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|Vijayanagar | Hebbal
JULY-2024

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MAHITHI
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |
 MAHITHI JULY-2024

NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY
IN ASSOSCIATION WITH

BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY

BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

JULY 2024 CURRENT AFFAIRS

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Table of Contents
SECTION 1 : KARNATAKA MAHITI .........................5 GROYNES ..............................................36
(Karnataka Issues) ...............................................5 THAZHAKARA ....................................................... 37
BANGALORE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION
LIMITED (BSWML) ...................................................5 (BBNJ) AGREEMENT ............................................. 37
GREATER BENGALURU AUTHORITY (GBA) ..............5 'AGRI FUND FOR START-UPS & RURAL
‘BEYOND BENGALURU’ TO BOOST SUNRISE ENTERPRISES' (AGRISURE).................................... 38
SECTORS..................................................................8 CITES-ROSEWOOD ................................................ 39
'NAAVU MANUJARU' PROGRAMME .......................8 MANJEERA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY ....................... 40
GOVERNMENT-RUN ENGINEERING COLLEGES IN NATIONAL DISTRICT MINERAL FOUNDATION
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

KARNATAKA ............................................................9 PORTAL ................................................................. 41

GREEN HYDROGEN ELECTROLYSER GIGAFACTORY AGARWOOD EXPORT ........................................... 41
..............................................................................10 CLIMATE FINANCE ACTION FUND ........................ 42
BUDDHIST EXCAVATIONS IN RAJAGHATTA...........11 POLLUTION UNDER CONTROL (PUC) CERTIFICATE
BHIMA PULSE ........................................................12 ............................................................................. 43
STUDY OF ANGANWADIS IN KARNATAKA ............13 SPECIES IN NEWS.................................................. 44
BRUHAT BENGALURU MAHANAGARA PALIKE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY .......................... 46
(BBMP) ESTATE .....................................................14 OROPOUCHE FEVER ............................................. 46
ELEVATE PROGRAM ..............................................15 GLOBAL INDIAAI SUMMIT 2024 ........................... 47
LANGUAGE LAB AND FINISHING SCHOOL .............16 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FUND SCHEME ..... 48
BBMP ONE-TIME SETTLEMENT SCHEME ..............17 INDIGENOUS NAVIC CHIP DEVELOPMENT ........... 49
SECTION 2: MAHITI FOR PRELIMS ...................... 18 MEDEVIS PLATFORM ............................................ 51
(National and International issues) .................... 18 NASA'S CHAPEA PROJECT ..................................... 52
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE ........................... 18 TIRZEPATIDE AND SEMAGLUTIDE ........................ 53
NEW CRIMINAL CODES .........................................18 CHANDIPURA VIRUS (CHPV) ................................. 53
E-OFFICE ...............................................................19 GOVERNMENT ROADMAP TO INDIGENIZE EV
POLICY AND SCHEMES .................................. 20 TECHNOLOGY ....................................................... 54
NIRMAN PORTAL ..................................................20 RURAL AGRICULTURE INNOVATION (RAIN) ......... 56
SMART CITIES MISSION (SCM) ..............................21 IN-SPACE OPPORTUNITIES FOR START-UPS AND
‘SAMPOORNATA ABHIYAN’ ..................................21 MSES IN MARINE SECTOR .................................... 57
SEHER PROGRAM: EMPOWERING WOMEN MV SEA CHANGE .................................................. 57
ENTREPRENEURS ..................................................23 COALITION OF EPIDEMIC PREPAREDNESS
DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI.........................................24 INNOVATIONS (CEPI) ............................................ 58
NABARD INTEGRATED TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) PORTALS ... 59
PROGRAMME .......................................................25 "THE VOICEBOX" .................................................. 59
RIGHT TO REPAIR PORTAL ....................................26 AIR BREATHING PROPULSION .............................. 60
REVAMPED SKILL LOAN SCHEME ..........................26 DIGIPIN ................................................................. 61
SOCIAL ISSUES ............................................... 27 GROWTH-INDIA TELESCOPE ................................. 61
PROJECT PARI (PUBLIC ART OF INDIA) ..................27 FNCAS9 ................................................................. 62
UNION GOVT INITATIVES ON LANGUAGES ...........28 2ND STAGE OF NUCLEAR PROGRAMME .............. 63
MASHCO PIRO TRIBE ............................................28 DEFENCE ........................................................ 65
EQUIVALENCE IN SCHOOL BOARDS ......................29 SEBEX 2................................................................. 65
ECONOMY ..................................................... 30 RUDRAM-1 MISSILE .............................................. 65
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREPAREDNESS INDEX KALASHNIKOV AK-203 ASSAULT RIFLE ................. 66
(AIPI) .....................................................................30 PRALAY MISSILES .................................................. 67
NEXUS ...................................................................31 BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE SYSTEM ................... 68
FINANCIAL INCLUSION INDEX (FI-INDEX) ..............32 TRIPUT .................................................................. 68
NATIONAL BANK FOR FINANCING HISTORY – ART - CULTURE ............................. 69
INFRASTRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT (NABFID) 33 WORLD HERITAGE YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR AUDIT OF LOCAL FORUM ................................................................. 69
GOVERNANCE (ICAL) .............................................33 CULTURAL MAPPING INITIATIVE .......................... 70
GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT ................ 34 RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN’S DURBAR HALL AND
SPECIES IN INDIA...................................................34 ASHOK HALL ......................................................... 71
PENCH TIGER RESERVE .........................................35 CHARAIDEO MOIDAMS ........................................ 72
FUNDING UNDER THE NATIONAL GREEN HUMAYUN'S TOMB COMPLEX ............................. 73
HYDROGEN MISSION ............................................35 INTERNATIONAL ISSUES ................................ 74

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INDIA – RUSSIA .....................................................74 SDG INDEX 2024 ...................................97
INDIA AND TAIWAN ..............................................75 KARNATAKA GOVERNMENT MUST
WORLD BANK GROUP GUARANTEE PLATFORM ...75 REVISIT GIG WORKERS BILL, MAKE IT
MERCOSUR ...........................................................76 MORE INCLUSIVE................................................ 101
SOUTH AFRICA’S NEW CLIMATE CHANGE LAW ....77 CHOOSING THE RIGHT TRACK TO CUT POST-
ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTRE (ADPC) 78 HARVEST LOSSES ................................................ 102
MISCELLANEOUS NEWS ................................ 79 POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
INDIA’S TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY ..............79 ........................................................................... 105
WORLD DRUG REPORT 2024 ................................80 THE IMPORTANCE OF BOTH QUAD AND BRICS . 106
WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTS REPORT ..........81 STRATEGY TO MANAGE WATER IN INDIA .......... 108
NITI AAYOG REPORT: "ELECTRONICS: POWERING ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY 2024 ............. 109
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INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL VALUE INDIA’S ILLEGAL COAL MINING PROBLEM ......... 113
CHAINS" ................................................................82 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE .................................... 114
INTERNATIONAL TENNIS HALL OF FAME ..............83 CONCEPT OF SCHOLAR WARRIORS IN MILITARY 114
OLYMPIC ORDER ...................................................84 WHAT ARE HURRICANES AND HOW DO THEY
STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2024 ...............85 FORM?................................................................ 114
SECTION 3: MAHITI FOR MAINS ......................... 86 REGULATORY SANDBOX SCHEME ...................... 115
LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE ................................86 ODISHA'S PALM TREES INITIATIVE TO COMBAT
16TH FINANCE COMMISSION (FC) AGENDA .........88 LIGHTNING DEATHS ........................................... 116
IMPROVING RURAL MOBILE CONNECTIVITY ........90 REGENERATIVE BRAKING ................................... 116
BENGALURU CLIMATE ACTION AND RESILIENCE HEAT DOME AND ITS EFFECTS ........................... 116
PLAN (BCAP) .........................................................91 CLARION-CLIPPERTON ZONE (CCZ) .................... 117
SCIENTIFIC DEEP-DRILLING IN MAHARASHTRA ....93 DARK OXYGEN .................................................... 117
SECTION 125 OF CRPC: ALLOWING DIVORCED NOTIFIED DISASTER ............................................ 117
MUSLIM WOMEN TO SEEK MAINTENANCE..........94 SECTION 4: NEWS IN SHORT ............................ 118
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON INSECTS ..............95 SECTION 5:PRACTISE MCQ ............................... 149
INDIA'S HUNT FOR CRITICAL MINERALS ...............96

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
SECTION 1 : KARNATAKA MAHITI
(Karnataka Issues)
BANGALORE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT LIMITED (BSWML)
NEWS - BBMP entrusts Bangalore Solid Waste Management Limited (BSWML) to
manage solid waste
HIGHLIGHTS
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Formation and Management of BSWML

o BSWML constituted three years ago.
o Will be led by an IAS officer.
o Plans to appoint one assistant general manager for every two assembly
constituencies.
o Marshals to monitor garbage contractors in each ward.
o Supervisory roles for processing plants.
o Payment files for garbage collection contractors no longer need signatures
from multiple supervisory roles.
o Supervisory staff significantly reduced.
• Responsibilities of BSWML
o Handling door-to-door collection, transportation, and disposal of waste since
June 1.
o Planning to adopt technology for monitoring.
o Command control center to be set up for real-time monitoring and public
feedback.
• BBMP's Retained Responsibilities
o Supervision of approximately 28,000 pourakarmikas.
o Pourakarmikas sweep around 14,000 kilometers of streets.
o Junior health inspectors to oversee cleanliness staff attendance.
o Pourakarmikas assist garbage contractors in clearing black spots.
o Auto tippers collect leaves swept by pourakarmikas.
Concerns and Recommendations
o BSWML formed through executive order without statutory support.
o Policy experts suggest creating a statutory framework.
o BSWML should be under administrative control of the council to ensure
proper governance and authority.

GREATER BENGALURU AUTHORITY (GBA)

NEWS – Karnataka government to decide on Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) to
manage Bengaluru
PROPOSED GOVERNANCE CHANGES
• New Governance Body:
o Bengaluru to have a new body with planning and financial powers.

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o Oversee multiple corporations and parastatal agencies.
• Changes to Bangalore Development Authority (BDA):
o BDA will lose its power
to approve land use
and development
plans.
o It will focus on large
infrastructure projects.
• Draft Bill:
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o Created by a four-
member committee.
o Proposes the
formation of Greater
Bengaluru Authority
(GBA)
NEED OF THE CHANGE
• Bengaluru is expanding
beyond the current BBMP
limits.
• Key areas such as garbage, water, and electricity are outside BBMP’s control
• A Draft Bill Created by a four-member committee Proposes the formation of
Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA).
GREATER BENGALURU AUTHORITY (GBA)
• Structure:
o Apex Body: Headed by the Chief Minister.
o Members:
▪ Mayors of newly-carved corporations.
▪ Select councilors.
▪ All city MLAs.
▪ Domain experts.
o Agencies Included:
▪ BWSSB (water board).
▪ Bescom (electricity supplier).
▪ Namma Metro.
▪ Traffic management.
• Three-Tier Structure:
o Apex Layer: GBA.
o Mid-Point: 1 to 10 corporations.
o Decentralized Level: Up to 400 wards.
o BBMP will cease to exist.
• Jurisdiction:
o Expanded by about 250 sq km to cover Bengaluru's periphery.
o Comparison: BBMP currently covers about 708 sq km.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o ELCITA (Electronics City Industrial Township Authority) likely to be
included under GBA.
Planning and Fund Utilization
• Responsibilities of GBA:
o Decides on the utilization of state-allocated funds.
o Oversee planning, previously managed by BDA.
• BDA's New Role:
o Undertake major infrastructure projects like:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

▪ Arterial roads.
▪ Sub-arterial roads.
▪ Storm water drains.
o Projects cutting across different corporations will be managed by GBA.
GREATER BENGALURU GOVERNANCE BILL, 2024: KEY TAX PROVISIONS
Anticipated Increase in Administrative Costs
• Restructuring of Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP)
• Creation of Greater Bengaluru Authority (GBA) as an apex body
• Up to 10 new corporations
• Discretion regarding the number of wards in each municipal body
Revenue Allocation
• City corporations within Greater Bengaluru Area to allocate a percentage of their
revenues to GBA, as recommended by the government
Taxation Empowerment
• City corporations authorized to collect Greater Bengaluru Authority cess to meet
administrative costs of GBA
• GBA proposed to coordinate and supervise development, undertake large
infrastructure works
• Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) retains land use and planning powers
Development Charges
• Applicable to any residential building over 14 meters in height
• Applicable to any non-residential building
• Development and redevelopment of existing areas also subject to this charge
Property Tax
• Collection based on the guidance value of the property
• Similar method proposed by BBMP for 2024-25 financial year, but dropped due to
anticipated increase in property tax
Entertainment Tax
• Levied on ticket-based, non-ticket-based, and televised entertainment
Other Potential Taxes and Fees
• Infrastructure Cess
• Solid Waste Management Cess
• Urban Transport Cess
• Advertisement Charges
• User Charges for water supply, drainage and sewerage, solid waste management

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Parking Fees for different types of vehicles in different areas and for
different periods
• Fee for Stacking Materials or Rubbish on public streets for construction, alteration,
repair or demolition work
• Fees and Fines for performance of regulatory and other statutory functions

‘BEYOND BENGALURU’ TO BOOST SUNRISE SECTORS

NEWS - Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) Karnataka Embraces ‘Beyond Bengaluru’
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

to Boost Sunrise Sectors in FY25

HIGHLIGHTS
Initiative Alignment:
• Aligns with Karnataka Digital Economy Mission’s “Beyond Bengaluru” initiative.
• Focuses on sunrise sectors and industrial clusters outside Bengaluru.
• CII Karnataka chapter collaborates with the state government.
Target Sectors:
• Sunrise sectors: semiconductors, solar, and mobile phones (electronics).
• Emerging segments: aerospace, electric mobility, healthcare, and agri-tech.
• Aimed at growth and job creation.
Beyond Bengaluru Initiative:
• Aims to boost development in tier-II and tier-III cities like Mysuru, Belagavi,
Mangaluru, and Hubballi.
• Focuses on improving ease of doing business, skilling programs, and energy
efficiency.
Karnataka’s Contribution: Significant contributor to India’s GDP, primarily through
Bengaluru + Initiative seeks to diversify development across the state.
Energy Goals:
• India’s goal to achieve net zero emissions by 2070.
• Target to meet 50% of energy requirements through renewables by 2030.
• Opportunities for businesses in energy generation, transmission, distribution, or
consumption.
Industry-Academia Relationship:
• Plans to upskill youth for the future workforce and business environment.
• Engagement with international consulates for business opportunities.
• Promotion of job preparedness and cross-learning initiatives for faculty and
students.
Targeted Initiatives: CII Indian Women Network + CII Young Indians.

'NAAVU MANUJARU' PROGRAMME

NEWS – Karnataka State govt. set to begin ‘Naavu Manujaru’ programme in schools
HIGHLIGHTS
• Aim: To foster social harmony, tolerance, and scientific temper in educational
institutions across Karnataka.

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Programme Implementation:
• Timing and Frequency:
o Discussions and dialogues for 2 hours per week (3 periods of 40 minutes
each).
o Replaces 1 period of value education and 2 periods of Socially Useful
Productive Work (SUPW).
• Guidelines:
o Department of School Education and Literacy issued a format for
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

programme implementation.
o District-level nodal officers appointed to oversee implementation and
submit reports to DSERT.
Curriculum Focus:
• Themes Covered:
o Social harmony, significance of local and national festivals, folk games, and
sports.
o Thoughts of social reformers, visits to local places of interest, and
discussions on cottage industries.
o Nuclear and non-nuclear family dynamics, inequality eradication, and values
like equality, liberty, and fraternity.
• Scientific Temper and Environmental Awareness:
o Promotion of scientific temper and environmental consciousness.
o Discussions on home remedies, science experiments, and fostering curiosity
among students.
• Social Inclusion and Coexistence:
o Activities emphasizing the importance of midday meals, community lunches
(sahabhojana), and school garden management.
o Encouragement of indoor and outdoor games, desi sports, and equal
opportunities for all students

GOVERNMENT-RUN ENGINEERING COLLEGES IN KARNATAKA

NEWS - Expert Committee Report on Government-Run Engineering Colleges in
Karnataka released
HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
• Constituted by: Higher Education Minister Dr. M C Sudhakar
• Purpose: To study government-run engineering colleges
KEY FINDINGS
• Inadequate Infrastructure and Placements:
o Comparison with private institutions
o Major drawbacks: shortage of staff (teaching and non-teaching) and quality
of graduating students
Identified Threats
• Competition: Increased competition from private institutions/universities

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• Government Policies: Bureaucratic hurdles impacting efficiency
• Low Placements: Resulting in fewer admissions
• Non-Accreditation: Impacting the credibility and recognition of the colleges
Recommendations
• Short-Term Goals:
o Skill enhancement and training of staff
o Introduction of additional courses
o Providing hands-on skills training to students
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o Upgrading communication capabilities of students

• Long-Term Goals:
o Academic and financial autonomy for the colleges
o Establishing centres of excellence
o Offering solutions to real-time field problems
o Generating revenue through various initiatives
Strengths of Government-Run Colleges
• Government-Assured Admissions: Consistent intake of students
• Location Advantage: Strategic locations
• Budgetary Support: Financial backing from the government
• Scholarships: Availability of financial aid for students
• Low Tuition Fees: Affordable education
Opportunities
• Accreditation: Improving the credibility and recognition
• Enhancement of Intake: Increasing the number of students admitted
• Starting New Courses: Expanding academic offerings
• Internal Revenue Generation: Exploring ways to generate revenue internally
• Establishing Centres of Excellence: Focusing on specialized fields and research

GREEN HYDROGEN ELECTROLYSER GIGAFACTORY

NEWS - U.S.-Based Firm Opens Green Hydrogen Electrolyser Gigafactory Near
Doddaballapur
HIGHLIGHTS
• Focus on Clean Energy: Karnataka prioritises clean energy production for
sustainable development.
• Factory Details:
o Size: 14,000 sq m
o Initial Capacity: 500 megawatts (1/2 gigawatt)
o Future Expansion: Up to 2,000 megawatts (2 gigawatts)
• Employment Opportunities: Gradual increase in capacity to create jobs.
• Process: Breaking water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable energy to
produce green hydrogen.
• Applications of Green Hydrogen:
o Fertilizer production
o Refinery processing

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Steel production
o Methanol blending for vehicle transportation
o Fuel-cell-based vehicle transportation
o Storage and transportation
Karnataka's Role
• Industry-Friendly Policies: Attracting industries and research centers.
• Economic Contribution: Aiding India’s goal of becoming a 5 trillion-dollar economy
by 2030.
• Priority Sectors: Electric vehicles (EV), renewable energy, and clean energy.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

BUDDHIST EXCAVATIONS IN RAJAGHATTA

NEWS - Ancient Buddhist settlement remnants were unearthed in Rajaghatta, about
50 km from Bengaluru, northeast of Doddaballapur, two decades ago. The Maha Bodhi
Society (MBS) is urging relevant state and central bodies to protect the site and resume
excavation.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Discoveries from 2000-2004
Excavations: Brick foundations
of a Mahayana Buddhist
monastery + Structures
including a chaityālaya (prayer
hall), vihāra (monastery), and
prākāra (enclosure wall) +
Artifacts such as votive stupas
in clay, a clay medallion with a
seated Buddha, a sacred relic
in the form of a tiny terracotta
flower, stone hubs of prayer
wheels, and a terracotta
figurine of Ganesha.
• Some artifacts are housed at
the University of Mysuru.
• The fertile land used for
farming and a road passing
through the area were primary
reasons for halting the initial
excavation.
• Despite these challenges, Prof.
Murthy believes further
excavation can uncover important Buddhist links to Karnataka.
• The department is open to the proposal but needs to collaborate with ASI and the
experts involved in the initial project.

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• MBS highlighted that uncovered artifacts are not adequately preserved
and remaining portions of the site are at risk of destruction.
• The archaeological importance of Rajaghatta has been demonstrated through
artifacts discovered over decades, including jewelry, stupas, and clay tablets.
• MBS urges the government to develop Rajaghatta as a heritage site for responsible
tourism, ensuring the protection and appreciation of its historical significance.

BHIMA PULSE
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

NEWS - The Karnataka State Pulses Development Board is expanding its operations for
the 'Bhima Pulse' brand of tur dal with focus on establishing own processing units in
Kalaburagi.
HIGHLIGHTS
Objectives and Targets
• Target: Sell 900 metric tonnes (MT) of tur dal at competitive prices nationwide this
year.
• Previous Year: Sold only 18 tonnes of tur dal under the Bhima Pulse brand.
Infrastructure Development
• Construction of processing infrastructure nearing completion at Kotnur (D) village.
• Aim to protect farmers from price fluctuations and middlemen.
Product and Pricing Strategy
• Introduction of 2-kg, 5-kg, and 30-kg packets in addition to the current 1-kg
packets.
• Competitive pricing to challenge private brands.
• Expected selling price: Rs 200 per kg post-infrastructure completion, compared to
Rs 260-280 per kg for private brands.
Market Conditions
• Current retail prices: Rs 180-200 per kg due to crop losses from drought, floods,
and disease.
• Prices were around Rs 110 per kg two years ago.
• Tur dal's unique qualities: Rich in calcium and potassium, high nutritional value,
and unique taste.
Farmer and Consumer Benefits
• Direct purchase to ensure fair prices for farmers.
• Elimination of middlemen to save costs for both farmers and consumers.
• Immediate payment for farmers to encourage large-scale sales to the board.
Agricultural Expansion
• Significant increase in tur dal cultivation in Kalaburagi:
o From around two lakh hectares to over six lakh hectares in the past 15 years.
o Current year's target: Sowing tur dal in 6 lakh hectares out of 8.69 lakh
hectares.
o Estimated production: 5.5 lakh MT.
Future Plans and Benefits
• Plan to process at least one MT of tur dal per hour once the unit is operational.

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• Use of farmer producer organizations for large-scale crop purchases.
• Goal: Provide better rates to farmers and consumers, popularize the
Kalaburagi brand.

STUDY OF ANGANWADIS IN KARNATAKA

NEWS - A recent study by Ensuring Social Protection evaluated 315 anganwadis across
five districts in Karnataka: Bengaluru Urban, Haveri, Raichur, Uttara Kannada, and
Vijayapura. The study, conducted between March 5 and April 5, aimed to assess the
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

infrastructure facilities, including toilets and water supply, and the effectiveness of
schemes run through these centres.
KEY FINDINGS
1. Toilet Facilities
o Functional Toilets with Water Supply: Only 46% of anganwadis had functional
toilets with regular water supply.
o Functional Toilets without Water Supply: 21% of anganwadis had functional
toilets but without a water supply.
o No Functional Toilets: 33% of the centres lacked functional toilets altogether.
2. Water Supply and Filtration
o Functional Water Filters: Only 18.7% of anganwadis had functional water filters for
drinking water.
o Sources of Drinking Water:
▪ Public Water Supply: 64.5% of the centres relied on public water supply.
▪ Public Water Filters: 22.3% used public water filters.
▪ Home Supply: In three centres (two in Uttara Kannada and one in
Vijayapura), children brought drinking water from their homes.
3. Geographical Disparities
o Bengaluru Urban: All centres had functional toilets with water supply.
o Uttara Kannada: 35 centres had functional toilets with water supply.
o Vijayapura: No functional toilets were found.
o Bengaluru Urban and Uttara Kannada: Demonstrated relatively better
infrastructure compared to other districts.
o Vijayapura: Lagged significantly, lacking functional toilets and water filtration
systems.
4. Supplementary Programs
o The study also assessed supplementary nutrition programs, pre-school education,
growth monitoring, and management of malnutrition.
o Comparison was made with the 'Poshan Tracker', a Union government mobile-
based nutrition surveillance system.
ANALYSIS
1. Infrastructure Deficiencies
o The findings reveal significant infrastructure challenges within the anganwadi
system, particularly regarding sanitation and water facilities.

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o The lack of functional toilets and water filters compromises hygiene and
health, affecting the effectiveness of supplementary nutrition programs
and overall child welfare.
2. Geographical Disparities
o There is a stark contrast in infrastructure between districts, indicating uneven
resource allocation and support.
o Bengaluru Urban and Uttara Kannada show relatively better facilities, while
districts like Vijayapura are struggling, suggesting a need for targeted
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

interventions.
3. Impact on Child Welfare
o Inadequate sanitation and water supply can impact the health and well-being of
children, potentially leading to increased incidences of waterborne diseases and
malnutrition.
o The reliance on public water supply and filters, and in some cases, home supply,
highlights a gap in ensuring consistent and safe drinking water at all anganwadis.
4. Policy Implications
o The study underscores the need for improved infrastructure and more equitable
distribution of resources across districts.
o Enhanced monitoring and support for anganwadis, particularly in under-resourced
areas, are crucial to ensure that all centres meet basic hygiene and health
standards.
5. Recommendations
o Infrastructure Improvement: Upgrade toilet facilities and ensure a reliable water
supply and filtration system at all anganwadis.
o Focused Support: Provide targeted support to districts like Vijayapura to address
specific deficiencies and improve infrastructure.
o Enhanced Monitoring: Strengthen the monitoring of sanitation and water facilities
as part of broader health and nutrition programs.
CONCLUSION
The study highlights critical gaps in infrastructure at anganwadis, particularly
concerning sanitation and water supply. Addressing these issues is essential for
improving the effectiveness of health and nutrition programs and ensuring better
outcomes for children in Karnataka.

BRUHAT BENGALURU MAHANAGARA PALIKE (BBMP) ESTATE

NEWS – Karnataka State government has issued a draft notification for the Bruhat
Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) Estate Management Rules 2024.
KEY PROVISIONS
Lease Restrictions
• Maximum Lease Period: 30 years for BBMP immovable properties
• Authority Levels for Leasing:
o Chief Commissioner: Up to 5 years, with prior approval from the relevant
standing committee

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Council Approval: Required for leases between 5 to 15 years
o Government Sanction: Needed for leases between 15 to 30 years
• Elimination of Long Leases: Prevention of excessively long leases (e.g., 99-year
leases)
Sale Restrictions
• Permitted Sales: Only to government departments, public sector undertakings,
and government-owned organizations
• Prohibited Sales: No sales to private individuals, institutions, or companies
• Approval Requirement: Prior approval from the Government of Karnataka for all
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

sales
Allocation for Disadvantaged Groups
• Reserved Shop Allocations:
o Scheduled Castes (SC): 17%
o Scheduled Tribes (ST): 7%
o Persons with Disabilities: 2% (with at least 40% disability)
• Execution Method: Open auction
Goals
• Streamlined Property Management: Ensuring better utilization and protection of
public assets
• Support for Disadvantaged Communities: Addressing needs through reserved
allocations

ELEVATE PROGRAM
NEWS - Karnataka Government Offers Rs 60 Crore to 263 Startups Under ELEVATE
Program
HIGHLIGHTS
• Bengaluru Startup Scene
o $70.1 billion raised since 2010.
o 45 unicorns identified.
ELEVATE Program Support
• Funding
o Rs 60 crore allocated to 263 startups.
o Total support from Department of Electronics, IT, Bt: Rs 224.06 crores to 983
startups.
• Objectives
o Idea2PoC Grant-In-Aid Scheme.
o Grants up to Rs 50 lakhs provided.
o Focus on women entrepreneurs and deep tech solutions.
• Beyond Bengaluru Initiative
o 35% of awarded startups are from outside Bengaluru.
o Karnataka Digital Economy Mission (KDEM) and Beyond Bengaluru initiative
aim to develop IT hubs across the state.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Program Details
• Purpose
o Support top innovative startups in Karnataka.
o Assist in scaling up products or solutions.
• Key Features
o No equity taken for grant.
o One-time grant up to Rs 50 lakhs.
o Focus on prototype development, market development, and scaling up.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Access to mentors, networking, incubation facilities, and training on

accounting, legal, and emerging technologies.
• Evaluation Process
o Rigorous and thorough selection process.
o Government facilitates interaction between industry experts and
entrepreneurs.
o Evaluation by a panel of 3 jury members from industry associations.
• Application
o Innovative startup ideas can be pitched.
o Top pitches receive government-aided support for scaling up.

