UNIT-1

Indian energy scenario in various sectors – domestic, industrial, commercial,

agriculture, transportation and others – Present conventional energy status – Present
renewable energy status-Potential of various renewable energy sources-Global energy
status-Per capita energy consumption - Future energy plans

Acknowledgment: The data mentioned in the document regarding the energy sector
and installed capacity of India and others is sourced from the NITI Aayog website
solely for study purposes.

Non-renewable energy sources are those that are consumed faster than they can be
replaced.

Non renewable energy sources include nuclear energy as well as fossil fuels such as
coal, crude oil, and natural gas. These energy sources have a finite supply, and often
emit harmful pollutants into the environment.

Renewable energy sources are those that are naturally replenished on a relatively short
timescale.

Renewable energy sources include solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal energy, and
biomass fuels. These energy sources are sustainable and generate fewer greenhouse gas
emissions than fossil fuels.

Indian energy scenario in various sectors

1. Domestic Sector

• Electricity Consumption: India’s domestic electricity consumption has been

increasing steadily, driven by urbanization, rising incomes, and a growing middle
class. In FY 2022-23, residential electricity consumption was around 30% of the total
electricity demand.
• Renewable Energy Adoption: There has been a push towards rooftop solar
installations and energy-efficient appliances. The government’s schemes, like the
Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (Saubhagya), aim to electrify all
households.
• Energy Efficiency: Programs like the Standards & Labeling Scheme by the Bureau of
Energy Efficiency (BEE) have promoted energy-saving devices and appliances.

2. Industrial Sector
 • Energy Demand: The industrial sector is a major consumer of energy, accounting for
approximately 40% of India’s total energy consumption. This includes electricity,
coal, and natural gas.
• Shift to Renewables: Industries are increasingly adopting renewable energy sources,
both for sustainability goals and cost savings. There is a growing trend in using
captive solar power and participating in renewable energy certificate markets.
• Energy Efficiency Initiatives: The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme
under the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) aims to
improve energy efficiency in energy-intensive industries.

3. Commercial Sector

• Energy Consumption: Commercial buildings contribute a significant share to the

electricity demand, with growing trends in energy consumption due to expanding
retail, IT, and service sectors.
• Sustainability Measures: There is a rising adoption of energy-efficient lighting,
HVAC systems, and green building certifications (like LEED). Many commercial
establishments are investing in solar panels and energy management systems.
• Smart Technologies: The use of smart meters and building management systems is
becoming more common, helping to optimize energy use and reduce costs.

4. Agriculture Sector

• Energy Use: The agriculture sector primarily uses diesel for irrigation and other
operations. Electricity is also used, especially where grid access is available.
• Renewable Energy: There is an increasing push towards solar-powered irrigation
systems and solar water pumps, which aim to reduce dependency on diesel and
increase sustainability.
• Government Initiatives: Programs like the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(PMKSY) include components for improving irrigation efficiency and energy use in
agriculture.

5. Transportation Sector

• Energy Consumption: The transportation sector is a major consumer of oil products,

with diesel and petrol being the primary fuels. Recent years have seen a rise in energy
consumption due to increasing vehicle ownership and freight movement.
• Electrification: There is a strong push towards electric vehicles (EVs), supported by
government incentives and policies like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of
Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme. The goal is to increase EV adoption
and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.
• Public Transport: There is significant investment in electrifying public
transportation, such as electric buses and trains. The Indian Railways is also working
towards achieving 100% electrification of its network.

Recent Trends and Data (As of 2024)

• Energy Mix: India’s energy mix is diversifying with a significant increase in

renewable energy sources. As of early 2024, the share of renewables in the total
 power generation capacity has surpassed 25%, with solar and wind energy playing
crucial roles.
• Green Hydrogen: The National Green Hydrogen Mission is underway, aiming to
establish India as a global hub for green hydrogen production and usage.
• Energy Efficiency: The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) and various
other regulations are being enforced more rigorously to improve energy efficiency
across sectors.

Overall, India is making significant strides in diversifying its energy sources, improving
efficiency, and promoting sustainable practices across different sectors.

Coal:

India has rich deposits of coal in the world. Total estimated reserves of coal as on 01-
04-2022 were 361.41 billion tonnes, an addition of 9.28 billion tonnes over the
corresponding period of previous year. In terms of percentage, there has been a growth
of 2.64% in the total estimated coal reserves during the year 2021-22 over 2020-21
(Table 1.1.).

• The top three states with highest coal reserves in India are Odisha, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, which account for approximately 69% of the total coal reserves in the
country.
Oil:

The estimated reserves of crude oil in India as on 01-04-2022 stood at 651.77 million
tonnes against 591.92 million tonnes in the previous year. An increase of over 10%
over last year. Geographical distribution of Crude Oil indicates that the maximum
reserves are in the Western Offshore (33%) followed by Assam (23%).

