+2x2+0x3 = 0 …. (8)
2x1-2x2+x3 = 0 …. (9)
-7x1+2x2-6x3 = 0 …. (10)

Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get

x1 x2 x3
2 0 -1 2
2 -6 -7 2
x1 x2 x3
 
 12  0 0  6  2  14
x1 x2 x3
  
 1 2  6 1 2

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 12   2 
   
Therefore X3=  6  or  1 
 12   2
   
 1   2   2 
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1,-4, 3and the Eigenvectors are  3  ,  1  ,  1 
 13   4   2
     

1 2 3
 
45. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 4 5  .
 3 5 6
 
[A.U JAN 2022]
Solution:
1 2 3
 
Given: A =  2 4 5 
 3 5 6
 

To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is  3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=1+4+6= 11
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
4 5 1 3 1 2
= + + = -4
5 6 3 6 2 4
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
1 2 3
= 2 4 5 = 1(24-25)-2(12-15)+3(10-12) = - 1
3 5 6

Hence the characteristic equation is 3 112  4 1  0

By Cayley Hamilton theorem, A3 11A2  4A I  0

VERIFICATION:
1 2 3 1 2 3
  
A2 = A x A =  2 4 5   2 4 5 
 3 5 6  3 5 6
  

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 14 25 31 
 
=  25 45 56 
 31 56 70 
 
 14 25 31   1 2 3 
  
A3 = A2  A =  25 45 56   2 4 5 
 31 56 70   3 5 6 
  
 14  50  93 28  100  155 42  125  186   157 283 353 
   
=  25  90  168 50  180  280 75  225  336  =  283 510 636 
 31  112  210 62  220  350 93  280  420   353 632 700 

 157 283 353   14 25 31   1 2 3   1 0 0  0 0 0
A 11A  4A I =  283 510 636  -11  25 45
3 2         
56  -4  2 4 5  +  0 1 0 =  0 0 0
 353 632 700 
 
 31 56
 70   3 5 6   0 0 1   0 0 0 
Therefore Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.

To find A-1
A3 11A2  4A I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-11A-4I = A-1

 14 25 31   1 2 3   1 0 0   1 3 2 
       
A-1 =  25 45 56  - 11  2 4 5  -4  0 1 0  =  3 3 1 
 31 56 70   3 5 6   0 0 1   2 1 0 
      
 1 3 2 
 
A-1 =  3 3 1
 2 1 0 
 
 1 3 2 
 
Result: A-1 =  3 3 1
 2 1 0 
 
46. Reduce the quadratic form 3 x12  3 x22  3 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 to the canonical form through an
orthogonal transformation. Also find its nature, rank, index and signature.
[A.U JAN 2022]
Solution:
 2 1 1 
 coeff of x1 2
coeff of x1 x 2
2
coeff of x1 x3 
1 2 1 
The given quadratic form is A   coeff of x 2 x1 coeff of x 2 coeff of x 2 x3 
2 2 
1
 coeff of x x 1 2 
coeff of x3 x 2 coeff of x3
 2 3 1
2 

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3 1 1
 
A  1 3 1
1 1 3 

The characteristic equation of A  I  0 (i.e.,) 3  9 2  24  16  0
The Eigen values are   1, 4, 4
To find Eigenvectors:
The Eigen vector are given by  A  I X  0
3  1 1   x1 
  
 1 3   1   x2   0........(1)
 1
 1 3     x3 
For   1, (1)becomes
 2 1 1  x1 
  
 1 2 1 x2   0
 1 1 1  x 
  3 
2 x1  x2  x3  0
x1  2 x2  x3  0
x1  x2  2 x3  0

Solving first two equations we have

x x x
 1  2  3
3 3 3
 1 
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   1 is X 1   1 
1
 
For   4, (1)becomes,
 x1  x2  x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0
x1  x2  x3  0
All the three equations are same.
x1  x2  x3
Put
x2  1, x3  0

We get
x1  1
1
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value   4 is X 2   1 
 0
 

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For   4, (1)becomes,
l
 
Let it be X 3   m  X 3 is orthogonal to X 2
n
 
We get l  m  0 n  0
Since X 3 satisfies l  m  n  0
l m n
  
1 1 2
 1 
 
The Eigen vector corresponding to the Eigen value 4 is X 3   1 
 2 
 

These three vectors are pairwise orthogonal.

