AGRICULTURE

2013: (a) (i) What is agriculture?

 It is the practice of cultivating crops and rearing of livestock. (2 marks)

(ii) Identify four characteristics of plantation farming in Kenya.

 The holdings / farms are large/40 hectares and above.
 Ownership is by individuals / groups.
 Farming is scientifically managed.
 It requires heavy capital outlay.
 There is high yield per unit area.
 There is growing of a single crop/monoculture.
 Farms are highly mechanised.
 The produce is for commercial purpose.
 Some farms are labour intensive.
(Any 4 x 1 4 marks)
(b) Give four physical factors that influence the growing of tea in Kenya.
 Undulating / gently sloping land / 1,500 to 2,400 metres above sea level/high attitude.
 Deep well drained soils/volcanic soils.
 Slightly acidic soils / pH of between 4 to 6.
 High annual rainfall / 1000 to 2000 mm of rainfall.
 Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
 Moderte to high temperatures / average temperatures of 21℃/15-300C/warm to hot
climate.
(Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(c) Explain four problems facing small scale tea farming in Kenya.
 Delayed payments to farmers mismanagement lowers their morale.
 Pests eg. thrips/spidermite/crecise mite/weaving/beatles destroy tea plants there by
reducing quality / yields.
 Poor road networks in some tea growing areas leads to delay in collection of the harvested
tea resulting into wastage / losses to farmers.
 High cost of farm inputs makes them unaffordable to the farmers leading to low yields /
low profit margins.
 Climatic hazards / hailstone/drought/frost weather conditions lead to destruction of the
crop thus lowering quality / quantity of leaf production.
 Fluctuations of tea prices in the world market leads to uncertainty in earnings making it
difficult for farmers to plan ahead.
 Shortage of labour during tea picking season makes the hiring of labour
expensive/lowering farmer income.
 Diseases eg. Amillaria/root rot kills the tea bushes/lower yields.
 Low payment to farmers lowers their morale.
 Poor marketing strategy leads to low earnings.
(Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks)
(d) You plan to carry out a field study in a tea farm.
(i) Give four reasons why you need a route map for the study.
 To show the direction to be followed during the field study.

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  To assist in estimating the time required for the study.
 To help in deciding the technique of data collection.
 To help in estimation of distances to be covered during the study.
 To help in drawing up a work schedule.
(Any 4 x 1 = 4 marks)
(ii) What information are you likely to gather about marketing of processed tea during the study? Tea is
marketed:
 Through factory door sales.
 Directly to local / overseas buyers.
 To Kenya Tea Packers Limited (KETEPA)/other packers.
 Through Mombasa Tea auction.
2008: (a) State three physical conditions that favour large scale sugarcane farming in Kenya.(3 marks)
 Well drained fertile soils /Black cotton soils
 Gently sloping/undulating landscape
 High rainfall 1200 to 1500 mm well distributed throughout the year.
 Moderate high temperature/200C- 280C
 Long periods of sunlight

(b) Describe the cultivation of sugarcane in the lake region of Kenya from the preparation of land to the
harvesting stage.(6 marks)
 The land is cleared of its natural vegetation
 It is ploughed using either tractors or ox-drawn ploughs
 Harrowing is done to loosen the large lumps of soil.
 Shallow furrows are dug at intervals of 1.2 and 1.8 metres apart.
 Cutting/seed cane are planted in the furrows
 Top dressing/nitrogen fertilizers are applied
 Weeding is done regularly/herbicides are applied
 After 18 months the cane is ready for harvesting
 The cane is cut/harvested using pangas
 The harvested cane is loaded into Lorries for transportation to the factory.

(c) Explain five problems facing sugarcane farming in Kenya. (10 marks)
 Pests such as termites and white grub/diseases such as ratoon stunting and smut attack the plants and
lowers the yields leading to low income for the farmers
 Accidental fires/fires set by arsonists destroy the cane resulting in heavy losses to the farmers.
 Flooding of market by cheap imported/sugar results in unfair competition causing delay in payments to
the farmers.
 Delays in harvesting reduce the quality tonnage of the cane reducing the farmer’s earnings.
 Closure of some factories such as (Ramisi and Miwani ) has deprived farmers of the source of
income/annual closures of factories for servicing of machines disrupts the farmers’ calendar of activities.
 Poor feeder roads in some areas leads to delayed delivery of the cane to the factory lowering the quality
and subsequently the profit to the farmers.
 Prolonged droughts in some areas destroys the crop leading to heavy losses.
 High cost of farm input reduces the farmer’ profit margins
 Mismanagement of factories and cooperatives leads to delayed payments thus discouraging the farmers

(d) Your class visited a sugar factory for a field study on sugar processing.

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 (i) Outline four stages of sugar processing that the class may have observed. (4 marks)
 Weighing of the cane
 Chopping of the cane
 Crushing of the cane
 Boiling
 Filtering
 Grading
 Packing/bagging of sugar

(ii) Name two by-products of sugar that the class may have identified during the study.(2 marks)
 Molasses
 Bagasse
 Wax
 Aconitic acid
 Filter cake/mud
2008: The photograph below shows cattle rearing in an area in Kenya. Use it to answer question (a).

(a) (i) Identify the type of photograph.

 Ground /ground general view
(ii) Describe the features shown on the photograph. (3 marks)
On the foreground there is bare ground/some short vegetation cattle browsing /grazing.
In the middle ground there is a herdsman and some cattle on the move/raising dust.
There is a road in the middle ground
At the background there are some patches of grass/some trees/shrubs/thickets
Some parts of the background are bare surface
There are in the middle

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 Clear skies in the background
There is a fence in the middle ground

(iii) What three indicators show that the area was experiencing drought when the photograph was taken? (3
marks)
 The cloudless sky
 The malnourished/thin animals
 Dust raised by moving animals
 Bare ground/sparse vegetation /patches of vegetation/little vegetation
 Patches of dry /brown grass

(b) Discuss nomadic pastoralism in Kenya under the following sub-headings:

(i) the cattle breeds kept; (2 marks)
 The pastoralists keep mainly indigenous breeds such as Zebu and Boran.
(ii) the pattern of movement; (2 marks)
 Their movement is seasonal.
 During the dry season the pastoralists migrate with their livestock to the highlands where there is
pasture and water
 During the wet season they move to the plains since pasture is available
(iii) marketing of the animals.(3 marks)
- Some cattle are sold to slaughter houses/to individuals.
- Some pastoralists sell their livestock through community groups/ranches.
- Some livestock are sold to the livestock are sold to the livestock marketing Department
- Some pastoralists sell their animals to Kenya Meat Commission.
(c) (i) Give three reasons why nomadic pastoralists keep large herds of animals.(3 marks)
- It is a form of insurance against natural calamities /diseases / drought.
- Animals are kept as a sign of wealth/prestige/social status.
- Animals are kept for use to pay dowry.
- Animals are used as a source of food/milk/meat/blood
- Animals are a source of income

(ii) Explain four measures taken by the government of Kenya to improve beef cattle farming.(8 marks)
- It encourages research /the cross-breeding of traditional cattle breeds with exotic ones. This improves the
quality of the animals/cross breeds are more resistant to diseases than pure exotic breeds
- It strengthens community education to teach beef cattle farmers better livestock managements
- It has constructed roads to make services accessible to farmers/make transportation of animals to markets
easier
- It encourages the replacement of the coarse grass with nutritious pasture to improve the quality of animals.
- It has sunk bore holes/dug wells/constructed dams to provide water for the animals.
- It has revived Kenya Meat Commission (KMC), a government parastatal that buys animals from farmers for
slaughter.

ii)
2008: State four characteristics of shifting cultivation.

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 Vegetation is cleared by slashing and burning
- There is the use of little or no manure/use of ash
- The land is communally owned
- The yields decline after a certain period of continuous use.
- The land is abandoned when the yields decline
- Both the settlements and plots are temporary
- Farming depends mainly on family labour
- The farmers use simple implements
- It is mainly for subsistence
- Plots are small and scattered
2007: The photographic below / provided shows a tea growing area in Kenya. Use to answer questions a and b.

a) What evidence in the photograph shows that this is a ground general

- View type of photograph
- It focuses on all / many objects
The object becomes progressively smaller towards the background
It captures the general appearance of the area.

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ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area of the

photography.

NB: If rectangle is disoriented, award one mark only, mark the rectangle
photograph. On it sketch and label the main features shown on the and not the features.

iii) Identify two features from photograph that shows that this is a small scale tea farm.
- The type of simple houses / houses within the farm.
- The mode of transport by using donkeys
- Houses within the farm
- Untrimmed edges of tea bushes
- Dry maize stalks near the houses.
b) Describe the stages involved in the cultivation of tea from land preparation to the stage shown on the
photograph.
- The land is cleared of vegetation
- Land is ploughed / tittles
- Seedling / cutting are planted in nursery and allowed to grow to 20cm – 30cm.
- Seedlings are transplanted on to the cleared land at the beginning of the rainy season / in rows. Which are
about 1.5metres apart. - The plants are weeded / manure / mulching applied regular.
- Once the bushes start growing, the tips of their branches are pruned /pegging regular to encourage the plant to
form more branches. - After 11/2-4 years the crops is ready for harvesting (18 – 48 months) - The
crop is harvested every two weeks once it attains maturity.
- After harvesting, the green tea leaves are transported to the collection centre within 24 hours.
NB : Sequence is necessary
c) i) Name two districts in Eastern province where tea is grown
 Embu
 Meru North/ Nyambene / Tigania / igembe
 Meru south
 Meru Central / Iment south / Imenti North
ii) Explain four ways in which the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA) assists small scale tea farmers in
Kenya.
 It established tea nurseries from where tea farmers buy tea seedlings

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  It organizes farmers education days / provide extension services for the farmers to learn new ideas about tea
growing.
 It buys farm inputs in bulks and sells to the farmers at low prices.
 It provides credit facilities to the farmers to enable them purchase farm inputs
 It collects the green tea on behalf of the farmers.
 It establishes factories where the green tea leaves are processed.
 It undertakes the marketing of tea on behalf of the farmers.
 It improves feeders roads to improve the transport of green leaves.
 Conducts research on disease / pests /improved tea for higher yields / better quality tea.

