Topic 1 :

Introduction to
Computer Systems
CSC121 – Introduction to Algorithm Design and Development

Nor Hasnul Azirah Abdul Hamid

 Table of Contents

01 04 Electronic Data and

Computer Definition
Instructions

02 Overview and History of 05 System Unit: System board,

Computers Microprocessor, RAM & ROM

03 Basic Components of the Von 06 Input/Output devices

Neumann Architecture
 Introduction

 People are using computers everywhere: at

work, at school, and at home.

 Example streaming videos, teaching, and

learning using computers.

 Computers technology changes rapidly, and

users must keep up with the changes to
remain digitally literate.
Computer
 Computer literacy or Digital literacy involves
having a current knowledge and
understanding of computers, mobile devices,
the web, and related technologies.
01
Computer Definition
 1.0 Computer Definition

● Is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions

stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data
according to specified rules, produce results, and store the results
for future use.

● A computer consists of two major components which are hardware

(electronic devices) and software (instructions/programs). The
software is stored in the computer’s own memory.
 1.0 Computer Definition

Hardware Software Computer

• Device that processes • Step-by-step instructions that

data to create information tell the computer how to do
(ex: input, output, storage its work.
and processing devices) • It is also called a program.
• It’s purpose to convert data
to useful information.
 1.0 Computer Definition

● Computer receives data, processes, produce output, and store

information
 1.1 Types of Computer

Computers are categorized into several types:

● A personal computer can perform all of its input, processing, output,
and storage activities by itself.
● A mainframe is a large, expensive, powerful computer that can
handle hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously
● A midrange computers or servers are computers with processing
capabilities less powerful than a mainframe computer yet more
powerful than a personal computer.
● A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer and capable
of processing more than one quadrillion instructions in a single
second
 1.1 Types of Computer
Computers are categorized into several types:

Midrange computers or
Personal computer
servers
A personal computer can
perform all of its input, A midrange computers or servers
processing, output, and are computers with processing
storage activities by itself. capabilities less powerful than a
mainframe computer yet more
Mainframe powerful than a personal computer.

A mainframe is a large, Supercomputer

expensive, powerful A supercomputer is the fastest,
computer that can most powerful computer and
handle hundreds or capable of processing more than
thousands of connected one quadrillion instructions in a
users simultaneously single second
 02
Overview and History of Computers
 0th Generation

Blaise Pascal Gottfried von Leibnitz

(1623-1662) (1646-1716)

Period Technology was the son of a tax collector and a was a German mathematician and
mathematical genius. He designed built the first calculator to do “*” and
the first mechanical calculator “/” (Stepped Reckoner). It was not
(Pascaline) based on gears. It reliable due to accuracy of
performed “+” and “-”. contemporary parts.

1642 - 1940 Mechanical

Era
Charles Babbage John V.Atanasoff and
(1792-1872) Clifford Berry
“Analytical Engine”
Had 4 components – the store ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)
(memory), the mill (computation unit), First totally electronic digital
the input section (punched card computer
reader), the output section (punched
& printed outputs)
 0th Generation

Blaise Pascal Gottfried von Leibnitz Charles Babbage John V.Atanasoff and
Clifford Berry

Mechanical calculator Calculator Analytical Engine Electronic Digital Computer

(Pascaline) (Stepped Reckoner)
 1st Generation
Types of
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features
computer
1940 - 1955 Vacuum tube • ENIAC (Electronic • Vacuum tube • ENIAC
• Use vacuum tubes for circuitry & Numerical Integrator and technology • EDVAC
magnetic drums for memory Computer) • Unreliable • IAS
• Vacuum tubes • John W.Mauchly and J. • Supported machine • UNIVAC
- Size is bulky/very large Presper Eckert language only • IBM-701
- Made from glass • First programmable, all- • Very costly • IBM-650
- Fragile electronic digital and • Generated lot of heat
- Short-lived (heat-burned out) general purpose computer • Slow input and
- Use a great deal of electricity; • EDVAC, IAS and UNIVAC I output devices
very expensive (first commercially available • Huge size
• Computers relied on machine computer) • Need of
language & could only solve one A.C.(Alternating
problem at a time current)
• Input : punched cards & paper tape • Non-portable
• Output : displayed on printouts • Consumed lot of
electricity
 1st Generation