LANGUAGE LAB AND FINISHING SCHOOL

NEWS - Bangalore University Starts Language Lab and Finishing School
HIGHLIGHTS
Objective
• To enhance employability of students from rural areas and Kannada medium
backgrounds.
• To provide training in English communication, computer skills, and other related
competencies.
Facilities
1. Language Lab
o Focus: English communication.
o Training: Basics for beginners and advanced courses for intermediate
learners.
o Method: Regular tests to assess and improve proficiency.
2. Finishing School
o Focus: Computer skills and other employability skills.
o Training Includes:
▪ Problem-solving
▪ Creative thinking
▪ Competitive exam preparation
▪ Interview techniques
▪ Professional communication (e-mail, company operations)
Why This Initiative
• Context: Many students are from rural areas with a Kannada medium background.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Challenge: Limited government jobs and increasing private sector demand
for English and other skills.
Training Approach
• Language Lab: Assess and train students based on their English proficiency level.
Regular classes and tests to ensure fluency.
• Finishing School: Offers comprehensive training in various skills essential for the
job market.
Benefits
• Free Training: Programs are provided at no cost.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Quality: Training is conducted by experienced faculty.

• Goal: To equip students with skills for better job prospects in the private sector.

BBMP ONE-TIME SETTLEMENT SCHEME

NEWS - One-Time Settlement Scheme Boosts Property Tax Collection
HIGHLIGHTS
Scheme Overview:
• Implementation: The One-Time Settlement (OTS) scheme allows property owners
to pay dues without penalties.
• Utilization: 1.07 lakh property owners have used the scheme, paying ₹184.77 crore
till July 29.
Impact on Defaulters:
• Decrease in Defaulters: From April 1 to July 29, there has been a notable decline
in property tax defaulters.
• Scheme Effectiveness: The decline is attributed to the effectiveness of the OTS
scheme.
Current Status:
• Scheme Deadline: The OTS scheme ends on Wednesday, with the window
available until 9 p.m. on July 31.
Post-Scheme Measures:
• Penalties and Interest: Starting August 1, defaulters will face a 100% penalty and
interest rates of 9% to 15% on arrears.
• Example: A ₹10,000 tax arrear would incur a penalty of ₹20,000 plus interest.
New Policy:
• Amendments: The BBMP Act was amended, introducing a new tax policy from
August 1.
• Enforcement: Property owners will receive three notices before actions such as
property confiscation or auction.
BBMP's Position:
• Revenue Collection: BBMP Commissioner Tushar Girinath stresses the importance
of meeting the deadline to avoid severe penalties and enhance revenue collection.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
SECTION 2: MAHITI FOR PRELIMS
(National and International issues)
POLITY AND GOVERNANCE
NEW CRIMINAL CODES
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

NEWS - Three new criminal codes will come into force

HIGHLIGHTS
Replacement of Old Laws:
• Indian Penal Code (IPC) → Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS)
• Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) → Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)
• Indian Evidence Act → Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)
Transition Period:
Cases registered
till June 30 will
follow old laws,
while those from
July 1 will follow
new laws.
Dual Procedures
• Evidence
Collection:
Police need to
adhere to both
old and new procedures based on the date of case registration.
• Panchnama Process: Requires detailed videographing and documentation in
presence of witnesses (panchas).
Challenges for Police - Dealing with Both Laws
• Mixed Procedures: Handling cases with both old and new laws is complex.
• Investigator Familiarity: Transition period requires police to be adept in both sets
of laws.
Interpretation Variability
• Court Expectations: Different interpretations by magistrates.
• Training and Adaptation: Time needed for investigators to familiarize with new
legal requirements.
Procedural Compliance
• New Procedures: Adhering strictly to new protocols is critical.
• Defense Loopholes: Missing mandated procedures can weaken cases.
Panchnama and Evidence Collection
• Comprehensive Process: Extensive panchnama and evidence collection.
• Videographing: Entire process needs to be recorded digitally.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Digital Records: Maintaining and submitting digital records to court.
Concerns
• Device Integrity: Risk of corrupted digital records in high-profile cases.
• Cumbersome Process: Continuous videographing is labor-intensive.
• Budget Constraints: Financial challenges in implementing new procedures.
Training Programs
• Focused Training: Intensive training for police over four months.
• Phase-wise Training: Senior officers trained first, followed by master trainers for
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

others.
Implementation
• Online Training: Programs for all ranks from constable to SP.
• Weekly Roll Call: Regular training sessions.
• Awareness Boards: Major changes displayed at police stations.

E-OFFICE
NEWS - Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Announces e-Office
Rollout to 133 Offices
E-OFFICE PLATFORM
Overview:
• Aims to streamline operations and enhance efficiency across 133 identified offices.
• Spearheaded by the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions.
Implementation: Implemented by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), serving as
the knowledge partner.
Key Components:
1. File Management System (eFile):
o Workflow-based system enhancing electronic handling of files.
o Improves efficiency over traditional manual methods.
2. Knowledge Management System (KMS):
o Central repository for organization documents.
o Enables creation, management, and version tracking of electronic
documents.
3. Work from Anywhere (WAW) Portal:
o Gateway for virtual office operations.
o Enables secure access to office functions from any location.
4. Smart Performance Appraisal Report Recording Online Window (SPARROW):
o Web-based application for processing Annual Performance Appraisal
Reports (APAR).
o Allows employees to submit, review, and manage APAR electronically

WWW.NAMMAKPSC.COM
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 MAHITHI JULY-2024

POLICY AND SCHEMES

NIRMAN PORTAL
NEWS – Union government launches NIRMAN Portal
HIGHLIGHTS
Scheme Details
• Objective: Support for UPSC aspirants.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Support Amount: Rs 1,00,000/- (Rupees One Lakh).

• Eligibility:
o Qualified UPSC Preliminary round (Civil Services & Forest Service) in
2024.
o Annual family income less than Rs 8 lakhs.
o Belonging to Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, female, or third gender.
o Permanent residents of any of the 39 operational districts of Coal India
Limited (CIL).
Key Features
• CSR Initiative: By Coal India Limited (CIL) under "Mission Karmayogi".
• Application Process: Entirely through a dedicated portal.
• Transparency: Ensures full transparency and seamless screening of applications.
• Alignment: With the vision of "Digital India" and "Mission Karmayogi" by Prime
Minister Narendra
Modi.
Social Responsibility
• CIL's Role:
o Backbone of the
country's energy
security.
o Significant role
as a Socially
Responsible
Corporate (CSR).
• Initiatives:
o Helping
deserving and
underprivileged
students from
coal-bearing
areas.
o Supporting
admissions into nationally reputed professional institutes.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
SMART CITIES MISSION (SCM)
NEWS - The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) under the Union Urban Development Ministry
has been extended until March 31, 2025, aiming to further develop 100 cities across
India.
HIGHLIGHTS
Mission Overview: Launched in June 2015, SCM selects cities through a competitive
process to transform them into smart cities, fostering sustainable and inclusive
development.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Project Scope: Over 8,000 multi-sectoral projects are underway with an estimated
investment of ₹1.6 lakh crore, focusing on infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of
life enhancements.
Project Progress: As of July 3, 2024, the 100 selected cities have completed 7,188
projects, constituting 90% of the total planned projects under the SCM.
Objectives of SCM: The mission aims to provide core infrastructure, clean
environments, and apply smart solutions to improve citizens' quality of life in urban
areas.
Components of SCM:
• Area-based Development: Includes redevelopment, retrofitting, and greenfield
projects to enhance urban infrastructure and amenities.
• Pan-City Solutions: Implementation of ICT solutions across sectors like e-
governance, waste management, water management, and urban mobility.
Governance Structure: SCM operates through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) to
streamline implementation and ensure effective management under a new
governance model.
Funding and Partnerships: Originally envisaged with a Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
approach, the SCM seeks to leverage private investments for sustainable urban
development.
Current Status: Initially planned for completion by 2020, SCM has faced extensions,
with the current deadline set for March 31, 2025, to achieve comprehensive urban
transformation.

‘SAMPOORNATA ABHIYAN’
NEWS - NITI Aayog to Launch ‘Sampoornata
Abhiyan’
HIGHLIGHTS
• Duration: 4th July – 30th September 2024
• Objective: Achieve saturation in 6 key
indicators in Aspirational Districts and
Aspirational Blocks across India
Focus Areas
1. Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP): 112 districts
2. Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP): 500 blocks

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Aspirational Blocks
1. Health and Nutrition
o Percentage of pregnant women registered for Antenatal Care (ANC) within
the first trimester
o Percentage of persons screened for Diabetes against the targeted population
o Percentage of persons screened for Hypertension against the targeted
population
o Percentage of pregnant women taking Supplementary Nutrition under the
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

ICDS Programme regularly

2. Agriculture: Percentage of Soil Health Cards generated against the soil sample
collection target
3. Financial Inclusion
o Percentage of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) that have received a Revolving Fund
against the total SHGs in the block
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) in Aspirational Districts
1. Health and Nutrition
o Percentage of pregnant women registered for Antenatal Care (ANC) within
the first trimester
o Percentage of pregnant women taking Supplementary Nutrition under the
ICDS Programme regularly
o Percentage of children fully immunized (9-11 months)
(BCG+DPT3+OPV3+Measles 1)
2. Agriculture: Number of Soil Health Cards distributed
3. Education
o Percentage of schools with functional electricity at the secondary level
o Percentage of schools providing textbooks to children within 1 month of the
start of the academic session
Implementation Strategy
• Action Plan: Districts/Blocks to develop a 3-month plan to saturate the six
indicators
• Monitoring: Monthly tracking of progress on saturation
• Campaigns: Conduct awareness and behavior change campaigns
• Field Visits: District officials to conduct concurrent monitoring visits
Collaboration and Support
• Stakeholders: NITI Aayog, Central Ministries, State Governments, and Union
Territories
• Focus Areas: Improved planning and implementation, capacity building, and
sustainable service delivery
Background: Aspirational Districts and Blocks Programme
• Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)
o Launched in 2018
o Focus: Speedy development of backward and remote areas
o Impact: Measurable improvements in key indicators

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)
o Launched in 2023 by the Hon’ble PM
o Focus: Saturation of essential government services in multiple domains
(health, nutrition, education, drinking water, sanitation, agriculture, water
resources, financial inclusion, basic infrastructure)

SEHER PROGRAM: EMPOWERING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

NEWS - Women Entrepreneurship Platform and TransUnion CIBIL Partner to Launch
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

SEHER Program to Empower Women Entrepreneurs

HIGHLIGHTS
• Launch Date: 05 July 2024
• Partners: Women Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and TransUnion CIBIL
• Objective: Increase financial awareness among women entrepreneurs in India and
aid in accessing and managing credit.
Background
• India's MSMEs:
o Total: 63 million enterprises
o Women-Owned: 20%
o Employment: 27 million people
• Potential Impact:
o New Women-Owned Enterprises: 30 million
o Job Creation: 150-170 million
Objectives and Features
Objectives
• Empower women entrepreneurs with financial literacy and business skills.
• Provide access to financial tools for business growth and employment creation.
Features
• Financial Literacy: Educational content on financial management.
• Credit Awareness: Understanding of CIBIL Rank and commercial credit report.
• Support Pillars:
o Entrepreneurship promotion
o Access to finance
o Market linkages
o Training and skills development
o Mentoring and networking
o Business development services
Current Statistics and Insights
• Women-Owned Enterprises:
o Greater share in rural areas (22.24%) than urban areas (18.42%).
• Loan Demand:
o 3.9X growth in business loan demand by women (FY 2019 – FY 2024).
o 10% growth in the number of women borrowers holding business loans.
o 38% of 1.5 crore business loan borrowers in March 2024 were women.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o 35% CAGR in portfolio balance for business loans by women
borrowers (March 2019 to March 2024).
• Other Loan Products:
o Consistent 28% share of women borrowers in agri-business loans,
commercial vehicle, and equipment loans.
Program Goals
• Empower women entrepreneurs with financial tools and literacy.
• Promote credit education and build good credit history and CIBIL score.
• Facilitate easier and faster access to finance.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

ABOUT WEP AND TRANSUNION CIBIL

WEP
• Inception: 2018 at NITI Aayog, transitioned to public-private partnership in 2022.
• Mission: Support women entrepreneurs by providing a comprehensive ecosystem.
• Pillars: Entrepreneurship promotion, access to finance, market linkages, training
and skilling, mentoring and networking, and business development services.
TransUnion CIBIL
• Role: Provides actionable information and insights to foster trust in the economy.
• Customers: Banks, financial institutions, NBFCs, housing finance companies,
microfinance companies, insurance firms, MSMEs, corporate and individual
consumers.
• Mission: Create economic opportunities and personal empowerment through
financial solutions

DIGITAL BHARAT NIDHI

NEWS - The Department of Telecommunication released draft rules for the
administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) for a 30-day public consultation
HIGHLIGHTS
• DBN replaced the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF) through the
Telecommunications Act, 2023, which was passed by Parliament and received
presidential assent in December.
Establishment and Purpose
• The USOF was established to provide telecom services in remote and rural areas at
affordable prices through a universal access levy.
• Sections 24 to 26 of the Telecommunications Act, which renamed the USOF as DBN
and defined its funding, came into effect on June 26, 2023.
Funding and Administration
• Section 25: Payments received for DBN will first be credited to the Consolidated
Fund of India and then transferred to the DBN by the central government (upon
parliamentary approval).
• Funds are designated exclusively to:
o Provide access to telecommunication services in underserved rural, remote,
and urban areas.
o Support pilot projects and consultancy assistance.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Support research and development.
o Support the introduction of new telecom services, technologies, and
products.
Proposed Rule Changes
• The proposed rules aim to replace rules 523 to 527 of the Indian Telegraph Rules,
1951, which governed USOF operations.
• New rules will not override existing arrangements until their expiry.
Administrative Structure
• The central government will appoint an "administrator" of the DBN.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• The administrator will select "DBN implementers" through bidding or invitation of

applications from eligible persons.
• DBN implementers, upon receiving funding, must offer services to underserved
areas in an open and non-discriminatory manner and comply with instructions
from the DBN administrator.
Selection and Implementation
• DBN implementers will be selected through bidding to improve access to
established telecom services in underserved areas, similar to USOF rules.
• A new provision allows for selection through application for research and
development of new or emerging telecom technologies.
Administrator's Powers
• The administrator will have the authority to:
o Formulate bidding and application procedures.
o Disburse funds.
o Specify terms related to assets created through DBN funds.
Key Omissions in New Rules
• Definitions of financial terms such as “capital recovery”, “net cost”, and “revenue”
have been removed.
• Definitions of technical terms like “village public telephone”, “secondary switching
area”, and “broadband
connectivity” have been omitted.

NABARD INTEGRATED
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME
NEWS - NABARD initiates its first
programme in Kollam with an
integrated tribal development
programme in Kulathupuzha grama
panchayat
HIGHLIGHTS
• Implementing Agency: Thanal,
an environment organisation, will

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
oversee the project aiming to uplift livelihoods of 413 tribal families over
five years.
• Objectives: Focuses on sustainable livelihoods and agricultural enhancement
through crops like pepper, arecanut, coconut, ginger, turmeric, and plantain,
alongside goat rearing, poultry, beekeeping, fish farming, and fodder production.
• Components: Includes water resource development, leadership training,
awareness campaigns, sanitation and hygiene initiatives, marketing and branding
workshops, and skill development.
•
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Economic Empowerment: Plans to establish a Tribal Farmer Producer Company

(FPO) to enhance community economic empowerment.
• Previous Success: Earlier collaborations between Thanal and NABARD supported
sustainable development across five villages in Ranni taluk, Pathanamthitta,
benefiting 429 families through animal husbandry and skill development programs

RIGHT TO REPAIR PORTAL

NEWS - The Central government of India has urged automobile companies to join the
unified Right to Repair Portal.
ABOUT RIGHT TO REPAIR PORTAL:
• Launched by the Union Ministry of Consumer Affairs on National Consumer
Rights Day 2022.
• Aims to provide consumers with repair information to reduce e-waste.
FEATURES:
• Focuses on the circular economy by promoting repair and reuse over disposal.
• Integrates information from sectors like automobiles, consumer durables,
electronics, and farming equipment.
• Provides public access to product details, warranties, terms, and conditions.
• Offers affordable repair options for mobile phones, appliances, and electronic
devices by OEMs or third-party repairers.
• Supports consumer self-repair and lists authorized and third-party repairers.
• Benefits small repair shops by providing a directory of authorized third-party
repairs.
• Enables consumer feedback submission on products and services.

REVAMPED SKILL LOAN SCHEME

NEWS - Government Launches Revamped Skill Loan Scheme
HIGHLIGHTS
Key Updates
• Loan Limit: Increased from Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 7.5 lakh.
• Purpose: To facilitate loans for skill development courses.
Background
• Previous Scheme: Launched in 2015, recorded low uptake.
• Issues: Limited loan amount and high course fees.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
New Features
• Expanded Coverage: Access to more skill courses, including non-NSQF
aligned courses.
• New Lending Institutions:
o Non-banking
financial
companies (NBFCs)
o NBFC-MFIs (Micro-
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

finance
institutions)
o Small finance
banks
Financial Details
• Previous Loans: Rs 115.75
crore extended to 10,077
borrowers until March 31.
• Increased Utilisation:
Revised scheme expected to
broaden lending framework.
Implementation
• Platform: Skill India Digital Hub will include non-NSQF courses.
• Goal: Improve access and support for skill development in India.

SOCIAL ISSUES
PROJECT PARI (PUBLIC ART OF INDIA)
NEWS - Ministry of Culture as the context of 46th Session of the World Heritage
Committee Meeting in New Delhi (21st-31st July 2024) has launched Project PARI
HIGHLIGHTS
• Participants: Over 150 visual artists invited by Lalit Kala Akademi from across India.
• Objective: Enhance Delhi's aesthetic and cultural landscape, enriching its historical
legacy.
Artistic Vision:
• Focus: Blend millennia of artistic heritage with modern themes and techniques.
• Mediums: Includes traditional art forms, sculptures, murals, and installations.
• Representation: Showcases diverse Indian art styles like Phad, Thangka, Gond,
Tanjore, and more.
Cultural Impact:
• Public Accessibility: Transforms urban spaces into accessible galleries, promoting
cultural democratization.
• Social Cohesion: Enhances shared cultural identity and societal integration through
artistic engagement.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Special Themes:
• Inspiration: Draws from World Heritage Sites and themes like
Natyashastra, Gandhiji, and Indian toys.
• Women Participation: Highlights significant involvement of women artists,
showcasing Bharat’s NARI SHAKTI.

UNION GOVT INITATIVES ON LANGUAGES

NEWS – Recently union government unveiled 2 initiatives on Languages
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

ASMITA
• Name: ASMITA (Augmenting Study Materials in Indian Languages through
Translation and Academic Writing)
• Objective: To produce 22,000 books in Indian languages over the next five years
• Organized By: Ministry of Education and University Grants Commission (UGC)
Primary Goals:
• Promote and integrate Indian languages into the education system
• Enrich the learning experience and make it more inclusive
• Enhance accessibility and quality of educational materials across various Indian
languages
Project Implementation:
• Nodal Universities: Thirteen nodal universities identified to lead the project
• Member Universities: Universities from various regions will collaborate
• Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): Includes identification of nodal officers,
authors, title allocation, writing and editing, manuscript submission, review and
plagiarism check, finalisation, designing, proof-reading, and e-publication
BAHUBHASHA SHABDAKOSH INITIATIVE
Overview:
• Purpose: A single-point reference for words in all Indian languages and their
meanings
• Developed By: Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL) in collaboration with
Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti
• Applications: Helps use Bharatiya words, phrases, and sentences in domains like
IT, industry, research, and education
Impact:
• Aims to preserve and promote India's language traditions
• Supports learners in their academic pursuits

MASHCO PIRO TRIBE

NEWS - Rare photographs of the Mashco Piro, an uncontacted Indigenous tribe
residing in the remote Peruvian Amazon, were published recently.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Largest Uncontacted Tribe: The Mashco Piro are believed to be the largest
uncontacted tribe on Earth, with a population exceeding 750 individuals.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Location: They inhabit the Amazon jungles of the Madre de Dios Region,
near the border of Peru with Brazil and Bolivia.
• Historical Context: The tribe is thought to have retreated into the jungle during the
Amazon Rubber Boom in the late 1800s, a period marked by significant exploitation
and violence against indigenous tribes.
• Current Habitat: They live along the
banks of the Las Piedras River in the
Alto Purús National Park. During the
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

rainy season, they move to huts

constructed in the rainforest.
• Dialect: The Mashco Piro speak a
dialect of the Piro language, which is
part of their cultural identity and
communication.
• Clothing:
o Minimal Attire: Members of the tribe typically wear very little clothing.
o Traditional Wear: Both men and women wear a yellowish-brown cloth
above the waist and may have matching arm and leg bands.
• Physical Characteristics:
o Stature and Build: They have a medium stature and an athletic build.
o Hair: All tribe members have straight black hair, usually worn shoulder-
length or longer.
• Hunting and Tools:
o Weapons: Men are observed carrying bows and arrows, and possibly
spears, which they likely use for hunting.
• Contact Restrictions: The Peruvian government has imposed a ban on contact with
the Mashco Piro to prevent the spread of diseases to which the tribe has no
immunity.

EQUIVALENCE IN SCHOOL BOARDS

NEWS - PARAKH, under NCERT, has submitted an 'equivalence' report to the Ministry
of Education. The report aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming
to standardize academic standards across various school boards.
HIGHLIGHTS
Understanding Equivalence
• Current Diversity: India has 69 school boards with varied curricula, exams, and
structures.
• Objective: The goal is to ensure uniform benchmarks without imposing complete
uniformity, providing a standardized educational experience across different
boards.
Key Recommendations
• Assessment Integration: Final Class 12 results will include 15% from Class 9, 20%
from Class 10, 25% from Class 11, and 40% from Class 12.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Credits System: Introduce credits for subjects, online courses, and holistic
activities. Progress cards will include self-evaluations, teacher
assessments, and peer feedback.
• Professional Paper Setters: Establish a cadre of trained teachers for preparing
standardized question papers.
• Question Banks and Blueprints: Develop question banks and blueprints for Class
9, 10, 11, and 12 exams.
Administrative Recommendations
• Affiliation Guidelines: Finalize school affiliation conditions and conduct periodic
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

reviews. Limit affiliation to a maximum of three years.

• Anti-Cheating Measures: Implement mechanisms to prevent cheating and handle
exam papers securely.
Curriculum and Infrastructure
• Digital Literacy: Incorporate coding, cybersecurity, and adhere to the National
Curriculum Framework.
• Basic Infrastructure: Ensure availability of essential facilities like toilets, internet,
libraries, labs, and accessibility features.
Implementation and Next Steps
• Assessment and Meetings: 32 boards were assessed, and recommendations were
developed. Further meetings with state boards and preparation of roadmaps for
achieving benchmarks are planned.
• Challenges: Implementing equivalence is complex and slow, requiring boards to
adopt proposed changes.
PARAKH
• PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic
Development) aims to end the emphasis on rote learning as per the National
Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• It will set norms, standards, and guidelines for student assessment and evaluation
across all recognized school boards in India.
• PARAKH will encourage school boards to align assessment patterns with the 21st-
century skill requirements.
ECONOMY
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREPAREDNESS INDEX (AIPI)
NEWS - The IMF released an AIPI Dashboard tracking 174 economies globally for AI
readiness. Countries categorized into Advanced Economies (AE), Emerging Market
Economies (EM), and Low-Income Countries (LIC).
HIGHLIGHTS
Top Performing Countries
• Advanced Economies (AE)
o Singapore (0.80)
o Denmark (0.78)

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o United States (0.77)
• Emerging Market Economies (EM)
o India (0.49, ranked 72 out of 174)
o China (0.63, ranked 31)
o Sri Lanka (0.43, ranked 92)
Key Areas of Assessment
• Digital infrastructure
• Human capital and labour market policies
• Innovation and economic integration
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Regulation
Impact of AI on Jobs
• AI could potentially impact 33% of jobs in Advanced Economies, 24% in Emerging
Market Economies, and 18% in Low-Income Countries.
• It presents opportunities to enhance productivity and create new jobs and
industries.
Inequality Concerns
• AI is likely to worsen overall inequality globally.
• Policymakers urged to design policies that ensure AI's benefits are broadly
distributed.

NEXUS
NEWS - The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and ASEAN countries have decided to create a
platform to facilitate instant cross-border retail payments. Nexus, conceptualised by
the Innovation Hub of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), aims to connect
FPSs of four ASEAN countries (Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand); and
India, who would be the founding members and first mover countries of this platform
HIGHLIGHTS
Concept:
• Standardises the way Instant Payment Systems (IPS) connect globally.
• Initiated by the Innovation Hub of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
Objective:
• Enhance cross-border payments.
• Connect multiple domestic instant payment systems (IPS) globally.
• Enable instant cross-border retail payments.
Collaboration:
• Reserve Bank of India (RBI) joined the multilateral initiative.
• Linking India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) with FPSs of Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Benefits:
• Promotes international reach of Indian payment systems.
• Facilitates Person to Person (P2P) and Person to Merchant (P2M) cross-border
payments.
• Multilateral approach offers a broader connectivity beyond bilateral agreements

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Single connection reaches all other countries on the network.
• Cross-border payments completed within 60 seconds. Near-zero cost for
senders and recipients.
Participating Countries
• Founding Members:
o India
o Malaysia
o Philippines
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Singapore
o Thailand
• Future Expansion:
o Indonesia to join the platform.

FINANCIAL INCLUSION INDEX (FI-INDEX)

NEWS –The Reserve Bank’s FI-Index rose to 64.2 in March 2024, showing growth
across all parameters
HIGHLIGHTS
• About: Developed by
RBI in 2021, it covers
banking, investments,
insurance, postal, and
pension sectors without
a base year. Published
annually in July.
• Aim: Measures financial
inclusion nationwide,
evaluating access,
availability, usage, and
service quality through
97 indicators.
• Parameters: Ranges
from 0 (complete
exclusion) to 100 (full
inclusion), based on
Access (35%), Usage
(45%), and Quality (20%).
• Significance:
o Measures inclusion level and aids policy-making.
o Used in development indicators and meets G20 Financial Inclusion
Indicators.
o Facilitates research on financial inclusion's impact.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Financial Inclusion Definition: Ensures vulnerable groups like weaker and
low-income sections access financial services and credit affordably.
Transaction accounts are crucial for broader financial access in India's
development.

NATIONAL BANK FOR FINANCING INFRASTRUCTURE AND

DEVELOPMENT (NABFID)
NEWS - The government aims to increase NaBFID's capital base to ₹1 trillion through
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

support from banks.

HIGHLIGHTS
About NaBFID:
• Establishment: Set up in 2021 by the National Bank for Financing Infrastructure
and Development Act, 2021.
• Nature: Specialized Development Finance Institution (DFI) in India.
• Objectives: Address gaps in long-term non-recourse finance for infrastructure
development + Strengthen the development of bonds and derivatives markets in
India + Sustainably boost India's economy.
• Regulation: Regulated and supervised by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as an All-
India Financial Institution (AIFI).
• Purpose: Dedicated to addressing the long-term financing needs of India's
infrastructure sector.
Development Finance Institution (DFI):
• Definition:
o Organizations owned by the government or public institutions to provide
funds for infrastructure and large-scale projects.
• Funding Types:
o Medium-term funds (1-5 years).
o Long-term funds (> 5 years).

INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR AUDIT OF LOCAL GOVERNANCE (ICAL)

NEWS - International Centre for Audit of Local Governance (iCAL) was inaugurated by
the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India in Rajkot.
HIGHLIGHTS
Purpose
• Collaborative Platform: For policymakers, administrators, and auditors linked with
local governments.
• Enhanced Independence: Aims to improve auditors' independence for better
financial performance assessment, service delivery, and data reporting.
• Centre of Excellence: Focuses on capacity building for local government auditors.
Objectives
• Develop Standards: Enhance standards for Local Government Audits.
• Strengthen Reporting: Improve data collection and reporting.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Training Programs: Provide comprehensive training and leadership
development for auditors, executives, and elected representatives.
Importance
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Emphasizes the role of Local
Governments in achieving SDGs by fostering grassroots engagement and
enhancing citizen ownership and accountability.

GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT

BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

SPECIES IN INDIA
NEWS - India discovered 641 new fauna species and 339 taxa of plants in 2023
HIGHLIGHTS
Fauna Discoveries
• Total Fauna Species Added: 641 - New to Science: 442 + Newly Recorded in India:
199
• Significant Animal Discoveries:
o Capra himalayensis: A distinct species of Himalayan Ibex found in Jammu and
Kashmir, Ladakh, and Himachal Pradesh.
o Miniopterus srinii: A new species of bent-winged bat discovered in Kodagu district,
Karnataka.
• Geographical Distribution:
o Southern India: Most new discoveries.
o Kerala: 101 additions (74 new species, 27 new records).
o West Bengal: 72 new species.
o Tamil Nadu: 64 new species.
• Categories:
o Invertebrates: 564 new species.
o Vertebrates: 77 new species (majority were fish species).
Plant Discoveries
• Total Plant Taxa Added: 339
o New to Science: 171
o New to Distributional Records: 168
• Notable Plant Discoveries:
o Curcuma kakchingense: A new species of turmeric discovered in Kakching,
Manipur.
o Asystasia venui: A flowering plant discovered in the Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose
Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal.
• Geographical Distribution:
o West Bengal: Highest number of new plant discoveries with 52 new taxa.
o Kerala and Uttarakhand: Followed in plant discoveries.
Fauna of India Checklist Portal:
o First of its kind portal launched.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Contains 121 checklists of all known taxa, covering 36 phyla.
o Information on 1,04,561 animal species distributed across India.
o Includes endemic, threatened, and scheduled species.

PENCH TIGER RESERVE

NEWS - Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra launches an advanced AI system for early
detection of forest fires.
The system integrates a high-resolution PTZ camera with a 15 km visual range,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

covering over 350 sq km of the reserve.

Installed on a tower near Kirringisarra village, the system operates from a control room
in the West Pench range office, Kolitmara.
HIGHLIGHTS
Technological Features:
• AI Platform - Pantera:
o Differentiates between smoke and clouds, minimizing false alarms.
o Infrared capabilities for 24x7 operation, enabling night-time detection.
o Integrates data from 15 commercial satellites for comprehensive fire
monitoring.
Functionality and Benefits:
• Provides real-time alerts within 3 minutes of fire detection.
• Integrates weather data (temperature, precipitation, wind) and historical fire
incidence for proactive fire management.
• Enables real-time tracking of resources like water tanks and forest vehicles via
integrated GPS.
Collaboration and Funding:
• Implemented through collaboration between Pench Tiger Reserve, Satpuda
Foundation, Umgrameio (Brazil), and Forest Fire Tech (Scaale Inc, USA).
• Partial funding from Solar Industries India Ltd, Nagpur, and Maharashtra
government

FUNDING UNDER THE NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN MISSION

NEWS - Centre Issues Scheme Guidelines for Funding under the National Green
Hydrogen Mission
HIGHLIGHTS
• Issuing Body: Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India
• Purpose: Funding of testing facilities, infrastructure, and institutional support
under the National Green Hydrogen Mission
KEY ASPECTS OF THE GUIDELINES
1. Focus on Quality and Testing Ecosystem
o Ensures compliance with specified standards/guidelines in the Green
Hydrogen (GH2) sector.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Addresses gaps in existing testing facilities for components,
technologies, and processes in the GH2 value chain.
2. Support for Testing Facilities
o New Testing Facilities: Creation of new facilities.
o Upgradation: Enhancement of existing facilities to ensure safe and secure
operations.
3. Budget and Implementation
o Budgetary Outlay: Rs. 200 Crores until FY 2025-26.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Implementing Agency: National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE).

4. Goals of the Scheme
o Develop robust quality and performance testing facilities.
o Ensure quality, sustainability, and safety in GH2 production and trade.
NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN MISSION
• Launch Date: January 4, 2023
• Total Outlay: Rs. 19,744 Crores up to FY 2029-30
• Objectives:
o Aatma Nirbhar Bharat: Achieve self-reliance through clean energy.
o Global Inspiration: Serve as a model for global Clean Energy Transition.
o Decarbonization: Significantly reduce the carbon footprint.
o Fossil Fuel Independence: Reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports.
o Leadership: Position India as a leader in Green Hydrogen technology and
market.

GROYNES
NEWS - In a bid to resolve the extensive coastal erosion in Poonthura region in Kerala,
the irrigation department is all set to construct eight groynes at a cost of Rs 17.5 crore.
GROYNES
• Definition: Groynes are active structures extending from the shore into the sea,
usually perpendicular or slightly oblique to
the shoreline.
• Materials: Typically made of wood, rock, or
sometimes concrete and metal.
• Purpose:
o Trap sediment.
o Dissipate wave energy.
o Restrict the transfer of sediment away from the beach through longshore
drift.
Longshore Drift
• Cause: Occurs when prevailing winds blow waves across the shore at an angle,
carrying sediment along the beach.
• Prevention: Groynes prevent this process, thereby slowing erosion at the shore.
Advantages of Groynes
• Easy to construct.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Long-term durability.
• Low maintenance.
• Reduce the need for beach nourishment and sand recycling.
• Leads to beach widening.
• Reduces erosion.
• Increases wave energy dissipation.
• Serves as a robust structure for long-term coastline stabilization used for societal
activities.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

THAZHAKARA
NEWS - Thazhakara has become the first grama panchayat in Alappuzha and one of
the first in Kerala to update and publish a comprehensive People’s Biodiversity
Register (PBR) with the involvement of local communities
PEOPLE’S BIODIVERSITY REGISTER
• Serves as a detailed record of various aspects of biodiversity.
• Includes conservation of habitats, preservation of land races, domesticated animal
breeds, microorganisms, and accumulated biological knowledge.
• Mandated by the Biological Diversity Act (2002).
• Developed to document and safeguard bioresources and associated knowledge at
the local level.
ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES (BMCS)
• Created as per the Biological Diversity Act 2002.
• Promote conservation, sustainable use, and documentation of biological diversity.
• Constituted by local bodies in States and Union Territories.
• Responsible for preparing PBRs in consultation with local communities.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PBR:
• Plays a crucial role in conserving biodiversity and ensuring sustainable resource
utilization.
• Protects traditional knowledge related to biodiversity.
• Assists local bodies in preparing projects in agriculture, drinking water, and waste
management.
• Focuses on biodiversity conservation and equitable sharing of benefits.

BIODIVERSITY BEYOND NATIONAL JURISDICTION (BBNJ) AGREEMENT

NEWS - The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved
India's participation in the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ)
Agreement. The Ministry of Earth Sciences will lead India's implementation of the
agreement
HIGHLIGHTS
Key Points:
• Purpose: Address concerns over marine biodiversity conservation in areas
beyond national jurisdiction, known as the 'High Seas'.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Legal Framework: International treaty under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
• Objectives: Ensure sustainable use of marine biological diversity through
international cooperation.
• Principles: Precautionary principle, fair and equitable sharing of benefits,
ecosystem-centric approach.
• Tools: Area-based management tools, environmental impact assessments to
minimize environmental impacts.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Benefits for India:

• Enhances strategic presence beyond India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
• Strengthens marine conservation efforts and international collaborations.
• Facilitates scientific research, access to samples, technology transfer, and
capacity building.
Implementation Status:
• The BBNJ Agreement will be the third implementation agreement under
UNCLOS.
• Opened for signature in September 2023, awaits ratification to enter into force.
UNCLOS Background:
• Adopted on December 10, 1982, vital for environmental protection and
maritime rights.
• Establishes the International Seabed Authority for regulating activities beyond
national jurisdiction.
Global Impact: Supports Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life Below Water) of the
United Nations.

'AGRI FUND FOR START-

UPS & RURAL
ENTERPRISES' (AGRISURE)
NEWS - The Government of India
is set to launch the 'Agri Fund for
Start-Ups & Rural Enterprises'
(AgriSURE) aimed at supporting
startups and agripreneurs through
innovative financing solutions
HIGHLIGHTS
Sustainable Agriculture and
Green Solutions Hackathon
• Commenced during the
prelaunch stakeholder meet in
Mumbai.
• Designed to foster innovation in agriculture.
• Focuses on smart agriculture, agri-waste utilization, and regenerative agriculture
practices.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Category-II Alternative Investment Fund (AIF)
• A Rs 750 crore fund to be established.
• Supported by the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and NABARD.
• Additional Rs 250 crores to be raised from financial institutions.
Objectives of AgriSURE
• Provide equity and debt investments to startups and agripreneurs.
• Foster innovation and sustainability in the agriculture sector.
• Support high-risk, high-impact activities across the agriculture value chain.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Fund Management
• NABVENTURES, a subsidiary of NABARD, appointed as fund manager.
• Fund designed to operate for 10 years, extendable as needed.
Stakeholder Engagement
• Stakeholder meet attended by key officials and stakeholders.
• Emphasis on public-private collaboration for agricultural growth.
• Focus on leveraging technology and creating rural infrastructure.

CITES-ROSEWOOD
NEWS - The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES) issued guidelines for the
sustainable harvest and trade of rosewood
specimens.
HIGHLIGHTS
Overview of Rosewood Species
• CITES oversees the international trade
of rosewood species in the genera
Dalbergia, Afzelia, Khaya, and
Pterocarpus.
• Listed in Appendix II: Not immediately
threatened with extinction but at risk if not regulated.
27th Plants Committee Meeting
• Held in July 2024.
• Secretariat instructed to focus on capacity-building for CITES-listed rosewood
species.
• High-priority and medium-priority species identified in the Report on the
conservation and trade of CITES-listed rosewood tree species.
Key Points from the Meeting
• Pterocarpus erinaceus (African rosewood):
o Native to West Africa.
o Among the most threatened due to over-exploitation and illegal trade.
o Range States undergoing trade suspension recommendations.
• Non-Detriment Findings (NDF):
o Importance emphasized for ensuring sustainable global trade.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Supports livelihoods in origin countries and industries in production
and destination countries.
o Evidence-based NDFs crucial to protect species from future extinction.
Report on CITES-listed Rosewood Species
• Published using data from TRAFFIC experts.
• Includes locations of existing rosewood NDFs.
• Identifies country of origin, species vulnerability, ecological roles, regeneration
rates, and trade levels.
• Vital for CITES Scientific Authorities to create NDFs and assess export volumes.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

CITES
General Information
• Purpose: Ensure international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten
their survival.
• Adoption and Enforcement:
o Adopted in 1973.
o Entered into force in 1975.
• Member Countries:
o 184 member parties.
o Trade regulated in over 38,000 species.
• Secretariat:
o Administered by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
o Located in Geneva, Switzerland.

MANJEERA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

NEWS – Located in the Medak district of Telangana, the Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary
is of significant ecological importance and is currently under study to potentially
become Telangana's first Ramsar site.
HIGHLIGHTS
Sanctuary Overview
• Originally established as a crocodile sanctuary, it now hosts over 70 species of
birds.
• Home to the vulnerable mugger crocodile species.
Habitat and Reservoir
• Positioned along the Manjeera River, a tributary of the Godavari River.
• Abuts the Manjeera reservoir, a man-made water body crucial for irrigation and
drinking water supply to Hyderabad and Secunderabad.
Islands and Bird Habitats
• The reservoir contains nine small islands with extensive marshy fringes, ideal for
waterbird nesting.
• Thick tree cover on these islands provides additional nesting sites for various bird
species.
Vegetation
• Features dry savannah-type vegetation.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Supports submergent and emergent plant species such as Typha, Babool,
Prosopis, Ipomoea, Acacia, Vallisneria, Eichhornia, and Reeds.
Fauna
• Crocodiles and Turtles: Habitat for mugger crocodiles and freshwater turtles.
• Fish and Aquatic Life: Home to diverse aquatic life including catla, rohu, murrel,
eel, karugu, and chidwa.
• Other Wildlife: Presence of Indian hare, wild boar, mongoose, and jackal adds to
its biodiversity.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

NATIONAL DISTRICT MINERAL FOUNDATION PORTAL

NEWS - National District Mineral Foundation Portal was launched
OVERVIEW
• Launch: Recently inaugurated by the Union Minister of Coal and Mines.
• Purpose: Centralized platform for District Mineral Foundations (DMFs)
information.
Portal Features
• Objective: Facilitate access to DMF data and track developments and utilizations.
• Details: Provides information on 645 DMFs across the country.
• Transparency: Enhanced transparency with centralized visibility of activities.
• Project Oversight: Dynamic analytics and project oversight.
• Best Practices: Repository for effective implementation.
KEY FACTS ABOUT THE DISTRICT MINERAL FOUNDATION
Establishment : Non-profit body under the Mines and Minerals (Development and
Regulation) (MMDR) Amendment Act 2015.
Purpose
• Objective: Benefit persons and areas affected by mining-related operations.
• Guidance: Prescribed by the respective State Government.
Funding
• Sources: Contributions from holders of major or minor mineral concessions.
• Regulation: Prescribed by Central or State Government.
Jurisdiction
• Governance: Operated under the relevant State Government.
• Functioning: Composition and functions as prescribed by the State Government.
• Collection: Fund collected at the district level.

AGARWOOD EXPORT
NEWS - CITES has relaxed regulations on agarwood export, benefiting farmers in
Northeast India.
HIGHLIGHTS
Details of the CITES Decision
• Inclusion Status: Agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) is not included in the Review
of Significant Trade (RST) by CITES.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• New Export Quota: Effective from April 2024, new quotas for agarwood
exports have been set:
o Agarwood Chips/Powder/Sawdust: 151,080 kg annually.
o Agarwood Oil: 7,050 kg annually.
Background Information
• CITES Listing: Agarwood has been listed
in Appendix II since 1995.
• Non-Detriment Findings (NDF):
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Study Conducted By: Botanical

Survey of India (BSI) and Ministry
of Environment Forest and
Climate Change (MoEFCC).
o Recommendations:
▪ Harvest from home gardens, plantations, and leased lands.
▪ Prohibition on harvesting from wild populations and protected areas.
Historical Trade Issues
• Informal Trade: Previous export bans led to increased informal trade and higher
global prices.
• Illegal Trade: Seizures of over 1.25 tonnes of chips and six liters of oil between 2017
and 2021.
Agarwood Characteristics
• Description: Fragrant resinous wood from Aquilaria trees, formed in response to
mold infection.
• Geographical Distribution: Native to South and Southeast Asia.
• Economic Value: High-grade resin can reach up to $100,000 per kilogram.
• Uses: Perfumes, incense, traditional medicine, religious rituals.
Conservation Status
• Artificial Induction: Methods include mechanical wounding, chemical treatments,
and fungal inoculation.
• CITES Protection: Listed in Appendix II to regulate trade.
• IUCN Status: Aquilaria malaccensis is ‘critically endangered’ with over 80%
population decline in the past 150 years due to commercial exploitation.

CLIMATE FINANCE ACTION FUND

NEWS - Azerbaijan, host of the 29th Conference of Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP29), introduced the ‘Climate Finance
Action Fund’.
HIGHLIGHTS
About the Fund
• Capitalization:
o Funded by contributions from fossil fuel-producing countries and
companies in oil, gas, and coal sectors.
o Azerbaijan is a founding contributor.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Launch: Part of a package of 14 initiatives within COP29’s thematic days.
• Nature:
o A catalytic public-private partnership fund.
o Aims to mobilize the private sector and de-risk investments.
Special Facilities
• Disaster Response: Includes concessional and grant-based support for rapidly
addressing natural disaster impacts in developing countries.
• Operationalization: Fund becomes operational after the initial fundraising round,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

targeting $1 billion capital and commitments from 10 contributing countries.

Capital Allocation
• Developing Countries: 50% of capital directed towards climate projects in
developing countries (mitigation, adaptation, R&D).
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs): 50% allocated to support countries
in meeting future NDCs to maintain the 1.5°C temperature target.
• Rapid Response Funding Facility (2R2F): 20% of revenues from investments
deposited into 2R2F for highly concessional and grant-based support.
Headquarters: The fund will be headquartered in Baku, Azerbaijan, with its secretariat.

POLLUTION UNDER CONTROL (PUC) CERTIFICATE

NEWS – The Supreme Court recently abolished its own directive issued in 2017 that
made a valid pollution under control (PUC) certificate mandatory for renewal of third-
party insurance policy.
HIGHLIGHTS
Background
• Original 2017 Directive: Required a valid Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate
for the renewal of third-party car insurance.
• Reason for Directive: Issued on the recommendation of the Environment Pollution
(Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) to control pollution levels in Delhi.
Recent Developments
• Court’s Recent Order: The Supreme Court abolished its 2017 directive.
• Reason for Revision:
o Detrimental Impact: Solicitor General highlighted that 55% of vehicles
lacked insurance due to the PUC requirement, affecting accident
compensation claims.
o Implementation Issues: The court noted that enforcing the 2017
directive might lead to some vehicles operating without insurance.
Court’s Decision
• Outcome: The court decided to delete the directive linking PUC certification to
insurance renewal.
About Pollution Under Control (PUC) Certificate
• Purpose: Validates that a vehicle’s emission levels meet government standards.
• Requirements:
o Mandatory for all vehicles under the Central Motor Vehicles Rule 1989.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o New vehicles are exempt in the first year; thereafter, regular tests
are required.
• Penalties: Failure to produce a valid PUC certificate can result in fines,
imprisonment, and license disqualification.
Obtaining a PUC Certificate
• Process: Available from government-authorized emission test centers with
computerized facilities, involving a thorough exhaust gas examination.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

SPECIES IN NEWS
INDIAN GAUR
• Common Name: Indian Bison
• Scientific Name: Bos gaurus
• Distribution: South and Southeast Asia
• Habitat - Types: Evergreen, semi-evergreen, and moist
deciduous forests + Preferred Terrain: Hilly terrains
below 1,500-1,800 m with undisturbed forests and
abundant water
Features
• Size: Length: 240 cm to 340 cm + Tail Length: 70 cm to 105 cm + Height: 170 cm to
230 cm
• Distinct Characteristics: Convex-shaped forehead + Strong limbs + Both sexes have
horns (pale green or yellowish-brown, slightly inward curved) + Short tail
• Social Structure: Groups of 30 to 40
Conservation Status
• IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
• Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
• CITES: Appendix I
Key Facts about Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve (NSTR)
• Region: Nallamala hill ranges, Andhra Pradesh + Districts: Guntur, Prakasam, and
Kurnool + Area: 5937 Sq. Km
• Established: 1983
• Namesake: Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and Srisailam Dam
• Wildlife Sanctuaries: Rajiv Gandhi and Gundla Brahmeswaram
• River: Krishna River (270 km through the reserve)
• Vegetation: Type: Tropical dry deciduous forests + Undergrowth: Bamboo and
grass
• Flora - Endemic Species: Andrographis nallamalayana, Eriolaena lushingtonii,
Crotalaria madurensis, Dicliptera beddomei, and Premna hamiltonii
• Fauna: Top Species: Tiger, Leopard, Wolf, Wild Dog, Jackal + Prey Species: Sambar,
Chital, Chowsingha, Chinkara, Mouse Deer, Wild Boar, Porcupine + River Fauna:
Muggers, Otters, Turtles

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
NIGHTJARS
• New Species: Caprimulgus ritae
• Location: Tropical forests of Timor and Wetar, Lesser
Sunda Islands
About Nightjars
• Family: Caprimulgidae
• Order: Caprimulgiformes
• Distribution: Worldwide except Antarctica and some
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

island groups (e.g., Seychelles)

Features
• Size: Medium
• Appearance: Long wings, short legs, very short bills
• Diet: Nocturnal insectivores, catch flying insects at night
• Plumage: Grey-brown, mottled, streaked, and stripey for camouflage
• Behavior: Sleep on the ground or perched lengthwise on branches during the day
+ Difficult to study due to nocturnal habits and cryptic plumage

VAQUITA
• Scientific Name: Phocoena sinus
• Status: Critically Endangered (less than 20 remain in the wild)
• Distribution:
o Smallest range among cetaceans
o Only found in the northern Gulf of California, in shallow waters up to 50
meters deep
• Features:
o Size: 4 to 5 feet long, 65 to 120 pounds
o Appearance: Chunky bodies, rounded heads, no snouts, dark gray with
lighter undersides, black facial patches, tall and wide dorsal fins, dark eye
rings
o Behavior: Shy, avoids human activity, uses echolocation for communication
• Threats:
o Bycatch in gillnets set for totoaba, a large fish also found in the Gulf of
California, leading to their rapid decline

SPADE-TOOTHED WHALE (MESOPLODON TRAVERSII)

• Discovery:
o First named in 1873 based on a
partial jaw found in New Zealand.
o Initially confused with other
species and rediscovered in 2010
with genetic confirmation.
• Physical Description:
o Large teeth (23 cm) with a unique denticle resembling a spade.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Dark gray or black dorsally and white ventrally, with distinctive
markings.
• Ecology and Status:
o Deep-water species presumed to feed on cephalopods and small fish.
o Population status and behavior largely unknown.
• Conservation:
o Covered under the Pacific Cetaceans MOU.
o IUCN Red List status: Data Deficient due to limited information.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

JERDON’S COURSER
• Scientific Name: Rhinoptilus bitorquatus
• Habitat and Distribution:
o Nocturnal bird endemic to the Eastern
Ghats of India.
o Found only in Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana.
o Inhabits open patches within scrub
forests.
• Rediscovery:
o Thought extinct until rediscovered in 1986.
• Features:
o Delicate, lapwing-like bird with large eyes and a short, bicolored bill.
o Grey-brown upper plumage, whitish chin and throat, rufous fore-neck.
o Two white bands on the breast, giving it the name "double-banded courser."
o Whitish belly, black-and-white tail, pale yellow legs.
o Call: Short series of two-noted whistles "tuick-tuoo."
o Insectivorous, hunts invertebrates by sight.
• Conservation Status:
o IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OROPOUCHE FEVER
NEWS – Italy reports first case of Oropouche Fever
HIGHLIGHTS
• Origin: Common in Latin and South America
• Spread to Europe: First-ever case detected in continental Europe
Transmission:
• Vectors: Infected midges and mosquitos (Culicoides paraensis)
• Human-to-Human Transmission: No evidence
Recent Outbreaks:
• Brazil: Over 5,500 cases in 2024, up from 840 in 2023

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Cuba: First-ever outbreak with 70 confirmed cases in June 2024
Symptoms:
• Onset: 4-8 days after the bite
• Common Symptoms: Fever, headaches, pain, chills, joint stiffness, nausea,
vomiting
• Duration: Most patients recover in about 7 days
• Severity: Severe cases are rare
• Vaccine/Antiviral: None available
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Environmental Factors:
• Climate: Mostly linked to tropical conditions, but some outbreaks occur outside
typical tropical areas
• Associated Factors: Vegetation loss and deforestation appear linked to outbreaks

GLOBAL INDIAAI SUMMIT 2024

NEWS - Global IndiaAI Summit 2024 was organized by the Ministry of Electronics and
Information Technology in New Delhi
HIGHLIGHTS
• Aims to advance responsible development, deployment, and adoption of AI.
• Provides a platform for international AI experts from various sectors to collaborate
and exchange knowledge.
• Focuses on fostering ethical and inclusive growth of AI technologies.
• India hosts as the lead chair of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence
(GPAI), advancing safe and trustworthy AI globally.
INDIAAI MISSION
• Aims to build a comprehensive AI ecosystem fostering innovation and inclusivity.
• Seven key pillars:
o IndiaAI Compute Capacity: Establishes scalable AI computing ecosystem with
10,000+ GPUs.
o IndiaAI Innovation Centre: Develops indigenous large multimodal models (LMMs)
for diverse sectors.
o IndiaAI Datasets Platform: Provides access to high-quality non-personal datasets
for AI innovation.
o IndiaAI Application Development Initiative: Focuses on AI solutions for socio-
economic transformation.
o IndiaAI FutureSkills: Increases AI education accessibility and establishes AI Labs
across cities.
o IndiaAI Startup Financing: Supports AI startups with funding and risk capital.
o Safe & Trusted AI: Ensures ethical and transparent AI through guidelines and
frameworks.

THANKS FOR DOWNLOADING FROM OUR WEBSITE

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FUND SCHEME
NEWS - DRDO Sanctions Seven New Projects to Private Sector under Technology
Development Fund Scheme
HIGHLIGHTS
Aim: Nurturing Industries in Defence and Aerospace Sectors
• Objective: Promote Aatmanirbharta (self-reliance)
• Focus: MSMEs and start-ups in defence and aerospace
• Outcome: Strengthen military industrial ecosystem
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Project Details
Project Purpose Applications Awardee
1. Indigenous Scenario Simulator training Full mission Oxygen 2
and Sensor Simulation for pilots in realistic planning and large Innovation Pvt
Toolkit scenarios force engagement Ltd, Noida
2. Underwater Marine battlefield Multiple combat Sagar Defence
Launched Unmanned accessories for ISR roles Engineering Pvt
Aerial Vehicle and MDA Ltd, Pune
3. Long-range Detection, Dual-use systems IROV
Remotely Operated classification, to keep assets away Technologies
Vehicles for Detection localisation & from suspected Pvt Limited,
& Neutralisation neutralisation of operational areas Kochi
underwater
objects
4. Development of Ice Detect icing Activate aircraft Craftlogic Labs
Detection Sensor for conditions inflight anti-icing Pvt Ltd,
Aircraft mechanisms Bengaluru
5. Development of Multiple target Building block for Data Pattern
Radar Signal Processor system for test and larger radar (India) Limited,
with Active Antenna evaluation of short systems Chennai
Array Simulator range aerial
weapon systems
6. Development of Indigenise timing Customised and Accord
Indian Regional acquisition and flexible timing Software &
Navigation Satellite dissemination system Systems Pvt
System-based Timing system using Indian development Ltd, Bengaluru
Acquisition & Constellation
Dissemination System

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024

7. Development of Develop Advanced Alohatech

Graphene Based conductive yarn nanocomposite Private
Smart & E-textiles for and fabric using materials-based E- Limited,
Multifunctional graphene textiles Coimbatore
Wearable Applications nanomaterials
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FUND (TDF) SCHEME
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Objectives
• Self-Reliance: Promote defence technology under 'Make in India'
• Execution: Ministry of Defence (MoD) via DRDO
• Targets: Tri-Services, Defence Production, and DRDO requirements
Encouragement for MSMEs and Start-ups
• Goal: Enhance technology capability for defence applications
• Support: Indigenous development of components, products, systems, and
technologies
Eligibility
• Participants: MSMEs and Startups registered in India
• Types of Entities: Public limited company + Private limited company + Partnership
firms + Limited liability partnership + One-person company + Sole proprietorship
• Ownership: Controlled by an Indian citizen
• Foreign Investment: Allowed up to 49%
Funding Support
• Grants: Provision to industry
• Project Cost: Up to INR 10 Cr, with up to 90% funded
• Collaboration: Industry may partner with academia or research institutions
(academia involvement capped at 40%)
• Milestones: Funding linked to mutually agreed milestones
• Funds Release:
o Advance against a bank guarantee or reimbursement
o Subsequent installments on milestone completion
• Project Duration: Maximum development period of two years

INDIGENOUS NAVIC CHIP DEVELOPMENT

NEWS - DRDO Partners with Bengaluru Firm for Indigenous NavIC Chip Development
HIGHLIGHTS
• Objective: Develop a receiver chip to acquire and disseminate Indian time for
Navigation using the Indian Constellation (NavIC) developed by ISRO.
• Dependency: Current navigation services largely rely on the US GPS system.
• Initiative: Commissioned Bengaluru-based Accord Software and Systems Pvt Ltd
(ASSPL) to develop a customised timing system for NavIC.
IRNSS Satellites and NavIC

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Function: Provide directional mapping support for land, rail, and air-based
users.
• Current Status: NavIC aims to make navigation easier, with IRNSS satellites
developed by ISRO.
Development of Indian-made Receiver
• Historical Context: Post-Kargil war, India's request to use US GPS technology was
denied, highlighting the need for indigenous solutions.
• Project Duration: A 24-month project that started on July 1.
• Impact: Will significantly aid the defence sector by shifting to Indian-based
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

receivers for complete control.