The normalized matrix

 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   
 3 2 6  3 3 3
 1 1 1   1 1 
N   NT   0 
 3 2 6
 2 2 
 1 2   1 1 2 
 0   
 3 6  6 6 6
 1 1 1   1 1 1 
   
 3 3 3 3 1 1 
 
3 2 6
1 0 0
 1 1     1 1 1   
 0 4 0
N T DN   0    1 3 1    
2 2 3 2 6 0 0 4
   1 1 3    
  1 1  2   1 2 
   0 
 6 6 6  3 6
Q  X AX
T


 NY T A NY 
 Y N AN Y
T
 T

 1 0 0   y1 
   
Q   y1 y2 y3    0 4 0    y2   1 y12  4 y2 2  4 y32
 0 0 4  y 
   3
Result: The canonical form is 1 y1  4 y 2 2  4 y3 2
2

Nature of the Quadratic form :

Rank = 3, Index = 3, signature =6-3=3

The quadratic form is positive definite.

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 1 0 1
 
47. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 2 1  [A.U N/D 2022]
2 2 3 
 
Solution:
 1 0 1
 
Given: A=  1 2 1 
2 2 3 
 
To find the characteristic equation of A
Formula: The characteristic equation of A is  3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=1+2+3=6
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
2 1 1 1 1 1
= + +
2 3 2 3 1 2
= (6-2)+(3+2)+(2-0) = 4+5+2 = 11
S3 = Det (A)=|A|
1 0 1
=1 2 1 =1(6-2)-0(3-2)-1(2-4)
2 2 3
=1(4)-0-1(-2) = 4+2= 6
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  62 11  6  0
To solve the characteristic equation:
If =1 By synthetic division 1 1 -6 11 -6
0 1 -5 6
1 -5 6 0
Therefore the =1 and other roots are given by   5  6  0
2

(-2)(-3) = 0
 = 2, 3
Therefore Eigen values are 1, 2, 3

To find the Eigenvectors:

To get the Eigenvectors solve: (A-λI)X=0
 1 0 1  1 0 0    x1   0 
       
 1 2 1     0 1 0    x2    0 
 2 2 3   0 0 1   x   0 
   3   
 1   0 1    x1   0 
     
 1 2 1    x2    0 
 2 2 3      x3   0 
(1-λ)x1+0x2-x3 = 0

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x1+(2-λ)x2+x3 = 0 ….(1)
2x1+2x2+(3-λ)x3 = 0
Case 1: Substitute λ= 1 in, (1) we get
0x1+0x2-x3 = 0 …. (2)
x1+x2+x3 = 0 …. (3)
x1+x2+x3 = 0 …. (4)
Here the last two equations similar. Therefore we have to take 1st two equations
Solving (3) and (4) by cross multiplication rule, we get
x1 x2 x3
0 -1 0 0
1 1 1 1
x1 x2 x3
 
0  1 1  0 0  0
x1 x x
  2  3
1 1 0
 x1   1   1
     
Therefore X1=  x2  =  1 or  1 
x  0 0
 3    
Case 2: Substitute λ= 2 in (1), we get
- x1+0x2-x3 = 0 ….(5)
x1+0x2+x3 = 0 ….(6)
2x1+2x2+x3 = 0 ….(7)
Solving (6) and (7) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
0 1 1 0
2 1 2 2
x1 x2 x3
 
0  2 2 1 2  0
x1 x x
  2  3
2 1 2
 x1   2   2
     
Therefore X2 =  x2  =  1  or  1 
x   2  2 
 3    
Case 3: Substitute λ=3 in (1) we get
-2x1 + 0x2 - x3 = 0 …. (8)
x1 - x2 + x3 = 0 …. (9)
2x1 + 2x2 + 0x3 = 0 …. (10)
Solving (8) and (9) by cross multiplication rule we get
x1 x2 x3
0 -1 -2 0
-1 1 1 -1

