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APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

Study of the structure of gas dynamics of the flow in the vicinity of

the central body, at different heights

Yu V Kaun, N A Brykov and M V Mikhailov

Baltic State Technical University «VOENMEH» named after D.F. Ustinov, St. Petersburg,
190005, Russia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. The problem of jet flow through the critical section of a nozzle with a central wedge-shaped
body with subsequent interaction of the jet with the wall of the central body and the flow of co-current
atmospheric air is considered. The structure of the gas-dynamic flow in the vicinity of the central body
of the nozzle channel at the control points of the altitude range of the flight of the aircraft is investigated.

1. Introduction
Previously, in the works of the authors [1-2], a two-level mathematical model of the gas dynamics of a nozzle
channel with a central body was compiled, which makes it possible to take into account the influence of a
cocurrent flow, the characteristics of which depend on the change in the altitude and speed of the flight of an
aircraft [AC], on the features of the flow of heat and mass transfer processes in the vicinity of the central body.
Based on the results of numerical experiments obtained earlier, a study was made of the nature of gas-
dynamic flows in the vicinity of the central body at different flight altitudes in the presence of a cocurrent flow.
The problem of jet flow through the critical section of a nozzle with a central wedge-shaped body with
subsequent interaction of the jet with the wall of the central body and the flow of co-current atmospheric air is
considered.
The input parameters of the critical section are constant (the pressure corresponding to the pressure at the
exit from the combustion chamber of the RD and the temperature of the working fluid are set), the input
parameters of the atmospheric air co-flow (pressure, co-flow velocity at a given height, temperature) are set
depending on the considered height above sea level.
The heights and parameters of the atmosphere under consideration, found according to GOST 4401-81, are
presented in Table 1 [3]:
Table 1. Co-flow input parameters
Flight altitude Atmospheric Air temperature Speed equal to Speed equal to
pressure (Pa) (K) Mach 2 (m/s) Mach 3 (m/s)
0 101325 288.15 680.6 1021
30 1197 226.5 603 905
70 6 219 594 892
The geometry of the problem under consideration is a two-dimensional region into which air flows out,
with two inlet boundaries on the left (critical section and inlet co-flow boundary) and an outlet boundary on
the right.

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APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

2. Mathematical model
The mathematical model of the problem is the averaged Navier-Stokes equations for a compressible perfect
gas (averaging signs are omitted) are presented in general form by a system of equations (1) and consist of
mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations [4]:
𝜕𝜌
+ 𝛻 ∙ (𝜌𝑢
⃗ ) = 0;
𝜕𝑡
𝜕(𝜌𝑢⃗) (1)
+ 𝛻 ∙ (𝜌𝑢
⃗𝑢⃗ ) = −∇𝑝 + ∇ ∙ (𝜏𝑚 + 𝜏𝑡 ) + 𝜌𝑔 + 𝐹 ;
𝜕𝑡 ,
𝜕(𝜌𝐸)
+ ∇ ∙ (𝜌𝑢 ⃗ ∙ (𝜏𝑚 + 𝜏𝑡 )] + 𝑆ℎ
⃗ 𝐻) = ∇ ∙ [𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 ∇𝑇 − ∑ ℎ𝑗 𝐽𝑗 + 𝑢
𝜕𝑡
{ 𝑗