DRDO Collaborations
• Technology Development Fund Scheme: DRDO has partnered with seven private
firms, including MSMEs and startups in the defence and aerospace sectors.
Other DRDO Projects
• Craftlogic Labs Private Limited (Bengaluru): Develop a mechanism to detect icing
conditions in-flight.
• Oxygen-2 Innovation Private Limited (Noida): Develop an Indigenous Scenario and
Sensor Simulation Toolkit.
• Sagar Defence Engineering Pvt Ltd (Pune): Develop an Underwater Launched
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
• IROV Technologies Pvt Limited (Kochi): Develop Long-range Remotely Operated
Vehicles for Detection and Neutralisation.
• Data Pattern (India) Limited (Chennai): Develop a Radar Signal Processor with
Active Antenna Array Simulator.
• Alohatech Private Limited (Coimbatore): Develop Graphene-Based Smart & E-
textiles for Multifunctional Wearable Applications.
NAVIC
Feature Details
Name Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)
Developer Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
Satellites - IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, IRNSS-
1G, IRNSS-1I
- 3 in geostationary orbit, 4 in inclined geosynchronous orbit
Ground Network - Control centre, precise timing facility, range and integrity
monitoring stations, two-way ranging stations
Coverage - India and 1500 km beyond India's territorial boundary
Services Offered - Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for civilian use
- Restricted Service (RS) for authorized users like defence forces
- Search and Rescue service
Positioning - Better than 10 metres throughout India
Accuracy - Better than 20 metres for the area surrounding India by 1500 km
Compatibility - Requires NavIC-compatible chipset or microchip in navigating
gadgets
Interoperability - Interoperable with other global navigation satellite system (GNSS)
signals: GPS (US), Glonass (Russia), Galileo (European Union), and
BeiDou (China)

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
MEDEVIS PLATFORM
NEWS - The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched MeDevIS, an online
platform designed to serve as a global open access clearing house for medical device
information. It aims to assist governments, regulators, and users in decision-making
related to medical device selection, procurement, and usage for health diagnostics,
testing, and treatment
HIGHLIGHTS
Scope and Coverage
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Medical Device Types: MeDevIS includes 2,301 types of medical devices covering
a wide range of health issues. These include reproductive, maternal, newborn, and
child health; noncommunicable diseases like cancer and cardiovascular diseases;
and infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
• Complexity and Navigation: It aims to simplify decision-making, particularly in
resource-limited settings.
Diversity of Medical Devices
• Variety and Functionality: Over 10,000 different medical devices are listed,
encompassing protection, prevention, diagnostics, treatment, and rehabilitation
across various health issues.
• Examples: From pulse oximeters and digital thermometers to diagnostic laboratory
tests, imaging radiology technologies, and complex equipment like hemodialysis
units and cardiac stents.
Challenges Addressed by MeDevIS
• Fragmented Information Sources: Currently, multiple sources provide information
on medical devices, leading to confusion and inefficiencies.
• Unified Platform: MeDevIS aims to centralize information, simplifying device
searches and standardizing device naming.
Naming Systems and Standards
• Global Standards: MeDevIS references the European Medical Device
Nomenclature (EMDN) and the Global Medical Device Nomenclature (GMDN),
facilitating regulatory approval, procurement, inventory management, and pricing
globally.
Applications and Impact
• Policy-Making: National policy-makers can use MeDevIS to develop or update
procurement lists and health technology assessments, contributing to universal
health coverage.
• Health Insurance and Reimbursement: It supports health insurance agencies in
formulating policies related to medical device reimbursement for patients.
Future Development
• Continual Improvement: WHO plans to expand MeDevIS with additional
technologies and devices, focusing on pandemic and emergency settings, and
engaging stakeholders to enhance its functionality.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
NASA'S CHAPEA PROJECT
NEWS - After a year-long simulated Mars mission as part of the CHAPEA project, a
NASA crew emerged from their 17,000 sq ft habitat at Johnson Space Centre.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Event: NASA crew concludes a year-long simulated Mars mission
• Location: Johnson Space Centre, Houston
• Date: Crew emerged on July 7, 2024
• Project: CHAPEA (Crew Health and Performance Exploration Analog)
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Habitat Size: 17,000 sq ft

Mission Details
• Start Date: June 25, 2023
• Crew Members: Kelly Haston (Mission Commander), Anca Selariu (Science Officer),
Ross Brockwell (Flight Engineer), Nathan Jones (Mission Medical Officer)
• Duration: 378 days
Objectives
• Simulated Spacewalks:
Referred to as "Marswalks"
• Resource Management:
Cultivating and harvesting
vegetables to supplement food
supplies
• Health Maintenance: Focusing
on physical and behavioral
health under Mars-like
conditions
Challenges
• Resource Limitations:
Simulating the constraints of a
Mars mission
• Isolation: Coping with
psychological and social
aspects of confinement
• Communication Delays: Up to
22-minute delays with Earth
Research and Findings
• Nutritional Impact: Studying
how diet affects performance
• Sustainable Living: Importance of resource management and waste processing
• Future Missions: Two more CHAPEA missions planned to continue research

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
TIRZEPATIDE AND SEMAGLUTIDE
NEWS - In a significant development, India's drug regulator expert committee has
approved the drug tirzepatide, marking a potential shift in weight-loss treatments
HIGHLIGHTS
Approved for Weight Management:
• Both tirzepatide and semaglutide have received FDA approval for chronic weight
management in adults.
Mechanism of Action:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Polypeptide Structure: They are small proteins that elevate levels of hormones like
GLP-1 in the body.
• GLP-1 Boost: Higher GLP-1 levels stimulate neurons in the gut, enhancing gut
function and inducing a feeling of fullness.
• Brain Activation: Neural pathways are activated in the brain, promoting satiety.
Additional Benefits:
• Glucose Management: Effective in managing glucose levels, making them
beneficial for diabetes treatment.
Differences in Functionality:
• Semaglutide: Targets GLP-1 receptors exclusively.
• Tirzepatide: Boosts GLP-1 and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide),
affecting brain and fat cells.
Indications and Prescription
• Target Population: Recommended for individuals with a BMI over 30 (obese) or
between 27 and 30 (overweight) with related health conditions (e.g., hypertension,
high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes).
Side Effects
• Common Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain,
indigestion, injection-site reactions, fatigue, allergic reactions, belching, hair loss,
and heartburn.

CHANDIPURA VIRUS (CHPV)

NEWS - 6 children die of suspected Chandipura virus infection in Gujarat
HIGHLIGHTS
Definition and Transmission:
• CHPV is a virus of the Rhabdoviridae family transmitted by several species of
sandflies (Phlebotomine sandflies like Phlebotomus papatasi) and some mosquito
species (e.g., Aedes aegypti).
• It resides in the salivary glands of these vectors and can be transmitted to humans
through bites.
Symptoms:
• Initial symptoms include fever, body ache, and headache similar to flu-like
symptoms.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Progression may lead to altered sensorium, seizures, and encephalitis
(brain inflammation).
• Respiratory distress, bleeding tendencies, and anaemia have also been reported.
Severity and Mortality:
• Rapid disease progression can lead to mortality within 24-48 hours of
hospitalization, especially in children under 15 years old.
• Brain haemorrhages have been noted in severe cases.
Management and Prevention
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Treatment:
• Currently, there is no specific antiviral therapy or vaccine available.
• Management focuses on symptomatic relief and controlling brain inflammation to
reduce mortality.
Affected Regions in India:
• Historically, significant outbreaks have been reported in Maharashtra, northern
Gujarat, and Andhra Pradesh, with high case fatality rates (CFR).
Epidemiology and Seasonality
Endemicity:
• The infection is endemic in central India, where sandfly and mosquito populations
are higher.
• Outbreaks are often reported in rural, tribal, and peripheral areas, correlating with
sandfly prevalence.
Seasonal Trends:
• Outbreaks are more prevalent during the monsoon season when sandfly
populations increase due to environmental factors like cow dung usage in rural
housing.
Changing Disease Patterns
Evolution of the Disease:
• Recent surveillance indicates changes in disease manifestation and vector
behavior.
• Sandflies have been found at higher altitudes than previously observed.
• New outbreak centers have been identified, indicating evolving epidemiological
patterns.

GOVERNMENT ROADMAP TO INDIGENIZE EV TECHNOLOGY

NEWS - Government Draws Up Rs 1,150-Crore Roadmap to Indigenize EV Technology
HIGHLIGHTS
Objectives and Focus Areas:
• Prepared by: Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor
• Aim: Drastically reduce vehicular pollution and aid India in achieving a 45%
reduction in emission intensity by 2030.
• Targets:
o Achieve energy independence by 2047
o Reach net-zero emissions by 2070

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Research and Development Roadmap:
• Verticals Identified: Next-generation batteries + New materials + Electric
motors + Magnets + Semiconductors + Charging infrastructure
Budget Allocation:
• R&D: Rs 669 crore
• Pilot Programme: Rs 482 crore
• Goal: Localize a significant portion of EV technologies within 5-7 years.
Current Status and Challenges:
• Import Dependency: Heavy reliance on imports for e-mobility components
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Expert Concerns: Lack of preparedness for large-scale, sustainable EV expansion

• Technological Gaps: Many required technologies are beyond current domestic
capabilities
Government EV Penetration Targets by 2030:
• Private Cars: 30%
• Buses: 40%
• Commercial Cars: 70%
• Two-Wheelers and Three-Wheelers: 80%
Current EV Registration Data (2024):
• New Four-Wheelers: 2.2%
• Buses: 3.3%
• Two-Wheelers: 5.3%
• Three-Wheelers: 53% growth, dominated by e-rickshaws
Identified Research Projects:
• High Priority: 24 projects
• Moderate Priority: 10 projects
• Focus Areas:
o Manufacturing of graphene
o Development of new materials
o Production engineering challenges for complex items like fuel cell
separators
Risks and Recommendations:
• High-Risk Projects: Many projects involve high-risk research.
• Global Innovation: Emphasis on taking risks and investing in new ideas to avoid
dependency on other countries.
Conclusion:
• Future Innovations: The roadmap aims to build a foundation for future innovations
in EV technology.
• Global Success: A few projects where global success has already been achieved are
included to prepare India for future opportunities.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
RURAL AGRICULTURE INNOVATION (RAIN)
NEWS - C-CAMP Signs MoU with Swaminathan Foundation for Rural Agriculture
INnovation (RAIN)
HIGHLIGHTS
• Parties Involved: The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Platforms (C-CAMP) and
MS Swaminathan Research Foundation
• Objective: To promote deep science innovation and entrepreneurship in the food
and agricultural sectors
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Overview of C-CAMP
• Role: Union government-supported initiative
• Focus: High-end research and innovation
• Goal: Fostering deep science innovation in food, agriculture, and allied sectors
Details of the MoU
• Joint Programme: Rural Agriculture INnovation (RAIN)
o Purpose: Deploy innovative agri-tech products developed by C-CAMP start-
ups with local farmer groups
o Benefits:
▪ Encourages technology adoption for sustainable agriculture
▪ Enhances livelihoods
▪ Promotes increased biodiversity and agroforestry
Key Highlights of the Collaboration
• Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Focus on groundbreaking developments in
India's food, agriculture, and allied sectors
• Technology Deployment: Direct involvement with local farmer groups for practical
application of innovations
• Sustainable Practices: Emphasis on sustainable agriculture and improved
livelihoods
Immediate Action Points
• Technical and Field Support: Exchange of support for technology validation
• Joint Call for Innovations: Collaborative efforts against mutually vetted problem
statements in:
o Food
o Agriculture
o Pisciculture
o Animal husbandry
• Knowledge Partnership: MS Swaminathan Research Foundation joining C-CAMP
CoE for Agri Innovation as a knowledge partner

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
IN-SPACE OPPORTUNITIES FOR START-UPS AND MSES IN
MARINE SECTOR
NEWS - The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe)
announced opportunities for start-ups and Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in the
marine sector
HIGHLIGHTS
• IN-SPACe, under the Department of Space, aims to promote, enable, authorise,
and supervise non-government entities in space activities.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• A seed fund scheme in space applications for the blue economy will be launched.
Purpose of Scheme
• Support start-ups and entrepreneurs developing innovative solutions using space
technology for sustainable blue economy growth.
• Seek proposals from start-ups and MSEs with innovative ideas for space technology
applications in the blue economy.
Significance of Space Technology
• Space technology is crucial for the sustainable development of the blue economy.
• Provides tools and data for efficient marine resource management, environmental
conservation, maritime safety, and climate resilience.
• Enhances blue economy initiatives, ensuring the health and productivity of ocean
and coastal ecosystems for future generations.
Domains of Application
1. Fisheries - Potential fishery zones + Illegal fishing + Overfishing + Safety and
security
2. Marine Biology - Marine life tracking + Algal bloom monitoring + Seaweed
monitoring
3. Border or Coastal Surveillance - Dark ship detection + Coastal monitoring for
infiltration, border crossing, trafficking, and sea piracy
4. Other Domains - Mining + Communication + Oceanography + Weather +
Transport
Funding and Application Details
• Grant of up to ₹1 crore provided to selected start-ups and MSEs on a milestone
basis, in three or more instalments.
• Last date to receive applications: August 15.

MV SEA CHANGE
NEWS - The world’s first commercial passenger
ferry powered by 100% hydrogen fuel, the MV Sea
Change, was launched recently at the San
Francisco Ferry Building.
HIGHLIGHTS
Key Details
• Vessel: MV Sea Change

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Operation Start Date: July 19, 2024
• Route: Pier 41 to Downtown San Francisco Ferry Terminal
• Service Period: Six-month demonstration
• Emission: Zero-emission, only water vapor
Collaboration and Support
• Owner: SWITCH Maritime
• Support: California Air Resources Board (CARB) grant
• Partners: Chevron New Energies, Golden Gate Bridge, Highway, and
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Transportation District, United Airlines

• Operator: Blue & Gold Fleet
Significance
• Decarbonization: Milestone in maritime industry efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
• Hydrogen Technology: Demonstrates viability for public transportation.
• Environmental Impact: Part of California Climate Investments.

COALITION OF EPIDEMIC PREPAREDNESS INNOVATIONS (CEPI)

NEWS - Recently, Union Minister for the Ministry of Science & Technology inaugurated
Asia’s first health research-related "Pre-clinical Network Facility" under the Coalition
of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in Faridabad.
HIGHLIGHTS
About CEPI:
• Launch Year: 2017
• Founders:
o Governments of Norway and India
o Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
o Wellcome Trust
o World Economic Forum
• Mission:
o Accelerate vaccine and biologic countermeasure development
o Ensure accessibility for all during epidemic and pandemic threats
• Achievements:
o Supported over 50 vaccine candidates or platform technologies
o Addressed high-risk pathogens and potential future threats (Disease X)
Five-Year Plan (2022-2026):
• Objective:
o ‘100 Days Mission’ to develop safe, effective, and globally accessible
vaccines within 100 days against new threats
INDIA-CEPI PARTNERSHIP
• Support:
o Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology
o Ind-CEPI Mission: "Epidemic preparedness through rapid vaccine
development"

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Implementation:
o Managed by the Program Management Unit (PMU) at
Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI) PORTALS

NEWS - Union government inaugurates National Landslide Forecasting Centre and
Launches Bhusanket Web Portal & Bhooskhalan Mobile App
HIGHLIGHTS
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

National Landslide Forecasting Centre (NLFC):

• Purpose: Landslide hazard mitigation in India
• Beneficiaries: Residents of Kalimpong, Darjeeling, and Nilgiri districts
• Features:
o Live forecasting reports starting 20 July 2024
o Early warning bulletins for landslide-prone states
o Advanced technology for real-time data integration and forecasting
2. Bhusanket Web Portal:
• Purpose: Disaster risk reduction
• Features:
o Dissemination of landslide hazard data
o Short-range and medium-range landslide forecasting
3. Bhooskhalan Mobile App:
• Purpose: Quick dissemination of landslide forecasts
• Features:
o Available on Bhusanket Web Portal
o Soon to be available on Google Play Store
o Allows sharing and updating of landslide information
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (GSI):
• Established: 1851
• Purpose: Geological information and mineral resource assessment
• Functions:
o Ground, air-borne, and marine surveys
o Mineral prospecting and geo-environmental studies
• Headquarters: Kolkata
• Regional Offices: Lucknow, Jaipur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Shillong, Kolkata

"THE VOICEBOX"
NEWS - National Film Development Corporation (NFDC) and Netflix India launch "The
Voicebox" Upskilling Program
PROGRAM DETAILS
• Name: The Voicebox
• Purpose: Upskilling voice-over artists

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Languages Covered: English, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil,
Telugu, Gujarati
• Cities for Workshops: New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad,
Chennai, Kochi
• Batch Size: Up to 30 candidates
• Total Participants: 210 selected through preliminary screening
• Gender Ratio: At least 50% women
Training and Selection:
• Format: Structured workshops with guest lectures and mentoring
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Assessment: Followed by evaluation

• Top Participants: Seven from each batch will work on Netflix’s project “Azaadi ki
Amrit Kahaniya”
Target Audience:
• Professionals: Preferably women with over two years of experience in media and
entertainment
• Objective: Enhance voice-over skills
Sponsorship:
• Fund: Netflix Fund for Creative Equity
• Amount: $100 million per year over five years
• Purpose: Support underrepresented communities in TV and film industries
Training Partner:
• Institution: Pearl Academy
• Role: Providing training support for the program

AIR BREATHING PROPULSION

NEWS - Air Breathing Propulsion: ISRO Completes Second Test Flight
HIGHLIGHTS
Rocket Used: RH-560 sounding rocket
Test Objectives
• Purpose: Demonstrate air breathing propulsion technologies
• Systems: Symmetrically mounted propulsion systems on either side of the rocket
• Performance: Achieved satisfactory performance and successful ignition of air
breathing propulsion systems
Air Breathing Propulsion Technology
• Function: Utilizes atmospheric oxygen for combustion, eliminating the need to
carry oxidizer
• Benefit: Facilitates low-cost space transportation and improves the payload
fraction
Previous and Current Experiments
• First Experimental Mission: Conducted in August 2016 with the Scramjet engine
• Current Test Flight: Monitored nearly 110 parameters to assess performance
Development and Ground Tests
• Ground Tests: Conducted at:

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
o Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
o ISRO Propulsion Complex
o CSIR – National Aerospace Laboratories in Bengaluru
RH-560 Rocket
• Design: Two-stage, solid motor-based suborbital rocket
• Purpose: Cost-effective flying test-bed for demonstrating advanced technologies
Future Implications
• Next Phase: Flight data from the mission to be used for further development of air
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

breathing propulsion systems

DIGIPIN
NEWS - Department of Posts Releases Beta Version of DIGIPIN for Public Comments
and Expert Opinion
HIGHLIGHTS
Initiative Overview
• Objective: Establish a standardized, geo-coded addressing system in India.
• Collaboration: Department of Posts and IIT Hyderabad.
• System Name: Digital Postal Index Number (DIGIPIN).
System Features
• Function: Acts as an addressing reference system with directional properties.
• Accessibility: Proposed to be fully available to the public.
Benefits
• Geospatial Governance: Enhances public service delivery and logistics efficiency.
• Emergency Response: Faster and more effective.
• Digital Transformation: Bridges the gap between physical locations and digital
representation.

GROWTH-INDIA TELESCOPE
NEWS - Captured a 116-meter asteroid during its closest approach to Earth.
KEY FEATURES:
• Type: India's first fully robotic optical research telescope.
• Mission: Observes explosive transients, variable sources, and near-Earth asteroids.
• Location: Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle, Ladakh (4500 meters above sea
level).
• Collaboration: Built by Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), IIT Bombay (IITB), with
support from DST and Indo-US Science and Technology Forum.
• Network: Part of the Global Relay of Observatories Watching Transients Happen
(GROWTH) for continuous celestial event monitoring.

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FNCAS9
NEWS - Indian scientists from CSIR-IGIB and L.V. Prasad Eye Institute developed an
improved CRISPR system using the FnCas9 enzyme for more precise and efficient
genome editing.
HIGHLIGHTS
• CRISPR Basics: CRISPR-Cas9 technology, adapted from bacterial defense
mechanisms, allows targeted modification of DNA sequences. Traditional SpCas9
can cause off-target effects, leading to unintended genetic changes.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• FnCas9 Overview: FnCas9, derived from Francisella novicida, offers higher

precision than SpCas9 but initially had lower efficiency.
• Modifications to FnCas9:
o Amino Acid Changes: Enhanced FnCas9 with modified amino acids for
better binding affinity to DNA.
o Increased Efficiency: The modified enzyme shows improved activity and
flexibility, making it more effective in editing difficult-to-reach genomic
regions.
Experimental Results
• Performance:
o Higher Efficiency: Enhanced FnCas9 outperforms unmodified FnCas9 and
SpCas9 in DNA cutting rates and accuracy.
o Diagnostic Application: More effective at detecting single-nucleotide
changes, broadening its diagnostic capabilities.
Therapeutic Applications
• Testing for Genetic Disorders:
o Inherited Blindness: Enhanced FnCas9 successfully corrected a mutation
causing Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2) in lab-grown retinal cells,
showing minimal off-target effects.
Future Directions
• Patent and Development:
o Indigenous Patent: Indian researchers aim to patent the technology to
reduce dependency on foreign licenses and lower costs for developing new
therapeutics.
o Next Steps: Focus on optimizing delivery methods and further reducing the
enzyme's size.
Key Points
• Advantages Over SpCas9: FnCas9 offers greater specificity and fewer off-target
effects, enhancing the safety and reliability of genome editing.
• Enhanced Functionality: Modified FnCas9 exhibits higher efficiency and accuracy
in gene editing, supporting its potential for therapeutic use and diagnostics.

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2ND STAGE OF NUCLEAR PROGRAMME
NEWS - India’s nuclear regulator has allowed the Department of Atomic Energy to
operationalize the 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). The reactor is
located at Kalpakkam, near Chennai.
HIGHLIGHTS
Significance of PFBR
• Phase Transition: The PFBR marks India’s entry into the second phase of its three-
phase nuclear power programme, as envisioned by Homi Bhabha.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Breeder Reactor: Designed to generate more nuclear fuel than it consumes, the
PFBR is a significant advancement in nuclear technology.
Operational and Safety Aspects
• Approval Details: The Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) granted permission
for the “first approach to criticality” on July 27.
• Safety Measures: Extensive safety reviews and assessments have been conducted,
with periodic inspections by a resident site observer team.
Background and Context
• BHAVINI’s Role: The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is being commissioned by
Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Ltd (BHAVINI), a public sector firm established
in 2003.
• Technology Comparison: Other countries like China, Japan, France, and the US
have fast breeder reactors, many programs have been shut down due to safety
concerns.
Challenges
• Sodium Coolant: The use of sodium, a hazardous material, as a coolant has raised
safety concerns, but the AERB assures comprehensive safety protocols are in place.
NUCLEAR PROGRAM STAGES IN INDIA
India’s three-stage nuclear power program, formulated by Homi Bhabha in the 1950s,
aims to achieve long-term energy independence through the use of uranium and
thorium reserves.
Stage 1: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs)
• Objective: Set up PHWRs and associated fuel cycle facilities.
• Fuel and Moderator: Uses natural uranium as fuel and heavy water as both
moderator and coolant.
• Current Status: Already operational in the commercial domain.
• Implementation: Managed by Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. (NPCIL), a
public sector undertaking of DAE.
Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs)
• Objective: Establish FBRs supported by reprocessing plants and plutonium-based
fuel fabrication plants.
• Function: Breeds more fissile material than it consumes; produces plutonium by
irradiating uranium-238.
• Fuel: Uses a blend of plutonium and uranium oxide (MOX fuel).
• Current Status: In the technology demonstration stage.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Implementation: Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI) is
responsible; aims to add 500 MWe to the Southern grid by 2017.
• Cost: Tariff of PFBR electricity is competitive with conventional coal-based power
stations.
Stage 3: Advanced Heavy Water Reactor (AHWR)
• Objective: Utilize the thorium-uranium-233 cycle.
• Fuel: Uranium-233 obtained by irradiating thorium.
• Thorium Reserves: India has one of the largest thorium reserves globally.
• Current Status: Developing a 300 MWe AHWR at BARC to demonstrate expertise
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

in thorium utilization and advanced safety concepts.

• Future Plans: Large-scale thorium-based systems will be implemented only after a
significant capacity based on FBRs is established.
Objective of the Three-Stage Program
• Focus: Utilize India's thorium reserves to meet energy requirements.
• Thorium vs. Uranium: India has limited uranium but extensive thorium reserves;
however, thorium is not currently economically viable due to lower global uranium
prices.
• Indo-US Nuclear Deal: The NSG waiver and the deal have opened new possibilities
for the success of the three-stage program.
• Fuel Transition: Thorium must be transmuted to uranium-233 in reactors fueled
by fissile materials like plutonium-239 or uranium-235. The first two stages
generate fissile material from uranium resources to enable the use of thorium in
the third stage.

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DEFENCE
SEBEX 2
NEWS - India has developed and certified SEBEX 2, a new high-performance explosive.
HIGHLIGHTS
Development and Certification
• Developed by Economic Explosives Limited under the Make in India initiative.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Certified by the Indian Navy.

• Tested under the Indian Navy’s Defence Export Promotion Scheme.
Composition and Lethality
• Uses a composition based on high-melting explosive (HMX).
• Substantially increases the lethality of:
o Warheads
o Aerial bombs
o Artillery shells
o Other munitions utilizing blast and fragmentation effects
Performance Metrics
• TNT equivalence of 2.01.
• Higher than the BrahMos warhead, which has a TNT equivalence of 1.50.
• Conventional warheads typically range from 1.25 to 1.30.
Future Developments
• EEL is developing another variant with a TNT equivalence of 2.3, expected in six
months.
ADDITIONAL CERTIFICATIONS
• SITBEX 1:
o The Navy's first certified thermobaric explosive.
o Ideal for destroying enemy bunkers, tunnels, and fortified positions due to
prolonged blast duration and intense heat.
• SIMEX 4:
o Certified insensitive munition.
o Safer to store, transport, and operate.
o Less prone to accidental ignition.
o Suitable for torpedo warheads in confined spaces of submarines.

RUDRAM-1 MISSILE
NEWS – Rudram-1 Missile test fired successfully
HIGHLIGHTS
Overview
• Developed by: Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
• For: Indian Air Force (IAF)
• Type: Air-to-surface missile

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Launch Platform: Integrated with Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets
Features
• Indigenous Development: India's first indigenous anti-radiation missile
• Navigation Systems:
o Inertial Navigation Systems (INS)
o GPS Navigation
• Passive Homing Head: Allows accurate targeting of radiation-emitting sources
Specifications
• Range:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Launch altitude: 500 meters to 15 kilometers

o Maximum range: Up to 250 kilometers
• Speed: Up to Mach 2
Operational Capabilities
• Targeting: Wide range of frequencies due to advanced INS-GPS navigation
• Flexibility: Adaptable to different operational scenarios
• Combat Effectiveness: Enhances IAF's capability in Suppression of Enemy Air
Defence (SEAD) operations by:
o Destroying enemy radars
o Neutralizing communication sites from long standoff ranges

KALASHNIKOV AK-203 ASSAULT RIFLE

NEWS - The Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL), a joint venture between India
and Russia, has successfully delivered
35,000 AK-203 Kalashnikov assault rifles to
the Indian Army.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Developed in Russia by engineer Mikhail
Kalashnikov between 2007 and 2010.
• Chambered for the 7.62x39mm
cartridge, used by the Indian Army.
• Combines traditional Kalashnikov advantages: reliability and ease of maintenance.
• Produced using proprietary Russian technologies and certified equipment.
• Ensures high product quality and adherence to specifications.
• Manufactured by Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited (IRRPL) + A joint venture set
up in 2019 between India and Russia + Located in Korwa Ordnance Factory, Amethi
district, Uttar Pradesh.
• India is the first country outside Russia to produce the AK-200 series assault rifles.
FEATURES OF AK-203 RIFLE
Physical Characteristics:
• Weight: 3.8 kg.
• Length: 880 to 940 mm (with stock extended).
• Barrel length: 415 mm.
Mechanism:

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Gas-operated action with a rotating bolt.
• Firing rate: approximately 700 rounds per minute.
• Initial velocity: 715 m/s.
• Effective firing range: 400 to 800 meters (depending on sight adjustments).
Magazine and Sights:
• Standard magazine: 30-round detachable box magazine.
• Optional: 50-round quad-column magazine.
• Equipped with adjustable iron sights.
• Picatinny rails for various optical sighting systems.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

PRALAY MISSILES
NEWS - Armenia’s interest in the Pralay missile offers India a chance to boost its
reputation as a missile exporter
HIGHLIGHTS
Pralay vs. LORA
• LORA (Long Range Artillery) Missile:
o Developed by: Israel Aerospace Industries.
o Range: 400 kilometers.
o CEP: 10 meters (GPS and TV guidance).
• Pralay Missile:
o Type: Surface-to-surface SRBM (Short-Range Ballistic Missile).
o Range: 150-500 km.
o Guidance: Inertial, with terminal guidance via DSMAC (Digital Scene-
Matching Area Correlation).
o Features: Radio frequency seeker, Fused Silica Radar Dome (RADOME).
Comparison with Iskander-M
• Analogous Characteristics:
o Similar Range and Trajectory: Pralay and Russia’s Iskander-M share
comparable ranges and quasi-ballistic trajectories.
o Accuracy: Both have around 10 m CEP.
o Guidance Systems: Iskander-M uses optical or radio frequency DSMAC
guidance.
• Terminal Maneuvering:
o Pralay features a jet vane system for evasive maneuvers.
o Potential to release decoys, similar to Iskander-M.
• Quasi-Ballistic Trajectory:
o Difficult to intercept due to unpredictable flight path after launch.
o High speed and maneuverability contribute to its effectiveness.
Missile Specifications
• Pralay:
o Propellant: Solid propellant rocket motor.
o Weight: 5 tons (3 tons propellant).

