UIT 2305
INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION
UNIT 1
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION AND
CODING
Session Meta Data
Author R KISHORE
Version No 1
Release Date 06-10-2022
Reviewer
Quantization
Session objectives
To study about quantization
Session outcomes
At the end of the session, students will be able to
Understand the concept of quantization
Learn midtread and midrise quantizer characteristics
Outline
Concept of quantization
Midtread quantizer characteristic
Midrise quantizer characteristic
Quantization
• Amplitude quantization is defined as the process of
transforming the sample amplitude m(nTs) of a message
signal m(t) at time t=nTs into a discrete amplitude v(nTs)
taken from a finite set of possible amplitudes.
• Quantizers can be of uniform or non uniform type.
• In a uniform quantizer, the representation levels are
uniformly spaced: otherwise, the quantizer is non
uniform.
• The quantizer characteristics can also be of midtread or
midrise type based on decision thresholds and
representation level locations.
Quantization
Midtread type Midrise type
Source : Communication Systems, Simon Haykin
Quantization
Source : Google Images
Quantiser
It converts a discrete-time, continuous-amplitude signal into an discrete time
and discrete amplitude signal. Quantization is a process in which the
amplitude of each sample is round off to the nearest permissible level. The
process of quantization introduces a quantization error.
Quantization error:
The difference between the original amplitude level to round off amplitude
value.
For example in the figure, at time instant T, the original amplitude of signal is
9.8, but this value is round off to the nearest level in the quantization
process as 10.
Now the quantization error=10-9.8=0.2.
Sampling interval is to be higher for reducing the error in quantization.
• Encoder: It represents each permissible level
into an equivalent digital word. For example in
the figure, at time instant 2T, output of quantiser
is 3V. Now the equivalent digital word for 3V is
0011. This type of conversion is referred to as
an encoder encoderquantiser - approximates the time instants
- converts output to equivalent digital signal
• The number of bits per encoder output is based
on the number of quantization level. total
number of quantization levels is 16. Hence the
number of bits to represent the level is four.
Summary
Quantization
Midtread and midrise quantizer
Test Your Understanding
Write short note on quantization.
With a neat sketch explain midtread and midrise
quantizer characteristics.
References
1. Proakis.J.G, Salehi.M, Fundamentals of Communication
Systems, Pearson Education, Second Edition, 2006.
2. S. Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John Wiley, 2005.
3. https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106097/pdf/Lecture08_SamplingT
heorem.pdf
4. B. P. Lathi and Zhi Ding,“Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, OxfordUniversity Press.
2017
