GROUP 11 BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, ERGONOMIC, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL

HAZRADS AND CONTROL

CHEMICAL HAZARDS
● A type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the workplace.
● Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause acute or long-term detrimental health
effects.
● There are many types of hazardous chemicals, including neurotoxins, immune agents,
dermatologic agents, carcinogens, reproductive toxins, systemic toxins, asthmagens,
pneumoconiotic agents, and sensitizers.
● Chemicals mode of entry are through Inhalation, Skin Contact, and Ingestion.
● Chemicals mode of exit is through Illness and/or Death.

I. Classification of Toxic Effects

1. Local - When a certain chemical harms only the part of the body it comes in contact with.
(Ex: acid burns on skin)
2. Systemic - When a certain chemical harms other related organs operating as a system.
(Ex: Carbon Monoxide affecting the blood and the CNS)

II. Action of Toxic Substance

1. Acute Toxicity - occurs almost immediately (hours/days) after an exposure, high dose
exposure. (Ex: pesticide)
2. Chronic Toxicity - represents cumulative damage to specific organ systems; occurs many
months or years to have recognizable clinical disease. (Ex: lead)

III. Health Effects

1. Renal Diseases
2. Respiratory Diseases
3. Skin Diseases
4. Hematologic Diseases
5. Cardiovascular Diseases
6. Neurologic Diseases
7. Carcinogenic

IV. Chemical Hazards: Prevention

● Practice proper personal hygiene.
● Ensure access of workers to washing facilities, food storage, and provide eating areas
away from work places.
● Biological monitoring helps in early determination of diseases cause by chemicals in the
work environment.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
● A biological hazard or biohazard is an organism, or substance derived from an organism,
that poses a threat to (primarily) human health.
● This can include medical waste or samples of a microorganism, virus or toxin (from a
biological source) that can impact human health or those harmful to animals.
● It may also pertain to hazards due to insects, animals or hazardous plants.

I. Selected Infectious Diseases

1. HIV AIDS
2. Hepatitis B
3. Pulmonary Tuberculosis
4. Tetanus

1. HIV AIDS
● HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) - virus which causes AIDS
● AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) - serious & usually fatal condition
in which the body’ s immune system is severely weakened and cannot fight off
infection

A. ADVOCACY, INFORMATION EDUCATION AND TRAINING

- Provide all workers with standardized information and education
on HIV & AIDS.
- Encourage extension to supply chain workers, families, and
communities.
- Base the education package on the curriculum from the
Inter-agency Committee on STD, HIV & AIDS in the Workplace.
- Implementers: OSH Officer, training officer, HR officer, employers,
and workers will receive ongoing training on HIV/AIDS.

B. SOCIAL POLICY
B.1 Non-Discriminatory Policy and Practices
- No discrimination against workers in hiring, promotion, or
assignment based on HIV status.
- Workers should not be terminated due to actual, perceived, or
suspected HIV status.
B.2 Confidentiality
- Access to personal files regarding HIV status must comply with
RA 8504 and ILO Code of Practice.

C. DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND REFERRAL FOR OTHER SERVICES

- If feasible, to provide preventive, diagnostic and treatment
services to sexually transmitted infections to minimize HIV risk.
- To provide access to preventive, diagnostic treatment and other
health services for STI.
 - Compulsory HIV testing as pre-condition to employment , and/ or
provision of any kind of service is unlawful

RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYER
- Develop, implement, evaluate and fund HIV and AIDS prevention
and control in the workplace policy and program
- Company policy and program to be made known to all workers

RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS
- Practice non-discriminatory acts against co-workers
- Workers with HIV are encouraged to inform health care provide

2. HEPATITIS B
● There are certain occupations which pose a higher risk of transmission of
Hepatitis B because it involves exposure to potentially contaminated blood and
body fluids.
● These would include occupations in the health care setting and other workers
whose occupation involves the potential for exchange of bodily fluids.
● The DOH estimates that 10% to 16% of Filipino adults suffer from chronic
hepatitis B infection.
● It is also approximated that around 1% of the estimated 100 million Filipinos has
chronic hepatitis C.

3. PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS (PTB)

A. TUBERCULOSIS PREVENTION AND CONTROL
- IRR of EO 187 – Comprehensive and Unified Policy for TB Controls in the
Philippines
- Effective in March 30, 2005
- Formulation of TB Workplace Policy and Program including the
following components:
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Rehabilitation
- Compensation
- Restoration to work
 B. PREVENTION STRATEGIES
- Program on TB advocacy, education and training – awareness program
based on DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short Course)
- Provide proper orientation on strengthening worker’s immune response
against TB
- Improve workplace condition – adequate ventilation and space
requirement for each worker

C. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
- Adoption of DOTS for workers with TB, and their dependents
- Refer workers and family members with TB to private or public DOTS
centers
D. RECORDING, REPORTING AND SETTING UP DATA BASE
E. SOCIAL POLICY
- Workers who have/ had TB must not be discriminated
- Adoption of work accommodation to support worker who have/ had TB,
i.e., flexible leave arrangement, rescheduling of work times, etc
- To allow worker to return to work
- Trace TB contacts in the workplace and assess clinically
- Encouraged to extend program to the worker ’ s families and their
respective communities
- EO 187: Instituting a Comprehensive and Unified Policy for
Tuberculosis Control in the Philippines (CUP) (March 2003)
- DOLE DO 73-05: Guidelines for the Implementation of Policy &
Program on Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention & Control in the
Workplace

4. TETANUS
A. COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TETANUS
- Spasms and stiffness in your jaw muscles (trismus)
- Stiffness of your neck muscles
- Difficulty swallowing
- Stiffness of your abdominal
- Painful body spasms lasting for several minutes, typically triggered by
minor occurrences, such as a draft, loud noise, physical touch or light

B. PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR TETANUS

a. VACCINATION
- Being up to date with your tetanus vaccine is the best tool to
prevent tetanus. Protection from vaccines, as well as a prior
infection, do not last a lifetime. This means that if you had tetanus
or got the vaccine before, you still need to get the vaccine
regularly to keep a high level of protection against this serious
disease.
 b. GOOD WOUND CARE
- Immediate and good wound care can also help prevent infection.
Don ’t delay first aid of even minor, non-infected wounds like
blisters, scrapes, or any break in the skin. Wash hands often with
soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub if washing is not
possible. Consult your doctor if you have concerns and need
further advice.

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
● Environmental factors that can affect the health of the workers.
● Noise, Temperature Extreme, Vibration, radiation, and Inadequate Illumination

I. Noise
● It interferes with the perception of wanted sound, and is likely to be physiologically
harmful.
● Unwanted sound
● Its effects depend on Intensity (Loudness), Frequency, and Duration.

➔ Occupational Noise
◆ Common problem found in many workplaces.
◆ Losing your hearing is a gradual process, and is less noticeable than other types
of workplace injuries
➔ Permissible Noise Exposure

➔ Control Measures of Noise

◆ Administrative Control: Job rotation / breaks
◆ Engineering Control: Purchase new equipment, Preventive maintenance,
Isolation/damping
◆ PPE: Ear plugs/ear muffs

II. Temperature Extreme

● COLDNESS — A condition suffered by workers exposed to extremely cold
temperatures.
● HEAT STRESS — It is a combination of physiological environmental forces or loads,
which exert a strain upon the human body as our systems try to compensate
➔ Mechanisms Involved in Heat Transfer
◆ Conduction – The transfer of heat from one point to another within a body or from
one body to another when both bodies are in physical contact.
◆ Convection – This involves the transfer of heat from one place to another by
moving gases or liquid

➔ Temperature vs. Human Body

◆ Babies and children. In babies and children, the average body temperature
ranges from 97.9°F (36.6°C) to 99°F (37.2°C).
◆ Adults. Among adults, the average body temperature ranges from 97°F (36.1°C)
to 99°F (37.2°C).
◆ Adults over age 65. In older adults, the average body temperature is lower than
98.6°F (36.2°C).