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Warheads: PF (Pre-fragmented), Monolithic PCB (Penetration cum
Blast), Submunition PCB.
o Radar Signature: Reduced by small fins.

BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE SYSTEM

NEWS - India Tests Second Phase of Ballistic Missile Defence System
DETAILS OF THE TEST:
• Missile Type: Phase-II AD
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Endo-atmospheric missile
• Launch Time: 4:20 PM
• Launch Site: LC-III, ITR,
Chandipur, Odisha
• Interceptor Activation:
Detected by land and sea
radars
KEY POINTS:
• System Capabilities:
o Range: Defends against missiles with a range of up to 5,000 km
o Altitude: Operates within the Earth's atmosphere and slightly above it
• Components:
o Endo-atmospheric Missiles: Function within the atmosphere at altitudes
below 100 km
o Exo-atmospheric Missiles: Operate in the uppermost region of the
atmosphere
• Technology: Includes long-range sensors, quick communication, and advanced
interceptor missiles
MONITORING AND DATA COLLECTION:
• Instruments Used: Electro-optical systems, radar, and telemetry stations
• Performance Monitoring: Captured flight data and tracked by range tracking
instruments at various locations, including on-board ships
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS:
• Technological Development: Ongoing advancements in intercepting ballistic
missiles within and beyond Earth's atmosphere
• National Security: Enhances India's defensive capabilities against ballistic missile
threats

TRIPUT
NEWS - Goa Shipyard Launches Advanced Talwar-Class Frigate 'Triput'
BACKGROUND
• Deal Details: In October 2016, India and Russia signed a deal for four Admiral
Grigorovich class frigates (Project 1135.6 class).

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Import: Two frigates ('Tushil' and 'Tamal') will be directly imported
from Russia.
o Indigenous Production: Two frigates will be built in India by GSL through a
transfer of technology (ToT).
FRIGATE SPECIFICATIONS
• Ship Length: 124.8 meters
• Draught: 4.2 meters
• Displacement: 3,500 to 4,000
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tonnes
• Armament: Eight BrahMos or
Klub anti-ship missiles
• Power: Zorya gas-turbine
engines in COGAG
configuration, max speed of 28 knots
• Defence System: Shtil-1 air-defence system
CAPABILITIES
• Multipurpose Functions:
o Anti-ship
o Anti-submarine
o Land-attack
o Anti-piracy
o Search and rescue
CURRENT FLEET
• Existing Ships: The Indian Navy operates six Talwar-class frigates:
o INS Talwar
o INS Trishul
o INS Tabar
o INS Teg
o INS Tarkash
o INS Trikand

HISTORY – ART - CULTURE

WORLD HERITAGE YOUNG PROFESSIONALS FORUM
NEWS - As an integral part of the 46th session of the World Heritage Committee and
in the framework of the UNESCO World Heritage Education Programme, the Ministry
of Culture is hosting the 2024 World Heritage Young Professionals Forum
HIGHLIGHTS
Purpose:
• Platform for young people and heritage experts to foster intercultural learning and
exchange.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Facilitates understanding and preservation of global heritage, encouraging
youth involvement.
Objectives:
• Facilitates discussions on heritage preservation and new roles for youth in
conservation.
• Focuses on specific topics related to World Heritage properties of the host country.
Activities:
• Includes presentations, roundtable discussions, and site visits.
• Engages local and international experts alongside young professionals.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Themes:
• Understanding achievements and challenges of the World Heritage Convention.
• Addressing climate change impacts on World Heritage sites.
• Utilizing innovative technologies for World Heritage promotion.
• Promoting sustainable tourism through youth entrepreneurship.
Outcomes:
• Enhances global understanding of World Heritage and Sustainable Development
principles.
• Provides insights into management of India's local heritage.

CULTURAL MAPPING INITIATIVE

NEWS - Cultural Mapping Initiative Launched in India
HIGHLIGHTS
• Launched under the National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM).
• Aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh
villages across India.
Objectives:
• Preserve the cultural heritage and identity of rural communities.
• Create awareness about the connection between cultural heritage and
development.
Components of the Initiative:
1. National Registers:
o Creation of National Registers of Artists and Art Practices.
2. Digital Platforms:
o Development of a web portal and mobile app as part of the National
Cultural Work Place (NCWP).
o Accessible through the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar Web Portal: Mera
Gaon Meri Dharohar.
Usage:
• The database can be utilized by government ministries and organizations to
safeguard and promote cultural identities and traditions of the identified
villages.

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RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN’S DURBAR HALL AND ASHOK HALL
NEWS - President Droupadi Murmu renamed 'Durbar Hall' to Ganatantra Mandap and
'Ashok Hall' to Ashok Mandap
DURBAR HALL
• Historical Significance:
o Hosted Civil and Defence Investiture Ceremonies.
o Venue for swearing-in
ceremonies, including
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

that of independent
India’s first government
in 1947.
• Architectural Details:
o Walls: 42 feet high,
cased in white marble.
o Dome: 22 meters in
diameter.
o Chandelier: Exquisite
Belgian glass, hanging 33 meters from the ceiling.
• Architectural Influences:
o Designed by Edwin Lutyens with Western style and Indian elements.
o Marble: Imported from Rajasthan and Italy.
o Decor: Marble jaalis for ventilation and light.
• Historical Changes:
o Original thrones for the Viceroy replaced by the President’s Chair.
o A 5th-century Buddha statue now stands behind the Chair.
ASHOK HALL
• Historical Use:
o Originally a ballroom.
o Currently used for
credential presentations
by Heads of Missions and
formal introductions
before State Banquets.
• Architectural and Artistic
Features:
o Chandeliers: Six Belgian
chandeliers.
o Paintings: Includes a painting by Fath Ali Shah and other works depicting
royal scenes and hunting.
o Ceiling: Decorated with Persian inscriptions and a forest theme.
• Architectural Influences:
o Mix of Victorian and Persian designs.
o Fireplaces feature Persian inscriptions with ornate floral designs.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
CHARAIDEO MOIDAMS
NEWS - Assam’s Charaideo Moidams burial sites have been added to United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites list.
HIGHLIGHTS
Charaideo Moidams: Overview
• UNESCO World Heritage Site:
o Assam’s Charaideo Moidams
have been recognized as a
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

UNESCO World Heritage Site.

o These burial sites are of the
Ahom dynasty, which ruled
Assam and the North East from
1228 to 1826 AD.
o Located around 30 km from Sivasagar town in eastern Assam.
o Considered sacred by locals.
WHAT ARE MOIDAMS?
• Definition:
o A moidam is a tumulus, a mound of earth raised over a grave.
o Primarily used for Ahom royalty and aristocracy.
o Other moidams for aristocrats and chiefs are found in Eastern Assam, between
Jorhat and Dibrugarh.
• Structure:
o Typically contains one or more chambers in a vault.
o Covered by a hemispherical earthen mound, topped with grass.
o A pavilion, known as the chow chali, is placed on the mound.
o Surrounded by a low octagonal wall with one entrance.
• Burial Practices:
o Ahom kings and queens were buried with items for the afterlife, including
servants, horses, livestock, and wives.
o Compared to ancient Egyptian pyramids, hence the nickname “Pyramids of
Assam.”
Historical Significance of Charaideo
• Etymology:
o Derived from Tai Ahom words: Che (city/town), Rai (to shine), and Doi (hill).
o Means “a shining town situated on a hilltop.”
• Historical Importance:
o First capital city of the Ahoms, established in 1253 AD by King Sukaphaa.
o Remained a symbolic and ritual center of power throughout Ahom rule.
o Continued as a burial site for subsequent royals.
• Current Status:
o Over 150 moidams in the region, with 30 protected by the Archaeological Survey
of India.
o Many are in disrepair.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
AHOMS: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL RELEVANCE
• Dynasty Background:
o One of India’s longest-reigning dynasties.
o At its peak, stretched from modern-day Bangladesh to Burma.
o Known for their administrative skills and military prowess.
• Cultural Impact:
o The Ahoms are celebrated for their unity and resistance against formidable
forces like the Mughals.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Cultural relevance is highlighted by recent events like Lachit Borphukan’s 400th

birth anniversary celebrations.

HUMAYUN'S TOMB COMPLEX

NEWS - India's First Sunken Museum Inaugurated
HIGHLIGHTS
• Inauguration Details
o Date: July 29
o Location: Humayun's
Tomb complex, New Delhi
o Officially opened by:
Union Culture Minister
Gajendra Singh Shekhawat
• Museum Features
o Artefacts: Over 500 items,
many on public display for
the first time
o Design Inspiration: Traditional 'baolis' (water tanks)
o Exhibits: Mughal miniatures, manuscripts, coins, textiles
o Immersive Gallery: 270-degree screen for virtual tours and animated
presentation on Humayun's Tomb
• Development and Collaboration
o Developed by: Aga Khan Trust for Culture and Archaeological Survey of India
(ASI)
o Conservation Effort: 25 years, covering a 300-acre site including Humayun's
Tomb, Sunder Nursery, and Nizamuddin Basti
• Public Access
o Opening Date: July 30
o Occasion: Coincided with the 46th session of the UNESCO World Heritage
Committee in New Delhi
HUMAYUN’S TOMB
• Historical Significance
o Built By: Hamida Banu Begum
o Architectural Style: Mughal, with red sandstone facade, white marble
inlays, and Persian-style garden layout

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• UNESCO World Heritage Status
o Significance: First garden-tomb in the Indian subcontinent, inspiring
the design of the Taj Mahal
• Cultural and Architectural Impact
o Represents: Symbolic paradise garden and Mughal architectural
innovations

INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

INDIA – RUSSIA
NEWS - Due to the ongoing conflict with Ukraine affecting Moscow’s ability to supply
military spare parts to India, Russia has agreed to establish more joint production
facilities in India. This move aims to prevent delays in the supply chain.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Bilateral Trade Target: India and
Russia aim to increase annual
bilateral trade from $65.70 billion
in 2023-24 to $100 billion by
2030.
• National Currencies and Digital
Financial Instruments: The two
countries agreed to develop a
settlement system using national
currencies and introduce digital
financial instruments for mutual
settlements.
• Increased Cargo Turnover: Russia
will enhance cargo turnover with
India through new routes,
including the North-South
International Transport Corridor, the Northern Sea Route, and the Chennai-
Vladivostok Sea Line.
• Agreements Signed: Nine pacts were inked, including one between Invest India
and the JSC “Management Company of Russian Direct Investment Fund,” and
another for cooperation in trade, economic, and investment spheres in the Russian
Far East from 2024 to 2029.
• Military Spare Parts Production: Both sides agreed to encourage joint
manufacturing in India of spare parts, components, and aggregates for maintaining
Russian-origin arms and defense equipment. They also plan to set up joint ventures
to meet the needs of the Indian military and export to friendly third countries.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Nuclear Power Cooperation: They confirmed their intention to broaden
cooperation in nuclear power, including support for the Kudankulam
Nuclear Power Programme.
The joint production facilities in India aim to address supply chain challenges and
expedite the supply of critical military spare parts through joint venture partnerships.

INDIA AND TAIWAN

NEWS - Recently, the Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) for organic products
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

between India and Taiwan has been implemented.

HIGHLIGHTS
Implementation Details
• Date Implemented: 8th July 2024
• Venue: 9th Working Group on Trade Meeting, New Delhi
Implementing Agencies
• India: Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority
(APEDA), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
• Taiwan: Agriculture and Food Agency (AFA), Ministry of Agriculture
Key Provisions
• Agricultural products meeting India's National Programme for Organic Production
(NPOP) standards can be sold in Taiwan as organically produced.
• Products meeting Taiwan's Organic Agriculture Promotion Act standards can be
sold in India as organically produced.
• Both countries allow display of respective organic logos ("India Organic" and
"Taiwan Organic").
Benefits
• Simplified Export Process: Avoids dual certifications, reducing compliance costs.
• Enhanced Trade: Streamlines compliance with a single regulation, fostering
greater trade opportunities in the organic sector.
Impact on Indian Exports
• Facilitates export of major organic products like Rice, Processed Food, Green/Black
and Herbal Tea, Medicinal plant products to Taiwan.

WORLD BANK GROUP GUARANTEE PLATFORM

NEWS - World Bank Group Guarantee Platform Goes Live
HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
• Launch Date: July 1, 2024
• Host: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• Aim: Boost WBG annual guarantee issuance to $20 billion by 2030
Objectives
• Simplify: Create a one-stop-shop for WBG guarantee business
• Efficient: Streamline processes for speed and efficiency

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Comprehensive: Provide a market-friendly menu of guarantee options
Coverage Types
1. Credit Guarantees: For loans to public or private sectors
2. Trade Finance Guarantees: For trade finance projects involving public entities
3. Political Risk Insurance: Against non-commercial risks for private sector projects
or public-private partnerships
Background
• WBG Evolution Process: Focus on enabling and catalyzing private capital flows
• G20 Independent Expert Group’s Report: Called for expanded use of guarantees
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

to mitigate risk and unlock private finance

• Private Sector Investment Lab (June 2023): Identified barriers and solutions for
private sector investment in emerging markets
Impact and Vision
• Transformative Solution:
o Revolutionize development financing
o Align with efforts to mobilize private capital for development
• Collaborative Efforts:
o Supported by IFC’s advisory and financial instruments
o Drive impactful solutions in sectors like energy, pandemic preparedness,
and climate action
Fiscal Year 2024 Performance
• New Guarantees Issued: Approximately $10.3 billion
o MIGA: $8.2 billion
o IFC: $1.4 billion
o World Bank: $700 million
ABOUT WORLD BANK GROUP GUARANTEES
• Inception: 2024
• Purpose: Consolidate guarantee products and experts from across WBG
institutions at MIGA
• Goals:
o Simplify and streamline processes
o Enhance accessibility and de-risk investments in developing countries
o Achieve $20 billion annual guarantee issuance by 2030

MERCOSUR
NEWS - Bolivia has recently become a full member of MERCOSUR to enhance trade
with member countries.
MERCOSUR
• MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) is an economic and political bloc in Latin
America.
• Members:
o Original members: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Later additions: Bolivia and Venezuela (Venezuela suspended since
December 1, 2016).
• Creation:
o Established in 1991 by the Treaty of Asuncion.
o Objective: To facilitate the free movement of goods, services, and factors of
production among member countries.
• Aims:
o Promote economic integration.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Encourage free trade.

o Facilitate the movement of goods, services, and people.
• Governance:
o Highest decision-making body: Common Market Council.
o Purpose: To coordinate foreign and economic policies.
• Languages : Spanish and Portuguese.
• Trade Agreements: India and MERCOSUR signed a Preferential Trade Agreement
(PTA) in 2004 to strengthen economic ties.
• Headquarters: Located in Montevideo, Uruguay.

SOUTH AFRICA’S NEW CLIMATE CHANGE LAW

NEWS - South Africa’s launched new law on climate change
HIGHLIGHTS
Overview
• Objectives: Imposes mandatory curbs on emissions from large, fossil-fuel heavy
industries and requires climate-adaptation plans for towns and villages.
• Purpose: To help South Africa meet its emissions reduction commitments under
the Paris Agreement.
Significance
• Context: South Africa is one of the world’s top 15 greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters,
heavily reliant on coal for electricity.
• Emission Statistics:
o 2017: 512 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2e), a 14% increase
from 2000.
o 2022: 405 Mt CO2e, a 3% decrease from 2021.
• Sector Contribution:
o Energy sector: ~80% of gross emissions.
o Energy industries: ~60% of total emissions.
o Transport: ~12% of total emissions.
• International Pressure: South Africa faces pressure to accelerate its transition
away from fossil fuels due to its reliance on agriculture and tourism.
Actions Taken
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
o First NDC (2016) and updated NDC (2021) commit to significant emission
reductions.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Targets: 398-510 Mt CO2e by 2025; 350-420 Mt CO2e by 2030.
• Just Transition: Focus on sustainable job transitions away from fossil fuels,
addressing agriculture, forestry, energy, industrial processes, and waste.
• Funding Needs: Estimated at $8 billion per year by 2030.
• Goals: Reach net zero emissions by 2050.
• Presidential Climate Commission: Released Just Transition Framework in 2022 for
climate and development policy-making.
INDIA’S APPROACH
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Current Legislation
• Lack of Omnibus Law: India does not have a comprehensive climate change
legislation.
• Existing Framework:
o Climate change is addressed through multiple Acts, including:
▪ Environmental Protection Act
▪ Forest Conservation Act
▪ Energy Conservation Act
▪ Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
Recent Developments
• Private Member’s Bill: The Council on Climate Change Bill proposed by Priyanka
Chaturvedi in 2022 to establish a Council chaired by the Prime Minister for climate-
related advice. No significant progress has been made.
Supreme Court Ruling
• April 2024: Supreme Court ruled that citizens have a "right against the adverse
effects of climate change," highlighting the need for comprehensive climate
change legislation.
India’s Commitments
• Emission Intensity:
o Reduced by 33% from 2005-2019, ahead of target.
o Updated NDC commits to reducing emission intensity by 45% by 2030.
• Energy Sources:
o Committed to sourcing 50% of electricity from non-fossil fuel resources by
2030.

ASIAN DISASTER PREPAREDNESS CENTRE (ADPC)

NEWS - India has assumed the Chair of ADPC for 2024-25.
ABOUT ADPC
• Establishment: Founded in 1986 as an autonomous international organization.
• Purpose: Focuses on disaster risk reduction and building climate resilience in Asia
and the Pacific.
• Vision: "Safer communities and sustainable development through disaster risk
reduction."
• Geographical Scope: Asia and the Pacific region.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Founding Members: India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.
• Charter: Signed by nine founding countries; effective from 2018 after ratification
by all members.
• Autonomous Status: Operates independently under the Board of Trustees since
January 2020.
• Headquarters: Bangkok, Thailand.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

MISCELLANEOUS NEWS
INDIA’S TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY
NEWS – A new study on India’s transition to clean energy was released by the World
Resources Institute (WRI)
HIGHLIGHTS
• Incentivising MSMEs: WRI study highlights the need for incentivising MSMEs for a
smoother transition to clean energy.
• Energy Consumption: MSMEs account for 25% of India’s overall energy
consumption.
Importance of MSMEs in India
• Number of MSMEs: 6.3 crore MSMEs.
• Employment: 10.1 crore people employed.
• Manufacturing Output: 45% of the total manufacturing output.
• Exports: 40% of total exports.
India’s Carbon Reduction Goals
• CO2 Emissions: Reduce by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.
• Carbon Intensity: Reduce below 45% by 2030.
Challenges Faced by MSMEs
• Financial Access: Limited access to finance for operations, expansion, and working
capital.
• Technology: Dependence on cheaper, outdated technologies resulting in high
energy consumption.
Energy Consumption Trends
• Growth Rate: 6.8% year-on-year growth in energy consumption (2012-13 to 2019-
20).
• Future Projections: Energy consumption projected to increase from 30 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (2016-17) to 72-17 million tonnes (2029-30).
Existing Government Schemes
• Positive Impacts: Various schemes by Union and state governments have positive
impacts.
• Gap Identified: Lack of a standardised framework to measure the real-world
impact of these schemes on the clean energy transition.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Recommendations from the Study
• Governance Structure: Thorough assessment needed.
• Institutional Frameworks: Improve and coordinate mechanisms.
• Awareness and Documentation: Address lack of awareness and lengthy
documentation processes.
• Investment Payback Period: Consider longer payback periods for renewable
energy investments.
• Sector-Specific Skills: Fill gaps in skills and knowledge specific to different sectors.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Call for Effective Interventions

• Tailored Approach: Union and state governments should consider unique
challenges and opportunities of different MSME subsectors.
• Alignment with Needs: Ensure clean energy initiatives align with specific needs and
characteristics of subsectors for efficient transition.

WORLD DRUG REPORT 2024

NEWS - World Drug Report 2024 Released annually by the UN Office on Drugs and
Crime (UNODC).
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE REPORT:
• Increase in Drug Use: 292 million people used drugs in 2022, marking a 20% rise
over the past decade.
• Most Widely Used Drugs:
o Cannabis: 228 million users
o Opioids: 60 million users
o Amphetamines: 30 million users
o Cocaine: 23 million users
o Ecstasy: 20 million users
• Emergence of Nitazenes: Highly potent synthetic opioids causing increased
overdose deaths in several high-income countries.
• Drug Use Disorders:
o 64 million people suffer globally
o Only 1 in 11 receive treatment
o Gender Disparity in Treatment: 1 in 18 women vs. 1 in 7 men
• Law Enforcement and Legal Actions (2022):
o 7 million people in contact with police for drug offences
o 7 million prosecuted
o Over 1.6 million convicted
Key Facts about UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC):
• Role: Global leader in fighting illicit drugs and international crime, implementing
the UN's lead program on terrorism.
• Establishment: Formed in 1997 by merging the United Nations Drug Control
Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention.
• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• In 2002, the UN General Assembly expanded UNODC's activities for
terrorism prevention
• Funding: Mainly relies on voluntary contributions from governments.

WORLD POPULATION PROSPECTS REPORT

NEWS - United Nations Department
of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA) released the World
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Population Prospects 2024 report

HIGHLIGHTS
India's Population Projections
• Current Status: India became the
world's most populous nation last
year.
• Population Growth:
o 2024: 1.45 billion
o 2054: 1.69 billion
o 2060s Peak: 1.7 billion
o 2100: Decline to 1.5 billion
• Global Position: India will remain
the world's most populous
country throughout the century.
• UN Report: World Population Prospects 2024, released on July 11.
Global Population Projections
• 2024: 8.2 billion
• Mid-2080s Peak: 10.3 billion
• 2100: Decline to 10.2 billion
China’s Population Projections
• Current Status: Second largest population.
• 2024: 1.41 billion
• 2054: Decline to 1.21 billion
• 2100: Further decline to 633 million
Key Insights from the UN Report
• China's Decline: Largest absolute population loss between 2024 and 2054 (204
million).
• Japan and Russia: Significant population declines by 2054.
• Fertility Rate: Global average is currently 2.25 live births per woman, down from
3.31 in 1990.
• Life Expectancy: Global average life expectancy at birth is 73.3 years in 2024,
projected to increase to 77.4 years by 2054.
Additional Statistics
• Global Fertility: More than half of all countries have fertility rates below the
replacement level of 2.1 live births per woman.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Life Expectancy: Increased by 8.4 years globally since 1995.

NITI AAYOG REPORT: "ELECTRONICS: POWERING INDIA’S

PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS"
KEY HIGHLIGHTS
• Objective: Transform India into a global electronics manufacturing hub.
• Target by FY 30:
o Manufacturing Value: $500 billion
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Employment: 6 million jobs

Current State of Electronics Sector
• Market Size (FY23): USD 155 billion
o Production: USD 101 billion (from USD 48 billion in FY17)
o Exports: USD 25 billion
o Domestic Production: 99% of smartphones manufactured locally
• Contribution to Global Market: 4% market share, significant focus on assembly
Global Context
• Market Size: USD 4.3 trillion
• Dominant Countries: China, Taiwan, USA, South Korea, Vietnam, Malaysia
• India's Global Share: <1% exports, 4% global demand
Future Projections (Business As Usual)
• FY 30 Estimates:
o Manufacturing Value: USD 278 billion
▪ Finished Goods: USD 253 billion
▪ Components: USD 25 billion
o Employment: 3.4 million
o Exports: USD 111 billion
Ambitious Target for FY 30
• Manufacturing Value: USD 500 billion
o Finished Goods: USD 350 billion
o Components: USD 150 billion
• Employment Generation: 5.5 to 6 million jobs
• Exports: USD 240 billion
• Domestic Value Addition: >35%
Strategic Recommendations
• Expand Production:
o Established Segments: Mobile phones
o Emerging Areas: Wearables, IoT devices, automotive electronics
• Interventions:
o Fiscal & Financial Support: Incentivize R&D and design, tariff rationalization
o Infrastructure Development: Enhance manufacturing ecosystem
o Skilling Initiatives: Train workforce to support sector growth
o Technology Transfer Facilitation: Strengthen global partnerships

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
INTERNATIONAL TENNIS HALL OF FAME
NEWS -Paes, Amritraj Inducted into Hall of Fame. Indian Tennis Greats First Asian Men
to Get the Honour
LEANDER PAES, RICHARD EVANS, AND VIJAY
AMRITRAJ
• Induction Ceremony: Held at the
International Tennis Hall of Fame in
Newport, Rhode Island.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Significance: Leander Paes and Vijay Amritraj

are the first Asian men to be inducted.
• Additional Inductee: British tennis journalist
and author Richard Evans.
Leander Paes
• Background: Former doubles world number one.
• Career Transition: Started with football and hockey before switching to tennis.
• Family Legacy: Followed his hockey-captain father as an Olympic medalist.
Vijay Amritraj
• Career Span: Played from 1970 to 1993.
• Achievements:
o Won 15 ATP singles titles.
o Achieved a career-high ranking of 18th in the world.
o Helped India reach the Davis Cup finals in 1974 and 1987.
• Post-Retirement:
o Involved in humanitarian causes.
o Supported ATP and WTA events in India.
o Acted in James Bond and Star Trek movies.
Richard Evans
• Induction Category: Contributor.
• Impact: Recognized for his significant contributions to the sport of tennis
through journalism and authorship.
INTERNATIONAL TENNIS HALL OF FAME
Overview
• Location: Newport, Rhode Island, United States.
• Purpose: Honors players and contributors to the sport of tennis.
• Facilities: Includes a museum, grass tennis courts, indoor and outdoor courts, and
a theatre.
• Goal: To preserve, celebrate, and inspire the sport of tennis globally.
Official Recognition and Expansion
• First Inductees: In 1955.
• International Recognition: Became the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1975.
• Current Status: As of 2023, 262 inductees from 27 countries.
• Global Ambassadors: Notable ambassadors include Martina Hingis, Guga Kuerten,
and Michael Chang.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Museum
• Chronicles: The history of tennis from the 12th century to modern day.
• Collection:
o Approximately 30,000 objects.
o Artifacts from Hall of Famers, trophies, textiles, and more.
• Information Research Center (IRC):
o Houses books, audio-visual materials, photographic images, and archival
materials.
• Exhibition Space:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o 13,000 square feet of exhibit space.

o Offers digital exhibits.
• Renovation: Reopened in May 2015 with redesigned interactive exhibits and
artifacts.
• Accreditations:
o Accredited by the American Alliance of Museums in 2013 and 2022.
o Became a Smithsonian Affiliate in 2017.
• Partnerships: Partner of the Google Arts & Culture initiative.