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x1 x2 x3
 
0  1 1  2 2  0
x1 x2 x3
  
 1 1 2

 x1   1  1
     
Therefore X3=  x2  =  1  or  1 
x  2  2 
 3    

 1   2   1
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1,2, 3and the Eigenvectors are  1 ,  1  , 1
0  2 2
     

4 6 6
 
48. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  1 3 2  .
 1 4 3 
 
Solution: [A.U N/D 2022]
4 6 6
 
Given: A =  1 3 2 
 1 4 3 
 

To find the characteristic equation of A

The characteristic equation of A is  3  S 1  2  S 2   S 3  0
Where, S1= sum of main diagonal
=4+3-3 = 4
S2 = sum of minor of main diagonal elements
3 2 4 6 4 6
= + + = (-9+8)+(-12+6)+(12-6)= -1-6+6 = -1
4 3 1 3 1 3

S3 = Det (A)=|A|
4 6 6
= 1 32 = 4(-9+8)-6(-3+2)+(-4+3) = 4(-1)-6(-1)+6(-1)=-4+6-6 = -4
1 4 3
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  42    4 0
By cayley Hamilton theorem, A3  4A2  A 4I  0

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VERIFICATION:
 4 6 6  4 6 6 
  
A2 = A x A =  1 3 2   1 3 2 
 1 4 3   1 4 3 
  
 16 18 18 
 
==  5 7 6 
 5 6 5 
 
 16 18 18   4 6 6 
3   
A = A2x A =  5 7 6   1 3 2 
 5 6 5   1 4 3 
  
 64 78 78 
 
==  21 27 26 
 21 28 27 
 
 64 78 78   16 18 18   4 6 6   1 0 0   0 0 0 
   
A  4A  A 4I =  21 27 26  -4  5 7 6  -  1 3 2  +4  0 1 0  =  0 0 0 
3 2

 21 28 27   5 6 5   1 4 3   0 0 1   0 0 0 

         
Therefore Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.
To find A-1
A3  4A2  A 4I  0
Multiply by A-1 on both sides
A2-4A-I+4A-1 = 0
A-1 = (1/4) (4A-A2+I)
  4 6 6   16 18 18   1 0 0   1 6 6
        1  1 6 
A -1
= (1/4)  4  1 3 2    5 7 6    0 1 0   =  2
4
  1 4 3   5 6 5   0 0 1    1 10 6 
 

1 6 6
1  
Result: A-1 =  1 6 2
4 
 1 10 6 
 1 1 1
 
49. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of A   0 2 1  [A.U N/D 2023]
  4 4 3
 
Solution

The characteristic equation of A is 3  S12  S 2   S 3

S1 = sum of main diagonal = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6

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S 2 = sum of min or of main diagonal
2 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = (6-4) + (3+4) + (2-0) = 2 + 7 + 2 = 11
4 3 4 3 0 2
1 1 1
S3 = 0 2 1
4 4 3
= 1(6-4) - 1(0+4) + 1(0+8) = 2 – 4 + 8 = 6
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  62  11  6
To solve the characteristic equation:
  1, 2, 3
 Eigen values are 1, 2, 3

To find the Eigenvectors:  A  I X 0

1   1 1   x1   0 
   
 0 2 1   x2  =  0  …………. (1)
  4 4 3     x3  0 

Case 1: Substitute   1 in (1) we get

 0 1 1   x1   0 
     
  0 1 1   x 2  =  0 
  4 4 2   x3  0 


0 x1  x2  x 3  0 …………. (2)
0 x1  x2  x 3  0 …………. (3)
 4 x1 4 x2  2 x 3  0 …………. (4)
x1 x2 x3 x1 x x x x x
Solving (3) & (4), We get   =  2  3 = 1  2  3
1 1 1 0 0 1 2 4 4 1 2 2
4 2 2 4 4 4
 1 
 