ENIAC EDVAC

UNIVAC IAS Machine

 2nd Generation
Types of
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features
computer
1955- 1965 Transistor • Made of specially treated • Use of transistors • IBM 1620
silicon which controlled the • Reliable in comparison to first • IBM 7094
flow of electric current generation computers • CDC 6600
• Generated less heat would • Smaller size as compared to first • CDC 3600
not burn out generation computers • UNIVAC
• Allow computers to • Generated less heat as compared 1108
become smaller, faster, to first generation computers
cheaper, & more energy- • Consumed less electricity as
efficient than before compared to first generation
• more reliable than computers
vacuum tubes • Faster than first generation
• Use assembly languages computers
 allow programmers to • Still very costly
specify instructions in • A.C. needed
words • Supported machine and assembly
languages
2nd Generation

IBM 7094 CDC 6600

 3rd Generation
Types of
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features
computer
1965 - 1980 Integrated • The computers of third generation • More reliable in • IBM-360
Circuit based used integrated circuits (IC's) in comparison to previous series
place of transistors. A single IC has two generations • Honeywell-
many transistors, resistors and • Smaller size 6000 series
capacitors along with the associated • Generated less heat • PDP(Person
circuitry. The IC was invented by • Faster al Data
Jack Kilby. This development made • Lesser maintenance Processor)
computers smaller in size, reliable • Still costly • IBM-370/168
and efficient. In this generation • A.C needed • TDC-316
remote processing, time-sharing, • Consumed lesser
multi-programming operating electricity
system were used. High-level • Supported high-level
languages (FORTRAN-II TO IV, language
COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC,
ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during
this generation.
3rd Generation – Integrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)
● Integrated circuits were co-invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in 1958

● Jack Kilby demonstrated it half a year before Noyce on

September 12th
○ @ Texas Instruments
○ Got Nobel Prize in physics in 2000
○ Germanium based
○ Demonstrated continuous sine wave

● Rober Noyce
○ @ Fairchild Semiconductors (Co-Founder)
○ Silicon based
○ In 1968, he and Gordon Moore founded Intel
 4th Generation
Types of
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features
computer
1980 - Very Large Scale • Microprocessors *(VLSI) • VLSI technology used • DEC 10
Present Integration (VLSI) • Thousands of ICs built • Very cheap • STAR 1000
microprocessor onto a single chip • Portable and reliable • PDP 11
based • Could be mass • Use of PC's • CRAY-
o thousands of produced (PCs) • Very small size 1(Super
transistors were • Computers become even • Pipeline processing Computer)
integrated into smaller & more powerful • No A.C. needed • CRAY-X-
one single chip • GUIs, mouse, handheld • Concept of internet was MP(Super
devices introduced Computer)
• Open architecture • Great developments in
• The hardware design the fields of networks
was made available to • Computers became
anyone easily available
• Anyone could write
software or build
hardware
 5th Generation
Types of
Period Technology Inventor/invention Main Features
computer
Present - Ultra Large Scale 1) Artificial Intelligence • (ULSI) technology • Desktop
Beyond Integration (ULSI) • Goal: to develop devices that • Development of true • Laptop
Technology respond to natural language artificial intelligence • NoteBook
o integrating or input & are capable of • Development of Natural • UltraBook
embedding learning & self-organize language processing • ChromeBook
millions of • Robotics • Advancement in Parallel
transistors on a • Nano-technology Processing
single silicon • Anything smaller than • Advancement in
semiconductor Microtechnology Superconductor
microchip technology
2) Age of Connectivity • More user friendly
interfaces with multimedia
• Release of WWW standards features
in 1991 ∴possible to connect • Availability of very powerful
computers all over the world and compact computers at
• Shift towards technology that cheaper rates
focuses on mobility (wireless
revolution)
 03
Basic Components of the
Von Neumann Architecture
 3.0 Von Neumann Architecture
● John Von Neumann proposed Von Neumann
Architecture.
● A genius who spoke many languages, was an expert
in the physical sciences & mathematics, & had a
total recall of everything he ever heard, saw, or read
● A consultant on the Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer (ENIAC) project
● Proposed significant improvements over the ENIAC
design
● EDVAC and IAS (Institute for Advanced Study)
● Create a computer system that would be much
easier to re-program
 3.0 Von Neumann Architecture