OLYMPIC ORDER
NEWS - Abhinav Bindra Awarded Olympic Order
OLYMPIC ORDER AWARD DETAILS
• Established: 1975
• Replaces: Olympic Diploma of Merit
• Purpose: Awarded for exceptional
merit or significant services to the
Olympic Movement
• Grades: Gold, Silver, Bronze
o Gold: Reserved for heads of
state and exceptional circumstances
• Insignia: Collar/chain with Olympic rings and kotinos emblem (olive wreath)
• Recipients: Includes Nadia Comaneci, Carlos Arthur Nuzman, Indira Gandhi, Nelson
Mandela
ABHINAV BINDRA'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO INDIAN SPORTS
• Historic Achievement: First Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal
• Foundation: Runs the Abhinav Bindra Foundation supporting athletes
• Personal Achievement: Gold medal in men's 10-meter air rifle at the 2008 Beijing
Olympics
• Additional Achievements:
o Multiple medals at Commonwealth and Asian Games
o Gold at the 2006 ISSF World Championships
• Foundation Work: Abhinav Bindra Foundation supports high-performance training
• Policy and Development:
o Served on ISSF Athlete Committee and IOC Athlete Commission

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Focus on mental health, financial stability, and entrepreneurship
for athletes

STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2024

NEWS - State of the World’s Forests 2024 released by Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO)
HIGHLIGHTS
Global Overview:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Deforestation Rates:
o Global deforestation rates have slowed down.
o Significant improvements in several countries.
o Estimated net loss: 4.7 million ha/year (2010-2020), lower than previous
decades.
Forest Statistics:
• Global Forest Area:
o 2020: 4.1 billion ha (31% of land area).
o Major contributors: Russia, Brazil, Canada, USA, China.
• Deforestation Data:
o 1990-2020: 420 million ha converted.
o Deforestation rates fell from 15.8 million ha/year (1990-2002) to 10.2
million ha/year (2015-2020).
• Regional Data:
o Africa: 4.41 million ha deforested.
o South America: 2.95 million ha.
o Asia: 2.24 million ha.
Forest Gains and Improvements:
• Countries with Gains:
o China, Australia, India, Chile, Vietnam, Turkey, USA, France, Italy,
Romania.
• Recent Reductions:
o Indonesia: 8.4% decrease in deforestation (2021-22).
o Brazil: 50% decrease in deforestation (2023).
Mangroves:
• Global Area:
o 14.8 million ha, with South and Southeast Asia contributing 44%.
• Trends:
o 23% decrease in mangrove loss rate (2000-2020).
o Asia: Major contributor to mangrove loss and gains.
• Threats:
o Extreme weather events, sea-level rise.
Wildfires and Emissions:
• 2023 Data:
o 383 million ha affected by fire.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Fires emitted 6,687 megatons of CO2, more than double EU
emissions.
• Impact:
o Boreal fires in 2021: 10% of global CO2 emissions.
o Canada: 14.6 million ha burned.
Pests and Diseases:
• Impact on Forests:
o Pine wood nematode damage in China, Japan, South Korea.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o USA: Insects and disease causing over 20% tree loss in 25 million ha.
• Challenges:
o Monitoring forest degradation and pest outbreaks remains in early
stages.
o Difficult to quantify economic costs and ecosystem service impacts.

SECTION 3: MAHITI FOR MAINS

LAW AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Introduction
• Supreme Court Judgment: In the case of M.K. Ranjitsinh and Ors. vs Union of
India & Ors., the Supreme Court of India recognized the right to be free from
the adverse effects of climate change.
• Constitutional Rights: The right is rooted in the right to life (Article 21) and the
right to equality (Article 14) of the Indian Constitution.
• Implications: The judgment opens the door to climate litigation and systematic
governance around climate change.
New Right Around Climate
Key Aspects of the Judgment
• Issue Addressed: Balancing the protection of the Great Indian Bustard's habitat
with the development of renewable energy infrastructure.
• Court’s Decision: Prioritizing transmission infrastructure for renewable energy
to combat climate change.
• Seismic Aspect: Establishing a ‘climate right’ based on constitutional
guarantees.
Unresolved Questions
• Pathways to Avoid Climate Harms: The judgment’s focus on large-scale clean
energy may overlook climate adaptation and local environmental resilience.
• Protection Mechanisms: Clarification needed on how the right against adverse
effects of climate change will be protected.
• Government Agenda: Potential need for new legislation to actively realize this
right.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Approaches to Protect Climate Rights
Judicial Decisions
• Proliferation of Litigation: Enhanced litigation may lead to a patchwork of
protections, contingent on subsequent policy actions.
• Incomplete Framework: Judiciary-led protections may not provide an
overarching framework for future policy.
Climate Legislation
• Framework Legislation: A comprehensive law could set a vision for climate
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

engagement, create necessary institutions, and enable structured governance.

• Advantages: Establishing a supportive regulatory environment, adaptation
measures, climate-resilient crops, ecosystem protection, and social equity
considerations.
Tailoring Climate Legislation to India
Unique Requirements
• Low-Carbon Energy Transition: Highlighted in the judgment but insufficient
alone to enforce climate rights.
• Comprehensive Approach: Legislation should cover sustainable cities,
buildings, transport, adaptation measures, ecosystem protection, and social
equity.
Challenges and Solutions
• Existing Legal Framework: An omnibus law is impractical; instead, a law
enabling progress towards low-carbon and climate-resilient development is
needed.
• Learning from International Experience: Avoid narrowly focused regulatory
laws; adopt an enabling approach like Kenya’s, promoting development-
focused decisions across sectors.
Procedural Orientation and Federalism
Procedural-Oriented Law
• Institution Creation: Establish institutions, processes, and standards for
mainstreaming climate change across ministries and society.
• Support Mechanisms: Knowledge-sharing, transparency, public participation,
expert consultation, target setting, and reporting.
Federalism
• Sub-National Authority: Ensure the law empowers States and local
governments, enabling them with information and finance.
• Coherent National Action: Balance national framework with decentralization.
Enabling Participation Beyond Government
• Inclusive Decision Making: Involve business, civil society, and communities,
especially those on the climate frontlines.
• Knowledge Integration: Enable diverse segments of society to contribute to
energy transition and resilience efforts.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Conclusion
• Principles for Climate Law: The broad ideas provide a foundation for
climate legislation tailored to India, fulfilling the promise of the Ranjitsinh
judgment
Way forward
1. Legislative Action
• Draft Comprehensive Climate Law: Develop a legislative framework that
addresses both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
• Institutional Framework: Create dedicated bodies to oversee implementation,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

monitoring, and reporting of climate actions.

2. Policy Integration
• Mainstream Climate Considerations: Ensure all sectors (urban planning,
agriculture, energy, transport) integrate climate resilience and low-carbon
development.
• Regulatory Environment: Establish regulations that promote sustainable
practices and technologies.
3. Capacity Building
• State and Local Empowerment: Provide resources, training, and financial
support to sub-national governments for localized climate action.
• Public Awareness and Participation: Promote climate education and
encourage public participation in climate governance.
4. International Cooperation
• Learning from Global Best Practices: Adapt successful climate policies and
frameworks from other countries to suit the Indian context.
• Collaborative Efforts: Engage in international climate agreements and
collaborations for technology transfer and financial support.
5. Continuous Review and Adaptation
• Regular Assessments: Conduct periodic reviews of climate policies and
legislation to ensure they remain effective and responsive to emerging
challenges.
• Adaptive Management: Implement a flexible approach that allows for
adjustments based on new scientific insights and socio-economic
developments

16TH FINANCE COMMISSION (FC) AGENDA

FINANCE COMMISSION
• Established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution.
• Focus: Devolution of the consolidated fund to support local bodies (panchayats and
municipalities).
• Post 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments:
o Introduction of sub-clauses 280 (3) (bb) and (c).
o Mandate for FC to recommend measures to augment State consolidated
funds for local bodies.

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IMPORTANCE OF CITIES
• Cities as “engines of growth” (National Commission on Urbanisation).
• Contribution: 66% of India’s GDP, 90% of total government revenues.
• Required investment: $840 billion for basic urban infrastructure in the next decade
(World Bank estimate).
• Current state:
o Inadequate financial devolution despite efforts by five commissions
since the 11th Finance Commission.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Poor fiscal health of municipalities.

o Adverse effects of rapid urbanisation without appropriate fiscal action.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL TRANSFERS (IGTS) TO URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULBS)
• Current IGTs to ULBs: About 0.5% of GDP.
o Comparison with other developing nations:
▪ South Africa: 2.6%
▪ Mexico: 1.6%
▪ Philippines: 2.5%
▪ Brazil: 5.1%
• Issues:
o Predictability
o Earmarking for vulnerable groups
o Horizontal equity
• IGTs constitute about 40% of ULBs’ total revenue.
• Need for stable support due to ULBs' financial condition.
TAXATION SYSTEM IMPACT
• Introduction of GST:
o Reduction in ULBs’ tax revenue (excluding property tax) from 23% (2012-13)
to 9% (2017-18).
• State Finance Commissions:
o Recommended only about 7% of States’ own revenue to ULBs (2018-19).
• Need to increase IGTs as a percentage of GDP.
• Limited progress despite the 74th constitutional amendment's aim to financially
strengthen ULBs.
CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Growth of parallel agencies distorting local governments’ roles:
o Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme
o Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Scheme
• Need for support from Union and State governments: Funds, functionaries,
technical aid.
IMPORTANCE OF THE CENSUS
• Reliance on 2011 Census data is inadequate for evidence-based fiscal devolution.
• Significant migration to Tier-2 and Tier-3 cities.
• Approximate figures:
o 4,000 statutory towns

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o 4,000 Census towns
o 23,000 effectively urban villages
• Essential data to be captured by the 16th FC.
15TH FINANCE COMMISSION'S GUIDING PRINCIPLES
• Revisit needed for nine guiding principles.
• Areas deserving attention:
o Enhancement in property tax collection in tandem with State’s GST.
o Maintenance of accounts.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Resource allocation for mitigating pollution.

o Focus on primary health care, solid waste management, drinking water.
• Importance of addressing urbanisation dynamism.
• Ensuring IGTs to urban areas are at least doubled.
• McKinsey Global Institute
warning: Insufficient investment
in urban infrastructure could
lead to significant issues (e.g.,
water supply, untreated
sewage).

IMPROVING RURAL MOBILE

CONNECTIVITY
OVERVIEW
• Mobile Device Usage: Integral
for communication, financial
transactions, and internet
connectivity.
• Cellular Network Components:
o Access Network (AN): Base stations providing wireless connectivity within
coverage areas.
o Core Network (CN): Central equipment providing connectivity to other
networks (e.g., Internet).
ACCESS AND CORE NETWORKS
• Access Network (AN)
o Comprises base stations (towers with antennae).
o Provides wireless connectivity in a limited geographical area.
• Core Network (CN)
o Provides connectivity to other networks like the Internet.
o Linked to base stations by optical fibre backhaul.
o Essential for supporting user mobility.
IMPEDIMENTS TO RURAL CONNECTIVITY
• Urban vs. Rural Tele-density:
o Urban: 127%
o Rural: 58%

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Urban users average more than one mobile connection; rural users
average 0.58 connections.
• Challenges in Rural Areas:
o Lower income levels.
o Lower population density and distributed populations.
o Remoteness and high cost of deploying infrastructure like fibre optics.
IEEE 2061-2024 STANDARD
• Development: By IIT Bombay's research group led by Prof. Abhay Karandikar.
• Approval: By Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) on June 6.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Network Architecture:
o Heterogeneous AN: Macro-BS (large coverage area) and Wi-Fi (small
coverage area).
o Macro-BS: Any cellular technology supporting large coverage areas.
o Wi-Fi: Provides high-speed connectivity within villages.
o Seamless Connectivity: Devices move from Wi-Fi to Macro-BS without
service disruption.
MIDDLE-MILE NETWORK
• Multi-hop Wireless Network:
o Extends connectivity where optical-fibre links are unavailable.
o Uses cost-effective technologies like satellites and long-range Wi-Fi.
• Direct Path to Internet:
o Provides an alternate path from AN to the Internet, bypassing the CN.
o Optimizes connectivity for stationary users and local communications.
FUTURE IMPLICATIONS
• Scalability:
o The IEEE 2061 standard can help provide scalable and affordable rural
connectivity.
o CN Bypass & Integrated AN Control: Novel concepts for future mobile
networks.

BENGALURU CLIMATE ACTION AND RESILIENCE PLAN (BCAP)

OVERVIEW
• Mission Statement: BCAP aims for Bengaluru to achieve Net Zero emissions by
2050.
• Core Themes: Accountability, transparency, and inclusivity.
• Structure: 266 actions across seven sectors with timelines leading up to 2050.
KEY CHALLENGES
1. Lack of Statutory Powers: The plan does not have legislative backing.
2. Absence of Dedicated Climate Budget: Need to work around the lack of a specific
budget for climate actions.
3. Coordination Among Agencies: Requires extensive coordination among multiple
parastatals with diverse mandates, under BBMP's leadership.

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PRIORITY SECTORS
1. Energy and Buildings
2. Transportation
3. Solid Waste
4. Air Quality
5. Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater
6. Urban Planning, Green Planning, and Biodiversity
7. Disaster Management
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IMPLEMENTATION AND COORDINATION

• Climate Action Cell: Constituted by BBMP with representation from relevant
stakeholder departments.
• Knowledge Partner: World Resources Institute (WRI) India.
• Inter-Agency Coordination: Essential for evaluating progress and aligning actions
with climate goals.
GOALS AND STRATEGIES
• GHG Emissions Inventory: Based on a 2019 baseline.
• Alignment with National and State Plans: Goals align with the National Action Plan
for Climate Change and the Karnataka State Action Plan for Climate Change.
• Health Action Plan: Developed by the Commissionerate of Health and Family
Welfare for 2025-35.
BUDGETING
• Funding Sources: Multiple sources including national schemes, loans, green energy
grants, Public Private Partnerships, Corporate Social Responsibility partnerships,
budgetary allocations by the state government and BBMP, and budgets from
implementing agencies.
• Climate Budgeting: Additional funding needed, inspired by Mumbai's climate
budgeting approach.
KEY ACTIONS AND POLICIES
• Blue-Green Policy: Guidelines for streets and public spaces, eco-mobility,
recreation networks, and sustainable drainage systems.
• Green Cover and Permeable Surfaces: Target to increase to 40% by 2040.
• Wastewater Reuse: Connect bulk wastewater generators with large consumers for
non-potable use.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
• Citizen Participation: Engaging resident welfare associations to give citizens a sense
of ownership.
• Capacity Building: Fellowship program for young professionals with expertise
across domains.
INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY CHALLENGES
• Urban Mobility Issues: Need for single-ticket access to multiple transport modes.
• BMLTA Delays: Bengaluru Metropolitan Land Transport Authority not yet
functional despite being conceived in 2007.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Master Plan Absence: Implementation without a master plan, but with
structured actions and timelines.
CONCLUSION
• Significance: BCAP is the first consolidated, cross-sector climate action document
for Bengaluru by the government.
• Potential Impact: Could inform future master plans and strengthen monitoring,
evaluation, and reporting systems
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

SCIENTIFIC DEEP-DRILLING IN MAHARASHTRA

WHY IS INDIA DRILLING A 6-KM DEEP HOLE IN MAHARASHTRA?
BACKGROUND
• Location: Karad, Maharashtra
• Institute: Borehole Geophysics Research Laboratory (BGRL)
• Objective: Scientific deep-drilling to study reservoir-triggered earthquakes in
the Koyna-Warna region
PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC DEEP DRILLING
• Predicting Earthquakes: Difficult to predict minor earthquakes inside tectonic
plates
• Understanding Earthquakes: Studying minor and major earthquakes,
especially in densely populated areas
SCIENTIFIC DEEP DRILLING EXPLAINED
• Definition: Drilling boreholes to analyze deeper parts of the earth's crust
• Goals: Study earthquakes, earth's history, rock types, energy resources, and
more
PROJECT DETAILS
• Initiative: Drilling the earth’s crust to a depth of 6 km
• Pilot Borehole: 3-km-deep completed; aim to reach 6 km
• Region: Koyna-Warna, experiencing frequent earthquakes since 1962
BENEFITS OF DEEP DRILLING
• In Situ Observations: Direct experiments and monitoring of fault lines and
seismic behavior
• Data Collection: Accurate knowledge of earth's crust composition, structure,
and processes
• Technological Innovation: Advances in seismology and development of drilling
tools
CHALLENGES OF DEEP DRILLING
• Complexity: High-pressure, hot, and dark environment hindering operations
• Technical Issues: Debris removal, rock properties, and equipment maintenance
at great depths
• Human Resources: Need for skilled personnel for continuous engagement
DRILLING TECHNIQUE
• Methods: Hybrid of mud rotary drilling and air hammering

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Process: Rotary drilling with a steel rod and diamond drill bit; cooling
with drilling mud; air hammering for deeper sections
FINDINGS
• Geological Discoveries: Deccan trap lava flows and granitic basement rocks
• Subsurface Data: Physical and mechanical properties of rocks, temperature,
stress regimes, and fracture orientations
• Hydraulic Fracturing: Stress regimes measurement
FUTURE PLANS
• Further Drilling: Plans to reach 6 km depth; designing equipment for high
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

temperatures
• Research Opportunities: Over 20 research groups studying Koyna samples;
international interest in core samples
CONCLUSION
• Significance: Establishing a firm footing in scientific deep-drilling for India
• Impact: Informing future experiments and expanding academic knowledge in
various fields

SECTION 125 OF CRPC: ALLOWING DIVORCED MUSLIM WOMEN TO

SEEK MAINTENANCE
OVERVIEW
• Applicability: Section 125 CrPC applies to all married women, including
Muslims, and all non-Muslim divorced women.
• Supreme Court Ruling: Muslim women can seek maintenance under Section
125 CrPC, in addition to the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce)
Act, 1986.
• Bench: Justices BV Nagarathna and Augustine George Masih upheld a woman's
right to maintenance under general law.
CASE BACKGROUND
• Petitioner: Mohd Abdul Samad challenged a family court order to pay Rs 10,000
monthly maintenance to his former wife.
• Outcome: Supreme Court dismissed the petition, reaffirming maintenance
rights under Section 125 CrPC.
SECTION 125 CRPC
• Obligation: "Any person having sufficient means" must maintain "his wife" or
"legitimate/illegitimate minor child" unable to maintain themselves.
• Inclusion: The term "wife" includes a divorced woman who has not remarried.
SOCIAL JUSTICE ASPECT
• Justice Nagarathna's View: Section 125 CrPC embodies constitutional
philosophy of social justice, aiding destitute and deprived women, including
divorced women.
• Integration: Maintenance under Section 125 CrPC complements provisions
under the 1986 Act, not in opposition.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
JUDGMENT CONCLUSION
1. Section 125 CrPC: Applies to all married women (Muslims included) and
non-Muslim divorced women.
2. Divorced Muslim Women:
o Married and divorced under the Special Marriage Act: Both Section 125
CrPC and Special Marriage Act apply.
o Married and divorced under Muslim law: Section 125 CrPC and the 1986
Act apply; women can choose either or both.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Maintenance under personal law considered under Section 127(3)(b)

CrPC.
3. Illegal Divorce (Triple Talaq):
o Remedies under the 2019 Act or Section 125 CrPC.
o Options available during pending Section 125 CrPC petitions.
TRIPLE TALAQ
• Illegal Method: Justice Nagarathna affirmed that Muslim women divorced via
triple talaq can claim maintenance under Section 125 CrPC.
• Criminalisation: Triple talaq voided by the Supreme Court and criminalised by
the 2019 Act.
SHAH BANO CASE
• Petition: Shah Bano sought maintenance under Section 125 CrPC for herself
and five children post-triple talaq.
• Court Ruling: Supreme Court upheld her maintenance rights beyond the iddat
period.
• Government Response: The Rajiv Gandhi-led government passed the MWPRD
Act, placing post-iddat maintenance obligations on relatives or the State Wakf
Board

IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON INSECTS

KEY FINDINGS
• Beneficial Insects vs. Pests
o Beneficial insects like bees and other pollinators suffer more from air pollution
than crop-destroying pests.
o Pollinators experienced a 39% decline in foraging efficiency due to elevated air
pollution levels.
o Plant-eating pests like aphids were not significantly impacted.
REASONS FOR DISPROPORTIONATE HARM
• Scent-Based Communication
o Beneficial insects rely heavily on airborne chemical signals for locating flowers,
mates, and prey.
o Air pollutants can alter or mask these scent trails, disrupting the insects' sensory
landscape.
o Pests rely more on direct contact or visual cues, making them less affected by
air pollution.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
STUDY DETAILS
• Scope and Data
o Analysis of data from 120 scientific papers.
o Study covered 40 types of insects in 19 countries.
o Examined pollutants: ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particulate
matter.
BEHAVIORAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPACTS
• Impacted Behaviors
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o Feeding, growth, survival, reproduction, and ability to locate food sources.

o Most severe impact was on insects' ability to find food, with an average decline
of one-third.
SPECIFIC POLLUTANTS
• Ozone
o Most harmful pollutant to beneficial insects, reducing their ability to thrive by
35%.
o Even low levels of ozone, below current air quality standards, can cause
significant damage.
• Nitrogen Oxides
o Also substantially impaired beneficial insects.
IMPLICATIONS AND PREDICTIONS
• Global Impact
o Even low pollution levels can damage insect populations and their ecological
services.
o Predicted increases in tropospheric ozone could have unintended
consequences for global invertebrate populations.

INDIA'S HUNT FOR CRITICAL MINERALS

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
• Big Discovery: Lithium reserves found in Reasi, Jammu in 2023.
• June Announcement: Winning bidders for mining rights in six blocks of critical
minerals, including graphite, phosphorite, and lithium, were declared. These are
the first private players awarded such rights under the revamped Mines and
Minerals law.
IMPORTANCE OF CRITICAL MINERALS
• Essential for Green Transition: Critical minerals like lithium, copper, cobalt, and
graphite are vital for cleaner energy.
• Rising Demand: Lithium demand rose by 30% in 2023, with other minerals seeing
8-15% growth. By 2040, demand for copper is expected to rise by 50%, nickel,
cobalt, and rare earth elements to double, graphite to quadruple, and lithium to
increase eightfold.
• Import Dependence: India relies heavily on imports for these minerals, with 95%
of copper needs being imported.

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STEPS TO SPUR PRODUCTION
• Natural Reserves: India has untapped reserves of some minerals.
• Lucky Discoveries: Lithium reserves in Jammu and Kashmir (5.9 million tonnes)
discovered during limestone exploration.
• Legislative Changes: Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act
amended to allow mining concessions for 24 critical and strategic minerals.
• Auction Initiatives:
o First auctions of 20 critical mineral blocks, including lithium in J&K,
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started in November.
o Auctions faced low interest, with most first 20 blocks scrapped due to
lack of bidders.
o Six winners announced from the first tranche for blocks in Odisha, Tamil
Nadu, U.P., and Chhattisgarh.
o Ongoing auctions and new tranches are being initiated.
CHALLENGES IN THE AUCTION PROCESS
• Lack of Data: Insufficient data on potential reserves affects miner interest.
• Technology Hurdles: For example, untested technology for lithium extraction from
clay in J&K.
FUTURE PROSPECTS
• Commercial Production Timeline: Full benefits from domestic blocks unlikely
before 2030.
• Supply Chain Security: India is looking to acquire overseas assets to ensure mineral
security.
• International Collaborations: India joined the U.S.-led Mineral Security
Partnership for better access and cooperation.
KEY INSIGHTS
• Global Supply Dominance: China is a major supplier or processor of critical
minerals.
• Domestic Exploration: Efforts to explore and commercialize domestic reserves are
ongoing but face significant challenges.
• Strategic Moves: Overseas acquisitions and international partnerships are crucial
for India's mineral security strategy

SDG INDEX 2024

India Accelerates Progress Towards the SDGs Despite Global Headwinds
• Significant progress in goals such as eliminating poverty, providing decent work,
economic growth, climate action, and life on land.
Targeted Government Interventions
• Key Programs:
o Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
o Ujjwala
o Swachh Bharat
o Jan Dhan

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY
o Ayushman Arogya Mandir
o PM-Mudra Yojana
o Saubhagya
o Start-up India
• Impact: These interventions
have led to rapid improvement
in SDG performance.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

National and State Progress

• Overall SDG Score: Improved to
71 in 2023-24 from 66 in 2020-
21 and 57 in 2018.
• State Scores: Range from 57 to
79 in 2023-24, improving from
the 2018 range of 42 to 69.
• Significant Progress in Goals:
o Goal 1 (No Poverty)
o Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth)
o Goal 13 (Climate Action)
o Goal 15 (Life on Land)
• Highest Increase in Scores:
o Goal 13: From 54 in 2020-21 to 67 in 2023-24
o Goal 1: From 60 to 72
State Performances
• Front-runner States/UTs: 32 in total with 10 new entrants including Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
• Fastest Moving States (2018-2023):
o Uttar Pradesh (increase by 25)
o Jammu & Kashmir (21)
o Uttarakhand (19)
o Sikkim (18)
o Haryana (17)
o Assam, Tripura, Punjab (16 each)
o Madhya Pradesh, Odisha (15 each)
Release of the SDG India Index 2023-24
• Fourth Edition: Released by NITI Aayog
Index Methodology and Measurements
• Indicators: 113 aligned with MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework.
• Goal-wise Scores: Computed for 16 SDGs for each State and UT.
• Composite Scores: Range from 0-100, with 100 indicating achievement of targets.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
India's Commitment and Efforts
• SDG Localisation: NITI Aayog spearheads efforts in collaboration with
States and UTs.
• Institutionalisation of SDGs: Integrating sustainable development into national
and subnational development frameworks.
• Collaborative Competition: Encouraging States and UTs to learn from each other
and close outcome-based gaps.
Key Highlights and Results
• Improvement in Composite Score: From 57 in 2018 to 66 in 2020-21, and further
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to 71 in 2023-24.
• Advancements in Goals:
o Goal 1: Improved from 60 to 72
o Goal 8: Improved
o Goal 13: Improved from 54 to 67
Government Interventions Facilitating SDG Achievements
• Housing: Over 4 crore houses under PM Awas Yojana
• Sanitation: 11 crore toilets and 2.23 lakh community sanitary complexes in rural
areas
• Cooking Fuel: 10 crore LPG connections under PM Ujjwala Yojana
• Water: Tap water connections in over 14.9 crore households under Jal Jeevan
Mission
• Healthcare: Over 30 crore beneficiaries under Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY
• Food Security: Coverage of over 80 crore people under the National Food Security
Act
• Health Infrastructure: 150,000 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs providing primary
medical care and affordable generic medicines
• Financial Inclusion: Direct Benefit Transfer of ₹34 lakh crore through PM-Jan Dhan
accounts
• Skill Development: 1.4 crore youth trained and upskilled under the Skill India
Mission
• Entrepreneurship: 43 crore loans sanctioned under PM Mudra Yojana aggregating
to ₹22.5 lakh crore
• Renewable Energy: Increase in solar power capacity from 2.82 GW to 73.32 GW in
the past decade
State and UT Results
• Composite Scores: States score between 57 to 79, UTs between 65 to 77.
• Front Runner Status: Increase in States/UTs achieving scores between 65 and 99.
• Top Improvers: Assam, Manipur, Punjab, West Bengal, and Jammu & Kashmir.
Goal-wise Progress and Achievements
• Goal 1 – No Poverty: Improved by 12 points from 2020-21 to 2023-24,
multidimensional poverty nearly halved.
• Goal 2 – Zero Hunger: Improved productivity in agriculture, 99.01% of beneficiaries
covered under NFSA.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Goal 3 – Good Health and Well-being: Substantial improvement in
maternal and child health indicators.
• Goal 4 – Quality Education: High adjusted net enrollment rate, improved pupil-
teacher ratio.
• Goal 5 – Gender Equality: Improved sex ratio, earnings ratio, and labour force
participation.
• Goal 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation: Significant improvements in access to
drinking water and sanitation.
• Goal 7 – Affordable and Clean Energy: Highest score among all SDGs, 100%
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

household electrification.
• Goal 8 – Decent Work and Economic Growth: Reduction in unemployment,
increased labour force participation.
• Goal 9 – Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: High connectivity and mobile
internet coverage.
• Goal 10 – Reduced Inequalities: Improved representation in Panchayati Raj
Institutions.
• Goal 11 – Sustainable Cities and Communities: Significant improvement in urban
sanitation and waste management.
• Goal 12 – Responsible Consumption and Production: High treatment rates for
biomedical and hazardous waste.
• Goal 13 – Climate Action: Improved disaster preparedness and renewable energy
generation.
• Goal 15 – Life on Land: Increased forest cover and carbon stock.
• Goal 16 – Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: High Aadhaar coverage and birth
registration rates.
Methodology
• Data Compilation: Raw data compiled for selected indicators, target values for
2030 established.
• Normalization: Raw data normalized into scores ranging from 0 to 100.
• Composite Score: Derived as an average of all goal scores.
Online Dashboard
• User-Friendly Visualizations: Identifies crucial development outcome-based gaps
at national and subnational levels.
Global Significance
• Lessons for Other Countries: India's focused interventions and schemes
provide valuable insights for global SDG progress.
Conclusion
• Commitment to SDGs: NITI Aayog's continued support to States and UTs in
localisation and acceleration of SDGs.
• Future Roadmap: The SDG India Index as a key milestone for measuring progress
towards Viksit Bharat @ 2047.