➔ Sources of Heat
◆ Metabolic Heat – is a by–product of the chemical processes that occur within
cells, tissues and organs.
◆ Environmental Heat – influences the rate at which body heat can be exchanged
with the environment and consequently, the ease with which the body can
regulate and maintain a normal temperature

➔ Measurements of Temperature
◆ WET BULB GLOBE TEMPERATURE (WBGT) INDEX
● used as a parameter to adjust work practices according to the prevailing
environmental conditions

➔ Disorders Related to Heat Stress: Miliaria Rubra, Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, and
Heat Stroke.
➔ Cold Induced Injuries: Frostbite, Trench Foot (Immersion Foot), General Hypothermia
 ➔ Control Measures for Temperature Extreme: Heat Stress
◆ Engineering Controls
● Ventilation
● Water sources (fountain/showers)
◆ Administrative Control
● Job rotation/breaks
◆ PPE
● Cotton clothes
● Multiple Changes

➔ Control Measures for Temperature Extreme: Cold-Induced

◆ Engineering Controls
● Build barriers around the worksite
◆ Administrative Control
● Job rotation/breaks
◆ PPE
● Provide adequate clothing including insulated gloves, footwear and
headgear

III. Vibration
● Refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point.
● Use of vibrating power tools can place stress on the tissues of the fingers, hand and
arms or even the whole body.

➔ Whole Body Vibration

◆ general stressor
◆ changes in the central nervous system with associated difficulty in maintaining a
steady posture
◆ changes in bone structure
➔ Hand-Arm (Segmental) Vibration
◆ localized stressor to the fingers and hands (Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome)
◆ causes changes in the sensation of the fingers which can lead to permanent
numbness of fingers, muscle weakness and, in some cases, bouts of white
finger.
➔ Control Measures for Vibration
◆ Engineering Controls
● Choice of tools with lowest vibration design
◆ Administrative Control
● Adequate information and training to operators of vibrating machinery on
correct and safe work practices
● Arrange work schedules to include rest periods
◆ PPE
● Use of vibration dampening gloves
● Wear adequate clothing
IV. Radiation
● The process by which energy electromagnetic (visible and infra red) is transmitted
through a space without the presence or movement of matter in or through this space.
➔ Ionizing Radiation
◆ Form of radiation capable of producing ion pairs by interaction with matter
◆ Able to deposit enough localized energy in an absorbing material to disrupt
atoms and molecules, and produces ions and free radicals that causes
biochemical change
◆ Has the shortest wavelength, thus has higher energies
➔ Non-Ionizing Radiation
◆ Not enough energy to cause ionization of matter
◆ Has the longest wavelength, thus has lower energies
➔ Control Measures (The ALARA Principle)
◆ As Low As Reasonably Achievable
◆ Keep doses as far below the dose limits as can readily be achieved by using
approved procedures and engineering controls.
● Time: the less time spent exposed to a radioactive source, the less
exposure there is.
● Distance: the further away from the source, the smaller the amount of
exposure
● Shielding: Protective materials between the worker & the source

V. Inadequate Illumination
● Lighting is provided to satisfy the following requirements:
○ to assist in providing safe working environment
○ to assist in the performance of visual tasks
○ to develop an appropriate visual environment

➔ Health Effects of Inadequate Illumination

◆ Visual Fatigue
◆ Double Vision
◆ Headaches
◆ Painful irritation
◆ Lacrimation
◆ Conjunctivitis
 ➔ Occupational Effects of Visual Fatigue
◆ Loss of productivity
◆ Increased Accident Rate
◆ More Mistakes
◆ Lowering of Quality
◆ Visual Complaints
➔ Control Measures
◆ Improve illumination by adding:
● artificial light sources
● natural light sources
◆ Reduce by:
● Isolation or enclosure
● PPE
● Eye examination

ERGONOMIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

● Ergonomics
○ The application of human biological science in conjunction with the engineering
sciences to achieve optimum mutual adjustment of human to the work, the
benefits being measured in terms of efficiency and well-being. (ILO)
○ Three main goals:
1. to make work safe and humane
2. to increase human efficiency
3. to create human well-being
● Psychosocial
○ Pertaining to the influence of social factors on an individual' s mind or behavior,
and to the interrelation of behavioral and social factors. (Oxford Dictionary)

● Ergonomic Hazards
○ These arise from physical factors that put strain on the body, such as repetitive
movements, awkward postures, or poor workstation design, potentially leading to
musculoskeletal injuries, discomfort, and fatigue over time.