Natural gas:

The estimated reserves of Natural Gas as on 01-04-2022 was at 1138.67 Billion Cubic
Meters. The maximum reserves of Natural Gas are in the Western Offshore (29.6%)
followed by Eastern offshore (23.6%).
Year wise availability of Energy Resources
 Sector wise energy consumption
Commercial sector:

Industrial sector:

Agricultural sector:
Transport sector:

Residential sector:

All sectors (including others):

 Present conventional energy status

Conventional energy

As of early 2024, the installed energy capacity in India reflects the country's ongoing efforts
to diversify its energy mix. Here’s a summary of the installed capacity for both conventional
and non-conventional energy sources:
Conventional Energy Sources
1. Coal Power:
o Installed Capacity: Approximately 233 GW.
o Contribution: Around 55-60% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: Coal remains the largest source of electricity generation, though
efforts are underway to reduce dependency and shift towards cleaner sources.
2. Oil-Based Power:
o Installed Capacity: About 2.5 GW.
o Contribution: Less than 1% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: Oil-based power is minimal in the energy mix due to its high cost and
environmental impact.
 3. Natural Gas Power:
o Installed Capacity: Approximately 30 GW.
o Contribution: Around 7% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: Natural gas is being increasingly used to reduce reliance on coal,
though its share is still relatively small compared to coal.
4. Hydropower:
o Installed Capacity: About 50 GW.
o Contribution: Approximately 12-13% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: Hydropower plays a significant role but is subject to seasonal
variations and environmental concerns.

Present renewable energy status

Non-Conventional Energy Sources

1. Solar Power:
o Installed Capacity: Over 84.27 GW.
o Contribution: Approximately 17-18% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: India has made significant progress in solar energy, driven by
ambitious targets and supportive policies.
2. Wind Power:
o Installed Capacity: Around 46 GW.
o Contribution: About 10% of the total electricity capacity.
o Details: Wind power is well-established in certain regions, though its growth
is influenced by geographic and technological factors.
o

3. Biomass and Waste-to-Energy:

o Installed Capacity: Around 12 GW (including both biomass and waste-to-
energy).
o Contribution: Approximately 3% of the total electricity capacity.
 o Details: Biomass and waste-to-energy projects contribute to the renewable
energy mix, with ongoing efforts to expand capacity.
4. Geothermal and Tidal Energy:
o Installed Capacity: Minimal or experimental, with no significant commercial
scale installations as of 2024.
o Details: Both geothermal and tidal energy are still in the exploratory or pilot
phases in India, with limited installed capacity.
Overall Energy Mix
• Total Installed Capacity: Approximately 425-450 GW.
• Renewable Energy Contribution: Around 30-35% of the total installed capacity,
reflecting a growing emphasis on sustainable energy sources.
Strategic Trends
• Renewable Energy Goals: India continues to pursue ambitious targets for renewable
energy, including a commitment to achieve 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based capacity
by 2030.
• Investment and Policy: The government is actively investing in and promoting
renewable energy technologies, with a focus on solar and wind power to meet
growing energy demands sustainably.

Potential of various renewable energy sources

ndia has significant potential for various renewable energy sources, making it one of the
leaders in the global renewable energy transition. Here's an overview of the potential and
recent developments in India's renewable energy sector:
1. Solar Energy

• Potential: India has an estimated solar energy potential of about 748 GW, primarily
due to its high solar insolation and vast available land. The states of Rajasthan,
Gujarat, and Maharashtra have the highest potential.
• Installed Capacity: As of 2023, India's installed solar capacity reached 70 GW,
making it the largest contributor to the country's renewable energy capacity. The
government aims to reach 280 GW by 2030 as part of its National Solar Mission.
• Recent Developments: Large-scale solar parks, rooftop solar projects, and floating
solar plants are rapidly expanding, with new policies promoting domestic
manufacturing of solar cells and modules.

2. Wind Energy

• Potential: India has an estimated wind energy potential of about 302 GW at a hub
height of 100 meters, with Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Maharashtra being
key regions.
• Installed Capacity: The installed wind energy capacity in India stood at
approximately 43 GW as of 2023. Wind power is the second-largest renewable
energy source in the country.
• Recent Developments: Offshore wind energy is gaining attention, with the
government exploring the potential in coastal areas. The target is to achieve 60 GW of
wind capacity by 2030.

3. Hydropower

• Potential: India's hydropower potential is around 145 GW (including large, small,

and micro-hydro projects), with significant untapped potential in the Himalayan
states.
• Installed Capacity: As of 2023, the installed hydropower capacity was around 46
GW (including large and small hydropower). Hydropower plays a crucial role in grid
stability and meeting peak demand.
• Recent Developments: The focus is on developing small hydro projects (up to 25
MW) and pumped storage plants to support renewable integration.