2007: State two climatic conditions that favour the growing of oil palm in Nigeria.
- High temperature throughout the year (21oC – 30oC)
- High rainfall 1500 – 2000mm evenly distributed throughout the year
- High relative humidity 80% to 90%
- Plenty of sunshine during the ripening season.
b) Give two problems experienced in the marketing of palm oil in Nigeria.
- Competition from other vegetable oil
- Poor road network / impassable roads.
- Production of low quality oil
- Reduced production which has lowered the amount of oil expored.
2007: a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya
 Fresian / Hoisten
 Ayshire
 Guernsey
 Jersey
 Alderney
 Brown Swiss / Swiss Brown
b) State three physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Denmark.
 The landscape is gently sloping which is suitable for grazing
 The climate has warm / sunny summer / moderate temperature (10o – 17oC) that allow out
door grazing.
 There is cool climate suitable for pasture growing
 The moderate rainfall (500 – 1000mm) that supports growth of grass / fodder crops
 Boulder clay soil are fertile support high pasture
NB if one writes moderate rainfall of 11000mm – its wrong

2006: (a) State three physical conditions that are necessary for the growing of cocoa.
 High temperatures / 25.300C
 High rainfall / 1,200 – 1,500mm
 Well distributed rainfall throughout the year
 Deep, well drained, fertile soils
 High relative humidity
 Shade from strong sun rays for seedlings
 Shelter from strong hamattan winds
 Undulating lowlands below 750m above sea level(Any 3x1=3mks)

(b) List three economic problems experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana

 Fluctuation of prices in the world market
 Competition from other land uses

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  Inadequate labour during harvesting
 High production costs
 Competition from other beverages ( Any 3 x 1 = 3mks)
2005: a) i) Name two provinces in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale (2 marks)
- Central
- Rift Valley
- Eastern (Any 2x1=3mks)
ii) Explain four physical conditions that favour wheat growing in Kenya (8 marks)
-Moderate rainfall/500 mm to 1270mm to enhance the growth of wheat
- Temperatures ranging from 150C to 200C /warm conditions to facilitate growth /maturity of wheat.
- A warn/dry/sunny spell for ripening and harvesting
- fertile volcanic soils to sustain high production
- Gently sloping/undulating landscape to allow proper drainage/mechanized cultivation (Any 4x2=8mks)
b) Compare wheat farming in Canada and / Kenya under the following
i)Storage .(2 marks)
-In both Canada and Kenya wheat is stored in grain silos
-In Canada wheat on transit is stored in huge grain elevators and special car boxes while in Kenya it is stored
in sacks

ii)Transportation. (2 marks)
-In Canada wheat is transported by railways (CPR and CNR) roads and water ways while in Kenya it is
transported by roads and railways..

iii)Marketing. (2 marks)
- In Canada wheat is for both local and export markets while in Kenya wheat is for local market
- Canada has a larger and reliable local market than Kenya
- In Canada wheat is marketed by industries/government while in Kenya its marketed by N. C.P. B. or directly
to the millers.

c) i) Explain three climate problems that affect wheat farming in Canada. (6 marks)
- Low rainfall/unreliable rainfall which leads to crop failure/low yields. - Low temperature /long and cold
winters which limit outdoor activities/ delays cultivations of wheat
- Frost which destroys wheat
- Hailstones which destroy wheat leading to low yields
- Strong winds causes soil erosion especially after ploughing resulting to loss of fertile soils.
(Any 3x2 =3mks)

ii) Give three uses of wheat (2 marks)

- Used as animal feed

- Used as human food
- Used for making adhesives/glued
- Used for paper/straw boards (any 3x1 =3mks)

2005: (a) Give three conditions that are necessary for bee keeping( 4 mks)
- Availability of water
- Availability of flowering plants

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- Sheltered area from winds/ direct sun
- An area free from disturbances/ free from predators/ free from people and other livestock
- Hot conditions/ 200C – 300 ( Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks)

(b) State three reasons why the government of Kenya is encouraging bee keeping in the country( 3 mks)
- It provides employment / income
- It is a source food supplements/ medicine
- It is a source of raw materials for industries
- It is an alternative land use for arid/ semi arid lands
- It is way of diversification of the economy ( any 3 x1 = 3 mks)

2005: State four ways in which drought affects the agricultural sector in Kenya( 4 mks)
- Leads to shortage / lack pasture
- Leads to crop failure
- Leads to shortage/ lack of water for livestock / irrigation
- Leads to shortage of agricultural raw materials for agro- based industries
- Leads to reduction in export of agricultural commodities in the farmers income
( any 4 x 1 =4 mks)

2004: The table below shows four principal crops produced in Kenya in the years 2000 2001. Use it to answer
question(a) and (b)

a)(i)Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 50,000 metric tons, draw a simple comparative bar graph based on the
data above.(8mks)
(ii) State two advantages of using comparative bar graphs (2mks
 They allow ease in comparison interpretation.
 They give clear visual impression
 They are easy to read
 They easily show the trend of the given data.
 Easy to draw / construct (Any 2x1 = 2mks)
b) Calculate the percentage increase in wheat production between the years 2000 and
2001.(2mks)

c) State five physical conditions required for the growing of tea in Kenya(5mks)
 Cool / warm climate / condition. 10oc to 28oc throughout the year
 High rainfall/ 1000 – 2000 mm per year.
 Well distributed rainfall through the year.
 Areas that are frost – free
 Deep light and well drained soils

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  Gently sloping / undulating land
 Acidic / Volcanic soils / ph of 4 – 6
 High altitude / 100 m – 2300m a.s.l (Any 5 x 1 (5mks)
d) Explain four problems experienced in small scale tea farming in Kenya
 Delayed payments / low payments that lowers the morale of the farmers mismanagement /
Embezzlement of funds thus farmers are discouraged
 Poor feeder roads in the tea growing areas lead to delays in collection / delivery of the green
leaf hence wastage.
 Adverse weather conditions such as long droughts / hale storms lead to destruction of the
crop / lower production.
 Fluctuation of prices in the world market makes it difficult for the farmer to plan ahead/ lower
morale/ discourages farmers
 High production costs due to high prices of farm inputs leads to lower yields since most farmers
cannot afford to buy them
 Pests/ Fungal diseases destroy crops. Reduce yields ( pests e.g. red spider-mites, weevils and
beetles), termites, nematodes.
 Inadequate/ unreliable transport facilities delays the collection/ delivery of green leaf
reducing the quality.
 Labour shortage/ expensive labour leads to low products/quality.
2004: a) State three environmental conditions which favour commercial beef. farming in Kenya
 Presence of undulating landscape
 Adequate water supply
 Large tracks of land / expansion tracks of land
 Adequate pasture for the animals (Any 3x1 = 3mks)
b) Name two two exotic breeds of cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya
 Aberdeen Angus herefore
 Charolais
 Red Angus
 Short Horn
 Galloway
 Santa Gertrudio
2003: a) Give three physical factors that favour coffee growing in Kenya highlands.
• Temperature ranging from 14oC – 26oC
• High rainfall – 1000mm – 2030 mm per year.
• Well – distributed rainfall throughout the year.
• Gently sloping landscape – 1500 – 2300 M above sea level. •
•
Deep well drained soils
• Volcanic soils.

b) State two problems facing coffee farming in Kenya

• The crop is attacked by pests and diseases i.e. pests – lady bird/Thrips/ aphids diseases – CBD, Leaf rust / root
rot.
• Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market.
• Poor infrastructure

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• Mismanagement of coffee co-operatives
• Inadequate rainfall
• Inaccessibility to credit / inadequate capital.
• Expensive prices of inputs e.g. fertilizer, pesticides
• Delayed payments
• Poor marketing strategies
• Low payments.

2002: a) Draw an outline map of Nigeria(1 mark)

-On the map shade the main oil palm growing area.(1 mark)
-Mark and name Lagos (1 mark)

b) State five physical conditions necessary for the growing of palm oil.(5 marks)
 High temperatures throughout the year/ 230C- 300
 Plenty of sunshine
 High rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year / 1500-
 2100mm
 Deep fertile well drained soils
 Low altitude of up to 100m above sea level
 High humidity 80-90%

c) i) Describe the commercial production of palm oil in Nigeria.(10 marks)

 Oil palm is harvested three years after planting
• The ripe fruit is cut using curved knives /pangas / chisels/ hooks.
• Cutting goes on throughout the year.

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 • Fruits are carried in baskets or on poles to lorries for transportation to the factory
• Fruits are collected and transported quickly to the processing factory
• At the factory the fruits are weighed
• They are offloaded into tube like cages or trucks
• Fruits are put in digester for further cooking to soften them up
• The pulp is separated from the kernel
(ii) Apart from making oil,give four other uses of palm oil.(4 marks)
• The leaves are used for roofing • The shells /fibers are used for fuel.
• The leaves are used for making baskets/ hats/ mats/ brooms
• The stems are used as building poles
• The sap from the stem is used for making wine / alcoholic drinks
• Crushed nuts grown for animal feeds/fertilizers
iii) Name three crops grown in Kenya that are processed to produce vegetable oil. (3 marks)
• Maize /corn
• Sunflower
• Groundnut/peanuts
• Cashew nuts
• Coconut
• Sim sim
• Cotton
• Soya beans
2002: a) In what ways do pig farmers benefit from rearing pigs
• The farmers are self – employed / it created employment.
• The farmers generate income by selling the pigs and pig products.
• They use the pig manure in their farms • They use pig meat to diversify their diets.
b) State two problems experienced by pig farmers in Kenya
• Expensive pig feeds
• Poor marketing strategies / lack of co –op / organizations to sell their products
• Competition from other types of meat which are relatively cheaper
• Inadequate capital to expand pig farming
Diseases e.g. African swine fever, foot and mouth, pneumonia

2002: a)Give three problems experienced in the implementation of the National Food Policy.

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• Drought / floods have caused food shortages.
• Food storage facilities are inadequate.
• Farmers have little information on the expected weather trend to enable them plan their calendar.
• Inadequate monitoring of food supplies makes it difficult to identify needy areas
• Some citizens have inadequate education on the nutritional value of foodstuffs
Inadequate use of the required farm inputs leads to low output of foodstuffs which affects the food reserve.
• Laxity / corruption in control of importation/ exportation of foodstuffs.