● Psychosocial Hazards
○ These involve workplace factors that affect mental and emotional well-being

➔ ERGONOMIC RISK FACTOR INTERACTION

◆ Risk factors inherent in the Worker:
a) Physical
i. Body movements
ii. Target-oriented phase
iii. Manual materials handling
b) Psychological
c) Work and non-work related activities
 ◆ Risk factors inherent in the Environment
a) Lighting
b) Noise & vibration
c) Indoor climate
d) Dust, smoke & toxicants
e) Radiation

◆ Risk factors inherent in the Task/Job

a) Tool
i. Selection considerations
ii. Design
iii. Handle
iv. Vibration
b) Workstation
i. Workstation dimensions
ii. Seating arrangement
iii. Room to grasp & move things
iv. Sufficient auxiliary support
v. Displays
c) Organization
i. Working hours
ii. Break schedules
iii. Night work & shift work
iv. Compensation
v. Piecemeal, daily, monthly
- Training and promotion
vi. Organizational commitment
- Effective safety and health regulations
- Organizational role in individual role conflicts and
ambiguities

➔ Ergonomic Related Disorders

◆ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
◆ Tendonitis
◆ Low back problems

➔ Ergonomic: Prevention
◆ Recognizing and Assessing Ergonomics Risk Factors:
1. Do surveys, interviews and review of records to recognize stressful
factors
2. Identify the ergonomic hazard and evaluate the risk factors
3. Select interventions with the objective of reducing the magnitude and
duration of risk factors
 4. Workers education and training is vital in the success of ergonomic
interventions

● Psychosocial Hazard - Stress

○ The harmful physical and emotional responses that occurs when the
requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the
worker

➔ Manifestations of Stress
◆ Psychological
● Fatigue
● Anxiety
● Tension
● Irritability
● Depression
● Boredom
● Inability to concentrate
● Low esteem
◆ Physiological
● Heart rate
● Blood pressure
● Indigestion
◆ Behavioral
● Drug use
● Alcohol intake
● Heavy smoking
● Impulsive emotional behavior
● Poor work & family relationship
● Social isolation
● Family abandonment
● Sleep problems

➔ Coping with Stressful Situations

◆ Alter or change your perception of stressful situation
◆ Practice relaxation techniques
◆ Take mechanisms for your problem
GROUP 12: SAFETY INSPECTION OBSERVATION SHEET & SAFETY INSPECTION
REPORT

WHAT IS OSH INSPECTION?

Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Inspection is a formal assessment to ensure
workplaces meet safety and health standards, aiming to identify hazards, verify compliance with
regulations, and maintain a safe environment.

Safety officers can conduct internal OSH inspections within their own workplaces to ensure
compliance with safety protocols and identify potential hazards.

However, official OSH inspections mandated by law are typically conducted by authorized
representatives from government agencies, like the Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE).

CATEGORIES OF SAFETY INSPECTIONS BASED ON OSH STANDARDS:

RULE 1980: AUTHORITY OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT mentioned that there are two categories
of safety inspections.

1. TECHNICAL SAFETY INSPECTION

- Refer to inspection for the purpose of safety determination of boilers, pressure
vessels, internal combustion engines, electrical installations, elevators, hoisting
equipment, and other mechanical equipment.

2. GENERAL SAFETY INSPECTION

- Refer to inspection of the work environment, including the location and operation
of machinery other than those covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy
of work space, ventilation, lighting, conditions of work environment, handling,
storage or work procedures, protection facilities and other safety and health
hazards in the workplace.
INSPECTION VS AUDIT

INSPECTION
- Ensures immediate compliance with safety standards and identifies specific hazards
- Focused on specific areas, such as equipment safety (technical inspections) or general
workplace environment (general inspections)
- Conducted more frequently (e.g. Periodically, upon equipment installation, after
accidents)
- Identifies immediate hazard and corrective actions for compliance

AUDIT
- Evaluates the overall effectiveness of the safety management system and promotes
continuous improvement
- Broader assessment, including policies, training programs, safety records, and
organizational commitment to safety
- Conducted less frequently, usually annually or biannually, as part of a comprehensive
safety evaluation
- Provides insights on systemic improvements, evaluating the effectiveness and
sustainability of safety programs