THE PRINCIPLES :

● Data & instructions are both stored in the main memory while
being processed
● Sequential processing of instructions
● Binary data processing
● Consists of CPU, memory, & I/O system
3.1 Basic components of Von Neumann Architecture

● A more complete view of the computer system architecture that

integrates interaction (human or otherwise) consists of :

● Five (5) Main Components

1. CPU
2. Main Memory (RAM)
3. I/O Devices
4. Mass Storage
5. Interconnection
Network (Bus)
3.1 Basic components of Von Neumann Architecture

● A central processing unit (CPU); it contains the control unit (CU),

arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) and Interface unit

● CU: control unit

○ Controls processing of instructions
○ Controls movement of data within the
CPU

● ALU: arithmetic/logic unit

○ Performs arithmetic and Boolean
logical calculations

● Interface unit
○ Moves instructions and data between the
CPU and other hardware components
○ Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and
power between different components
 3.1 Basic components of Von Neumann Architecture

Memory: Short-term
storage for CPU Input devices: keyboard,
calculations, holds both mouse, scanner, punch
instructions and data of a cards
computer program

Storage: hard drive,

optical media, diskettes, Output devices: monitor,
magnetic tape printer, fax machine

Bus: a bundle of wires that carry signals

and power between different components
3.1 Basic components of Von Neumann Architecture

● In the von Neumann architecture, a small set of circuits can be

driven to perform very different tasks, depending on the software
program, which is executed.
● The primary function of a CPU is to execute the instructions fetch
from the main memory.
● An instruction tells the CPU to perform one of its basic operations.
● The CU is the one which interprets the instruction to be executed
and which ‘tells’ the different other components of what to do.
● The CPU includes a set of registers, which are temporary storage
devices typically used to hold
04 Electronic Data and
Instructions
 4.0 Electronic Data and Instructions

● Data can be analog or digital.

 Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.

o Example: the sounds made by a human voice, take on continuous
values. When someone speaks, an analog wave is created in the air.
This can be captured by a microphone and converted to an analog signal
or sampled and converted to a digital signal.
 4.0 Electronic Data and Instructions

● Data can be analog or digital.

 Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.

o Example: data are stored in computer memory in the form of 0s and 1s.
They can be converted to a digital signal or modulated into an analog
signal for transmission across a medium.
 4.0 Electronic Data and Instructions
● Digital electronic signals ● Analog signals
○ in one of two states: on (1) or off (0) ○ Continuous signals vary in strength
○ Recognized by computers and quality
○ Created by voices

● Conversion must take place from

analog to digital before processing
can occur.
 4.1 Numeric Representation
● Two-state binary system consists of only two digits called bits
○ On = 1; negative charge.
○ Off = 0; no charge.
● Binary code forms the basis for all digital information processing and
data transfers.
 4.1 Numeric Representation
● Byte = 8 bits Bit
Byte
○ grouped together as a unit. A byte (binary digit)
represents a single character in the
Measurement unit Unit that indicates
computer
that can only have the amount of data
● Hexadecimal system two values, 0 and 1 consisting of eight
○ Uses 16 digits to represent binary bits
numbers
○ (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)
 4.2 Character Encoding
● Character encoding standards – a unique sequence of the binary
representation of a particular letter, number, or special character.
● It is used to facilitate communication among computers by using a common
language code.
● Types of Character Encoding:

● ASCII ● Unicode
○ American Standard Code for ○ New encoding due to explosion of the
Information Interchange (ASCII) Internet
○ the most widely used coding scheme ○ Uses 16 bits
to represent data ○ Recognized by virtually all computer
○ Used by personal computers systems