(b)
• To ensure self sufficiency in foodstuffs.
• To ensure that there are sufficient food reserves
• To ensure that every citizen has access to sufficient foodstuffs.
• To ensure that the available food is of balanced nutritional value
• To give government control over exports / import of food
• To allow free movement of foodstuffs within the country.

2001: (a) Name two cash crops grown in plantations in the highlands east of the valley.
Tea
Coffee
Pineapples
Flowers
Rice
Wheat
Barley
(b) Give three physical conditions that are necessary for the growth of cloves.
Heavy rainfall between 1270 –2500mm per year
Well distributed rainfall –throughout the year/ rainfall throughout the year
High temperatures between 280–300C
Deep soils
Well –drained soils
Light sandy soils
High humidity
Low altitude
(a) Name two districts in the rift valley province of Kenya where Merino sheep are reared.
NakuruTrans Nzoia
LaikipiaNarok
Koibatek/ Baringo
Uasin GishuMarakwet
(b) Compare sheep farming between Kenya and Australia
• In Kenya farming is done on small scale whereas in Australia it is on a large scale

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• In Australia Sheep are reared to provide mutton/ wool mainly for export while in Kenya it is mainly for local
consumption
• In Australia, Shearing is highly mechanized, while in Kenya it is mainly manual

2000: (a) State three physical conditions that favour sugar cane growing in the Lake Victoria basin in Kenya.
High temperature / 200–270C) throughout the year
High rainfall (1200 –1500mm)
Undulating / Flat land
Fertile soils –Allurial/ clay/ black cotton
Well drained
Deep soils
(b) State three problems experienced in sugar cane farming in Kenya
Burning of cane by arsonists/ fire outbreak
Delays in harvesting of sugar cane
Flooding of the local market with cheap imported sugar
Delayed payment to farmers
Poor management of sugar cane factories/ cooperatives
High cost of farming inputs
Diseases ratoon stunting diseases/ smut/ mosaic/ yellow wilt/ leaf spot
Over production
Pest-white scales/ white grubs/ termites
Competition for land from other crops
2000: (a) (i) Apart from cotton, name two other fibre crops.
 Sisal
 CoconutJute
 Palm (raffia)
 Flax
 Sunn
 Kapok
 China grass
(ii) State two climatic conditions that are ideal for cotton farming.
Warm / High/ Hot temperatures 15 –300C
Plenty of sunshine during the growing period
Moderate/ light rainfall / 510 –1115mm
A long growing period with at least 200 frost free days
Dry sunny period for harvesting
(b)State three differences between cotton growing in Kenya and U.S.A.
Kenya USA
Growing on small scale Growing on large scale
Manual/hand labour Mechanized labour
Mainly rain fed Mainly irrigated
Grown on varied terrain Grown on gently sloping land
Inter cropped monoculture

(c)Explain three ways in which the government of Kenya encourages cotton farming
The government organizes shows/ demonstrations for cotton farmers to learn the latest development on
cotton growing

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 The government finances research for high yielding cotton varieties/ pests/ diseases control/ extension of
cotton growing areas (ecological regions)
It facilitates setting up of co-operatives/ cotton lint and seed marketing board to enable cotton farmers
acquire farm inputs/ marketing
It provides extension services to offer advice on cotton farming

(d)(i) Apart from making textiles, state three other uses of cotton wool
It is used for making thread
It is used for surgical purposes/ laboratory use
It is used for packaging.
It is used for sanitary purposes
It is used for making furnishing / dolls.
It is used for insulator
It is used for making floor rags/ carpets.
It is used for decorating Christmas trees
(ii) Explain three problems faced by the textile industry in Kenya
Competition from imported second hand clothes has reduced market for locally produced textiles
The decline in the production of cotton has undermined the textile industry
Industries rely on expensive imported fibres which leads to the production of expensive products that cannot
complete / importation of cheaper/ new clothes or textiles
Mismanagement of textiles factories low profit margin/ has led to closures of some factories.
The decline in the economy has led to flight of investments capital to other countries leading to the declined of
the industry

1999: (a) The map below shows some major tea growing areas in Kenya.

(i) Name the areas marked W, X, and Y

W- Kapenguria/ Kitale/Cherangani/ Mt. Elgon
X-Kericho/ Kisii /Nyamira/ Bomet / Gucha / Buret
Y – Meru / Embu / Nyeri / Kirinyaga / Mt. Kenya region / Nyambene
(ii) State four physical conditions that favour tea growing in Kenya.

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• Cool/ warm temperatures throughout the years during the growing period
• High rainfall 1000 – 2000 mm of rain
• Well distributed rainfall throughout the year
• The areas are frost free
• The tea growing areas have deep soils
• The areas have well drained/ soil have gently sloping land

(b) The table below shows tea production in Kenya for two years

(i) Calculate the percentage increase in tea production over the ten years period between 1975 and 1985

(ii) Give two reasons why there was such an increase in tea production over the given Period
• Expansion of tea growing areas and the establishment of the Nyayo tea zones
• Increase in the number of small – scale tea farms in the country
• Improved marketing strategies through KTDA
• Expansion / increase in the number of tea factories

(b) Describe the stages through which tea is processed from picking to the time its ready for marketing
When the harvests are ready only the two top leaves and a bud/ flush are picked
• The green leaves are transported in airy baskets to a collecting centre/ for weighing
• The weighed leaves are transported by lorries fitted with bags to the processing factories and the tea leaves
are again weighed in factory
• The tea leaves are again weighed in factory
• The leaves are then dried by blasts of warm air from beneath the trays
• The dry leaves are passed through a set of rollers to chop stem/ the leaves are crushed
• The leaves are placed in containers for fermenting, reducing tannic acid and changing the colour to grey –
brown
• The leaves are passed through a conveyor belt which takes them to a tunnel which is at a temperature of
1000C roasting/ dry based after which they turn black
• The leaves are sifted grading tasted for classification
• The graded tea is packed tea chest for export and small packages for a local market.

(d) Explain four problems experienced in small scale farming in Kenya.

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• Proof feeder roads in the growing areas lead to delays in collection delivery of the green leaf hence causing
wastage
• Delayed payments for the tea delivered mismanagement of funds lowers the morale of the farmers
• Long droughts/ hailstorms lead to destruction of the crop/ lower the quality and the quantity of the yield
• Fluctuation of prices in the world market makes it difficult for the farmers to plan a head
High prices of farm inputs/ reduce the farmers profit margin/ leads to low yields as some farmers cannot
afford
1999:The table below shows total number of livestock in Kenya in 1986

(a)Using a radius of 5cm, draw a pie chart to represent the information given in the table above
(b) Explain why the population of sheep is higher than that of dairy cattle.
 Sheep survive in a variety of climatic conditions while dairy cattle are restricted to cool and wet
climate
 The farm inputs required for dairy cattle are more expensive than those for sheep
 Some breeds of sheep are more resistant to diseases that dairy cattle thus they are more widespread.
 The management of dairy cattle is more demanding than that of sheep

(c) Explain four ways in which the government of Kenya assist nomadic
pastoralist to improve the quality of their livestock.
The government has set up demonstrations ranches to educate the pastoralists on
better ways of keeping livestock cattle dips have been constructed to control pests
Extension services are provided to give advice to the pastoralists
Boreholes and dams have been constructed to provide water for their livestock Roads have been
constructed to enable the pastoralists to transport their produce to markets
Through formal education, the pastoralists have learnt the advantage of keeping manageable sizes of
herds
The government encourages ranching to enable the pastoralists to view livestock Keeping as a
commercial undertaking

(d) Explain three factors that favor beef farming in Argentina.

 Replacement of coarse grasses with alfalfa and corn has improved the quality of pastures of the
beef cattle.
 Crossbreeding of traditional with higher quality breeds/ Hereford Aberdeen
 Angus shorthorn has improved the quality of the yields
 The maritime climate of the area makes grazing of cattle possible throughout the Year
 Availability of water supplied using wind pumps ensures constant supply of water for cattle
 Availability of vast lands suitable for cattle grazing encourages beef ranching Availability of
market both local and external encourages the farmers to expand the beef industry/ sustains the
industry.
 Availability of refrigeration facilities enables beef to reach far off markets in good condition.

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1999: State three problems facing commercial poultry farming in Kenya.
 Poor marketing strategies
 High prices of poultry feeds/ other farm inputs of vaccines
 Competition from other sources of protein and competition among farmers/ countries
 The intensive care requirement
 Diseases/ pests/ new cattle/ fowl pox/ fowl typhoid/ avain luekosi/ coccidiosos/ fleas/worms
 Inadequate initial capital
 Inadequate knowledge about poultry keeping

1998: World wheat production by regions.

Region % of wheat produce
Asia 35
Europe 22
North America 19
USSR 16
Others 8
(a) Draw a pie chart to illustrate the information given above. (5mks)

(b) Name
(i) Two districts in Kenya where wheat is grown on commercial scale.(2 mks)
 Narok
 - Narok
 - Nakuru
 - Uasin Gishu
 - Nyandarua
 - Meru
 - Laikipia
 - Transzoia
 - Elgeyo Marakweti
(ii) Two wheat producing provinces of Canada (2mks)
- Alberta
- Manitoba
- Saskachewan

(c) Explain three conditions that favour wheat farming in Kenya.(6 mks)
 Wheat growing areas receives between 500mm and 1270m/ moderate rainfall which enhance growth
of wheat
 The area experiences a warm dry sunny spell which enhance ripening/ harvesting
 The area experiences at least three months with temperatures ranging from 150C to 200C warm
temperature which enhance ripening/ harvesting of wheat.
 The areas have fertile/ Volcanic soils which sustain high production
 The land where wheat is grown is gentle/ fairly undulating level which enables mechanization

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(d) Explain five factors which enable Canada to produce more wheat than Kenya.( 10mks)

 Wheat growing in Canada is more mechanized leading to higher production than in Kenya
 More capital is available in Canada enabling farmers to sustain production Farmers in Canada are
more experienced Skilled/ Technology long history of wheat production than in Kenya
 Advanced scientific research in Canada enables the production of higher yielding seeds better farm inputs
control of pests and disease/ overcome limitations of weather
 Wheat farmers in Canada specialize in wheat production while in Kenya farmers practice mixed farming
 Government policy incentive of subsidization in Canada which is not available in Kenya.