PRIMARY TYPES OF OSH INSPECTIONS

1. ROUTINE INSPECTIONS
- Can be done on a daily, weekly, and monthly intervals
- Daily inspections are conducted by site safety officers or supervisors
- Weekly and monthly inspections are conducted by safety committees or senior
management
- These are particularly crucial for high-risk activities like excavation deeper than 2
meters

2. PRE-OPERATIONAL INSPECTIONS
 - Performed before the commencement of construction activities and using any
machinery or equipment

3. PERIODIC COMPLIANCE INSPECTIONS

- Scheduled inspections are conducted at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly,
etc.) to ensure continuous adherence to occupational safety and health
standards

4. SPECIAL INSPECTIONS
- Incident-triggered inspections are initiated in response to specific incidents, such
as accidents or near-misses, to investigate causes and implement corrective
measures to prevent recurrence
- Compliance-driven inspections are conducted when workers or their
representatives file complaints about unsafe conditions or violations of safety
standards

5. GOVERNMENT INSPECTIONS
- DOLE inspections are conducted to enforce compliance with the OSHS and other
relevant regulations. These can be routine or surprise visits.
- The LGUs can also be authorized to conduct inspections to ensure compliance
with local safety ordinances and building codes

6. THIRD-PARTY AUDITS
- Independent Audits refer to accredited third-party auditors hired by the company
to conduct independent safety audits
- These audits provide an unbiased assessment of safety practices and
compliance with construction industry standards

7. SPECIFIC AREA INSPECTIONS

- Focused inspections target specific areas like scaffolding, ladders, and platforms
to guarantee their stability
- Electrical safety inspections meticulously examine wiring, grounding, and
protective devices to prevent electrical hazards
 - Hazardous material inspections ensure the safe storage handling, and disposal
of any hazardous substances present on-site

8. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS INSPECTIONS

- Construction sites also undergo fire safety inspections to ensure critical
equipment like fire extinguishers, alarms, and evacuation routes are functional
- First aid and emergency response inspections verify that first-aid kits, medical
supplies, and response procedures are both adequate and readily accessible in
case of an incident

CONDUCTING THE OSH INSPECTION

1. DEFINE THE PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THE INSPECTION

- Define the purpose of the inspection, whether it’s a routine check, a response to
a reported hazard, or a follow-up on previous incidents
- Determine the specific areas, processes, and equipment that will be inspected.
Focus on high-risk areas and activities that may have an impact on employee
safety

2. ASSEMBLE AN INSPECTION TEAM

- Include qualified OSH professionals, safety officers, health and safety committee
members, and representatives from the management and labor force
- Designate roles such as lead inspector, documentation manager, and safety
officer for effective teamwork

3. DEVELOP AN INSPECTION CHECKLIST

- Ensure the checklist aligns with OSHS rules
- Customize the checklist to the specific risks of the facility, focusing on any
high-risk areas or previous incidents

4. PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTATION AND TOOLS

- Gather prior inspection reports, incident records, training logs, and maintenance
records for review. The information helps identify recurring issues or areas of
non-compliance
 - Ensure necessary equipments such as PPE, measuring devices (e.g. noise
meters, air quality monitors), cameras, and flashlights are ready

5. ENGAGE EMPLOYEES IN THE INSPECTION PROCESS

- Notify employees about the upcoming inspection, its purpose, and encourage
cooperation
- During the inspection, interact with employees in their work areas to gather
insights into potential hazards, work practices, and any safety concerns they may
have

6. CONDUCTING THE OSH INSPECTION

- Before starting, review the objectives, protocols, and specific responsibilities of
each team member
- Inspect each designated area using the checklist, ensuring each item is
observed, recorded, and evaluated.
- Document any issues or hazards identified, noting if they meet, partially meet, or
fail to meet OSH Standards

7. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ASSESSMENT

- Note any physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, or psychosocial hazards
- High-risk areas such as handling of hazardous materials or operations involving
heavy machinery should be prioritized
- Determine the potential impact and likelihood of each hazard causing harm. This
will aid in prioritizing the recommended corrective actions

8. POST-INSPECTION REPORTING
- Prepare a detailed report. It should include the summary of the findings,
compliance status, and recommendations for corrective actions
- Categorize issues based on severity (e.g., high-risk, moderate, low-risk) to help
prioritize corrective actions
- For critical risks that pose imminent danger, take immediate corrective actions.
Inform the management and implement temporary safety measures if necessary
 9. FOLLOW-UP AND CONTINUOUS MONITORING
- Schedule follow-up inspections to verify the implementation of corrective
measures, especially for high-risk findings
- Use the inspection results to inform updates to training programs, safety policies,
and future inspections