where is the velocity vector of the averaged flow with components are the molecular and turbulent
components of the viscous stress tensor, is the total energy of the gas, is its total enthalpy, is the temperature,
is the specific heat of the gas at constant volume, is the specific heat of the gas at constant pressure, is the gas
constant, – gravitational force, – external forces, – effective heat transfer coefficient, – diffusion term, –
component formation enthalpy, – energy source term (allows to take into account the process of formation and
absorption of thermal energy).𝑢 ⃗ 𝑢, 𝑣 и 𝑤, 𝜏𝑚 + 𝜏𝑡 𝐸 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 + 0,5(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 )𝐻 = 𝐸 + 𝑝/𝜌 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇 +
0,5(𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 𝑤 2 )𝑇𝑐𝑣 = (𝑐𝑝 − 𝑅)𝑐𝑝 𝑅𝜌𝑔𝐹 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘 + 𝑘𝑡 𝐽𝑗 ℎ𝑗 𝑆ℎ
The system of equations (1) is not closed, so it is necessary to use an additional turbulence model. Menter's
hybrid model type SST (2 - 3) combines the k-omega and k-epsilon models. The mixing function activates the
k-omega model in the near-wall layer and the k-epsilon model in the free flow [5].𝑘 − 𝜔𝐹1
𝜕𝑘 (2)
= 𝛻 ∙ ((𝜈 + 𝜎𝑘 𝑣𝑇 )∇𝑘) + 𝑃𝑘 − 𝛽 ∗ 𝜔𝑘;
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜔 𝛾 2𝜎𝜔2 (3)
= 𝛻 ∙ ((𝜈 + 𝜎𝜔 𝑣𝑇 )∇𝜔) + 𝑃𝑘 − 𝛽𝜔2 + (1 − 𝐹1 ) (∇𝑘) ∙ (∇𝜔);
𝜕𝑡 𝑣𝑇 𝜔
where is the specific dissipation; is the kinetic energy of turbulence; is the generation term in the equation for
kinetic energy; is turbulent viscosity. The constants are found on the basis of jet streams: 𝜎𝑘1 = 0.85, 𝜎𝑘2 =
1.0, 𝜎𝜔1 = 0.5, 𝜎𝜔2 = 0.856, 𝛽1 = 0.075, 𝛽2 = 0.0828. Model constants:𝛽 ∗ = 0.09, 𝑘 = 0.41, 𝑎1 =
0.31, 𝛾 = 𝛽⁄𝛽 ∗ − 𝜎𝜔 𝑘 2⁄√𝛽 ∗ .
Switching between k-omega and k-epsilon models is done using the blending function:
√𝑘 500ʋ 4𝜎𝜔2 𝑘 (4)
𝐹1 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 [𝑚𝑎𝑥 ( ∗ , 2 ), 2
],
𝛽 𝜔𝑑 𝑑 𝜔 𝐶𝐷𝑘𝜔 𝑑
where the value is calculated from the equation: a is found by the formula (5.5):𝐶𝐷𝑘𝜔 𝐶𝐷𝑘𝜔 =
max(𝐷𝑘𝜔 , 10−20 ), 𝐷𝑘𝜔
2𝜎 (5)
𝐷𝑘𝜔 = 𝜔𝜔2 (∇𝑘) ∙ (∇𝜔).
The kinematic eddy viscosity is calculated from equation (5.6):
𝑎1 𝑘 (6)
𝑣𝑇 = ,
max (𝑎1 𝜔, 𝑆𝐹2 )
where the second mixing function can be found using the following formula:𝐹2
2√𝑘 500ʋ (7)
𝐹2 = max ( ∗ , 2 ).
𝛽 𝜔𝑑 𝑑 𝜔
The equation for k generation is:
𝜕𝑈𝑖 (8)
𝑃𝑘 = min (𝜏𝑖𝑗 , 10𝛽 ∗ 𝑘𝜔).
𝜕𝑥𝑗
The SST model is considered universal in engineering calculations and surpasses other turbulence models
in quality, but is inferior to models with one equation in terms of computational simplicity and cost [6].
The model of the gas medium is an ideal gas (air). The ideal gas model uses the relationship between
dynamic viscosity and absolute temperature, called Sutherland's law. This relationship gives accurate results
2
APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

with an error of less than a few percent over a wide temperature range and can be used to determine the
viscosity of an ideal gas as a function of temperature. Sutherland's law can be expressed as follows [7]:
1.5
𝑇 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑆
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ( ) , (9)
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑇+𝑆
where is the dynamic viscosity of the gas at a given temperature; is the gas temperature. Sutherland's law
constants for air [8]: – control temperature; is the viscosity at the control temperature; is the Sutherland
temperature for the gas whose viscosity is to be determined.𝜇𝑇𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 273.11 [К]𝜇𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 1.716 ∗
10−5 [кг⁄м ∗ с]𝑆 = 110.56 [К]

3. Results of calculations of a numerical experiment

A series of figures 1 - 3 presents the results of numerical simulation of gas dynamics in the vicinity of the
central body in the initial section of the flight trajectory (0-70 km). The presented calculations correspond to
the moment of time on the flight path of the aircraft: altitude - 10 km, aircraft speed - 970 m/s. Figure 1 shows
the result of constructing a grid domain using the marching method for the problem of modeling a two-
dimensional jet flow within the mesoscale.
Untruncated central body at various flight altitudes. The distributions of the total pressure in the computational
domain for both considered cases are shown in Figures 6, 7.