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KARNATAKA GOVERNMENT MUST REVISIT GIG WORKERS BILL,
MAKE IT MORE INCLUSIVE
INTRODUCTION
Karnataka's release of the Karnataka Platform-Based Gig Workers (Social Security and
Welfare) Bill 2024.
ISSUES WITH THE BILL
Consultative Process
• Public Consultation:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Limited to 10 days.
o Initially only available in English; Kannada version released late.
• Impact: Reduced meaningful engagement from gig and platform workers.
Substantive Gaps
• International Developments Ignored:
o Earnings, working hours, wage fluctuations, and arbitrary incentive
schemes.
o Common practice of "deboarding" (termination without due process).
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT GIG WORK
• Earnings and Work Hours:
o Studies show diminishing earnings and long working hours.
o Report "Prisoner on Wheels":
▪ 43.1% of cab drivers earn less than Rs 500/day after costs.
▪ 32% of delivery workers earn Rs 201-400/day.
▪ Over 60% of cab drivers work at least 12 hours/day.
▪ 55% of delivery workers work 10-12 hours/day.
Wage and Hour Regulations
• Lack of Minimum Wage Guarantee:
o No provision for a minimum guarantee of wages.
o Does not regulate working hours.
• Recommendation:
o Include minimum wage provision.
o Notify minimum wage considering workers' expenses (fuel, maintenance,
capital costs).
COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AND FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION
• Current Bill:
o Fails to institutionalize collective bargaining.
o Does not operationalize the right to Freedom of Association (Article
19(1)(c)).
• Recommendation:
o Adopt Industrial Relations Code provisions for compulsory recognition of
unions and collective bargaining.
SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
• Welfare Fee Collection:
o Limited to the pay received by the worker per transaction.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Does not specify guaranteed welfare schemes.
• Implementation Issues:
o Historical failure of similar schemes (e.g., Building and Other Construction
Workers Act).
• Recommendation:
o Clearly define welfare schemes and ensure proper implementation.
ANALYSIS
Strengths of the Bill
• Comprehensive Scope: The Bill's inclusion of social security, algorithmic
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

transparency, and grievance redress extends beyond previous legislation.

• Recognition of Issues: Addresses key concerns like social security and worker
rights.
Weaknesses and Areas for Improvement
• Consultative Process: The short and linguistically limited consultation period
hindered worker participation and feedback.
• Substantive Gaps: The Bill's failure to address international standards and
common issues like earnings and work hours undermines its effectiveness.
• Wage and Hour Regulations: Lack of provisions for minimum wage and working
hours leaves workers vulnerable to exploitation.
• Collective Bargaining: The absence of institutionalized collective bargaining and
freedom of association limits workers' ability to negotiate fair terms.
• Social Welfare Benefits: Ambiguity in welfare fee collection and scheme
implementation risks ineffective protection for workers.
Recommendations
• Extend Consultation Period: Ensure adequate time and accessibility (multiple
languages) for public feedback.
• Incorporate International Standards: Align with global practices on worker
protections.
• Guarantee Minimum Wage and Regulate Hours: Include explicit provisions for fair
wages and working hours.
• Institutionalize Collective Bargaining: Adopt compulsory union recognition and
collective bargaining provisions.
• Define and Implement Welfare Schemes: Clearly outline and enforce welfare
benefits funded by the welfare fee.
CONCLUSION
The Karnataka government must refine the Bill through inclusive consultations and
comprehensive provisions to protect gig and platform workers effectively, setting a
positive precedent for similar legislation nationwide.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT TRACK TO CUT POST-HARVEST LOSSES

OVERVIEW OF INDIA'S AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND EXPORT CHALLENGES
• Global Standing:
o India ranks second in global agriculture production.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o India's share in global agricultural exports is only 2.4%, placing it
eighth worldwide.
• Contributing Factors to Export Challenges:
o Low productivity.
o Inability to meet quality standards.
o Inefficiencies in the supply chain, including inadequate transportation
infrastructure.
o Significant post-harvest losses.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

EXTENT OF POST-HARVEST LOSSES IN INDIA

• Annual Losses:
o Approximately ₹1,52,790 crore annually (Ministry of Food Processing
Industries, 2022).
• Importance of Reducing Losses:
o Essential to meet the growing food and nutrition demands of India's
increasing population.
o Preventing post-harvest losses is crucial alongside increasing food
production.
ANALYZING INDIA'S POST-HARVEST LOSSES
Major Contributors to Losses
• Perishable Commodities:
o Livestock produce: 22%
o Fruits: 19%
o Vegetables: 18%
• Stages of Loss:
o Approximately 19% of perishables lost during export, particularly at the
import-country stage.
• Critical Roles in Supply Chain:
o Storage, transportation, and marketing are essential for timely delivery to
consumers.
Supply Chain and Logistics Challenges
• Components of Agri-Logistics:
o First mile transport from farmgate to mandi (wholesale/retail).
o Long haul transportation (rail, road, water, air).
o Last mile transportation to the consumer.
• Challenges for Small and Marginal Farmers (SMF):
o 86% of farmers are small and marginal (SMF) with small production scales.
o Lack of assured market connectivity leads to post-harvest and income
losses.
• Impact on Food Price Volatility:
o Supply constraints affecting perishable produce contribute to price
volatility.
ROLE OF THE INDIAN RAILWAYS IN REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES
Railways and Freight Transport

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• Revenue Contribution:
o Freight transport drives 75% of Indian Railways' total earnings.
• Dependency:
o Food Corporation of India relies on railways for moving 90% of its food
grains.
o About 97% of fruits and vegetables are transported by road.
Initiatives by the Indian Railways
• Truck-on-Train Service:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Carries loaded trucks on railway wagons.

o Expanding service post successful trial runs with commodities like milk and
cattle feed.
• Parcel Special Trains:
o Introduced during COVID-19 for transporting perishables and seeds.
• Kisan Rail:
o Connects production surplus regions to consumption regions more
efficiently.
o Example: Grape growers in Nashik profited significantly using Kisan Rail.
ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL TRANSPORTATION
Challenges and Recommendations
• Challenges identified by Friends of Champions 12.3 India.
• Investment Needs:
o Specialized wagons for temperature-controlled transport.
o Rail-side facilities for safe cargo handling.
• Streamlining Processes:
o Recommendations from DFI committee to minimize transit times and
address staffing shortages.
Untapped Opportunities
• Environmental Impact:
o Indian Railways generates up to 80% less CO2 for freight traffic compared
to road transport.
• Systems-Based Approach:
o Private sector role in enhancing operational efficiency through public-
private partnerships.
o Budgetary allocation for agriculture 2024 supports modern infrastructure
and value-addition.
CONCLUSION
• Impact on Livelihoods and Environment:
o Efficient transportation of perishable goods reduces post-harvest losses and
benefits both livelihoods and the environment.
• Complementing Government Efforts:
o Railway initiatives align with government efforts to bridge the farm-to-
market gap and support efficient transportation.

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POLITICAL REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN INDIA
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE:
• U.K.: 263 women MPs (40%) in the House of Commons.
• South Africa: 45% women representation in the National Assembly.
• U.S.: 29% women representation in the House of Representatives.
• New Zealand: First to grant universal women suffrage in 1893.
• U.K.: Universal suffrage granted in 1928.
• U.S.: Equal voting rights granted through the 19th Amendment in 1920.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

WOMEN REPRESENTATIVES IN INDEPENDENT INDIA

• Right to Vote:
o Women had the right to vote from the first general elections in 1952.
• Parliamentary Representation:
o Low representation (5%-10%) in Lok Sabha until 2004.
o Increased to 12% in 2014 and 14% in the 18th Lok Sabha.
o State Legislative Assemblies: National average around 9%.
• Constitutional Amendments:
o 73rd and 74th Amendments (1992/1993): One-third reservation for
women in panchayats and municipalities.
o Attempts for similar reservations in Lok Sabha and assemblies (1996-
2008) were unsuccessful.
GLOBAL COMPARISON OF WOMEN MPS
• Methods to Ensure Representation:
o Voluntary or legislated compulsory quotas within political parties.
o Quota in parliament through reservation of seats.
• Pros and Cons:
o Party quotas offer democratic choice and flexibility.
o Parliamentary quotas may be seen as non-meritorious and could reduce
MPs' constituency engagement.
• Global Examples:
o Countries with parliamentary quotas (e.g., Bangladesh, Pakistan) fare
poorer than those with party quotas.
THE 106TH CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT
• Current Scenario:
o India ranks 143rd in the 'Monthly ranking of women in national parliaments'
by the Inter-Parliamentary Union (April 2024).
o Trinamool Congress: 38% women MPs.
o BJP and Congress: Around 13% each.
o Naam Tamilar Katchi (Tamil Nadu): Voluntary 50% quota for women
candidates.
• Provisions of the 106th Amendment:
o One-third reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha and State legislative
assemblies.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Aims to ensure fair representation and increase gender sensitivity
in parliamentary processes.
o Anticipated increase in women Ministers at Centre and State levels.
• Implementation:
o Linked to the first Census conducted after the commencement of the act.
o Census, overdue
since 2021, is crucial
for implementation
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

starting with the

2029 general
elections.
CONCLUSION
• Need for Action:
o Timely Census to
facilitate the
reservation.
o Political will to
implement the
106th Amendment.
• Expected Outcomes:
o Enhanced political
participation of
women.
o Greater gender
equity in legislative
bodies.
o Improved policy-
making reflecting
women's
perspectives.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BOTH QUAD AND BRICS

The strategic significance of both the Quad and BRICS in the current geopolitical
landscape is notable, particularly as global dynamics shift and new alliances emerge.
THE QUAD
1. Background and Context
o Formation and Purpose: The Quad, or Quadruple Security Dialogue,
includes the U.S., Japan, India, and Australia. Established to address
strategic and security concerns in the Indo-Pacific region, it aims to
counterbalance China's growing influence.
o Recent Developments: The Quad Foreign Ministers’ meeting in Japan in
July 2023 marked a significant engagement after a ten-month hiatus,
reflecting the group's continued relevance amidst global challenges.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
2. India's Role in the Quad
o Strategic Objectives: India has embraced the Quad’s strategic
goals, which focus on regional security and technological advancement.
Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's leadership, India has emphasized
maritime security and broader Indo-Pacific stability.
o Geopolitical Significance: The Quad’s activities, including initiatives to
reorient global supply chains and enhance cooperation in critical
technologies, underscore the intersection of development and security.
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3. Challenges and Contrasts

o Security vs. Development: While the Quad is heavily focused on security
and strategic deterrence, particularly against China, India’s vision
encompasses a broader developmental perspective. India’s reluctance
to fully embrace a purely security-focused approach distinguishes its role
within the group.
o AUKUS and Indo-Pacific Securitization: The formation of AUKUS,
involving the U.S., Australia, and the U.K., highlights a military-centric
view of the Indo-Pacific. India’s cautious stance reflects its balanced
approach to regional security and its non-alliance status.
BRICS
1. Background and Context
o Formation and Purpose: BRICS, comprising Brazil, Russia, India, China,
and South Africa, was founded to reform the multilateral system and
promote economic cooperation among emerging economies.
o India’s Initial Enthusiasm: As a founding member, India supported
BRICS’ goals of multilateral reform and economic development, evident
from its active participation in the early years.
2. India’s Role in BRICS
o Advocacy for Reform: India played a crucial role in advocating for a
reformed multilateralism during the BRICS summit in 2018. The New
Development Bank and Contingent Reserve Arrangement are notable
initiatives that reflect BRICS’ commitment to economic stability and
development.
o Current Challenges: The growing influence of China within BRICS and its
push to use the group to challenge Western dominance has created
friction. India’s cautious approach reflects its concerns over China’s
dominance and the potential divergence in BRICS’ objectives.
3. Potential and Challenges
o Expansion and Influence: Despite reluctance, BRICS’ expansion has
gained traction, with new countries expressing interest in joining. India’s
position as a key player necessitates active engagement to ensure that
BRICS’ direction aligns with its interests.
o Balancing Act: With India being a common member in both Quad and
BRICS, there is a need to balance its commitments and leverage the

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
strengths of each grouping. India’s approach must navigate the
complexities of its dual role without undermining its strategic
interests in either forum.
CONCLUSION
• Strategic Dilemmas: India’s involvement in both Quad and BRICS presents unique
strategic dilemmas. While Quad offers a platform for addressing regional security
concerns and enhancing technological cooperation, BRICS provides an avenue for
economic collaboration and multilateral reform.
• Need for Engagement: India must engage actively with both groups, leveraging
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

their strengths while managing the challenges and potential contradictions

inherent in its dual membership. Ensuring that both Quad and BRICS serve India’s
national interests requires a nuanced and strategic approach, balancing security,
development, and diplomatic priorities.

STRATEGY TO MANAGE WATER IN INDIA

• Water Crisis: India, as the world's largest groundwater user, faces a significant
freshwater crisis, with 63% of its districts being water-stressed.
• Impact on Agriculture: 25% of agriculture is threatened due to water stress.
CURRENT CHALLENGES
• Urban Water Stress: Cities like New Delhi, Pune, and Bengaluru faced acute water
stress during summer 2023.
• Groundwater Depletion: India is the largest global user of groundwater, leading to
63% of districts under stress.
• Impact on River Systems: Intensive agriculture, urbanization, and industrialization
adversely affect river systems, crucial for domestic water demands.
• Polluted Rivers: 351 polluted rivers identified by the Central Pollution Control
Board.
• Historical Context: Effective water management has been a persistent issue since
India's first National Water Policy in 1987.
• Increasing Risks: Climate change, disasters, inter-state water conflicts, lack of
access, and changing water use patterns pose critical risks.
STRATEGIC AREAS OF FOCUS
1. Water Governance
• National Policies: Seven national policies and schemes address various aspects
of water supply and demand.
• Nexus Thinking: Integrating water with food, energy, and rural development.
• Case Study: Rajasthan's Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana: Aims to improve
irrigation and drinking water infrastructure but lacks alignment with efficient
agricultural water use and energy security policies.
• Example: Atal Bhujal Yojana: Aligns participatory groundwater management
with MGNREGS and PMKSY for efficient water use in agriculture.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
2. Circular Model of Policy Research and Implementation
• Feedback Mechanism: Implement a circular model instead of a linear
policy formulation to evaluation model.
• Case Study: Odisha Millet Mission: Involves academia, research, and industry
for locally relevant solutions, with continuous monitoring for necessary
changes.
• Application to Water Management: Emulate Odisha Millet Mission for
integrating water research, policy, technology, finance, and governance.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

3. Inclusive and Reliable Data Infrastructure

• Data Challenges: Significant obstacles in generating essential research
evidence due to lack of validated, granular data.
• Case Study: Ganga Knowledge Centre: Generates scientific and technical
knowledge for stakeholders in river conservation.
• Priority Actions: Strengthen environmental data standardization,
modernisation, and harmonization.
• Ethical Technology Use: Utilize AI for real-time decision-making and
participatory methods to include diverse stakeholders.
4. Community Engagement and Communication
• Bridging Gaps: Foster ownership by actively involving communities in water
management.
• Case Study: Kerala's 2023 Water Budget: Participatory approach involving local
communities and self-government institutions.
• Value Community Knowledge: Essential for resource conservation.
5. Collaboration and Diplomacy
• Transboundary Water Dynamics: Address shared river basins and state
aquifers with neighbouring countries and between states.
• Water Diplomacy: Importance of bilateral committees and multilateral
agreements for regional water security.
• Case Study: Joint Expert Team on Flood Forecasting between India and
Bhutan: Example of effective bilateral cooperation.
• Multi-Level Governance: National, state, and district-level institutions crucial
for inter-state cooperation, exemplified by the Namami Gange Programme.
CONCLUSION
• Transition to Water Security: Integrate strategic steps to move from water scarcity
to water security.
• Unified Approach: Bring together science, policy, and people for effective water
management in India.

ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC SURVEY 2024

Economic Growth Overview
• GDP Growth Projection:
o Expected growth: 6.5% to 7% for FY 2024-25
o Comparison: Down from 8.2% in FY 2023-24

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Economic resilience: No permanent scarring post-COVID
Inequality and Unemployment
• Addressing Inequality:
o Need for policy priority
o Focus on generating productive jobs
• Unemployment:
o Private sector urged to take responsibility for job creation
o Importance of skilling initiatives for young population
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Regulatory and Structural Reforms

• Easing Regulatory Burden:
o Call for Union and State governments to reduce regulatory powers
o Focus on businesses, especially MSMEs
• Next-Gen Reforms:
o Shift from traditional structural reforms (GST, IBC) to bottom-up reforms
o Aim for sustainable, balanced, and inclusive growth
Sector-Specific Insights
IT and AI
• IT Sector:
o Significant slowdown in hiring over the past two years
o Importance of AI in augmenting rather than displacing labor
Agriculture
• Agriculture Potential:
o Removing policy impediments
o Intelligent, farmer-friendly policies to boost growth
Health and Education
• Government Health Expenditure:
o Increase in share of GDP from 2014-15 to 2019-20
o Decline in out-of-pocket expenditure
• Mental Health:
o High prevalence of mental disorders (10.6% of adults)
o Significant treatment gap (70% to 92%)
o Government initiatives to improve mental health services
Education
• New Education Policy:
o Focus on achieving learning outcomes and syncing with skilling
o Median age of workforce: 28 years
o Emphasis on foundational literacy and numeracy by third standard
• Education Expenditure:
o Notable drop in actual expenditure compared to budget estimates in FY
2023-24
o Onboarding of higher education institutions to Academic Bank of Credits
Social Security and Rural Development
• MGNREGS Analysis:

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Demand not a real indicator of rural distress
o Variation in performance across states
o Efficiency of state administration affects demand registration
Economic Survey Highlights
• GDP Growth Projections:
o Real GDP growth projected at 6.5% to 7%
o Risks evenly balanced, cautious optimism
• Inflation Trends:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Decline in retail inflation from 6.7% in FY 2023 to 5.4% in FY 2024

o Projections: 4.5% in FY 2025 and 4.1% in FY 2026
• FDI from China:
o Suggests higher equity investments from China
o Strategy to integrate into global supply chain and boost exports
Financial Sector Must Brace for Global Vulnerabilities
Performance and Transformation
• Sector Health: Banking and financial sectors performed well in FY24, with
significant transformations underway.
• Credit Growth: Double-digit growth in bank credit and improved asset quality.
Challenges and Recommendations
• Global Vulnerabilities: Need to be prepared for global and local economic
vulnerabilities.
• Regulatory Agility: Government and regulators must be agile in policy and
regulatory interventions.
Consider Keeping Food Prices Out of Inflation Target
Inflation Outlook
• Benign Short-Term Outlook: Inflation likely to align with the 4% target by 2025-
26.
• Food Prices: Higher food prices are often supply-induced rather than demand-
induced.
Recommendations
• Exclusion from Targeting: Explore an inflation targeting framework that
excludes volatile food prices.
• Support Mechanisms: Use direct benefit transfers or coupons to mitigate the
impact on poor and low-income consumers.
Employment Responsibility Over AI Fascination
Impact of Automation
• Complex Impact: Automation's impact on workers is complex and uncertain.
• Research Investment: Invest in research to steer AI towards shared prosperity.
Recommendations
• Balance Deployment: Businesses should balance capital and labour
deployment.
• Employment Creation: Corporate sector should prioritize job creation over
mere profitability.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
Formalisation and Credit Key MSME Challenges
Sector Overview
• MSME Contribution: MSMEs contribute significantly to manufacturing output
and exports.
• Challenges: Formalisation, access to finance, markets, technology,
infrastructure, and skilling.
Recommendations
• Financial Support: Strengthen financial support to promote capital formation
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

and trade.
• Policy Implementation: Address gaps in policy implementation for small,
medium, and large enterprises.
Allow Farmers to Benefit from Higher Global Prices
Sector Performance
• Growth Rate: Agriculture sector's growth rate at 1.4% in 2023-24, down from
4.7% in 2022-23.
• Allied Sectors: Importance of animal husbandry, dairying, and fisheries in
enhancing farmers’ income.
Recommendations
• Export Benefits: Allow farmers to benefit from higher international prices.
• Substitution Effects: Enable natural substitution effects before imposing export
bans.
Need to Strengthen Indian Airlines for International Travel
Airline Capacity
• Long-Haul Connectivity: Strengthening Indian airlines is crucial for long-haul
international travel.
• Current Challenges: Significant Indian traffic is routed through foreign
connectivity hubs.
Recommendations
• Airport Capacity: Increase the number of airports and upgrade existing ones.
• Operational Efficiency: Improve the efficiency and viability of Indian airlines to
prevent insolvency issues.
Conclusion
• Policy Implications:
o Need for targeted reforms and strategic investments
o Importance of addressing structural issues in employment, health, and
education sectors
• Future Prospects:
o Optimistic outlook for achieving higher growth rates with proper
implementation of recommended policies and reforms.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
INDIA’S ILLEGAL COAL MINING PROBLEM
WHAT IS THE ISSUE?
• Historical Context:
o Coal nationalized in 1971-73.
o Governed by the Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act, 1973.
o Illegal mining is a State responsibility due to its classification as a law and
order issue.
WHY IS ILLEGAL COAL MINING RAMPANT IN INDIA?
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Prevalence:
o Occurs in abandoned mines or shallow seams in remote areas.
• Demand and Supply:
o High demand for coal due to its role in India’s energy sector (55% of
energy needs).
o Illegal mining fills gaps when legal supply is insufficient.
• Economic Factors:
o Coal-rich areas are often economically poor, contributing to illegal
mining.
o Remote areas suffer from weak regulation and monitoring.
• Social and Political Factors:
o Allegations of support from political leaders, e.g., BJP leaders in Assam
and Meghalaya.
o Allegations of police-backed coal mafias.
• Mining Techniques:
o Use of rudimentary methods like surface and rat-hole mining.
o Minimal operational costs lead to high profitability.
WHY DO SO MANY WORKERS DIE IN ILLEGAL COAL MINES?
• Lack of Safety:
o Absence of safety equipment and protocols.
o Risks include respiratory issues, carbon monoxide poisoning, and toxic
substance exposure.
• Hazardous Conditions:
o Poor structural support leads to cave-ins, landslides, and explosions.
• Training and Knowledge:
o Workers often lack training and emergency response knowledge.
• Negligence and Exploitation:
o High levels of operator negligence and exploitation of workers.
WHY DO GOVERNMENTS STRUGGLE TO CUT DOWN ILLEGAL COAL MINING IN INDIA?
• Jurisdictional Issues: Union government shifts responsibility to State authorities.
• Economic Dependence: Local economies rely on illegal mining when official
operations cease.
• Legal and Regulatory Complexity:
o Complex legal framework leads to bureaucratic inefficiencies.
o Ineffective governance allows illegal mining to persist.

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GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

CONCEPT OF SCHOLAR WARRIORS IN MILITARY

Definition and Purpose
• Definition: A scholar warrior is a military professional combining intellectual
acumen with combat prowess.
• Purpose: To navigate complex and dynamic security environments effectively.
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• Ancient Roots: Concept reminiscent of figures in ancient epics like Mahabharata

(e.g., Arjun, Krishna).
Implementation and Training
• Programs: Initiated through the Warfare & Aerospace Strategy Program (WASP)
since 2022.
• Objective: Develop critical thinkers adept at geopolitics, grand strategy, and
national power.
Skills and Attributes
• Interdisciplinary Expertise: Mastery in diverse fields—AI, cyber operations,
international relations.
• Strategic Thinking: Ability to formulate innovative responses to evolving warfare
scenarios.
• Adaptability: Capability to adjust strategies across different operational
environments.
Importance and Future Directions
• Strategic Importance: Enhances military leadership through strategic thinking and
statecraft.
• Educational Evolution: Continuous adaptation to incorporate new technologies
and civil faculty inputs.

WHAT ARE HURRICANES AND HOW DO THEY FORM?

• Definition: Hurricanes, also known as tropical cyclones, are intense storm systems
that form over warm ocean waters near the equator.
• Formation Process:
o Warm, Moist Air: Hurricanes use warm, moist air as fuel, forming over
warm ocean waters.
o Low Pressure Area: Warm, moist air rises from the ocean surface,
creating a low-pressure area below.
o Air Circulation: Surrounding air rushes in to fill the low-pressure area,
becoming warm and moist as it rises.
o Cloud Formation: As the warm air rises and cools, moisture forms
clouds.
o Growth and Rotation: The system of clouds and winds grows and spins,
fueled by the ocean's heat and evaporating water.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Eye Formation: A calm eye forms at the center as the storm
system rotates faster.
• Rotation Direction:
o North of the Equator: Counterclockwise rotation.
o South of the Equator: Clockwise rotation, due to Earth's rotation.
Are Hurricanes Becoming More Severe?
• Weaken on Landfall: Hurricanes weaken upon making landfall as they lose the
ocean's moisture fuel.
• Study Findings:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

o Slower Decay: Research published in Nature (November 11) indicates that

a warming world may slow down the decay of hurricanes.
o Warmer Sea Temperatures: Higher Sea surface temperatures increase the
moisture a hurricane carries, slowing its decay on land.
Difference Between a Hurricane and a Tropical Storm
• Terminology:
o Hurricanes: Form over the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean.
o Typhoons: Form in the Northwest Pacific.
o Cyclones: Form in the Bay of Bengal or the Arabian Sea.
• Scientific Name: All these storm types are scientifically known as tropical cyclones.

REGULATORY SANDBOX SCHEME

• Definition: The RS allows live testing of new products/services under a regulatory
environment with potential relaxations.
• Purpose: Provides a safe space for innovative entities to test new technologies and
business models, ensuring they comply with necessary safeguards and oversight.
1. Objectives:
o Innovation Testing: Allows technology-led entities to test new
products/services on a limited scale before wider deployment.
o Regulatory Engagement: Facilitates dialogue between regulators and
innovators to develop adaptive regulations that support innovation in
financial services.
o Consumer Benefits: Aims to bring efficiency and benefits to consumers
through responsible innovation in financial products.
2. Framework Development:
o RBI Initiative: Introduced by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in August 2019
following extensive consultations.
o Updated Requirements: Includes compliance with the Digital Personal Data
Protection Act of 2023 and extends the RS timeline from seven to nine
months.
o Target Applicants: Fintech companies, startups, banks, financial
institutions, LLPs, and partnership firms engaged in or supporting financial
services.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
ODISHA'S PALM TREES INITIATIVE TO COMBAT LIGHTNING
DEATHS
• Issue: Odisha is severely affected by lightning strikes during pre-monsoon and
monsoon periods.
• Casualties: On average, 300 people die annually due to lightning in Odisha, with a
total of 2,058 deaths from 2018-2023.
• Plantation Drive: The state plans to plant 1.9 million palm trees to reduce lightning
casualties.
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

• Restrictions: Cutting of existing palm trees is restricted, and permission from the
forest department is required to cut trees on private land
Rationale for Palm Trees
• Natural Conductors: Palm trees act as natural conductors, helping to prevent loss
of lives during lightning strikes.
• Past Practices: The restriction on felling palm trees was previously imposed and
then withdrawn but has now been reinstated due to increasing lightning deaths.

REGENERATIVE BRAKING
• Found in hybrid and electric vehicles.
• Also known as kinetic energy recovery system.
• Captures kinetic energy from braking, converts it to electrical power for the
vehicle's battery.
• Assists traditional brakes by slowing the vehicle.
• Electric motors act as generators, converting mechanical energy to electrical
energy during braking.
• Improves fuel efficiency and reduces wear on friction brakes.