● EBCDIC
○ Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
○ Used by mainframe computers
 4.2.1 Character Encoding : ASCII
● ASCII
○ American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII)
○ the most widely used coding scheme to
represent data
○ Used by personal computers
○ ASCII is a 7-bit character set containing 128
characters
○ It contains the numbers from 0-9, the upper
and lower case English letters from A to Z, and
some special characters.
○ The character sets used in modern computers,
in HTML, and on the Internet, are all based on
ASCII
 4.2.2 Character Encoding : EBCDIC

● EBCDIC
○ Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code (EBCDIC) (pronounced “ebb see dick”)
○ is an 8-bit characters, allows 256 (2 to the power
of 8) possible bit combinations.
○ mainly used on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange
computer operating systems.
○ It descended from the code used with punched
cards and the corresponding 6-bit binary-coded
decimal code used with most of IBM's computer
peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s.
○ It is supported by various non-IBM platforms
 4.2.3 Character Encoding : Unicode

● Unicode
○ New encoding due to explosion of the
Internet
○ is an information
technology standard for the
consistent encoding, representation,
and handling of text expressed in most
of the world's writing systems.
○ Uses 16 bits
○ Recognized by virtually all computer
systems
05
System Unit: System board,
Microprocessor, RAM & ROM
 5.0 System Unit

● System Chassis
○ Container that houses most of the
electronic components that make up a
computer system

● System Unit
○ Contains system’s electronic
components and selected secondary
storage devices
 5.1 System Unit Types

● Desktops
○ System unit is in a separate case
○ Tower Units
○ All-in-Ones
- All components including the monitor

● Laptops
○ Portable and much smaller
○ Ultrabooks – laptop and tablet in one
○ Gaming – high-end graphics
 5.1 System Unit Types

● Tablets
○ Mini tablet

● Smartphone
○ Most popular device – handheld computer
○ Extend the capabilities of cell phones

● Wearables
○ Contain embedded computers
 5.2 Components

● Although all devices come in

many shapes and sizes they
have similarities such as :

○ System boards
○ Microprocessors
○ Memory
 5.2.1 Components : System Board

● System board or main board

or motherboard controls
communication for the entire
computer system
● All components and devices
connect to the system board
● Data path and traffic monitor
● Allows various components to
communicate efficiently with
one another
 5.2.2 Components : Sockets and Chips

The system board contains a

variety of electronic components

● Sockets – the connection

point for chips
● Chips
○ Tiny circuit boards etched
onto squares of silicon
○ Also called silicon chip,
semiconductor, or integrated
circuit
○ Mounted on chip carriers
 5.2.3 Components : Slots and Bus Lines

Additional system board

components:
● Slots
○ Provide a connection point for
specialized cards or circuit
boards
○ Provide expansion capabilities
for the computer
● Bus lines
○ Connecting lines that provide
pathways to support
communication among electronic
components
 5.2.4 Components : Microprocessor

● Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor

○ Contained on a single chip called a
Microprocessor
○ Brains of the computer

● Two Basic Components of the CPU

○ Control unit
 Tells the computer system how to carry
out a program’s instruction
○ Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU)
 Performs arithmetic and logical
operations
 5.2.4 Microprocessor Chips

● Chip capacities are expressed in word size

○ Word is the number of bits that can be
processed at one time: 16, 32 or 64
● Clock Speed
○ Processing speed or the number of times
the CPU fetches and processes data or
instructions in a second
○ Also called clock rate.
○ It is measured in gigahertz(GHz), or billions
of beats per second.
○ The faster the clock speed, the faster the
computer can process information and
execute instructions
 5.2.4 Multicore Processors

● Multicore Processors
○ Two or more separate and independent
CPUs within a system unit
○ Quad-core supports 4 core processes

● Parallel Processing
○ Computer’s ability to divide tasks into
parts that can be distributed across each
core
○ Windows 8 and Mac OS X support
parallel processing
 5.2.4 Processor Machine Cycle

● For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic

operations, which comprise a machine cycle.

Step 1 :
FETCH

Step 2 :
DECODE

Step 3 :
EXECUTE

Step 4 :
STORE
 5.2.5 Components : Memory

● Holding area for data, instructions, and information

● Contained on chips connected to the system board

● Stores three basic categories of items:

○ The operating system and other system software
○ Application programs
○ Data being processed and the resulting information

● Three well-known types of memory chips:

a) Random Access Memory (RAM)
b) Read-Only Memory (ROM)
c) Flash Memory
 5.2.5 Components : Memory
The system unit contains two types of memory:

Volatile memory Non volatile memory

Loses its contents when Does not lose contents

power is turned off. when power is removed.