 X1   2 
  2
 

Case 2: Substitute   2 in (1) we get

  1 1 1  x1   0 
     
 0 0 1  x2  =  0 
  4 4 1  x3  0 
 x1  x2  x 3  0 …………. (5)

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0 x1 0 x2  x 3  0 …………. (6)
 4 x1 4 x2  x 3  0 …………. (7)
x1 x2 x3 x1 x x x x x
Solving (6) & (7), We get   =  2  3 = 1  2  3
0 1 1 0 0 0 4 4 0 1 1 0
4 1 1 4 4 4
1
 
 X 2  1
0
 
Case 3: Substitute   3 in (1) we get
  2 1 1   x1  0
     
 0  1 1   x2  = 0
  4 4 0   x3 0
 
 2 x1  x 2  x 3  0 …………. (8)
0 x1  x2  x 3  0 …………. (9)
 4 x1 4 x2  0 x 3  0 …………. (10)
x1 x2 x3 x x x x x x
Solving (9) & (10), We get   = 1  2  3 = 1 2  3
1 1 1 0 0 1 4 4 4 1 1 1
4 0 0 4 4 4
 1
 
 X 3   1
 1
 
 1  1  1
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3and the Eigenvectors are  2  1  1
  2 0  1
     

1 3 7
1
 
50. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, find A if A   4 2 3  [A.U N/D 2023]
1 2 1
 
Solution:

The characteristic equation of A is 3  S12  S 2   S 3

S1 = sum of main diagonal = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4
S 2 = sum of min or of main diagonal
2 3 1 7 1 3
= + + = (2-6) + (1-7) + (2-12) = -4 - 6 - 10 = -20
2 1 1 1 4 2

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1 3 7
 
S3 =  4 2 3 
1 2 1
 
= 1(2-6) - 3(4-3) + 7(8-2) = -4 – 3 + 42 = 35
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  42  20  35 = 0
Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem A3  4 A 2  20 A  35 I = 0
To find A-1
Multiply by A 1 on both sides
A 2  4 A  20 I  35 A 1  0
 35 A 1  A 2  4 A  20 I

 20 23 23 
 
A 1 
35

1 2
A  4 A  20 I  where A 2   15 2 37 
 10 9 14 
 
 20 23 23   1 3 7   1 0 0 
1 1      
A   15 2 37   4 4 2 3   20 0 1 0 
35 
 10 9 14   1 2 1   0 0 1 
 
 4 11  5 
1 1  
A   1  6 25 
35 
 6 1  10 

1 0 0 
 
51. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of A   0 3  1 [A.U A/M 2024]
 0 1 3 
 
Solution :

The characteristic equation of A is 3  S12  S 2   S 3

S1 = sum of main diagonal = 1 + 3 + 3 = 7
S 2 = sum of min or of main diagonal
3 1 1 0 1 0
= + + = (9-1) + (3-0) + (3-0) = 8 + 3 + 3 = 14
1 3 0 3 0 3
1 0 0
S3 = 0 3 1
0 1 3
= 1(9-1) - 0(0+0) + 0(0+0) = 8 – 0 + 0 = 8
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  72  14  8
To solve the characteristic equation:
  1, 2, 4

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 Eigen values are 1, 2, 4

To find the Eigenvectors:  A  I X 0

1   0 0   x1   0 
     
  0 3    1   x2  =  0  …………. (1)

 0  1 3     x3  0 

Case 1: Substitute   1 in (1) we get

 0 0 0   x1   0 
     
  0 2  1   x2  =  0 
 0  1 2   x3  0 


0 x1 0 x2  0 x 3  0 …………. (2)
0 x1 2 x2  1x 3  0 …………. (3)
0 x1 1x2  2 x 3  0 …………. (4)
x1 x2 x3 x x x
Solving, (3) & (4) We get   = 1 2  3
2 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0
1 2 2 0 0 1
1
 
 X1  0
0
 

Case 2: Substitute   2 in (1) we get

  1 0 0   x1  0
     
  0 1  1   x2  = 0
 0  1 1   x3
 0
 
 x1 0 x2  0 x 3  0 …………. (5)
0 x1 1x2  1x 3  0 …………. (6)
0 x1 1x2  1x 3  0 …………. (7)
x1 x2 x3 x x x
Solving, (5) &(7)We get   = 1 2  3
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
0
 