4. Biomass Energy

• Potential: India has an estimated biomass energy potential of around 25 GW from

agricultural residues, forestry products, and industrial waste.
• Installed Capacity: As of 2023, the installed capacity for biomass and bagasse
cogeneration was approximately 10 GW.
• Recent Developments: There is a growing emphasis on utilizing agricultural waste
and municipal solid waste for energy generation, with incentives for biomass gasifiers
and biogas plants.

5. Geothermal Energy

• Potential: India’s geothermal potential is estimated at about 10 GW, primarily in

regions like the Himalayan belt, western states, and southern peninsular regions.
 • Installed Capacity: As of 2023, geothermal energy remains largely untapped in
India, with only a few pilot projects under development.
• Recent Developments: The government has identified several potential sites for
geothermal exploration and is collaborating with international agencies to develop this
sector.

6. Offshore Wind and Tidal Energy

• Potential: India’s coastline offers substantial offshore wind potential, estimated at

around 70 GW. Tidal energy potential is also significant but remains largely
unexplored.
• Recent Developments: The government is in the initial stages of exploring offshore
wind projects, particularly in Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, with international
collaborations to assess feasibility.

Conclusion

India’s renewable energy sector has immense potential across various sources, with
significant growth in solar and wind capacities. The government’s ambitious targets,
supported by favorable policies and international collaborations, are driving the rapid
expansion of renewables, positioning India as a key player in the global energy transition

Global energy status

As of 2024, the global installed capacity of renewable energy sources has seen significant
growth, reflecting the increasing focus on clean energy to meet climate targets. Here’s a
snapshot of the installed capacity by major energy sources:

1. Global Installed Renewable Energy Capacity

• Solar Power: Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity continues to lead the renewable
sector, with an installed capacity exceeding 1,250 GW globally by the end of 2023.
Solar power has been the fastest-growing source of energy, driven by cost reductions
and widespread adoption.
• Wind Power: Global wind power capacity reached approximately 950 GW in 2023,
with offshore wind playing an increasingly important role alongside onshore
installations.
• Hydropower: Hydropower remains the largest source of renewable electricity, with
an installed capacity of around 1,350 GW. However, its growth has been relatively
stable compared to other renewables.
• Bioenergy: Installed capacity for bioenergy (including biofuels, biogas, and solid
biomass) stood at around 140 GW in 2023, with a focus on combined heat and power
(CHP) applications.
 • Geothermal: Geothermal energy has a global installed capacity of about 16 GW,
concentrated mainly in regions with significant geothermal resources such as the
United States, the Philippines, and Indonesia.

2. Global Installed Non-Renewable Energy Capacity

• Coal: Despite a gradual decline in many regions due to environmental concerns, coal
still contributes significantly to the global energy mix, with installed capacity
estimated at around 2,100 GW as of 2023.
• Natural Gas: Installed capacity for natural gas-fired power plants is approximately
1,850 GW globally. Natural gas is often seen as a transitional fuel due to its lower
emissions compared to coal.
• Nuclear Power: The global nuclear power capacity was about 390 GW by the end of
2023, with new plants being constructed mainly in Asia and Eastern Europe.

3. Energy Transition and Future Outlook

• The growth in renewable energy capacity is expected to continue, driven by

international commitments to reduce carbon emissions and increase energy security.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) projects that by 2030, renewables could
account for nearly 50% of global power generation capacity.
• Significant investments are being directed towards grid modernization and energy
storage to accommodate the variability of renewable energy sources, particularly solar
and wind.

The global energy landscape is shifting rapidly, with renewables playing a central role in
meeting future energy needs while addressing climate change challenges

Installed of capacity of renewable and non-renewable sources in 2022

Global installed renewable energy technology by technology from 2000-2022

Per capita energy consumption

Per capita energy consumption refers to the average amount of energy used by an individual
in a specific country.

Problem in per capita consumption

To calculate the per capita consumption in a house with 4 members, consider the following
load:
5 CFLs (18W each) operating for 10 hours per day and 4 fans (60W each) operating for 6
hours per day.

Energy required/day=Number of electrical appliances *rating of the appliances*hours

=(5X18X10) + (4X60X6)=2340Wh=2.34kWhr
per capita consumption= (Energy required/day)/numbers of members in house
=2.34/4=0.585kWhr
Assume per unit electrical cost Rs.5.50
= per capita consumption/day* Rs.5.50=0.585*5.50=Rs.3.21 per day
per capita consumption/year
=Rs.3.21*365=Rs.1174.38
 Future energy Plans

The future of energy is poised to be shaped by several transformative trends and technologies
as the world moves toward more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy systems. Here's
an overview of the key areas that are expected to define the future energy landscape:

1. Renewable Energy Expansion

• Solar and Wind Power: Solar and wind energy are expected to dominate the future
energy mix due to their decreasing costs and scalability. Technological advances,
such as more efficient photovoltaic cells and larger, more efficient wind turbines, will
continue to drive growth.
• Offshore Wind Farms: Offshore wind energy, especially floating turbines, will
become more prevalent, allowing access to stronger and more consistent wind
resources in deeper waters.
• Hydropower and Geothermal: While already established, these sources will see
enhancements through innovations like pumped storage and advanced geothermal
systems, which could tap into deeper and hotter resources.

