SEHH1008 Mathematics and

Statistics for College Students

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 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Basic Terminologies
• Levels of Measurement
• Sampling Techniques
• Experimental Design

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 What is Statistics / Data Analysis?
Statistics is both the science of uncertainty and the
technology of extracting information from data.

The systematic application of logical and statistical

methods to explain the data scope, summarize the data
representation using tables/images/graphs, modularize
the data structure and interpret numerical information
from the data is called Data Analysis.

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 Variables and Individuals

A variable is a characteristic of the individual to be

measured or observed.
e.g. age, weight, gender, nationality, income

Individuals are the people or objects included in the

study.

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 Example 1 – Data Set
Variables
Individuals

Name Age Gender Salary ($) Education Level

Amy 19 F 3,000 Associate Degree

Bobo 20 F 4,500 Associate Degree

Catherine 18 F 1,500 Secondary School

Danny 29 M 10,000 Postgraduate

Eddie 25 M 9,000 Undergraduate

Freda 18 F 5,000 Secondary School

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 Quantitative vs Qualitative Variables
A quantitative variable has a value or numerical
measurement for which operations such as addition or
averaging make sense.
e.g. age, weight or income

A qualitative variable describes an individual by placing the

individual into a category or group.
e.g. gender or nationality

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 Population vs Sample
Population Sample

In population data, the data are In sample data, the data are from
from every individual of interest. only some of the individuals of
interest.
A population parameter is a A sample statistic is a numerical
numerical measure that describes measure that describes an aspect
an aspect of a population. of a sample.
Census survey Sample survey
Collect data in a given population. Collect data for a sample.
In a census, measurements or In a sample, measurements or
observations from the entire observations from part of the
population are used. population are used.
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 Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics
Descriptive statistics involves methods of organizing,
picturing, and summarizing information from samples or
populations.

Inferential statistics involves methods of using information

from a sample to draw conclusions regarding the population.

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 Levels of Measurement

Data

Qualitative Quantitative
(Categorical) (Numerical)

Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Levels of Measurement

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 Levels of Measurement (Nominal vs Ordinal)

The nominal level of measurement applies to data that

consist of names, labels, or categories. There are no implied
criteria by which the data can be ordered from smallest to
largest.
e.g. gender

The ordinal level of measurement applies to data that can be

arranged in order. However, differences between data values
either cannot be determined or are meaningless.
e.g. exam grade

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 Levels of Measurement (Interval vs Ratio)

The interval level of measurement applies to data that can

be arranged in order. In addition, differences between data
values are meaningful.
e.g. temperature

The ratio level of measurement applies to data that can be

arranged in order. In addition, both differences between data
values and ratios of data values are meaningful. Data at the
ratio level have a true zero.
e.g. number of books

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 Sampling Techniques

• Simple Random Sampling

• Systematic Sampling
• Stratified Sampling
• Cluster Sampling

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 Simple Random Sampling
• A simple random sample of n measurements from a
population is a subset of the population selected.
• Every sample of size n from the population has an equal
chance of being selected.

1 2 3 4 5 2

6 7 8 9 10
6

Population Sample

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 How to draw a simple random sample?
Procedure:

1. Number all members of the population sequentially.

2. Use a random number table, calculator, or computer to
select random numbers from the numbers assigned to the
population members.
3. Create the sample by using population members with
numbers corresponding to those randomly selected.

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 Stratified Sampling
• Groups or classes inside a population that share a common
characteristic are called strata (plural of stratum).
• The groups or strata are often sampled in proportion to
their actual percentages of occurrence in the overall
population.

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 2 3

4 5 6

10
6 7 8 9 10 6
7 8 9 10

Strata
Population Sample
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 How to draw a stratified sample?
Procedure:

1. Divide the entire population into distinct subgroups called

strata.
2. The strata are based on a specific characteristic, such as
age, income, education level, and so on.
3. All members of a stratum share the specific characteristic.
4. Draw random samples from each stratum.

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 Systematic Sampling
• it is assumed that the elements of the population are
arranged in some natural sequential order.
• Then we select a (random) starting point and select every
kth element for our sample.
Population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 12
8 10

2 5 11
8

Sample (every 3rd person selected)

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 How to draw a systematic sample?
Procedure:

1. Number all members of the population sequentially.

2. Then, from a starting point selected at random, include
every kth member of the population in the sample.

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 Cluster Sampling
• It is a method used extensively by government agencies and
certain private research organizations.
• Population is divided by demographic area into sections.
• Then we randomly select sections or clusters.
• Every member of the selected cluster is included in the sample.
Randomly
Population Cluster Population Selected
Cluster
1 2 5 6 9 1 1 2 5 6 9 1
0 1 2
0

7 12 7 8 11 12
3 4 8 11 3 4
3 4

13 1 17 18 2 22 13 14 17 18 21 22
1 18
4 1 7

15 16 2 24 15 16 2 24
1 2 19 2 2
3 3 1
9 0 0 0
9
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 How to draw a cluster sample?
Procedure:

1. Divide the entire population into pre-existing segments or

clusters. The clusters are often geographic.
2. Make a random selection of clusters. Include every
member of each selected cluster in the sample.

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 Experiments and Observation
In an observational study, observations and measurements
of individuals are conducted in a way that doesn’t change the
response or the variable being measured.

In an experiment, a treatment is deliberately imposed on the

individuals in order to observe a possible change in the
response or variable being measured.

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