 X 2  1
1
 
Case 3: Substitute   4 in (1) we get

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  3 0 0   x1   0 
     
 0  1  1  x2  =  0 
 0  1  1  x3  0 
 3 x1 0 x2  0 x 3  0 …………. (8)
0 x1 1x2  1x 3  0 …………. (9)
0 x1 1x2  1x 3  0 …………. (10)
x1 x2 x3 x x x x x x
Solving (8) &(9) , We get   = 1 2  3 = 1 2  3
0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
0
 
X3   1 
  1
 
1 0 0
     
Result: The Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3and the Eigenvectors are  0  1 1
 0 1  1
     

 1 0 1
 
52. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of given matrix A   2 1 1 
 1 0  2
 
[A.U A/M 2024]
Solution:

The characteristic equation of A is 3  S12  S 2   S 3

S1 = sum of main diagonal = 1 + 1 - 2 = 0
S 2 = sum of min or of main diagonal
1 1 1 1 1 0
= + + = (-2-0) + (-2+1) + (1-0) = -2 -1 + 1 = -2
0 2 1 2 2 1
 1 0 1 
 
S3 =  2 1 1 
1 0  2
 
= 1(-2-0) - 0(-4-1) - 1(0-1) = -2 -0 + 1 = -1
Hence the characteristic equation is 3  02  2  1 = 0
Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem
To find A-1
Multiply by A 1 on both sides
A3  2 A  I = 0
 A 1  2 I  A 2

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0 0 1 
1
 
A  2I  A 2
where A 2
  5 1  3
 1 0 3 
 
2 0 0  0 0 1 
1
   
A  2 0 2 0   5 1  3
0 0 2    1 0 3 

 2 0  1
1
 
 A  5 1 3
 1 0  1


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UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
PART-B

Non-Symmetric Matrix With Non-Repeated Eigen values

1 1 4 
 
1. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  3 2  1 [A.U JAN 2011] [Pg.No:20]
 2 1  1
 
1 2 1
 
2. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A   6  1 0  [A.U Jan 2013] [Pg.No:22]
  1  2  1
 
11 4 7
 
3. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  7 2 5 [A.U N/D 2016, A/M 2018]
10 4 6
 
[Pg.No:25]
 1 2  2
 
4. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a matrix A=  1 2 1  [A.U N/D 2015] [Pg.No:27]
 1 1 0 
 
Non-Symmetric Matrix With Repeated Eigen values
  2 2  3
 
5. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  2 1  6  [A.U N/D 2015] [Pg.No:30]
 1  2 0 
 
 2 2 1
 
6. Find all the Eigenvalues and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 3 1  [A.U June 2010] [Pg.No:32]
1 2 2
 

Symmetric Matrix With Non-Repeated Eigen values

 1 1 3
 
7. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 5 1  [A.U M/J 2016] [Pg.No:34]
3 1 1
 
 7 2 0 
 
8. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix   2 6  2  [A.U N/D 2014] [Pg.No:37]
 0 2 5 

2 0 1
 
9. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix A   0 2 0  [A.U A/M 2013,A/M 2022]
1 0 2 


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[Pg.No:39]
8 6 2
10. Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix  6 7  4 [A.U A/M 2019] [Pg.No:41]
 2  4 3 
3  1`1
 
11. Find the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of the matrix   1 5  1 [A.U N/D 2019] [Pg.No:43]
 1`  1 3 


Symmetric Matrix With Repeated Eigen values

 6 2 2 
 
12. Find all the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of   2 3  1 [A.U A/M 2015, M/J 2016] [Pg.No:46]
 2 1 3 
 
13. Prove that the Eigen values of a real symmetric matrix are real. [A.U June 2014] [Pg.No:48]

Cayley Hamilton theorem

 2 0  1
 
14. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix  0 2 0  and hence find A-1 & A4
 1 0 2 
 