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION AND REPORTING

Rule 1050 NOTIFICATION AND KEEPING OF RECORDS OF ACCIDENTS AND/OR

OCCUPATIONAL ILLNESSES

It includes;

1051: Definitions

1052: Special Provision - Employers must submit reports to the Regional Labor Office to help
them gather data for accident and illness prevention. This reporting requirement is separate
from any other laws, including those of the Employee’s Compensation Commission (ECC).
These reports are private, so they cannot be used as evidence in court or be publicly viewed,
except in cases of rule violations.

1053: Report requirements –

1. Accidents and Occupational Illnesses Reporting

When: Employers must report to the Regional Labor Office by the 20th of the month after the
incident. Even if no serious injury occurs, any harm must be reported immediately using form
DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6.

Permanent Disability or Death: Employers must notify the Labor Office within 24 hours using
the fastest communication method if the incident results in death or permanent disability. The
Labor Office will investigate these within 48 hours.

1054: Keeping of records –

1. Accident/Illness Record
Employers must keep detailed records of all workplace accidents or illnesses. These records
should always be accessible for inspection by authorized personnel and should include:

- Date of incident
- Employee’s name, gender, and age
- Job role at the time
- Cause and type of injury or illness
- Disability details and duration
- Damage to equipment/materials and repair costs
- Documentation of reports made to the Regional Labor Office.

2. Annual Report

Employers must complete an Annual Work Accident/Illness Exposure Data Report on form
DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6b and submit it to the Bureau and Regional Labor Office by January 30
each year.

1055: Evaluation of Disability -

Time Charges for Different Disabilities

Charges for Specific Conditions

Temporary Total Disability

When an accident happens, the priority is always the well-being of the people
involved—getting them medical help or ensuring their safety as quickly as possible.

Once everyone is safe, it’s crucial to investigate what caused the accident.
Understanding the cause helps prevent similar incidents in the future. Employers, workers, and
safety professionals all play a role in identifying these causes. By working together, we can
learn from each accident and make the workplace safer for everyone.

Accident and Incident Investigation

Methodological means it has order or procedures. It is asking infos on how and why the
accident happens para mabaw an ang root cause and to know to prevent those accidents from
happening again. It is not intended to blame because when the investigation is focused on
finding faults or blaming individuals, people may withhold information or be less cooperative,
which could obscure important details that could improve safety.

WHO SHOULD CONDUCT ACCIDENT/INCIDENT INVESTIGATION?

Supervisors: Ensure the safety of workers, secure the scene, and provide initial information for
the investigation.

Safety and Health Committee: Oversee the investigation process, review findings, and
recommend preventive measures.

Safety Officer: Lead the investigation, analyze causes, and recommend corrective actions.

Health Personnel: Provide medical evaluation and assist in understanding the health impact of
the incident.

Other Investigation Teams/Personnel: Assist in gathering evidence, analyzing factors, and

supporting the investigation process.

3 STEPS

Investigate: An investigation is conducted to find the root cause of an accident. This process
aims to uncover what went wrong so that recommendations or corrective actions can be taken,
not to assign blame.

Analyze: After the investigation, a thorough analysis is done by collecting and examining data
to identify the specific causes of the incident.

Report: An accident report is then created to document all the details, causes, and outcomes of
the accident, including recommendations to prevent future incidents. This report is shared with
relevant stakeholders to help avoid similar accidents in the future.

The Incident/Accident Investigation Program provides guidelines for handling workplace

incidents, including clear reporting procedures, structured investigation protocols, and proper
training for investigators. It emphasizes documenting findings, implementing corrective actions,
and conducting regular reviews to improve safety protocols and prevent future incidents.
WORKPLACE EMERGENCIES

A Workplace Emergency is any unexpected situation that poses an immediate risk to

employees, customers, or the workplace itself.

Pinaagi sa sakto nga pagplano ug pag-andam, malikayan ang kaguliyang, masalbar ang
kinabuhi, ug maminusan ang kadaot.