1998: List for problems that are experienced in pyrethrum farming in Kenya
 Expensive farm inputs/ inadequate capital/ insufficient capital fluctuating prices
 Delayed payments
 Prolonged droughts/ unfavorable weather conditions/ heavy rainfall/ frost/ hailstorm/ unreliable
rainfall
 Pests/ diseases
 Pool payments based on pyrethrum content
 Mismanagement of funds

1997: a) Name two breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya. (2mks)

 Guernsey
 Jersey
 Friesian
 Ayrshire
 Zebu swiss brown
b) State three factors which favour dairy farming in Denmark (3mks)
 well-developed co-operative movement
 Availability of market for dairy produce
 Availability of extension services
 Suitable climate/moderate temperature
 Handy fodder/ pasture
 Advanced technology/specialization
 Mechanization

1996: a) Draw a sketch map of Ghana. (1mark)

On the sketch map
,i) Shade the cocoa growing (1 mark)
ii) Mark and name Kumasi town (1 mark)

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 b) i) Outline the stages involved in the processing of cocoa from harvesting to the time it is ready for
export.(6 marks)
 Pods are harvested using long knives
 Pods are collected and piled at a central place.
 Pods are split open with a sharp knife and beans scooped out by hands.
 Beans are put in heaps on mat and covered with banana leave
 Beans are allowed to ferment for 5-6 days during which the juicy pulp drains away.
 Fermented beans are washed and cleaned
 Beans are spread on tables covered with mats to dry in the hot sun.
 Beans are turned frequently as they dry and slowly turns brown.
 Dry beans are put in sacks and sent to the harvest-buying center.
 At the center, the dry beans are weighted and graded ready for export NB:
Sequence should be used some activities may be omitted.
(ii) List four problems experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana. (4 marks)
 Pest and disease which destroy the crop
 Fluctuation of prices in the world market which discouraged the farmers.
 Low prices paid to the crop discourage the farmers.
 The strong Hamattan wind destroys the crop.
 Inadequate labour during harvest.
 Poor means of transport make it difficult for farmers to deliver their crop in time.

c) Describe four physical conditions necessary for growing of oil palm. (8 marks)
 High temperature throughout the years average temperature must be over 210-300
 High rainfall and evenly distributed throughout the year (1000-21000 mm per year.
 Deep fertile well drained soils/can withstands a wide variety of soils.
 Low altitude of up to 700m sea level.
 Seedling must be sheltered from strong winds.
 High relative humidity Any 4x2 =8mks)

d) List four uses of oil palm.

 The leaves are used for roofing
 The shells and fiber are used for fuel
 The leaves are used for making baskets and brooms.
 The sap from the stem is used for making wine
 The fruit is used for making oil/ cosmetics/soap.
 Crushed nuts are used as animal feeds

1996: a) Name two horticultural crops grown in Kenya(2 marks)

 Vegetable / tomatoes / onions / carrots.(allow any correct vegetable)
 Fruits / oranges , pineapples, plums, mangoes (allow any correct fruit)
 flowers, roses. (max 1 mk)
b) State three reasons why horticulture is more developed in the Netherlands than in Kenya.(3 marks)
 Netherlands has a higher urban population than Kenya / there is high demand both local
and foreign for horticultural crops products in Netherlands than in Kenya.
 Farmers in Netherlands have more access to the capital needed for horticultural farming than in
Kenya.
 There is more advanced and appropriate technology in Netherlands which has enhanced
horticulture farming than in Kenya.
 Netherlands unlike Kenya has highly skilled labour for production and handling of agricultural

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 products.
 There is more advanced horticultural farming related research in the Netherlands than in Kenya.
 Netherlands unlike Kenya has well organized marketing procedures / cooperatives
 / auction markets which are conducive for horticultural farming. (any 3
well compared points 3x1(3mks)

2010: (a) What is mixed farming?

- Mixed farming is the growing of crops and rearing of livestock on the same farm.
(b) State four physical conditions that favour cocoa growing in Ghana.
- High temperatures of 24 C to 30 C.
- High rainfall of 1, 200mm - 1,500mm well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
- Deep, well drained fertile soil , loamy soils/light clays
- High relative humidity 70% - 80%
- Shade from strong sun rays for the seedlings.
- Undulating lowlands 0 - 750m above sea level.
- Sunshine for ripening of pods.
2009: i) State three physical conditions that favour coffee growing in the Central Highlands of Kenya
- The highlands experience high 1000-1500 mm well distributed rainfall per year which is ideal for coffee.
- The soils are deep fertile volcanic type.
- The area experience cool to warm conditions 14-240C throughout the year
- The land has gentle slopes that allow good drainages/well drained soils (Any 3 x1 (3 mks)

b) Describe the stages involved in coffee production from picking to marketing

- The ripe/deep red berries are picked by hand
- The harvested berries are carried in baskets/sacks to the factory
- The berries are sorted out to remove the outer/diseased berries
- The different grades are weighed
- Berries go through a machine that removes the outer covering /pulp
- The beans are fermented in tanks for sometime.
-The beans are washed and then sun dried for about a weak
- The husks are removed and the beans winnowed.
- The beans are sorted out and graded according to size and quality
- The beans are roasted at temperatures of about 100C
- The beans are ground into powder ready for sale.
NB: The sequence should be followed. (Any 4x2= (8 mks)

c) Explain four problems facing coffee faming in Brazil

- the wasteful techniques of growing the crops leads to soil exhaustion which makes the coffee yield per
hectare low unregulated cultivation leads to soil exhaustion/low quality coffee.
- Climatic hazards/ frost destroy coffee plants reducing the yields.
- Unplanned planting leads to overproduction surplus production which lowers the prices.
- The fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market sometimes leads to low profits.
- Stiff competition from other coffee producing countries reduces Brazil’s dominance in the world coffee
market. Any 4x2 = (8 mks)

NB: Explanations alone cannot earn a mark

Problems max 4
Explanations max 4 (total (8 mks)
d) Your geography class carried out a field on a coffee farm
i) State four methods the class may have used to collect data.

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- Administering questionnaires
- Interview/asking questions
- taking photographs/video tapping
- Observation
- taking photographs/video tapping
- Observation
- taking measurements
- Collecting analysis
- Content analysis (Any 4x1 (4 mks)

ii) During the field study the class collected data on quantities of coffee produced in the farm in the last five
years. State two methods the class may have used to present the data.
 Drawing charts
 Drawing tables
 Drawing graphs (Any 2 x1 (2 mks)

2009: a) Give three physical conditions that favour maize cultivation in Trans Nzoia district in Kenya.
- Temperatures ranging from 100C to 300C/Moderate to high temperature/warm to hot condition
- Rainfall ranging from 800mm to 2500mm/moderate to high rainfall
- Deep (fertile) well drained soils/volcanic
- Gently sloping/undulating land
- Sunny/dry season for ripening.

b) State three reasons facing maize farming in Kenya

- High cost of farm inputs poor quality seeds
- Unpredictable climatic conditions
- fluctuating/low prices
- Pests e.g. cornea warms/silk warms and diseases affecting the crop/impassable roads during the rainy
seasons.
- Poor storage facilities.
- Inadequate capital
- Striga weeds/ couch grass

2012: a) i) Name two provinces in Canada where wheat is grown on large scales
 Manitoba
 Alberta
 Saskatchewan

(ii)State three physical conditions that favor wheat farming in Canada (3 marks)
- Well drained soils
- Rainfall of about 560mm
- Availability of extensive land
- Sunny summers conditions

(b) Compare wheat farming in Kenya and Canada under the following subheadings
i)Research
- In Kenya, little research is being undertaken on wheat farming while in Canada there is
advanced research on wheat farming which produces high yielding seeds/ control of pests and
diseases.

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 ii) Government policy
- In Kenya , government policy on subsidies /incentives to wheat farmers while in Canada the
government subsidizes the farmers in case of crop failure

iii) Transport
- In Kenya , there is poor road network in wheat growing areas while in Canada there is elaborate
railway network in wheat growing areas.

(c) Explain four problems that affect wheat farming in Canada. (8 marks)
- fluctuation in world prices of wheat has led to farmers being uncertain about their earnings
- -the soil has become exhausted due to long use/ lower yields
- -occurrence of summer heat waves/frost/have destroyed wheat crops leading to lower yields
- Canada faces competition from other wheat producing countries which has reduced the market
for their produce
- -due to pests and diseases farmers has to spray the crops hence increasing the cost of production.

(d) Your Geography class intends class to carry out a field to study on harvesting in a farm.
(i) State two reasons for preparing a working schedule. (2 marks)
- -it ensures all the intesed activities are captured
- -it helps in time management

(ii) Outline two problems that face wheat harvesting you are likely to find out. (2 marks)
-shortage of harvesting machinery
-high cost of labour
- weather conditions
(iii) Suppose during a field a study you used the interview method to collect data, state two limitations of
the method. (2marks)
- The respondent may give inaccurate information.
- It is time consume.
- Some respondent may be unwilling to be interviewed
- Language barrier.

2012: Study the photograph below and answer question (a)

a) i) identify the type of photograph shown above.

- Ground general view photograph

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 (ii) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 10cm to represent the area covered by the photograph. (1 mark)
(iii) On the rectangle, sketch and label four main features shown on the photograph. (4 marks)
(iv) Using evidence from the photograph, identify two indicators that show that the area receives high rainfall. (2
marks)
- -presence of a forest
- -Mountain at the background
- -Continuous grass cover
- -Diary cattle
(b ) i) Name three exotic types of dairy cattle in Kenya
-Friesian
-Jersey
- Guernsey
-Aryshire
- Sahiwal

ii) Explain three human factors that favors dairy farming in the Kenya Highlands. (6 marks)
- high population in the area offers ready market for milk and other dairy products
- There are milk processing factories which help in milk processing/ storage
- many parts of Kenya highland is well served by road network which supports fast transport of
milk to processing places
- provision of veterinary that helped to promote rearing of high quality breeds.
- Co-operative societies have been set up to market the dairy products

(c) Explain four ways in which dairy farming in Kenya is different from dairy farming in Denmark. (8 marks)
- in Kenya , cattle mainly depend on naturally growing grass/whereas in Denmark the cattle is fed
on fodder and commercial feeds.
- In Kenya mechanization is limited whereas in Denmark mechanization is idely used
- In Kenya most farmers practice mixed farming while in Denmark dairy farming is highly
specialized
- In Kenya most of the dairy products are consumed by the domestic market whereas in Denmark
the products are mainly exported.
- In Kenya dairy production is affected by variation in climate whereas in Denmark daily farming
is least affected by variations in climates

2020:. The table below shows estimated production of selected crops in Kenya in 2013. Use it to answer
question (a).