[A.U. JUNE 2012] [Pg.No:49]
 2 1 2 
 
15. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 2  1 and hence find A-1 & A4
 1 1 2 
 
[A.U A/M 2011, 2013, 2017, N/D 2014] [Pg.No:51]
1 1 1
 
16. Show that the matrix  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation. Find also its inverse
 2 0 3
 
[A.U Jan 2013] [Pg.No:53]
1 2 
17. Show that A satisfies its own characteristic equation and hence find A8 if A   
 2  1
[A.U N/D 2020][Pg.No.55]
 3  1` 1 
 
18. Verify cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 5  1 and hence find A-1
 1`  1 3 
 
[A.U A/M 2015] [Pg.No:56]
1 2 3 
 
19. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for A =  2 1 4  .Hence using it find A-1.
 3 1 1
 

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[A.U M/J 2016.A/M 2022] [Pg.No:58]

 1 2 2 
 
20. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 5 4  . And also
 3 7 5 
 
verify the theorem. [A.U M/J 2016] [Pg.No:59]
1 2  2
 
21. Using cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix   1 3 0  and find A-1 & A4
 0 2 1 
 
[A.U N/D 2011, 2013,N/D 2020] [Pg.No:61]
1 0 3 
22. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 2 1  1 hence find its A1
1  1 1 
[A.U June 2014, N/D 2015] [Pg.No:62]
 7 2 2 
 
23. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A , where A =  6 1 2 
-1
[A.U N/D 2016] [Pg.No:64]
 6 2 1 
 
1 1 3
 
24. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem find A , if A =  1 3 3 
-1
[A.U A/M 2019] [Pg.No:65]
 2 4 4 
 
25. State Cayley Hamilton theorem and using it , find the matrix represented by
2 1 1
 
A8-5A7+7A6-3A5+A4-5A3+8A2-2A+I when A =  0 1 0  [A.U N/D 2015][Pg.No:66]
 1 1 2
 

2 1 1
 
26. Show that A =  0 1 0  satisfies its own characteristic equation and hence find A-1.
 1 1 2
 
[A.U N/D 2017, 2019] [Pg.No:67]

 1 2 1
 
27. Using Cayley-Hamilton theorem find the inverse of the given matrix A =  2 2 1 
 1 1 3
 
[A.U A/M 2018] [Pg.No:68]

Diagonalize the matrix

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 8 6 2 
28. If the Eigen values of  6 7  4 are 0, 3, 15 find the Eigenvectors of A and diagonalize the
 2  4 3 
matrix A [A.U JAN 2013] [Pg.No:69]
10 2 5
29. Reduce the matrix  2 2 3  to diagonal form [A.U A/M 2017] [Pg.No:73]
 5 3 5 
30. The Eigenvectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to Eigen values 1, 3 and 3
are (1 0 -1)T, (1 0 1)T and (0 1 0)T respectively. Find the matrix A by an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U N/D 2017] [Pg.No:76]
31. The Eigenvectors of a 3x3 real symmetric matrix A corresponding to Eigen values 1, 3 and 3
are (1 0 -1)T, (1 0 1)T and (0 1 0)T respectively. Find the matrix A by an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U N/D 2020] [Pg.No:77]

Reduction of the quadratic form to the canonical form through an orthogonal transformation.
Non-Repeated Eigen Values
32. Find a change of variables that reduce the quadratic form
3 x12  5 x 22  3 x 32  2 x1 x 2  2 x1 x 3  2 x 2 x 3 to a sum of squares and express the quadratic form in
term of new variable (OR) [A.U JAN 2011 A.U JUNE 2013 A/M2024] [Pg.No:77]
Reduce the quadratic form 3 x  5 y  3 z 2  2 yz  2 zx  2 xy to the canonical form through an
2 2

orthogonal transformation. [Nov/Dec 2014]

33. Reduce the quadratic form x  5 y  z  2 x y  6 z x  2 yz to a canonical form through
2 2 2

an orthogonal transformation [A.U A/M 2015] [Pg.No:81]