- Conduct Hazard Assessments

- Develop Emergency Procedures
- Train Employees
- Practice and Review Regularly
GROUP 13: Employees Compensation Program and Conducting Effective Toolbox
Meetings

CHAPTER 13 : EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION PROGRAM

● Legal Basis
- Established under Presidential Decree 626 in 1975 (March 17, 1975).
- The ECP provides compensation to employees for work-related sickness,
injury, or death, offering financial, medical, and rehabilitation support.
- Attached agency is DOLE
● Coverage
- Includes private sector workers (compulsory SSS members) and
government sector employees (compulsory GSIS members).
- Excludes self-employed individuals, except for specific cases like
overseas seafarers.
- Designed to provide employees and their families with income benefits,
medical, and other benefits in the event of work connected sickness,
injury or death.
● Compensable Conditions
- Diseases must be work-related and listed as compensable under the
ECC' s criteria.
- Injuries must occur during employment activities or due to work-related
accidents.
- 32 Listed Occupational Diseases.

TYPES OF DISABILITY BENEFITS

1. Temporary Total Disability (TTD) - Benefits provided for temporary disability up to 240
days.
2. Permanent Total Disability (PTD) - For permanent disabilities like loss of sight or
paralysis of two limbs.
3. Permanent Partial Disability (PPD) - Benefits for partial loss of function or body parts
based on an established schedule (e.g., loss of a thumb grants 10 months of benefits)

ECP BENEFITS
● Loss of income
 ● Medical Career
● Allowance Death
● Rehabilitation Service
- Income Benefit P200/day for public and P480/day for private
- Reporting of disability not exceeding 120 days and paid from first day of disability
- May go beyond 120 days but not to exceed 240 day

MONTHLY INCOME BENEFIT FOR PERMANENT LOSS OF THE USE OF BODY

PART OR PERMANENT PARTIAL DISABILITY (PPD)

Complete and Permanent No. of Complete and Permanent No. of

Loss of the use MOS. Loss of the use MOS.

1 thumb 10 1 arm 50

1 index finger 8 1 foot 31

1 middle finger 6 1 leg 46

1 ring finger 5 1 ear 10

1 little finger 3 Both ears 20

1 big toe 6 Hearing of one ear 25

Any other toe 3 Hearing of both ears 50

1 hand 39 Sight of one eye 25

● Medical Benefits - Covers ward services, doctor ’ s fees, surgical expenses, and
medication reimbursements.
● Career Allowance - Granted failure of providing for basic need, allowance coverage of
P575 to P1000 for both public and private sectors
● Death Benefit - Monthly pension to beneficiaries +10% per child not exceeding 5 and a
funeral benefit of PHP 30,000 for both private and public employees

REHABILITATION AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS

● Includes physical and occupational therapy, as well as the KaGabay Program, which
offers re-skilling and livelihood training.

AVAILING ECP BENEFITS

 ● Proof of Job Description
● Medical/Hospital Records
● Incident/Accident Report
● EC logbook

PENALTIES
● Claims must be filed within three years from the time of sickness, injury, or death, with
necessary documentation like job description and medical records.
● Article 196: Employers failing to remit contributions do not affect employees ' rights to
benefits.
● Article 200: Employers failing to maintain safety devices face a 25% penalty.
● Article 205: Employers failing to keep a logbook, providing false information, or
withholding material information will be liable for 50% of the lump sum equivalent

CHAPTER 14: CONDUCTING EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX MEETINGS

What is a toolbox meeting?

- also known as safety briefings, safety talks or toolbox talks
- a 10-15 minute on-the-job or off-the-job safety and health awareness meetings
focusing usually on the current activity of the group to keep everybody informed and alert
to work related accidents and illnesses
- Short reminders that focus on a specific topic
- Educate inexperienced workers and provide reminders to experienced workers of correct
control measures.

Why is toolbox meetings important?