(a)(i) Using a radius of 5 cm. draw a pie chart to represent the data in the table above. (9 marks)

(ii) Apart from pie chart. name two statistical methods that can be used to represent the data in the table.
(2marks)
Compound bar graph

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 Divided rectangle
Proportional circles
Simple bar graph

(b) State three disadvantages of using pie charts to represent statistical data.(3 marks)
From the pie chart its difficult to extract exact value of commodity if the
total is not shown
Involves a lot of calculations taking time which could be used for
answering other questions
Its difficult for a pie chart to show the changed in the trend of production
Its difficult to measure and represent small angles with decimal points
It works on the agreed belief that any circle should be 360° which is a
mathematical concept without giving reasons why its so
Its only suitable when few segments are to be drawn but may be impossible to represent if they are very
many
The reasons are not given why the circle should be 5cm radius when other measurements are used segments
are the same

(c) Explain how each of the following social factors influence Agriculture:

(i) Land tenure system;(2marks)

Community owned land has many restrictions in what the land should be used for, all set traditions must be
followed
Land is used as security or collateral to loans to be used in farming which can only happen on fully owned
land
Land which if fully owned with title deeds can influence establishment of long-term farming projects like
irrigation schemes, which cannot take place on land which is not fully owned
Land which is not fully owned most cases are poorly maintained in terms of soils fertility leading to low
productions
Some land tenure systems prevent land subdivisions like leaseholds

(ii) Traditions. (2 marks)

Disasters like locust’s drought are believed to be traditionally castigated therefore traditional remedy is sort
It’s a taboo to plant some crops and rare some animals
It’s a taboo to sell food stuffs you will be termed an outcast
It’s a tradition to have many wives and children purely for labour
Some communities rely on animal labour during ploughing which may hinder when some are sick
Some traditional crops encourage monoculture.
Some traditional festivals require certain foodstuffs which must be planted that year

(iii) Religious beliefs.(2marks)

Muslims belief that the pigs is unclean animal therefore its not reared or eaten
Muslims regard a cow as sacred therefore it is kept for this purpose not meat and milk
Some days of the week are holy days for some religions its set aside for worshiping not farm work this has
delayed timely administration of agricultural practices like SDA, MUSLIMS and protectants
Some religions are known to favour soya beans to replace tea because of its addictive nature
Some religious groups are vegetarians
There is a belief that crops do well not because of proper farming practices but because of the hand of God,
this has necessitated giving tithes in some churches for farm produce

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(d) Give five problems facing plantation farming in Kenya. (5 marks)
Common pests feed on crops lowering yields.
Countries enjoying comparative advantage in production of some plantation crops export cheap products to
Kenya local industries can’t compete.
Diseased attack crops completely destroying them
Fertile soils on which plantations grow encourages rapid growth of weeds which takes away nutrients
High or excess rainfall/drought lowers yields
Inadequate financial capital hinders important farm operations
Muddy impassable roads make transporting of products to the factory expensive
Plantation farming takes long on the farm using same nutrients year in year out exhausting the soil
Plantations like sugarcane are affected by fire outbreaks during dry seasons
Some plantations are attacked by frost in some seasons
Some trade agreements in some regional trading blocks allows conditions that makes it difficult for some
firms to make profit
Unstable conditions on the world market like price, terms of trade affect proper planning2020

2020: (a) What is dairy farming?(2 marks)

- Dairy farming is the practice of keeping animals for milk

(b) State two physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Kenya.(2 marks)
High to moderate rainfall of about 500-2500mm per year or constant
supply of water from rivers
Deep well drained fertile volcanic loamy soils for pasture growth
Cool/warm to moderately hot conditions with temperatures ranging
between 10-29°c
Continuous availability of natural pastures
Gently sloping landscape which can be adulating
2019: (a) (i) Apart from Ghana, name two countries in Africa where cocoa is grown.
Nigeria
Cote de Ivoire/ Ivory Coast
Cameroon
Guinea
Togo
Principe and Sao Tome

(ii) State five physical conditions that favour cocoa farming in Ghana.
High and well distributed rainfall /1000-1500mm.
High temperatures 21°C to 30*C./warm/hot conditions Protection from strong winds that blow away pods.
High relative humidity./ 70%-80%
Deep, well drained fertile/loamy soils/volcanic/lightly clay/soil rich in potassium.
A sunny period for ripening.
Low altitude 0-750 metres above sea level. Undulating landscape
Protection of young plants from sunshine.

b (i) Describe the process of cocoa cultivation in Ghana.

Vegetation/land is cleared and ploughed.
Cocoa trees are grown from seedlings sown in nurseries.
Holes are dug on the farm.
The seedlings are allowed to grow to a height of 28-30 cm before they are transplanted to the field.

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 Seedlings are planted in rows, three metres apart in cleared forest zones.
Some cocoa trees are grown from cuttings, which are placed directly in cleared forest.
The crops are weeded, pruned and manured to improve the quality of the bean and prolong life of the tree.
The trees are protected from insects/pests/fungi by spraying with insecticides/fungicides.
The trees begin to produce mature pods from five years, up to 30 to 40 years.
The cocoa pods grow on the trunk and the main branches of a tree.
They become yellowish/orange when ripe, there is no set time for ripening. Both flowering and ripening
can take place at the same period.
There are two main harvesting periods. That is between September and February and between May and
August.
The crop is harvested manually using long sharp knives.

(ii) Give three uses of cocoa.

It is used as a beverage. It is used to manufacture cosmetics.
It is used in baking/confectionary.
It is used to make sweets/ice/cream/flavourings.
It is used as animal feed.
It is used as a soft drink.
It is used in production of drugs/medicine.
It is used in production of alcohol
It is used in production of fertilizer
It is used in mulching.

C (i) Explain three human problems faced by cocoa farming in Ghana.

At times cocoa farmers are demoralized because they do not get good price for their beans due to world
price fluctuations.
During the rainy seasons, the feeder roads become impassable leading to delays in delivering the crop.
The trees are attacked by pests and diseases which destroy the trees, e.g. black pod and swollen shoot.
The low prices cannot sustain the farmers hence there has been a slow drift into better paying jobs in
industries./discourages farmers.
Low labour supply during harvesting season which increases cost of production.
The poor management of cocoa farms leads to low production.
Competition for land from other crops leads to low production.
The limited storage facilities leads to wastage/spoilage.
The poor extension services leads to low quality cocoa production.
Competition from other beverages lowers market for cocoa.
High cost of farm inputs lowers production of cocoa/lowers profit.

(ii) Give ways in which cocoa farming has benefited the government of Ghana.
Cocoa is exported to earn foreign exchange.
It provides employment to the people.
It has promoted industrialization, e.g. beverage industries.
It has boosted trade by increasing Ghana’s exports.
It has led to development of roads/railway/ports.
It is a source of revenue to the government.
It has promoted development of social amenities.
It has led development of urban centres/towns.

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2019: Use the table below to answer the following questions . Kenya agricultural production in
1000tonnes between 2008 and 2011.

(a) (i) Apart from comparative line graph, name four other methods that can be used to represent the
above data.
Pie chart/divided circles
Comparative bar graph/compound bar graph/cumulative
Divided rectangle
Proportional circles

(ii) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 20,000 tonnes, draw a comparative line graph to represent the
above data.

(iii) State three advantages of using line graphs to represent statistical data.
They are easy to draw/construct.
They allow comparison.
They are easy to read and interpret.
They give clear visual impression.
They can be used to show a wide range of data.

(b) (i) Give reasons that may have led to the increase in production of dairy products between 2010 and 2011
Prompt payment to dairy farmers.
Availability of capital
Affordable veterinary services
Use of high quality feeds
Improved managerial skills
High rainfall
Control of pests
Control of diseases
Large market
Improved technical knowhow
Exotic breeds
Adequate foliage for animals

(c) Give four physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Kenya.
Low/moderate/high temperatures/ 15° 30°C/ 10°C
30°C /cool/warm/hot conditions/climate.
Moderate/high rainfall/500mm
2000mm.
Plenty of nutritious grass/fodder.
Reliable/constant supply of water.

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 Volcanic/loamy/light clay soils for growth of quality of grass throughout the year.
Gently sloping/undulating landscape
Well drained soils
Low/high altitude.
2017: (a) (i) What is beef farming? (2 marks)
- It is the rearing of cattle for meat.
(ii) Identify five factors that favour beef farming in Kenya. (5 marks)
- Extensive flat land Natural grass/ pasture.
- Moderate temperatures/18 -28°C/ warm-hot climate.
- Availability of watering points/sites such as swamps.
- Moderate rainfall / 500mm -999mm.
- Availability of ranching schemes to control overgrazing/pests/ diseases.
- Cultural practices/local people that practice livestock farming as their livelihood.
- Availability of marketing/ demand
(b) State six features of nomadic pastoralism in Kenya. (6 marks)
- They keep large herds of animals/many kinds of animals/ overstocking.
- They keep animals as a sign of wealth/prestige.
- Land in which the animals are kept is communial ly owned.
- The animals are weakened by pests and diseases/have low value! unhealthy.
- The animals are moved seasonally in search for pasture and water.
- There is uncontrolled breeding of animals.
- There is inefficient marketing system/walking for long distances to the market.
- Animals are exposed to cattle rustling/frequent raids.
- They rely on it for subsistence/ income Dwell in
(c) Give reasons why beef production is higher in Argentina than Kenya. (6 marks)
- Argentina has larger/better organized/managed ranches than in Kenya.
- Argentina has high quality cattle than Kenya.
- Argentina has better methods of animal husbandry/control of diseases/ extension services
than Kenya.
- Argentina has nutritious grass/fodder/alfafa . - Argentina has pastures throughout the year
due to the maritime climate.
- The ranches are well watered by wind pumps which reduces movement/weight loss in search
for water.
- Argentina has more capital for intensive care/refrigeration for beef farming.
- Argentina has high advanced technology/ external market for beef.
- It has a well-developed railway/road network that transports beef cattle to the factories.
Argentina has large loca external market for beef.
(d) Explain the role played by beef farming to the economy of Kenya.
- Beef cattle provide meat/animal products for exports which earns the country foreign
exchange.
- It has provided employment to many people in the slaughter houses/ butcheries/ranches
improving their living standards.
- It provides raw materials to industries such as meat processing/leather industries.
- Products of beef are sold locally to earn income/improved living standards of farmers.
- It has improved the living standards of the farmers who earn income through the sales).
- It has lead to development of roads easing transport. The government earns revenue for
economy development.