34. Reduce the quadratic form x1  5 x 2  x3  2 x1 x 2  2 x 2 x3  2 x1 x3 to the canonical form through
2 2 2

orthogonal transformation and find its nature. [A.U June 2014] [Pg.No:84]
35. Reduce the quadratic form 2 x  5 y  3 z  4 xy to the canonical form through an orthogonal
2 2 2

transformation. Find also its nature. [AU A/M 2018] [Pg.No:87]

36. Reduce the quadratic form 8x2+7y2+3z2 -12xy -8yz+4zx to the canonical form through
orthogonal transformation. Hence find the following: [A.U N/D 2015&2022&2023] [Pg.No:89]
(i) Nature of the quadratic form. (ii) Rank,index and signature of the quadratic form, and
(iii) A set of non-zero values of x, y, z which will make the quadratic form zero.
Repeated Eigen Values

37. Reduce the quadratic form x2+y2+z2-2xy-2yz-2zx to canonical form through an orthogonal
transformation. [A.U. JUNE 2012] [Pg.No:93]
38. Reduce the quadratic form Q= 2x1x2+2x2x3+2x3x1 into canonical Form [A.U Jan 2013] [Pg.No:97]
39. Reduce the quadratic form 2xy-2yz+2xz into a canonical form by an orthogonal reduction.
[A.U A/M 2019] [Pg.No:100]
2 2 2
40. Reduce the quadratic form 6x +3y +3z -4xy-2yz+4xz into canonical Form by an orthogonal
reduction. Hence find its rank and nature.(OR)[A.U M/J 2016, N/D 2017, 2019, A/M 2022]
[Pg.No:103]
Reduce the quadratic form 6x1+3x2+3x3 -4x1x2-2x2x3+4x1x3 into canonical Form by an
orthogonal reduction. Hence find its rank and nature [A.U N/D 2015, N/D 2016]
[HINT:Replace x,y,z by x1, x2, x3]
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41. Reduce the quadratic form 3x2+2y2+3z2 -2xy-2yz into canonical Form by an orthogonal
reduction. [A.U N/D 2020][Pg.No.107]

42. An Elastic membrane in x1 , x 2 plane with boundary circle x1 , x 2  1 is stretched in such a way that
2 2

particular point P (x1 , x 2 ) on the membrane is displaced at the point Q (y1 , y 2 ) such that
y1  5 x1  3 x2 ; y 2  3 x1  5 x2 . Find the principal directions. What shape does the boundary circle take
under this deformation? [Pg.No:110]

43. Find the principal directions and corresponding factors of extension or contraction of an elastic
 3 1 
 2 2
Y  AX A   
deformation of with given  1 . [Pg.No:112]
 2 1 

 2 2 0
 
44. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  2 1 1  [A.U JAN 2022]
[Pg.No:114]
 7 2 3 
 

1 2 3
 
45. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  2 4 5  .
 3 5 6
 
[A.U JAN 2022] [Pg.No:117]

46. Reduce the quadratic form 3 x12  3 x22  3 x32  2 x1 x2  2 x1 x3  2 x2 x3 to the canonical form through an
orthogonal transformation. Also find its nature, rank, index and signature.
[A.U JAN 2022] [Pg.No:118]

 1 0 1
 
47. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of the matrix  1 2 1  [A.U N/D 2022][Pg.No.121]
2 2 3 
 
4 6 6
 
48. Using Cayley Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of the matrix A =  1 3 2  .
 1 4 3 
 
[A.U N/D 2022][Pg.No.123]
 1 1 1
 
49. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of A   0 2 1  [A.U N/D 2023] [Pg.No.124]
  4 4 3
 

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MA3151- ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I UNIT-I MATRICES
1 3 7
1
 
50. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, find A if A   4 2 3  [A.U N/D 2023] [Pg.No.126]
1 2 1
 
1 0 0 
 
51. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of A   0 3  1 [A.U A/M 2024] [Pg.No.127]
 0 1 3 
 
 1 0 1
 
52. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, find the inverse of given matrix A   2 1 1 
 1 0  2
 
[A.U A/M 2024] [Pg.No.129]

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