explain this part of the code: fig, ax = plt.

subplots(1, 1, figsize=(5, 5)) split = 'val' batch =

list(datasets[split][:][0]) batch[0] = batch[0].to(device) batch[1] = batch[1].to(device)
ax.scatter(datasets[split][:][1].tolist(), model(batch).tolist(), alpha=.5) ax.plot([0, 1500], [0,
1500], linestyle='--', c='k', linewidth=1) ax.set_xlabel('Actual') ax.set_xlim([0, 1500])
ax.set_ylabel('Predicted') ax.set_ylim([0, 1500]) ax.set_title('Fiber Cable Length')
sparkGemini
Okay, let's break down this part of the code step-by-step:
1. fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(5, 5)): This line creates a
Matplotlib figure (fig) and a single subplot (ax) within that figure. figsize=(5,
5) sets the dimensions of the figure to 5 inches by 5 inches.
2. split = 'val': This line assigns the string 'val' to the variable split, indicating that
we're working with the validation dataset.
3. batch = list(datasets[split][:][0]): This line retrieves a batch of data from
the validation dataset. datasets[split] accesses the validation dataset, [:] selects all
samples, and [0] retrieves the first sample (which is a tuple containing features and the
target variable). list() converts this tuple into a list for easier manipulation.
4. batch[0] = batch[0].to(device) and batch[1] = batch[1].to(device):
These lines move the features (batch[0]) and target variable (batch[1]) to the specified
device (either 'cuda' for GPU or 'cpu' for CPU) for computation.
5. ax.scatter(datasets[split][:][1].tolist(), model(batch).tolist(),
alpha=.5): This line creates a scatter plot.
o datasets[split][:][1].tolist() gets the actual target values for the
validation dataset and converts them to a list.
o model(batch).tolist() gets the predicted target values from the model for
the selected batch and converts them to a list.
o ax.scatter() plots the actual values on the x-axis and predicted values on the
y-axis. alpha=.5 sets the transparency of the points.
6. ax.plot([0, 1500], [0, 1500], linestyle='--', c='k',
linewidth=1): This line adds a diagonal dashed line to the plot. This line represents a
perfect prediction where the predicted values match the actual values.
7. ax.set_xlabel('Actual'), ax.set_xlim([0,
1500]), ax.set_ylabel('Predicted'), ax.set_ylim([0, 1500]),
and ax.set_title('Fiber Cable Length'): These lines set the labels, limits, and
title for the plot to make it more informative and visually appealing.
In essence, this code snippet is visualizing the model's performance by plotting the
predicted fiber cable lengths against the actual fiber cable lengths for the validation
dataset. The scatter plot shows how well the model's predictions align with the actual values,
and the diagonal line provides a visual reference for perfect predictions. The labels and title help
in understanding the plot.
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Ayomide David Adekoya
explain this part of the code: if val_losses[epoch] < best_loss: best_loss = val_losses[epoch]
best_epoch = epoch torch.save({'model': model.state_dict(), 'optimizer': optimizer.state_dict()},
'best_model.pth') elif (epoch - best_epoch) > patience: print(f"Early stopping at epoch
#{epoch}") break
sparkGemini
Okay, let's break down this part of the code, which implements early stopping during the model
training:
1. if val_losses[epoch] < best_loss:: This line checks if the validation loss for
the current epoch (val_losses[epoch]) is lower than the best validation loss observed
so far (best_loss). If it is, the model is performing better than before on the validation
set.
2. best_loss = val_losses[epoch]: If the validation loss is improved, this line
updates best_loss to the current epoch's validation loss, storing the new best loss
value.
3. best_epoch = epoch: This line updates best_epoch to the current epoch number,
recording when the best validation loss was achieved.
4. torch.save({'model': model.state_dict(), 'optimizer':
optimizer.state_dict()}, 'best_model.pth'): This line saves the current
state of the model (weights and biases) and the optimizer (e.g., Adam's internal state) to a
file named 'best_model.pth'. This ensures that if the training process is interrupted or
early stopped, we can reload the best performing model later.
5. elif (epoch - best_epoch) > patience:: If the validation loss hasn't improved
for a certain number of epochs (defined by the patience variable), this condition
triggers. It checks if the difference between the current epoch (epoch) and the epoch
with the best validation loss (best_epoch) is greater than the patience value.
6. print(f"Early stopping at epoch #{epoch}"): If the patience threshold is
exceeded, this line prints a message indicating that early stopping is being applied and the
current epoch number.
7. break: This line terminates the training loop, preventing further epochs from being
executed.
In summary, this code snippet implements early stopping, a technique to prevent
overfitting and save training time. It works by monitoring the validation loss and stopping the
training process if the loss doesn't improve for a specified number of epochs (the patience). This
helps in selecting the model with the best performance on unseen data (validation set) and avoids
unnecessary training iterations.
I hope this helps to clarify the code further! Let me know if you have any other questions.
explain this part of the code: from tqdm import tqdm
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
n_epochs = 100
losses = torch.empty(n_epochs) val_losses = torch.empty(n_epochs)
best_loss = torch.inf best_epoch = -1 patience = 3
model.to(device)
progress_bar = tqdm(range(n_epochs))
for epoch in progress_bar: batch_losses = torch.empty(len(dataloaders['train']))
## Training
for i, (batch_features, batch_targets) in enumerate(dataloaders['train']):
# Set the model to training mode