2017: (a) Identify three counties in Kenya where wheat is grown on a large scale. (3 marks)
- Narok

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- Nakuru
- Uasin Gishu
- Nyandarua
- Meru
- Laikipia
- Transzoia
- Elgeyo Marakweti
(b) State three climatic conditions that affect wheat farming. (3 marks)
- Frost
- Drought/Unreliable rainfall/very heavy rainfall
- Prolonged cold/hot seasons/high temperatures
- Strong winds which cause soil erosion Hailstones.
2016:(a) Name two exotic breads of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.
❖ Fresian / Holstein
❖ Ayshire
❖ Guernsey
❖ Jersey
❖ Alderney
❖ Brown Swiss / Swiss Brown (2 marks )
(b) State three physical conditions that favour dairy farming in Denmark. (3 marks )
❖ The landscape is gently sloping which is suitable for grazing
❖ The climate has warm / sunny summers / moderate temperatures (100 - ITC) that allow
outdoor grazing.
❖ There is cool climate suitable for pasture growing
❖ The moderate rainfall (500 -1000mm) that supports growth of grass / fodder crops

❖ Boulder clay soils are fertile support high pasture

2014: (a)Explain three social factors that influence agriculture.
Gender influences productivity as the produce will depend on effort of the gender involved.
Some religious beliefs determine the type of livestock farming since they discourage rearing of cenain
animals.
The culture of a people determines the type of crops grown/livestock kept in order to meet their dietary
needs.
Land tenure system allows/limits individuals/communities to use the available land thus
increasing/decreasing produce.
The interaction between people leads to adoption of new techniques in fanning / new foods.

(Any 3 x 2 = 6 marks)

(b) (i) Describe the cultivation of oil palm from land preparation to harvesting.
The nursery is prepared where the oil palm seeds are planted.
The land is cleared of vegetation /ploughed
The holes are dug with spacing of 9m X 9m.
The seedling are transplanted from the nursery into the holes.
Weeding/spraying is done regularly to protect the plants against pests/disease.
Manuring/application of fertilizers.
The maturing trees flower/bear fruits after three years.
The mature/ripe fruits are harvested using a curved knife/chisch/hook. (7 X l =7 marks)

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(ii) Give three uses of palm oil.
Used as a lubricant.
Used in phamaceutical.
As a cleansing agent in the tin industry.
Used as food.
Making margarine/cooking fat.
Making soap.
Making candles.
Making cosmetics.
Used in the confectionery industry.

(c) Explain three reasons why horticultural farming is encouraged in Kenya.

To earn foreign exchange which help to improve the economy.
To create employment which enables people earn income hence improve their living standards/reduces
unemployment.
To provide raw materials which support the development of related industries.
To enable farmers with small pieces of land earn high income.
To improve food supply in the country thereby ensuring food security. (Any 3 x 2 = 6 marks)

(d) Give three factors which favours beef farming in the Nyika plateau.
Presence of watering points/rivers/swamps.
There are large tracks of flat land with natural grass.
The local people who keep livestock as their occupation.
The semi-arid conditions of the area favour beef cattle keeping.
There are ranching schemes which control grazing/spreading of diseases/pests.

(Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
2011: (a) (i) Give four factors common to Kenya and the Netherlands that have favored
horticultural fanning.

 Both countries have a varied of climatic conditions.

 In both countries horticultural farming is practiced in areas with well drained soils.
 In both countries irrigation is carrie d out.
 Both countries sell their horticultural produce in the local and international market.
 In both countries large companies/private organisation have invested in horticultural
farming.
 In both countries green housed are used.
 Use of advance technology i both countries.
 Availability of labour in both countries.
 In both countries transport net work in developed.

Any 4 x 1 =4 marks

(ii) State three features of horticultural farming in the Netherlands.

 The farms are generally small in size.

 The farmers use advanced/highly specialized techniques of crop production/farmers
use .greenhouses.
 Most farmers practice mixed fanning.
 The farms are intensively used.

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  Farming is largely labour intensive. Any 3 x 1=3 marks

(b) The table below shows the quantity and value of Kenya’s horticultural exports between
June 2008 and June 2009. Use it to answer question (b).

(i) What was Kenya’s total value of exports from horticulture between June 2008 and June
2009?

 Kshs .51 ,200 Million. Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

(ii) Comment on the trend of the quantity of Kenya’s horticultural exports between June 2008
and June 2009.

 The quantities of exports are fluctuating.

 The lowest exports were in August 2008 and December 2008.
 The highest quantity of export was in March 2009.
 There was a significant drop in the quantity of exports between March and April 2009.
 Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

(iii) Using the data provided, draw a simple line graph to represent the quantity of Kenya’s
horticultural export. Use a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 500 metric tonnes.

(c) Explain four difficulties that farmers in Kenya experience in marketing horticultural
produce.

- The impassable roads during the rainy season/poor road network make it difficult for
the perishable produce to reach the market on time, hence causing losses to the farmers.
- The cost of transporting produce by air is high thus lowering the profit margin.
- Poor marketing strategy leads to reliance on middlemen who exploit the
farmers/farmers incur losses.
- Low quality produce may lead to rejection in the market hence making the farmers incur
losses/farmers are demoralised.
- The farmers face stiff competition from the established and upcoming producers which
limits the quantity the farmers are able to sell.

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 - Stringent quality standards required at the international market increases the cost of
production thus lowering the profit margin.
- Fluctuations of the world market prices cause inconsistencies in the profits margin thus
discouraging the far mers.
- Limited preservation facilities/re frigeration facilities leads to the spoilage of the produce hence
losses/wastage. Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks

2011: (a) Name two exotic breeds of commercial beef cattle reared in Kenya.
- Aberdeen Angus
- Hereford
- Galloway
- Charolais
- Shorthorn
- Sahiwal
Any 2 x 1=2 marks

(b) Outline two similarities of commercial beef cattle fanning in Kenya and Argentina.

- In both countries the cattle are mainly reared in areas of natural grazing/natural
pasture.
- In both countries crossbreeding of beef cattle is common/scientific meth od of
production.
- In both countries beef cattle are reared mainly in ranches.
- ' In both countries beef cattle/products are meant for the local and foreign market. '
In both countries cattle breeds are largely similar. Any 2 x 1=2 marks

3 (a) Name two prairie provinces of Canada where wheat is grown on a large scale.

- Saskacthewan
- Alberta
- Manitoba Any 2 x 1=2 marks

(b) Give three physical conditions that favour large scale wheat farming in the prairie
provinces of Canada.

- There is extensive (cheap) land that allows cultivation on a large scale.

- The presence of fertile prairies soils/dark brown chemozems .
- The undulating landscape allows use of farm machinery/mechanization ' There is
suitable climate with a frost-free period/warm sunny 15 - 19° which allows for
timely ripening and harvesting.
- The area receives moderate rainfall/average 560mm annually which is suitable for
wheat growing.Any 3 x 1=3 marks

2023: The map below shows wheat growing areas of Canada. Use it to answer question (a).

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(a) Name the provinces marked G and H.
G-Saskatchewan
H-Manitoba
(b) State three reasons for the increase in the price of maize in Kenya.
 Adverse climate conditions/prolonged drought experienced leading to lo maize production.
 Prevalence of pest/army worms/locusts/stockbores/birds
 Diseases such as maize streak/maize rust/white leaf blight.
 High demand for maize/competition for maize as raw material in manufacturing industries.
 A rise in the cost of input /increased cost of production/increased cost of fuel.
 Reduction in land acreage under which maize is planted.
 Global rise in food prices
 Restrictions on importation of maize.
 Hoarding of maize.
2023: Give four physical conditions that favor sugarcane growing in the Lake Victoria basin.

 Deep well drained soils/black cotton soils/clay/alluvial/volcanic /loamy soils

 High temperatures/moderate to high temperatures/200 𝐶 − 270 𝐶 throughout the year.
 Gentle slope/undulating land
 High rainfall 1200mm-1500mm per annum.
 Dry/Sunny conditions for sucrose accumulation/harvesting/transportation of
 Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
(b) (i) Describe the stages involved in the processing of sugarcan at the factory.
 The cane is received and weighed.
 The cane is washed and chopped into pieces.
 The pieces are crushed to extract the juice.
 The juice is put into clarifiers to filter off the impurities.
 The juice is boiled to evaporate the water.
 The juice is further stirred in large tanks to allow crystallization.
 The crystals are separated from molasses.
 The sugar is bleached to whiten
 Sugar is then dried, cooled, graded, weighed and packed.
(ii) Apart from sugar, give three other products obtained from sugarcane:
 Jaggaery
 Bagasse
 Cane juice
 Molasses