Figure 1. Distribution of total pressure at a co-flow velocity of Mach 2

Figure 2. Distribution of total pressure at a co-flow velocity of Mach 3

Investigating the total pressure fields, it is noticeable that in the case when the coflow velocity is 3 Mach,
the pressure in the core of the jet is less important than the coflow pressure, this is due to the fact that the
parameters of the flow of the working fluid in both considered cases are constant. The pressure of the cocurrent
3
APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

air flow at the entrance to the computational domain in both considered cases differs by about 1.5 times.
However, this does not significantly affect the shape of the jet.
Also, considering the obtained fields, it becomes noticeable that a zone of low pressure is formed in the
center of the jet, which is precisely the reason for the "tightening" of the gas flow to the center. The cocurrent
air flow also makes a significant contribution to the formation of the jet shape elongated in the longitudinal
direction [9].
The distribution of the Mach number in the computational domain for a height of 0 km, for co-flow
velocities of Mach 2 and 3, is shown in Figures 8, 9.

Figure 3. Distribution of the Mach number at a co-flow velocity of Mach 2

Figure 4. Distribution of the Mach number at a co-flow velocity of Mach 3

Based on the distributions of the Mach number presented above for a height of 0 km, it can be seen that
when the coflow collides with the nozzle shell, an oblique shock occurs, which has a large velocity index. With
an increase in the speed of the cocurrent flow from Mach 2 to Mach 3, the intensity of the speed at the jump
also increases. The occurrence of a jump can be explained by errors in constructing the geometry of the nozzle
shell, since the deflection angle of the shell with respect to the direction of the cocurrent flow is too sharp, as
a result, a vortex flow area appears on the leading edge of the shell, and an oblique shock appears in front of
the edge [10].
The Mach number fields obtained as a result of numerical simulation for the considered height of 30 and
70 kilometers are shown in Figure 5.

4
APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

Figure 5. Mach number fields for heights of 30 and 70 kilometers above the Earth at various speeds of
the accompanying air flow:
a– Mach 2, 30 km; b - Mach 3, 30 km; c - Mach 2, 70 km; d - Mach 3, 70 km.
Comparing the fields presented in Figures 3, 4 with the fields shown in Figure 5, a strong change in the
shape of the supersonic jet stream is observed with changes in the ambient pressure and velocity of the
cocurrent. In dense layers of the atmosphere (altitude 0 km.), the jet stream is compressed on both sides by the
flow of atmospheric air, while with an increase in the height under consideration, the pressure in the
environment decreases significantly and further expansion of the gas jet occurs [11-12].
So, at the considered altitude of 30 km. (5a, 10b) it is noticeable that the gas flow is greatly expanded away
from the center, and in the case when the atmospheric pressure is practically zero (5c, 10d), the maximum
possible expansion of the gas jet is observed, which is characteristic of the outflow of the gas flow through the
nozzle into vacuum [13-16].
The values of thrust in Newtons acting on the wall of the central body for the heights under consideration,
at the considered coflow velocities, are presented in the following table:
Table 2. Values of thrust (N) acting on the wall of the central body
Height (km) Coflow Mach number = 2 Coflow Mach number =3
0 271538 272584
30 270240 270397
70 270325 270354
When considering the results presented in Table 2, one can notice that the thrust values for all considered
cases of numerical simulation differ slightly. This fact can serve as a confirmation of the theory that with a
change in external pressure outside the nozzle device, the thrust of the engine with the central body practically
does not change.

4. Conclusion
Thus, the article is devoted to the study of the effect on the thrust characteristics of the external expansion
nozzle of the shape of the central body, the speed of the down-flow, and the flight altitude. Based on the thrust
values presented in Table 3 and comparing them with the indicated values in Table 2, it can be concluded that
the truncation of the central body does not lead to significant losses in thrust (even with a decrease in the length
of the wedge-shaped body by 75%, the thrust loss is about 3000 N.).

5
APITECH-IV - 2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2388 (2022) 012096 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2388/1/012096

Acknowledgments
The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation No. 21-79-00100, https://rscf.ru/en/project/21-
79-00100/.

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