Example includes RAM, Examples include ROM and

cache memory and flash memory
virtual memory
 5.2.5 (a) Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that
the CPU is presently processing
● Volatile or temporary – contents are lost when the computer is
powered off
 5.2.5 (a) Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Cache memory – temporary, high-speed holding area between the

memory and CPU
○ Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM
(Dual in-line memory module)
 5.2.5 (a) Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Virtual Memory
○ a memory management
capability that uses
hardware and software to
allow a computer to
compensate for
physical memory shortages
by temporarily transferring
data from Random
Access Memory (RAM) to
disk storage.
 5.2.5 (a) Random Access Memory (RAM)

● Each location in memory has an address

● Memory is expressed in bytes - memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or
K), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB)
 5.2.5 (b) Read-Only Memory (ROM)

● Read-only memory (ROM)

○ Information stored by the
manufacturer
○ Non-volatile and cannot be
changed
● CPU can read, or retrieve data
and programs in ROM but the
computer cannot change ROM
● Contain special instructions
○ Start the computer
○ Access memory
○ Handle keyboard input
 5.2.5 (b) Read-Only Memory (ROM)

The difference between RAM and ROM :

RAM ROM

Temporary storage Permanent storage

Store data in MBs Store data in GBs

Volatile Non-volatile

Used for start-up process of

Used in normal operations
computer

Writing data is faster Writing data is slower

 5.2.5 (c) Flash Memory

● Also known as flash storage used for

storage and data transfer
● Flash memory combines of the
features of:
○ RAM, it can be updated
○ ROM, it is non-volatile
○ Contains startup information (BIOS -
basic input/output system)
 Amount of RAM
 Type of keyboard, mouse,
and secondary storage
devices connected.
06
Input / Output Devices
 6.0 Input Output Devices
● Data that gets into the computer is called Input and information comes out in
the form of output

● Input devices are hardware

components that allow users to
enter data and instructions into a
computer or mobile devices

● Output devices are any hardware

components that convey
information from a computer or
mobile device to one or more
people
 6.1 Input Devices
● Allows you to enter data and
instructions into a computer
● Users allow to input data such as
text, images, graphics, sound, audio,
and video
● Examples:
○ Keyboard
○ Pointing devices
○ Gaming controller
○ Scanning devices
○ Readers devices
○ Character and Mark Recognition
Readers
○ Image Capturing devices
○ Audio Input devices
○ Biometrics Authenticates Devices
 6.1.1 Keyboard Entry

● Keyboards
○ Traditional keyboards
○ Laptop keyboards
○ Virtual keyboards
○ Thumb keyboards
 6.1.2 Pointing Devices

● Provide an intuitive interface by

accepting pointing gestures and
converting them into machine-
readable input.

● Examples of devices are:

○ Mouse
○ Touch Screen – smartphone &
computers screen
○ Stylus / Tablet - Uses handwriting
recognition software
 6.1.3 Gaming Controllers

● Provide input to computer games

● Joysticks use pressure and
direction of the stick
● Gaming mice are similar to a
mouse but high precision
● Game pads use both hands
● Motion sensing device control
games by user movement
 6.1.4 Scanning Devices

● Scanners convert scanned

data into a form the system
unit can process

● Optical scanners
○ Flatbed scanners
○ Document scanners
○ Portable scanners
○ 3D scanners
 6.1.5 Readers Device

● Magnetic card reader

○ Information read from the strip
when swiped through a reader
○ Smart cards hold additional
security information
○ Interpret encoded information
that is stored on debit, credit,
and identification cards

● Bar code reader

○ Contain photo-electric cells that
scan or read bar codes, or the
zebra-striped marks printed on
product containers
 6.1.6 Character and Mark Recognition Readers