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  Filter cane/filter mud.
(c) Explain three causes of the decline of sugar cane production in Kenya.
 Crop diversification with farmers venturing into other crops has reduced acreage.
 Climatic changes/prolonged drought has led to low production.
 Competition from other land uses reduces acreage under sugarcane.
 Outbreak of fire destroys the cane leading to many losses.
 High cost of farm input reduces the farmers profit margin which discourages the farmers.
 Mismanagement of factories/cooperation/delayed payments discourages farmers.
 Pests such as termite’s/stalk borers which destroy sugar cane
 Diseases such as cane mosaic and root rot destroy sugar cane.
 Low farmers offered to the cane farmers by the factories has discouraged farmers from growing
sugarcane.
 Competition from cheap imports lowers demand for local sugar hence limiting the processing of
the sugarcane.
(d) Explain three ways in which the Kenya government is promoting the sugar industry.
 Establishment of Kenya Sugar Board to advice on production and marketing of sugar.
 Restricting sugar imports to protect farmers from the flooding of the market with cheap
sugar.
 Establishing a scheme for small scale out growers to help in production/marketing of
sugar.
 Enforcing laws to protect the farmers from exploitation by middle men.
 Financing research for high yielding cane.
 Subsidizing farm inputs to lower the cost of sugarcane production
 Providing financial assistance to ailing sugar factories.
 Government to improve feeder roads to ensure quick transportation.
2023: (a) (i) Define horticulture.
 It is the cultivation of vegetables/fruits/flowers for sale/commercial purposes.
(ii) Outline five characteristics of horticultural farming in Kenya.
 The farms are usually small
 The farms are located near well-established transport routes leading to urban areas.
 The land is intensively utilized.
 It is labor intensive.
 It requires heavy capital investment.
 The produce is market oriented/export oriented.
 Produce output is high
 The farms are scientifically managed.
 The produce is highly perishable.
(b) (i) Give four physical factors that favor horticultural farming in Kenya.
 Hot wet climate favors the growth of tropical crops.
 Cool wet climate in the highlands favors the growth of temperate crops.
 Well drained volcanic/loamy soils.
 Availability of water/rivers/lakes
 Relatively gentle sloping land/undulating.
(ii) Explain three challenges that horticulture farmers experience in marketing their produce.
 Impassable roads during the rainy season/poor roads make it difficult for perishable goods to
reach the market on time/losses to the farmers.

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  Inadequate/poor refrigeration facilities lead to rotting/lowering quality leading to losses/wastage;
 Fluctuation of prices in the world market discourages farmers.
 Stringent quality standards required at the international market
 Poor marketing strategies lead to reliance on middle men who exploit farmers.
 The high cost of transporting produce by air lowers profit margin
 Competition from other producing countries lowers the market/demand.
(c) You intend to carry out a field study in a nearby horticultural farm
(i) Apart from flowers, identify the other two types of crops you are likely to find in the farm.
 Fruits/oranges/bananas/watermelons/pineapples/blackberry/arcades/pawpaws/mangoes/grapes
 Vegetables/French beans/carrot/cauliflower/tomatoes/spinach/kales/broccoli
(ii) Give two sources of information that you would use for the field study.
 Resource persons/farmers/agricultural officers.
 Journals/magazines/relevant textbooks/newspapers.
 Maps
 Documentaries/videos
 internet

(iii) State four factors that have contributed to fast growth of flower farming sub sector in Kenya.
 Rise in local demand for flowers/market
 Increased investment in greenhouses ensuring high quality flower products.
 Low cost of production of flowers compared to other crops.
 Increased international demand due to high quality of Kenyan flowers.
 Shift from growing traditional cash crops that are less profitable.
 Well organized marketing system/cooperatives which help farmers to export the produce.
 Improved transport network/roads/airport facilitate quick transportation/exportation of the
produce to the market.
 Availability of skilled man power for efficient production.
 High population provide cheap labor.
2022: (a) Define Agriculture.
 Agriculture is the practice of cultivating crops and rearing of animals.

(b) Give three social factors which influence agriculture.

 Land tenure system.
 Religious beliefs/practices
 Cultural beliefs/practices/traditions
 Level of education
 Gender roles
 Intermarriage between people leading to adoption of new technology in farming/introduction of
new crops
2022: The table below shows sales of selected crops in tones, grown in Kenya between years 2015 and
2017. Use it to answer question (a) and b(ii)

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 (a) (i) Calculate the percentage decrease in sales of wheat between the years 2015 and 2017
227300 − 156900
× 100 = 30.97%
227300
(ii) Give four reasons that may have led to the decrease in wheat sales between 2015 and 2017.
 Low production of wheat due to climate change/Pest and dieses
 Low payments/price fluctuation
 Availability of cheap wheat imports.
 Inadequate market due to inadequate wheat consumption
 Completion from other foods/grains
(b) Draw a pie chart to represent the data on selected crop sales shown on the table above.
(c) (i) Name three counties in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale.
 Uasin Gishu
 Nyandarua
 Narok
 Nakuru
 Laikipia
 Transzoia
(ii) Explain three physical conditions that favor wheat growing in Kenya.
 Moderate rainfall/500mm to 1270mm to enhance the growth of wheat.
 Temperature ranging 150 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 200 𝐶 /warm conditions to facilitate growth /maturity of wheat.
 A warm dry/sunny spell for ripening and harvesting
 Volcanic soils to sustain high production.
 Gently sloping/undulating landscape to allow proper drainage/mechanization.
2022 APRIL: (a) State two climatic conditions favoring coffee growing in the Kenyan highlands.

 High rainfall/1000mm-2000mm well distributed rainfall throughout the year.

 Moderate to high temperature/14 − 300 𝐶
 Shelter from direct sunlight
 Requires two months dry period for flowering
 Cool/warm/hot conditions
 Frost free conditions.
(b) Give three problems facing coffee farming in Kenya.
 Inadequate/unreliable rainfall/drought lowers quality.
 Pest/diseases destroy crops
 Soil exhaustion due to monoculture
 Poor transport network
 High cost of farm inputs/inadequate capital
 Mismanagement of coffee co-operatives/factories/embezzlement of funds.
 Fluctuation of coffee prices in the world market.
 Competition from other crops/land use.
 Delayed payments to farmers.
 Shortage of labor during harvesting.
2022: (a) Name two main horticultural crops that are grown in Kenya.
 Flowers/roses/orchids/lilies
 Fruits/oranges/lemons/pawpaw/pineapple/avocado/mangoes

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  Vegetables/cabbage/kales/broccoli/spinach/onion/carrots.
(ii) Why is horticultural produce mainly exported by air
 Horticultural crops are highly perishable.
 They are in high demand hence require urgent supply.
 Some crops are light in weight thus suitable for export by air.
 They are highly priced hence can compensate for cost of air transport.
 Most of the markets are located in far countries.
(b) Give four reasons why flowers are mostly grown in green houses in Kenya.
 In order to protect flowers from excessive rainfall/strong wind/hail stones.
 To enable plants to be watered constantly
 In order to control pest/diseases easily
 To enable plants, enjoy controlled/optimum moisture/temperatures
 To allow flowers to be grown throughout the year.
 In order to control weeds easily.
(c) Explain the contribution of horticulture to the economy of Kenya.
 Horticulture has offered employment opportunities to many people and the farmers earn income
from sales of produce hence raising their living standards.
 It has provided raw materials to agro-based industries thus promoting their growth/diversifying
the economy
 It earns the country foreign exchange which is used to develop other sectors of economy.
 It has led to the expansion/development of transport thus improving accessibility to many areas.
 It earns the government revenue through taxes/licenses which is used to develop the country.
 Horticulture has utilized dry/marginal/swampy land hence putting more land into use.
 Horticulture has increased food supply hence promoting food security.
(d) Explain the differences between horticulture farming in Kenya and Netherlands.
 In Netherlands, there is more advanced technology used to enhance horticulture while in Kenya
the technology is low.
 In Netherlands there is well developed transport system which facilitates movement of
horticultural produce while in Kenya transport networks are less developed.
 In Netherlands there is highly skilled manpower while in Kenya there is low skilled manpower.
 In Netherlands farmers have more access to capital while in Kenya they have limited access to
capital.
 Netherlands has well organized marketing strategies while in Kenya marketing is poorly
coordinated.
 In Netherlands horticulture farming enjoys more advanced research while in Kenya research in
horticulture is low.
 Netherlands horticultural crops are in high demand both locally and internationally while in
Kenya the local demand is low.
2015: Give four challenges facing nomadic pastoralism in Kenya.
 Shortage of water
 Scarcity of pasture
 Outbreak of animal diseases/rinderpest/foot and mouth/tripanomiasis.
 Attacks by animal pests/ticks/tsetseflies
 Inadequate veterinary services
 Poor marketing strategies.
 Cattle rustling/raids/attacks by wild animals
 Decrease in grazing land/competition from other land uses

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 2015: (a) State three physical conditions which favor large scale sugarcane growing in Kenya.
 The presence of deep, well-drained soil/black cotton /alluvial/clay/volcanic soils
 High temperature/between 200 𝐶 𝑡𝑜 270 𝐶
 Gently sloping/undulating land which enables mechanization.
 High rainfall/1200mm to 1500 mm, well distributed throughout the year.
 Sunny conditions for sugar accumulation.
(b) (i) Describe the stages involved in the processing of sugarcane at the factory.
 The cane is received and weighed
 The cane is washed and chopped into small pieces.
 The pieces are crushed to extract the juice.
 The juice is put into clarifiers to filter off the impurities.
 The juice is boiled to evaporate the water.
 The juice is further stirred in large tanks to allow crystallization
 The crystals are separated from molasses.
 The sugar is bleached to whiten
 The sugar is then dried, cooled, graded, weighed and packed.
(ii) Give three by-products obtained from sugarcane.
 Bagasse
 Molasses
 Cane juice
 Filter cake/filter mud
 Jiggery
(c) Explain three ways in which the Kenya Government is promoting the sugar industry.
 Establishment of Kenya Sugar Board to advise on production/marketing of sugar.
 Restricting sugar imports to protect farmers from the flooding of cheap sugar
 Establishing a scheme for small scale out growers in production/marketing of sugar
 Enforcing law to protect the exploitation of farmers by brokers.
 Financing research for high yielding cane.
 Subsidizing farm inputs to lower the cost of sugarcane production.
 Providing financial assistance to ailing sugar factories.
(d) your class visited a plantation for a field study on land preparation and planting of sugarcane.
(i) outline four activities that you are likely to identify
 Clearing of land
 Ploughing of land/harrowing of land
 Preparing seedlings/cuttings/dipping setts in pesticides
 Making furrows
 Planting seedlings/cuttings with herbicides
 Weeding the crop/spraying with herbicides.
 Application of fertilizers
 Irrigating the land.
(ii) Give three methods you would use to record data during the field study.
 Taking photographs
 Tape recording/video recording
 Drawing sketches
 Notes taking
 Filling in the questionnaire

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  Tallying
 Tabulating
1995: 1.a) List three social factors that influence agriculture. (3 marks)
 Traditions/diet
 Land ownership/inheritance
 Religion
 Gender roles
 Technology
 Foreign influence
b) i) Name two provinces in Canada where wheat is grown on large scale. (2 marks)
 Manitoba
 Saskatchewan
 Alberta

ii) State two factors that favour mechanization of wheat farming in Canada. (2 marks)
 the Canadian plains are gently sloping/flat
 The wheat farms are large/extensive/land sparsley populated.
 The farmers have adequate capital to set up large farms
 Availability of technology/skilled labor
(c) Four factors that favor sheep farming in south eastern Australia.
 The area experiences cool-humid climate ideal for sheep farming
 There is adequate pasture and water
 The nearby large cities provide market for lamb and mutton
 Well-developed transport network facilitates the transportation of the sheep products.
 Arable farms provide alternative source of sheep feeds in form of wheat stubble.
 Low incidence of pests/diseases.