- It allows employees to share daily health and safety concerns
- Improves superior and sub-ordinate relationship
- Encourages staff to report concerns found on site
- Enhances group commitments and improves workplace discipline and safety awareness

REQUIREMENTS OF TOOLBOX MEETING

 1. Management support - Strong support from management ensures that toolbox
meetings are prioritized. It helps create a culture where safety and effective
communication are valued, encouraging employees to participate actively.
2. Proper Preparation - Proper preparation involves setting a clear agenda, selecting
relevant topics, and gathering any necessary materials beforehand. This ensures the
meeting is organized, efficient, and relevant to current workplace issues.
3. Meeting Proceeding - Meetings should be concise, engaging, and to the point.
Facilitators should guide the discussion, encourage participation, and ensure key points
are covered, with clear action items or takeaways provided at the end.

How to structure a toolbox meeting?

● Allow enough time e.g. 10-15 minutes
● Make sure all workers are present before you begin.
● Go through the tasks for the day
● Highlight safety problems and control measures.
● Tell workers not to be afraid to ask questions.
● Discuss issues raised.
● Finish by asking if everyone understands

TOOLBOX MEETING AGENDA

● Opening Remarks and Meeting Purpose - Briefly introduce the meeting’s purpose,
underscoring the value of safety and teamwork.
● Review of Safety Incidents, Near Misses, and Lessons Learned - Discuss any recent
incidents or near misses (from the site or industry) to raise awareness and learn from
these experiences.
● Daily Safety Focus or Key Safety Topic - Present a specific safety topic relevant to
current tasks, such as lifting techniques, hazard communication, or confined space
protocols.
● Current Tasks and Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) - Review Go over the day’s tasks,
focusing on potential risks and mitigation strategies outlined in the JHA or risk
assessments.
● Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Requirements and Equipment Check Verify
that everyone has the correct PPE for the day’s tasks, and review any necessary
equipment checks or maintenance.
 ● Site-Specific Hazards and Emergency Preparedness - Identify specific site hazards
(e.g., changes in layout, environmental conditions) and review emergency plans,
including evacuation routes and contacts.
● Housekeeping and Orderliness - Emphasize the importance of keeping work areas
clean and organized to reduce hazards.
● Open Discussion and Worker Feedback - Encourage team members to voice any
safety concerns, observations, or suggestions, ensuring a collaborative approach to
safety.
● Assignment of Action Items and Responsibilities - Summarize key action items and
assign follow-up responsibilities to specific individuals, with deadlines if necessary.
● Closing and Final Safety Reminders - Recap the main takeaways, reinforce the
importance of vigilance, and thank everyone for their participation.

Who should attend toolbox meetings?

- All employees must attend their specific TBM.
Who will conduct toolbox meetings?
- Usually the supervisor, foreman or leadman (the project manager, safety officer, nurse
may serve as guests.

HOW TO RUN EFFECTIVE TOOLBOX MEETING

1. Pick a relevant topic - Select a topic that’s timely and specific to the work being done.
Relevant topics, such as proper PPE use, site-specific hazards, or current weather
conditions, resonate more with workers, making safety procedures feel applicable and
worthwhile.
2. Address worksite changes - Discuss any recent changes to the worksite, such as
layout modifications, new equipment, or altered procedures. This helps everyone stay
updated on potential new hazards or adjustments in safety practices, ensuring
awareness and adaptability.
3. Keep it simple - Toolbox meetings are meant to be brief and to the point. Avoid
overloading participants with information; focus on the main safety messages, a few key
takeaways, and simple instructions to ensure clarity and retention.
4. Make it visual - Use visual aids like photos, diagrams, or short videos to illustrate key
points. Visuals can help workers better understand complex topics, reinforce verbal
explanations, and make safety concepts more memorable.
 5. Speak freely - Create an open, conversational environment where everyone feels
comfortable sharing concerns or asking questions. Speaking freely encourages active
participation, fostering a culture where team members feel heard and involved in safety
practices.
6. Track your talks - Keep a record of each toolbox meeting, including the date, topic, and
key points discussed. Tracking your talks helps document the safety discussions for
compliance purposes and enables follow-ups on action items in future meetings.

6 KEYS TO A SUCCESSFUL TOOLBOX TALK

1. Keep it short - Toolbox talks should be around 5 – 10 minutes.
2. Focus on one topic relevant to the work being done that day.
3. Get workers involved by asking questions or having them demonstrate safe work
practices.
4. Be sure to cover changes to the site or working conditions.
5. Have employees inspect tools, equipment, and PPE.
6. Allow for questions and answers at the end of the toolbox talk*-