● Recognize special characters and

marks

● Character and mark recognition

devices :
○ Magnetic-ink character recognition
(MICR)
 Used by banks to read encoded
characters on checks
○ Optical-character recognition (OCR)
 Reads preprinted characters
such as wand scanners
○ Optical-mark recognition (OMR)
 Sense the presence of absence
of marks used for test scoring
 6.1.7 Image Capturing Devices

● Create or capture original images

● Image capturing recognition

devices :
○ Digital Camera
 Capture images digitally and
store in memory
○ Web Cams
 are specialized digital video
cameras that capture images
and send them to
a computer for broadcast
over the Internet.
 6.1.8 Audio-Input Devices
● Voice recognition systems
○ Use a microphone, sound card,
and special software
○ Users can operate computers and
create documents using voice
commands
○ Included in many smart phones
 Siri in iPhones
 Cortana in Windows phones
 Google Now in Google
phones
 6.1.9 Biometrics Authenticates Devices

● A biometric device authenticates a

person’s identity by translating a
personal characteristic into a digital code
that is compared with a digital code in a
computer or mobile device verifying a
physical or behavioral characteristic
● Biometrics scanner can scan a person's
fingerprint, voice, face, hand, iris, and
retina.
 6.2 Output Devices

● Hardware component that

conveys information to one
or more people
● Display processed data or
information

● Examples:
○ Monitors
○ Interactive whiteboard
○ Data projector
○ Printers
 6.2.1 Monitors
● Known as screens or display
screens and present visual images
of text and graphics
● Output referred to as soft copy
● Features
○ Clarity
○ Resolution/pixels
○ Dot pitch
○ Contrast ratios
○ Size
○ Aspect ratio
● Example : Flat–panel monitors and
curve monitor
 6.2.1 Monitors

● High-definition television (HDTV)

○ Advance form of digital television,
which work with digital broadcast
signals, transmits digital sound,
support wide screen and provide high
resolution.

● Smart Television
○ Is an internet-enabled HDTV form
which enable you to connect to the
Internet and/or watch television shows.
 6.2.2 Interactive Whiteboard & Data Projector

● Interactive whiteboard
○ An interactive whiteboard is a touch-
sensitive device, resembling a dry-
erase board, that displays the image
on a connected computer screen

● Data Projector
○ A data projector is a device that
projects the text and images displayed
on a computer or mobile device screen
on a larger screen so that an audience
can see the image clearly
 6.2.3 Printers

● Translates information that has been

processed by the system unit
● A printer produces text and graphics on
a physical medium
● Output referred to as hard copy
● Features
○ Resolution
○ Color
○ Speed
○ Memory
○ Duplex printing
 6.2.3 Printers
Three types of printers :

Non-Impact Impact Others

A non-impact printer Impact printers form Example :
forms characters and characters and graphics • All in one printer
graphics on a piece of on a piece of paper by • 3D printer
paper without actually striking a mechanism • Cloud printer
striking the paper against an inked ribbon • Braille Printer
that physically contacts
the paper
Ink-jet Photo Thermal Mobile
printers printers printers printers
Dot- Line Daisy-
Large- Laser matrix printer wheel
format Plotters printers printer printer
printers
 6.2.3 Printers
Three types of printers :

Non-Impact Impact Others

Dot-
matrix
Plotters Thermal printer All in one
printers Daisy- printer
wheel
printer

Mobile Line
Large-format printers 3D printer
printer
printers
 6.3 Combination Input and Output Devices

● Headsets
○ Combine a microphone and
headphones

● Drones or unarmed aerial

vehicles
○ Take input from a controller
and send back video and
sound to the user
 Relationship between
Memory, Processor, Storage, Input, and Output Devices
● When a user starts a program, its instruction
is transferred from a storage device to
memory.
● Data needed by programs enters memory
from either an input device or a storage
device.
● The control unit interprets and executes
instructions in memory, and the ALU
performs calculations on the data in memory.
● Resulting information is stored in memory,
from which it can be sent to an output device
or a storage device for future access, as
needed.
 Exercise

1. Define the term computer.

2. List three (3) types of characters encoding

3. Describe the roles of the processor and

memory.

4. Identify methods for typing on a

smartphone.
Thanks!
Do you have any
questions?