1994: 7.a) State the physical conditions necessary for the growing of sugar cane. (4 marks)
 High temperatures/ moderate to high temperatures.
 High rainfall.
 Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
 Dry/ sunny conditions for sucrose accumulation.
 Deep, well drained, loamy/black cotton/clay soils.
 Gently sloping/undulating land which enables mechanization.

b) Describe the commercial production of sugarcane

i) from land preparation to harvesting. (7 marks)
 The land is cleared off its vegetation.
 The land is ploughed using tractors.
 Shallow furrows are dug.
 Cuttings/seed cane are planted in the furrows.
 Top dressing/Nitrogenous fertilizers are applied.

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  Weeding is regularly done.
 Spraying using herbicides is applied.
 Gapping is done in initial stages.
 Sugarcane is harvested manually using pangas and put in heaps.
ii) processing to the marketing of sugar. (6 marks)
 The cane is received at the factory and weighed.
 The cane is washed and chopped into small pieces.
 The pieces are crushed to extract the juice.
 The juice is put into clarifiers to filter off the impurities.
 The juice is boiled to evaporate the water.
 The juice is further stirred in large tanks to allow crystallization.
 The crystals are separated from molasses.
 The sugar is bleached to whiten.
 Sugar is then dried, cooled, graded, weighed and packed ready for sale/export.
 Sugar is Consumed locally.
 Factories sell to wholesalers and retail outlets to consumers.

c) Explain four problems facing sugar-cane farmers in Kenya. (8 marks)

 Pests like termites, white grub destroy sugarcane plants reducing quality/yields leading to low
income for the farmers.
 Diseases like sugarcane mosaic, smut, yellow wilt, ratoon stunting destroy sugarcane plants
reducing the quality/yields leading to low income for farmers.
 Frequent fire outbreaks which destroy sugarcane hence losses.
 Climatic hazards/Droughts leads to destruction of the sugarcane crop leading to heavy losses.
 Fluctuations of sugar prices in the world market leads to uncertainity earnings making it difficult
for farmers to plan ahead.
 Inaccessible roads lead to delays in delivery of the canes to the factory lowering the quality/profit
to farmers.
 High cost of farm inputs makes them unaffordable to the farmers leading to low yields/low profit
margins.
 Delayed payment to the farmers by cooperatives lowers their morale.
 Mismanagement of cooperatives leads to low payment to farmers which lowers their morale.
 Labour shortage during harvesting
 Delays in harvesting of sugarcane disrupt farmer’s planning/reducing farmers’ earnings.
1993: a) Name
i) two areas in Kenya where wheat is grown. (2 marks)
 Uasin Gishu  Meru Keiyo
Nanyuki  Nyandarua Elgeyo
 Nakuru Nyeri marakwet
 Narok Trans  Laikipia
Nzoia
ii) two areas in the Canada where wheat is grown. (2 marks)

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• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Saskatchewan
b) State
i) five physical conditions which are necessary for wheat growing. (5 marks)
 Gently sloping/undulating landscape for proper drainage and allow use of machines.
 Moderate/high temperature/Warm conditions.
 High and well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
 Deep, well drained, volcanic/loam/clay soils.
 Dry spell for ripening of wheat.
 High altitude.

ii) five problems experienced by wheat farmers in Kenya. (5 marks)

 Farmers have inadequate capital to buy inputs which lowers the yields.
 Pests such as dusty brown beetle/aphids/birds destroy crops lowering yields.
 Diseases such as the leaf rust/stem rust/glume blotch destroy crops lowering the yields.
 Price fluctuations on the domestic market especially when selling through middle men leading to
losses to farmers.
 Limited storage facilities lead to wastage/spoilage of wheat hence losses to farmers.
 Climatic hazards such as the strong winds/frost/unreliable rainfall/prolonged cold/drought destroy
crops lowering yields.
 Soil exhaustion due to monoculture reducing yields hence low income to farmers.

c) Describe cotton growing in Canada under the following subheadings:

i)Preparation of the land. (1 mark)
ii)Farmers activities from planting to harvesting. (4 marks)
d) Explain the efforts being made by the government of Kenya to promote wheat growing in the country.
(6 marks)
 Carrying out research into new variety of wheat and control of pests and diseases.
 Construction of new roads and improvement of the existing ones to enhance transportation of
wheat.
 Providing extension workers through the ministry of agriculture to advice farmers on the best
farming methods.
 Advancing loans to farmers through cooperatives. to assist them improve on their farming.
 It holds courses and has set demonstration farms to update farmers on new farming methods.
 Restricting wheat imports to protect farmers from the flooding of the market with cheap sugar.
 Establishing a scheme for small scale out growers in production/marketing of wheat.
 Enforcing laws to protect the exploitation of farmers by brokers/ middlemen.
 Financing research on diseases/pests/improved sugarcane for higher yields/better quality sugar.

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  Organizing farmer education days/provides extension services for the farmers to learn new ideas
about sugarcane growing.
 Subsidizing farm inputs to lower the cost of sugarcane production.
 Improving feeder roads to ease transportation of canes to the sugar factories.
 Providing credit facilities for the farmers enabling them to purchase farm inputs promptly.

1992: 2.a) Name three towns in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya where milk processing plants are
located. (3 marks)

 Nakuru
 Uasin Gishu
 Laikipia
 Kericho
 Trans Nzoia

b) i) State six ways in which the Kenya government assists dairy farmers. (6 marks)

 Appointing supervisory boards for dairy co-operatives.

 Extending credit facilities to farmers through co-operatives.
 Holding agricultural shows to educate farmers on good dairy farm management.
 Setting up demonstration farms which breed high quality bulls to be released to farmers.
 Establishing well maintained roads for delivery of milk.
 Carrying out extensive research on possible solutions to diseases.

ii) List six problems facing livestock farming in Kenya. (6 marks)

 High temperatures in the country makes it hard to rare cattle of high quality.
 Unreliable rainfall leads to inadequate pasture for cattle.
 Thin soils leads to poor natural grass unsuitable for the quality animals.
 Overstocking by pastoralists ruin pasture land leaving less for beef farming.
 Pests like ticks and tse tse fly attack animals lowering the yields.
 Diseases like nagana, rinderpest, foot and mouth affects the animals lowering yields.
 Competition from other land use activities like wildlife hence affecting beef farming.
 Poor quality animals due to poor pastures hence low profit margins.
 Inadequate capital for development of the beef industry.
1989: The photograph below shows some types of land use in an area in Kenya. Study it and answer the
questions that follow.

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 a) i) Draw a sketch of the photograph and on it show the three main types of land use in the
area shown in the photograph. (4 marks)

ii) Explain why it is likely that there is little soil erosion in the area shown in the photograph. (5 marks)
 The top/background is covered with grass/pasture/trees protects the soil from wind and water
erosion.
 The steeper ground in the middle ground has trees whose roots hold the soil together. Trees also
reduce the force of raindrops and break the speed of the wind
 In the foreground, bunds /grass have been built to protect soil from being swept away.
 Strip cropping/strip farming/strip cultivation traps soil/checks speed of surface run off.
 Terraces trap soil/checks speed of water.
 Mulching keeps soil particles together
 The gentle nature of the foreground reduces the speed of water.

b) i) The crops shown in the foreground of the photograph are usually grown near urban areas.
Why is this so? (3 marks)
 The crops grown are perishable and cannot be kept for long periods without the use of expensive
refrigeration.
 Urban centers provide large and ready market for the crops.
 The marketing of the crops usually relies on pressure of efficient transport which is normally
close to them
 Limited land for large scale growing near urban areas

ii) Name three crops (other than those in the photograph) that are grown under the type of farming shown
in the foreground. (3 marks)
 Flowers  Peas
 Onions  Potatoes
 French beans  Tomatoes
 Carrots  Kale
 Cucumber  spinach

c) State four ways in which the Kenya Government helps the farmers who practice the type of farming
referred to in question (b) above. (4 marks)

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  improvement of marketing through creation of KHCDA, construction of marketing center;
participation in trade affairs
 agricultural research producing better seeds
 price control of inputs such as fertilizers
 employment of extension personnel/seminars/field days
 encouragement of co-operative movements
 loans
 improvement on transport facilities
 provision of water for irrigation.

d) Compare the farming activities near large cities in the Netherlands with similar activities in Kenya. (6
marks)
 In Netherlands, there is more advanced technology used to enhance horticulture while in Kenya,
the technology is low.
 In Netherlands, there is well developed transport system which facilitates movement of
horticultural produce while in Kenya, transport networks are less developed.
 In Netherlands, there is highly skilled manpower while in Kenya there is low skilled manpower.
 In Netherlands, farmers have more access to capital while in Kenya they have limited access to
capital.
 Netherlands has well organized marketing strategies while in Kenya marketing is poorly
coordinated.
 In Netherlands horticulture farming enjoys more advanced research while in Kenya research in
horticulture is low.
 Netherlands horticultural crops are in high demand both locally and internationally while in
Kenya the local demand is low.
 In both countries, horticultural farming is done intensively to get maximum returns.
 In both countries there is use of green houses on horticultural land.
 Similar crops are grown in both countries e.g. fruits, flowers and vegetables.

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