model.train()

# Send batch features and targets to the device

batch_features[0] = batch_features[0].to(device)
batch_features[1] = batch_features[1].to(device)
batch_targets = batch_targets.to(device)

# Step 1 - forward pass

predictions = model(batch_features)

# Step 2 - computing the loss

loss = loss_fn(predictions, batch_targets)

# Step 3 - computing the gradients

# Tip: it req

sparkGemini
Okay, let's break down this part of the code step-by-step:

1. Import tqdm:

content_copy
from tqdm import tqdm
Use code with caution
This line imports the tqdm library, which is used to display a progress bar during the training
loop. It helps visualize the training progress and provides an estimate of the remaining time.

2. Device Selection:

content_copy
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
Use code with caution
This line determines whether a GPU is available for training. If a GPU is available
(torch.cuda.is_available() returns True), the device is set to 'cuda', otherwise, it's set
to 'cpu'. This allows you to leverage the computational power of a GPU if available.

3. Initialization:

content_copy
n_epochs = 100
losses = torch.empty(n_epochs)
val_losses = torch.empty(n_epochs)
best_loss = torch.inf
best_epoch = -1
patience = 3
model.to(device)
Use code with caution

 n_epochs: Sets the total number of training epochs to 100.

 losses and val_losses: Create empty tensors to store the training and validation
losses for each epoch.
 best_loss: Initialized to infinity, used to track the best validation loss achieved during
training.
 best_epoch: Stores the epoch number where the best validation loss was achieved.
 patience: Sets the early stopping patience to 3. Training will stop if the validation loss
doesn't improve for 3 consecutive epochs.
 model.to(device): Moves the model to the selected device (GPU or CPU).

4. Training Loop:

content_copy
progress_bar = tqdm(range(n_epochs))
for epoch in progress_bar:
...
Use code with caution
This initiates the main training loop, iterating through the specified number of epochs.
The tqdm wrapper creates a progress bar to track the loop's progress.

5. Batch Processing:

content_copy
batch_losses = torch.empty(len(dataloaders['train']))
for i, (batch_features, batch_targets) in enumerate(dataloaders['train']):
...
Use code with caution
Inside the epoch loop, this code iterates through the training data in batches. It initializes an
empty tensor batch_losses to store the loss for each batch and then iterates through
the dataloaders['train'] using enumerate to get both the batch index (i) and the batch
data (batch_features, batch_targets).
 6. Model Training:

content_copy
model.train()
batch_features[0] = batch_features[0].to(device)
batch_features[1] = batch_features[1].to(device)
batch_targets = batch_targets.to(device)
predictions = model(batch_features)
loss = loss_fn(predictions, batch_targets)
loss.backward()
batch_losses[i] = loss.item()
optimizer.step()
optimizer.zero_grad()
Use code with caution

 model.train(): Sets the model to training mode.

 The next three lines move the batch features and targets to the selected device.
 predictions = model(batch_features): Performs a forward pass through the
model to get predictions.
 loss = loss_fn(predictions, batch_targets): Calculates the loss using the
specified loss function.
 loss.backward(): Computes the gradients of the loss with respect to the model's
parameters.
 batch_losses[i] = loss.item(): Stores the loss for the current batch.
 optimizer.step(): Updates the model's parameters based on the computed gradients.
 optimizer.zero_grad(): Resets the gradients to zero for the next batch.

I hope this detailed explanation clarifies the code snippet you provided. Let me know if you have
any other questions.