2. Energy Storage Innovations

• Battery Technology: Advances in battery technology, particularly in lithium-ion and

emerging solid-state batteries, will be critical for grid stability, electric vehicles, and
portable devices. Energy density, cost reduction, and recyclability will be key focus
areas.
• Grid-Scale Storage: Beyond batteries, other technologies like pumped hydro storage,
compressed air energy storage, and hydrogen storage will play important roles in
balancing the grid and integrating intermittent renewable energy sources.
• Thermal Storage: Continued development in thermal storage systems, including
molten salts, phase change materials, and thermochemical storage, will support
renewable energy generation and industrial applications.

3. Decentralized Energy Systems

• Microgrids: Decentralized, localized grids that can operate independently from the
main grid will become more common, especially in remote or disaster-prone areas.
These microgrids will often be powered by a mix of renewables and storage systems.
• Distributed Generation: With the rise of rooftop solar, small wind turbines, and
home energy storage systems, more consumers will become "prosumers," generating
and consuming their own energy, and potentially selling excess back to the grid.

4. Hydrogen Economy

• Green Hydrogen Production: Hydrogen produced using renewable energy (green

hydrogen) is expected to become a major component of the future energy system. It
can be used in industries, transportation, and for electricity generation, providing a
zero-carbon fuel alternative.
 • Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Fuel cells will likely play a crucial role in decarbonizing heavy
transport sectors, including trucks, ships, and airplanes, where batteries alone may not
be sufficient.

5. Smart Grids and Digitalization

• AI and IoT Integration: The energy grid of the future will be more intelligent, with
AI and the Internet of Things (IoT) optimizing energy distribution, predicting
demand, and managing distributed energy resources in real time.
• Demand Response: Smart grids will enable more dynamic pricing and demand
response programs, where consumers can reduce their energy use during peak times
in exchange for lower prices or other incentives.

6. Electrification of Transportation

• Electric Vehicles (EVs): The shift toward electric vehicles is expected to accelerate,
supported by falling battery costs, increasing vehicle ranges, and expanding charging
infrastructure.
• Electric Aviation and Shipping: Research and development are increasingly
focusing on electrifying aviation and shipping, either through battery power or
alternative fuels like hydrogen.

7. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)

• Carbon Sequestration: Technologies to capture and store carbon dioxide (CO2)

from industrial processes and power plants will be crucial for reducing greenhouse
gas emissions in sectors that are hard to decarbonize.
• Carbon Utilization: Captured CO2 can be converted into useful products, such as
fuels, chemicals, or building materials, turning a waste product into a resource.

8. Nuclear Energy

• Advanced Nuclear Reactors: New designs, including small modular reactors

(SMRs) and Generation IV reactors, promise safer, more efficient, and less expensive
nuclear power, potentially playing a significant role in a low-carbon energy future.
• Nuclear Fusion: While still in the research phase, breakthroughs in nuclear fusion
technology could provide a nearly limitless, clean energy source if challenges in
confinement and energy gain are overcome.

9. Energy Efficiency and Conservation

• Building Design: The adoption of energy-efficient building designs, including

passive houses, smart lighting, and advanced insulation, will reduce energy
consumption in the built environment.
• Industrial Efficiency: Manufacturing processes will continue to become more
efficient through the adoption of advanced technologies such as AI, robotics, and
waste heat recovery systems.

10. Policy and Market Innovations

 • Carbon Pricing: Governments are likely to implement or expand carbon pricing
mechanisms, such as carbon taxes or cap-and-trade systems, to incentivize the
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
• Energy Access and Equity: Efforts to ensure universal access to clean, affordable
energy will increase, with a focus on energy equity and addressing energy poverty in
developing regions.

11. Global Energy Transition

• Transitioning Economies: Developing countries will play a crucial role in the global
energy transition, with many expected to leapfrog directly to renewable energy
technologies, bypassing the fossil fuel-intensive stages of development.
• International Cooperation: Global collaboration on energy research, development,
and policy will be essential for addressing climate change and achieving international
goals such as those set by the Paris Agreement.

The future energy landscape is set to be more decentralized, cleaner, smarter, and more
resilient, driven by innovation across multiple sectors and strong policy support aimed at
mitigating climate change and ensuring energy security.