Pathology 2-Mark Questions - 2nd BDS
1. Define necrosis.
Necrosis is the death of cells or tissues through injury or disease, especially in a localized area of
the body.
2. What is apoptosis?
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death, where cells undergo an orderly, regulated form
of destruction.
3. Define metaplasia.
Metaplasia is the reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type to another.
4. What is ischemia?
Ischemia is a lack of blood supply to a tissue, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen and nutrients.
5. Define edema.
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues.
6. What is amyloidosis?
Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases caused by the deposition of abnormal protein, called
amyloid, in tissues.
7. Define infarction.
Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) caused by a lack of oxygen due to an obstruction of blood
supply.
8. What is a granuloma?
A granuloma is a small area of inflammation due to infection or foreign substances, often associated
with tuberculosis.
9. Define hypertrophy.
Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of cells, leading to an increase in the size of the affected
organ.
10. What is hyperplasia?
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, often in response to a
stimulus.
11. Define thrombosis.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of
blood.
12. What is embolism?
Embolism is the obstruction of a blood vessel by a foreign substance or blood clot that has traveled
through the bloodstream.
13. Define shock.
Shock is a life-threatening condition in which the body is not getting enough blood flow, leading to
organ failure.
14. What is coagulative necrosis?
Coagulative necrosis is a type of tissue death in which the architecture of dead tissue is preserved
for a few days.
15. Define atrophy.
Atrophy is the reduction in size of a cell, tissue, or organ after achieving normal development.
16. What is dysplasia?
Dysplasia refers to the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs, often
precancerous.
17. Define lipofuscin.
Lipofuscin is a yellow-brown pigment that accumulates in cells due to aging or oxidative stress.
18. What is karyolysis?
Karyolysis is the dissolution of the cell nucleus during necrosis.
19. Define fatty change.
Fatty change is the abnormal accumulation of lipids within cells, particularly in the liver.
20. What is pyknosis?
Pyknosis is the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis
or apoptosis.