HEAT DOME AND ITS EFFECTS

Heat dome centered over California causing scorching temperatures and dry
conditions.
About Heat Dome
• Definition: High-pressure system trapping warm air like a lid on a pot for an
extended period.
• Clear Skies: Warm air cannot rise, preventing cloud formation.
• Sunlight and Soil: High pressure allows more sunlight, warming and drying the soil,
reducing evaporation and rain cloud formation.
• Duration Impact: Longer heat dome presence increases temperatures over time.
• Heat Waves: Heat domes cause heat waves, but heat waves can occur without heat
domes.
Role of the Jet Stream
• Jet Stream Behavior: Fast-moving air in the upper atmosphere, influencing
weather system movement.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Wave Pattern: Typically moves in a wave-like pattern from north to south.
• Stagnation: When waves become larger and stationary, high-pressure
systems can get stuck, forming a heat dome.

CLARION-CLIPPERTON ZONE (CCZ)

• Location: Vast plain in the North Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Mexico.
• Minerals: Polymetallic nodules containing manganese, nickel, copper, and cobalt.
• Formation: Nodules take millions of years to form; first discovered by British sailors
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in 1873.
• Marine Life: Home to up to 30 cetacean populations, including endangered species
like blue whales.
• Exploration: 17 exploratory deep-sea mining licenses granted.
• India's Plan: Apply for licenses from International Seabed Authority (ISA) to explore
for deep-sea minerals in the CCZ.

DARK OXYGEN
• Oxygen that is being produced in complete darkness thousands of feet below the
ocean surface is termed dark oxygen.
• Oceanic plankton, drifting plants, algae, and some bacteria are the primary
elements attributed to the production of oxygen in the ocean. All these organisms
are capable of photosynthesis.
• The production of oxygen at such depths is thought to be impossible because there
isn't enough sunlight for plants to do photosynthesis.
• However, in this case, oxygen is not being produced by plants.
• The oxygen comes out of Polymetallic nodules that are similar in resemblance to
lumps of coal.
• These nodules, made up of metals like manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and
lithium, can generate oxygen through electrochemical activity even in the absence
of light.
• They are splitting H2O molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen.

NOTIFIED DISASTER
• Definition: Under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, a disaster is defined as a
"catastrophe, mishap, calamity or grave occurrence" resulting in substantial loss of
life, property destruction, or environmental damage.
• Current List: The 12 disasters classified as Notified Disasters are:
o Cyclone
o Drought
o Earthquake
o Fire
o Flood

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
o Tsunami
o Hailstorm
o Landslide
o Avalanche
o Cloud burst
o Pest attack
o Frost and cold wave
• Assistance: These disasters are eligible for funding from the National Disaster
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Response Fund (NDRF) and State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).

SECTION 4: NEWS IN SHORT

• In 2023, India discovered 641 new fauna and disaster management, enhancing
species (442 new to science and 199 newly transparency and citizen empowerment.
recorded in India) and 339 plant taxa (171 ISRO's achievements include high-
new to science and 168 new to India). resolution satellite imagery and increased
Notable discoveries include Capra private sector participation.
himalayensis (a distinct Himalayan Ibex • The Defence Research and Development
species) and Miniopterus srinii (a new Organisation (DRDO) has initiated a
bent-winged bat). Significant plant preliminary study on developing an
discoveries include Curcuma kakchingense indigenous conventional submarine under
(a new turmeric species) and Asystasia Project-76, following the Defence
venui (a flowering plant). Kerala, West Ministry's approval, with substantial
Bengal, and Tamil Nadu were prominent in indigenous content planned; this effort
fauna discoveries, while West Bengal, continues the advanced technology vessel
Kerala, and Uttarakhand led in plant (ATV) project, which includes the Arihant
discoveries. Additionally, the Fauna of series and nuclear-powered submarines,
India Checklist Portal was launched, while an air-independent propulsion (AIP)
encompassing 121 checklists covering 36 module developed by DRDO awaits
phyla, providing data on 1,04,561 animal fitment on Scorpene-class submarines
species, including endemic, threatened, starting with Kalvari in 2025 to enhance
and scheduled species. endurance and reduce detection.
• Union Minister Dr. Jitendra Singh launched • General Upendra Dwivedi took over as the
two geoportals developed by ISRO: 30th Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) from
"Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)" for rural General Manoj Pande. Born on July 1,
land record management and "National 1964, General Dwivedi was commissioned
Database for Emergency Management into the Infantry (Jammu & Kashmir Rifles)
(NDEM Ver. 5.0)" for disaster risk of the Indian Army on December 15, 1984.
reduction. Bhuvan Panchayat empowers Like the Navy chief, Admiral Dinesh K.
citizens with real-time data, reducing Tripathi, he is an alumnus of the Sainik
dependency on local administration, and School, Rewa, in Madhya Pradesh
promoting ease of living. NDEM provides • India has won ICC Men’s T20 World Cup
space-based inputs on natural disasters, • George Russell won the Austrian Grand
aiding in disaster risk reduction and early Prix for Mercedes after Red Bull's triple
warning systems. These initiatives are part world champion Max Verstappen and
of ongoing reforms to integrate space McLaren's Lando Norris collided late in the
technology in infrastructure development race while fighting for the lead

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Pench Tiger Reserve in Maharashtra has interpretations necessitates
launched an advanced AI system named thorough training. Strict
Pantera for early detection of forest fires. procedural compliance is crucial to avoid
The system features a high-resolution PTZ defense loopholes. Panchnama and
camera with a 15 km visual range, covering evidence collection involve extensive
over 350 sq km of the reserve. It operates digital documentation, posing integrity
from a control room in Kolitmara and risks and budget constraints. Training
integrates AI capabilities to differentiate includes phased, intensive programs from
between smoke and clouds, ensuring constables to SPs, supplemented by online
accurate fire alerts. Additionally, it uses sessions and awareness boards at police
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infrared technology for night-time stations.

operation and integrates data from 15 • In its efforts to promote the production
commercial satellites for comprehensive and use of renewable energy in the state,
fire monitoring. The system provides real- the Energy department has proposed
time alerts within 3 minutes of fire another solar park in Tumakuru district but
detection, integrates weather data and in Madhugiri taluk. It will be similar to the
historical fire incidence for proactive one set up in Pavagad taluk also in the
management, and tracks resources using district
GPS. • Major General V T Mathew, AVSM, YSM,
• Indian multi-role stealth frigate INS took charge as the General Officer
Shivalik, mission deployed in the South Commanding (GOC), Karnataka and Kerala
China Sea and North Pacific Ocean, has Sub Area
reached Pearl Harbour in Hawaii to take • Sweden launched a groundbreaking new
part in the Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) law, allowing grandparents to step in and
exercise. get paid parental leave while taking care of
• The IMF has released an AIPI Dashboard their grandchildren for up to three months
assessing AI readiness across 174 of a child’s first year
economies globally, categorizing them into • H.E António Costa elected as next
Advanced Economies (AE), Emerging President of the European Council
Market Economies (EM), and Low-Income • The Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Countries (LIC). Top performers include Implementation (MoSPI) has developed an
Singapore, Denmark, and the United eSankhyiki portal. It provides real-time
States among AE, and India, China, and Sri inputs for planners, policy-makers,
Lanka among EM. Key areas assessed researchers and the public at large. The
include digital infrastructure, human objective of this portal is to establish a
capital policies, innovation, and regulation. comprehensive data management and
AI is expected to impact jobs significantly sharing system for ease of dissemination of
across all economies, with concerns over official statistics in the country
widening global inequality, prompting calls • Snowblind is a new Android malware
for inclusive policy design. aimed at stealing banking credentials by
• Three new criminal codes will replace exploiting Android's security features. It
existing laws: IPC → Bharatiya Nyaya bypasses app anti-tamper mechanisms
Sanhita (BNS), CrPC → Bharatiya Nagarik using 'seccomp' in the Linux kernel and
Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), Indian Evidence Android OS. The malware repacks apps to
Act → Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA). avoid detection of accessibility feature
During the transition period till June 30, use, injects code pre-seccomp to evade
cases follow old laws; from July 1, new laws security, and uses accessibility services to
apply. Police face challenges with dual steal data and remotely access screens. It
procedures for evidence collection and disables biometric and two-factor
panchnama, requiring familiarity with both authentication, particularly impacting
legal frameworks. Variability in court Southeast Asia where users download

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
apps from untrusted sources. Detection is STEM challenges and public
challenging due to its manipulation of voting for selection. Costs include
system-level security, advising users to astronaut launch covered by SERA and
install apps only from trusted sources and mission costs by Blue Origin. Voting allows
regularly update their devices for security campaign through mission profiles and
patches social media, restricted by nationality for
• Bharat Coking Coal Limited (BCCL), under regional seats and open globally for one
its CSR initiatives has successfully seat. The mission entails an 11-minute
concluded a skill development training journey past 100 km altitude,
program in collaboration with Pramith weightlessness, and a controlled descent,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Foundation Kolkata, benefiting 150 youth promoting inclusivity with minimal training
from the Dhanbad region requirements.
• The Indian Army contingent departed • The Global IndiaAI Summit 2024, hosted by
yesterday for the 13th edition of India- India's Ministry of Electronics and
Thailand joint military Exercise MAITREE. Information Technology in New Delhi,
The exercise is scheduled to be conducted aimed to promote responsible AI
from 1st to 15th July 2024 at Fort development and collaboration among
Vachiraprakan in Tak Province of Thailand. international experts. India, as the lead
Last edition of the same exercise was chair of GPAI, emphasized ethical and
conducted at Umroi, Meghalaya in inclusive AI growth globally. The IndiaAI
September 2019 Mission focuses on building a robust AI
• BBMP has entrusted Bangalore Solid ecosystem with initiatives like compute
Waste Management Limited (BSWML) to capacity enhancement, innovation
oversee solid waste management. centers, datasets platform, application
BSWML, formed three years ago and led by development, skills enhancement, startup
an IAS officer, will manage door-to-door support, and ensuring safe and trusted AI
collection, transportation, and disposal of through guidelines
waste. It plans to appoint assistant general • Paper Mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera),
managers, use technology for monitoring, an invasive plant native to Southeast Asia,
and establish a command center. BBMP is spreading rapidly in Bengaluru's open
retains supervision of pourakarmikas and spaces, including lakes and parks, due to a
health inspectors but faces concerns over lack of awareness about its harmful
BSWML's lack of statutory backing. effects. Introduced to India in the 1880s
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has for horticulture, the plant produces highly
partnered with ASEAN countries to allergenic pollen twice a year, posing
establish Nexus, a platform facilitated by health risks. Its proliferation in areas like
the Bank for International Settlements' the Indian Institute of Science and railway
Innovation Hub. It aims to standardize stations has come at the expense of native
global connections for Instant Payment species. The unchecked spread of invasive
Systems (IPS), linking India's UPI with FPSs plants, exacerbated by urbanization,
of Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, threatens biodiversity in urban areas.
and Thailand. This initiative seeks to • Jyothi Yarraji is set to become the first
enhance cross-border retail payments, Indian 100m hurdler to compete in the
enable near-instant transactions at Olympics while shot putter Abha Khatua
minimal cost, and expand connectivity made a surprise cut through world
beyond bilateral agreements rankings for Paris Games.
• India has joined SERA's Citizen Astronaut • NASA has recently captured an epic view of
Programme, offering six seats on Blue the largest volcano in our solar system
Origin's New Shepard rocket to countries named Olympus Mons using the Mars
without astronauts. Candidates, including Odyssey orbiter.
Indian citizens paying a $2.50 fee, undergo

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Scientists have identified a species of permanent residents of CIL's
desert moss called 'Syntrichia caninervis' operational districts, ensuring
that could be a game-changer for future transparency through a dedicated digital
space exploration and colonisation efforts. application process.
• Astronomers recently discovered a new • India has developed and certified SEBEX 2,
radio galaxy using the LOw-Frequency a new high-performance explosive, under
ARray (LOFAR). It is a highly innovative, the Make in India initiative by Economic
pan-European distributed radio Explosives Limited, and certified by the
interferometer and the first of its kind. It Indian Navy. SEBEX 2, which uses a high-
observes the Universe at low radio melting explosive composition,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

frequencies, close to the FM radio band, significantly increases the lethality of

from 90 to 200 MHz. It was developed by various munitions and has a TNT
the Dutch Institute for Radio Astronomy equivalence of 2.01, surpassing that of the
(ASTRON) with the goal of exploring the BrahMos warhead. Future developments
early, distant universe, solar activity, and include a variant with a TNT equivalence of
the terrestrial atmosphere. 2.3. Additional certified explosives include
• Nouka baich boat races will soon begin in SITBEX 1, a thermobaric explosive for
several rural pockets of West Bengal. fortified positions, and SIMEX 4, an
• A UK-based teenager, Oran Knowlson who insensitive munition ideal for torpedo
has become the first person in the world to warheads in submarines.
be fitted with a brain implant to help bring • A new study by the World Resources
his epileptic seizures under control by Institute (WRI) emphasizes the importance
using deep brain stimulation (DBS) device of incentivizing MSMEs to facilitate India's
• The Karnataka government is considering transition to clean energy. MSMEs, which
the establishment of the Greater account for 25% of India's energy
Bengaluru Authority (GBA) to manage consumption, face challenges such as
Bengaluru's expanding needs. This new limited financial access and reliance on
governance body will have planning and outdated technologies. The study
financial powers, overseeing multiple underscores the need for improved
corporations and parastatal agencies. The governance, institutional frameworks, and
Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) awareness to support MSMEs in reducing
will shift its focus to large infrastructure CO2 emissions and achieving India's
projects, losing its current power to carbon reduction goals. Tailored
approve land use and development plans. government interventions and sector-
A draft bill, created by a four-member specific skills are essential for a successful
committee, proposes the GBA structure, clean energy transition
which includes an apex body headed by • The Sri Krishnarajendra Silver Jubilee Park,
the Chief Minister, various city officials, established in 1927 to commemorate
and domain experts. The GBA will manage Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV's 25-year rule, is
planning, fund utilization, and coordinate currently in a deteriorated state due to
major infrastructure projects, with the neglect by the Bruhat Bengaluru
jurisdiction expanded by about 250 sq km Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). Built by
to cover Bengaluru's periphery. Dewan Sir Mirza Ismail, it spans between
• The Union government launched the Town Hall and Jumma Masjid. Despite its
NIRMAN Portal, a CSR initiative by Coal historical significance and lush greenery in
India Limited (CIL) under "Mission the past, the park has suffered from
Karmayogi," to provide Rs 1,00,000 neglect over the last 15 years. It now
support to eligible UPSC aspirants from serves as a dumping ground and illegal
Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe, female, parking area, particularly at night,
or third gender categories, with annual affecting its aesthetic appeal and original
family income less than Rs 8 lakhs, who are purpose

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Hardik Pandya rose two places to become and 500 Aspirational Blocks in
the first Indian to occupy the No. 1 spot in India. The campaign focuses on
the ICC’s T20I all-rounders’ rankings health, agriculture, education, and
• India has officially announced its financial inclusion, with specific targets
participation in the annual summit of the such as Antenatal Care registration, Soil
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Health Card distribution, and school
in Kazakhstan's Astana recently, with the infrastructure improvements. Districts and
External Affairs Minister leading the blocks will implement action plans,
delegation conduct monitoring, and collaborate with
• Recently, Niti Aayog released the central and state governments to ensure
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Guidelines for the Utilization and sustainable development.

Processing of Steel Slag as Processed Steel • The World Drug Report 2024, released by
Slag Aggregates in Road Construction the UN Office on Drugs and Crime
• Recently, a team of researchers from the (UNODC), reveals a significant increase in
Zoological Survey of India recorded the global drug use, with 292 million people
forest-dwelling frog from the Talle Wildlife consuming drugs in 2022, marking a 20%
Sanctuary and named it as Xenophrys rise over the past decade. Cannabis
apatani remains the most widely used drug with
• The 16th edition of India-Mongolia Joint 228 million users, followed by opioids,
Military Exercise NOMADIC ELEPHANT amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy. The
commenced at Foreign Training Node, report highlights the emergence of
Umroi (Meghalaya) Nitazenes, highly potent synthetic opioids,
• Dr. B.N. Gangadhar appointed as contributing to increased overdose deaths
Chairperson of the National Medical in high-income countries. Globally, 64
Commission million people suffer from drug use
• The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) disorders, yet only 1 in 11 receive
Karnataka is embracing the "Beyond treatment, with notable gender disparities
Bengaluru" initiative in alignment with the (1 in 18 women vs. 1 in 7 men). In 2022,
Karnataka Digital Economy Mission, law enforcement actions for drug offences
focusing on developing sunrise sectors and affected 7 million people, resulting in over
industrial clusters outside Bengaluru to 1.6 million convictions
boost growth and job creation in tier-II and • Labour party leader Keir Starmer to
tier-III cities, while supporting India's become UK Prime Minister first time
energy goals and fostering industry- • Markets regulator SEBI has issued new
academia relationships. guidelines effective August 1, 2024, to
• The Smart Cities Mission (SCM), launched streamline operations and enhance ease
in June 2015 under the Union Urban of doing business for credit rating agencies
Development Ministry, aims to develop (CRAs), including specific timelines for
100 cities across India with sustainable and rating appeals, prompt communication of
inclusive infrastructure. Over 8,000 ratings, maintaining records for 10 years,
projects are planned, with 7,188 already daily updates on non-cooperative issuers,
completed, focusing on enhancing urban and ensuring compliance through half-
living conditions through area-based yearly internal audits to uphold investor
development and pan-city solutions, protection and foster market development
managed by Special Purpose Vehicles • To combat rising dengue cases and raise
(SPVs) and leveraging Public-Private awareness, the BBMP Health Department
Partnerships (PPP). has launched the Dengue Warrior contest,
• NITI Aayog will launch 'Sampoornata inviting citizens and students to create and
Abhiyan' from July 4 to September 30, upload short videos on dengue prevention
2024, aiming to achieve saturation in 6 key measures by July 25; top participants will
indicators across 112 Aspirational Districts be recognized and awarded based on the

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
engagement their videos receive on social • Meta has introduced a new AI
media tool that can generate or
• The Philippine Army has confirmed that retexture 3D objects in under a minute. It
the “deadly” Typhon Weapons System, is a combined AI system that can generate
deployed by the United States for joint high-quality 3D assets, with both high-
military exercises, will soon be withdrawn resolution textures and material maps, all
from the country within one minute.
• Odisha has restricted the cutting of • India-Mongolia Joint Military Exercise
existing palm trees and plans to plant NOMADIC ELEPHANT is scheduled to be
around 1.9 million such trees to reduce conducted from 03rd to 16th July 2024 in
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

casualties from lightning strikes Umroi, Meghalaya.

• For the first time, a large-scale migration of • The President of India, in exercise of the
Common Grass Yellow was observed powers conferred by the Constitution of
during the three-day butterfly survey India, appointed Shri Sheel Nagu, Judge of
which concluded at the Mudumalai Tiger the High Court of Madhya Pradesh as the
Reserve (MTR) recently Chief Justice of the High Court of Punjab
• The Karnataka state government has and Haryana with effect from the date he
formed a nine-member committee to assumes charge of his office.
investigate and address the contamination • The Department of Drinking Water and
of the Kaveri River, following concerns Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti,
raised by MLC Dinesh Gooligowda about has joined forces with the National STOP
the negative impact of sewage, solid Diarrhoea Campaign to launch a two-
waste, and industrial pollutants on marine month awareness initiative, "Swachh
life and public health; the committee, Gaon, Shudh Jal - Behtar Kal," starting from
tasked by the Forest Department, will July 1, 2024, aimed at promoting safe
submit a comprehensive report within ten water and sanitation practices in rural
days and will be dissolved thereafter areas. This collaboration seeks to reduce
• The Australia-India Strategic Research childhood mortality and foster health and
Fund is a bilateral program that supports hygiene. The campaign includes activities
collaborative research projects between such as community engagement, water
Australia and India, aiming to strengthen quality testing, sensitization workshops,
scientific relationships and address leakage detection and repair drives, public
common challenges through joint efforts awareness campaigns, and educational
in areas such as Artificial Intelligence, initiatives focused on preventing
renewable energy technologies, and urban diarrhoeal diseases and improving overall
mining, and is jointly managed and funded public health in rural India
by both governments to facilitate access to • Researchers have determined that the
global science and technology systems and world’s oldest known figurative cave
increase the uptake of leading-edge painting dates back 51,200 years by using
scientific research and technology. a new dating technique, according to a
• A painting created at least 51,200 years recent study. Located in the Leang
ago was discovered in the limestone cave Karampuang cave on the Indonesian island
of Leang Karampuang in the Maros- of Sulawesi, the painting in red pigment
Pangkep region of the Indonesian island. shows a pig with its mouth partially open
• Ahom era 'Moidams', resting place of royal and three part-human, part-animal stick
families, in Assam's Charaideo district have figures, or therianthrope
been recommended for inclusion in the • On July 5, 2024, the Women
UNESCO World Heritage List by its Entrepreneurship Platform (WEP) and
international advisory body International TransUnion CIBIL launched the SEHER
Council on Monuments and Sites program to empower women
(ICOMOS). entrepreneurs in India by increasing

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
financial awareness and aiding in accessing communication sites from long
and managing credit. With 63 million standoff ranges
MSMEs in India, 20% of which are women- • Vasant Mokashi, the screenwriter of
owned, the program aims to create 30 Shankar Nag’s 1985 hit film ‘Accident’,
million new women-owned enterprises passed away
and generate 150-170 million jobs. SEHER • The two-day Mysuru Literature Festival,
focuses on financial literacy, credit organized by Mysuru Literary Forum
awareness, and provides support through Charitable Trust and Mysuru Book Clubs-
entrepreneurship promotion, access to 2015, concluded on Sunday, featuring
finance, market linkages, training, diverse panel discussions and the release
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

mentoring, and business development of "Power within - The leadership legacy of

services. Narendra Modi" by R Balasubramaniam,
• The Ministry of New & Renewable Energy which explores Modi’s leadership journey
(MNRE) of the Government of India has and his spiritual influences
issued guidelines for funding under the • At the Paris Diamond League meet,
National Green Hydrogen Mission. The Yaroslava Mahuchikh of Ukraine set a new
guidelines focus on developing a quality women's high jump world record of 2.10
and testing ecosystem, supporting new meters, surpassing the previous mark set
and upgraded testing facilities, and in 1987. Meanwhile, Kenyan Faith
ensuring safe and secure operations in the Kipyegon improved her own women's
Green Hydrogen (GH2) sector. The scheme 1500m record, showcasing top form ahead
has a budgetary outlay of Rs. 200 crores of the Olympics in Paris
until FY 2025-26 and will be implemented • India’s Dhruv Sitwala and Anupama
by the National Institute of Solar Energy Ramachandran clinched the men’s Asian
(NISE). The National Green Hydrogen billards and women’s snooker titles in the
Mission, launched on January 4, 2023, with Asian championships in Riyadh recently.
a total outlay of Rs. 19,744 crores until FY • Two new species of litter-dwelling jumping
2029-30, aims to achieve self-reliance in spiders from the evergreen forests of the
clean energy, reduce carbon footprints, southern Western Ghats have been found
decrease fossil fuel imports, and position by researchers from Christ College,
India as a leader in Green Hydrogen Irinjalakuda.
technology. • Japan issued its first new banknotes in two
• The Rudram-1 missile, developed by the decades, yen packed with 3D hologram
Defence Research and Development technology to fight counterfeiting
Organisation (DRDO) for the Indian Air • For the first time, a large-scale migration of
Force (IAF), was successfully test-fired. Common Grass Yellow was observed
This air-to-surface missile, integrated with during the three-day butterfly survey
Sukhoi-30MKI fighter jets, is India's first which concluded at the Mudumalai Tiger
indigenous anti-radiation missile. It Reserve (MTR) recently
features inertial and GPS navigation • The Karnataka State government is
systems, a passive homing head for launching the 'Naavu Manujaru'
accurate targeting of radiation-emitting programme in schools to promote social
sources, and can be launched from harmony, tolerance, and scientific temper.
altitudes of 500 meters to 15 kilometers The program will involve 2 hours of weekly
with a maximum range of up to 250 discussions, replacing one period of value
kilometers. The missile can reach speeds of education and two periods of SUPW.
up to Mach 2 and enhances the IAF's Implemented with guidelines from the
capability in Suppression of Enemy Air Department of School Education and
Defence (SEAD) operations by targeting Literacy, district-level nodal officers will
and neutralizing enemy radars and oversee the execution and report to
DSERT. The curriculum covers themes like

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
social harmony, festivals, sports, social comprehensive People’s
reformers, family dynamics, and values Biodiversity Register (PBR) with
such as equality and liberty. It also the involvement of local communities. The
promotes scientific temper, PBR serves as a detailed record of
environmental awareness, social inclusion, biodiversity, including conservation of
and coexistence through various activities habitats, preservation of land races,
and discussions. domesticated animal breeds,
• The Department of Telecommunication microorganisms, and accumulated
released draft rules for the administration biological knowledge. Mandated by the
of Digital Bharat Nidhi (DBN) for a 30-day Biological Diversity Act (2002), PBRs are
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

public consultation. The DBN, which developed to document and safeguard

replaced the Universal Service Obligation bioresources and associated knowledge at
Fund (USOF) through the the local level.
Telecommunications Act, 2023, focuses on • The Indo-Russian Rifles Private Limited
providing telecom services in underserved (IRRPL), a joint venture between India and
areas, supporting pilot projects, research Russia, has successfully delivered 35,000
and development, and the introduction of AK-203 Kalashnikov assault rifles to the
new telecom technologies. Payments to Indian Army. Developed by engineer
the DBN will first be credited to the Mikhail Kalashnikov between 2007 and
Consolidated Fund of India and then 2010 in Russia, these rifles are chambered
transferred to the DBN. The central for the 7.62x39mm cartridge and are
government will appoint an administrator renowned for their reliability and ease of
to oversee the selection of DBN maintenance. The rifles are produced
implementers through bidding or using proprietary Russian technologies and
applications, who must offer services non- certified equipment to ensure high quality
discriminatorily. The new rules aim to and adherence to specifications. IRRPL,
replace previous USOF rules and omit established in 2019 and located at Korwa
certain financial and technical definitions. Ordnance Factory in Amethi district, Uttar
• To address severe coastal erosion in the Pradesh, makes India the first country
Poonthura region of Kerala, the irrigation outside Russia to produce the AK-200
department plans to construct eight series rifles
groynes at a cost of Rs 17.5 crore. Groynes • World Cup-winning former opener
are structures extending from the shore Gautam Gambhir was named head coach
into the sea, typically made of wood, rock, of the Indian cricket team by the BCCI
concrete, or metal. They serve to trap • The Council for the Indian School
sediment, dissipate wave energy, and Certificate Examinations (CISCE) has
restrict sediment transfer through directed its member schools in Karnataka
longshore drift. Longshore drift occurs to adhere to the state's language teaching
when waves carry sediment along the policies, mandating Kannada as the first or
beach at an angle due to prevailing winds. second language, in line with the Kannada
Groynes help prevent this, thereby slowing Language Learning Act, 2015. Despite
erosion. Advantages of groynes include opposition from some schools, CISCE
ease of construction, long-term durability, officials Joseph Emmanuel and G.
low maintenance, reduced need for beach Immanuel emphasized compliance during
nourishment, beach widening, erosion a meeting of school principals.
reduction, increased wave energy Additionally, CISCE plans to assess schools
dissipation, and long-term coastline based on six parameters, including
stabilization. teaching quality (40%) and infrastructure
• Thazhakara has become the first grama (60%), to foster healthy competition and
panchayat in Alappuzha and one of the allow for peer and board reassessments
first in Kerala to update and publish a

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• Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, former on National Consumer Rights Day
Director-General of the Indian Council of 2022 by the Ministry of
Medical Research and Chief Scientist of the Consumer Affairs. The portal aims to
World Health Organization, has been empower consumers by providing repair
appointed Principal Adviser at the Union information, promoting a circular
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for economy, and offering affordable repair
the National Tuberculosis Elimination options across various sectors including
Programme (NTEP) automobiles, electronics, and farming
• The RBI mandates routing all credit card equipment.
bill payments through the Bharat Bill • The Ministry of Culture launched Project
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Payment System (BBPS) to streamline PARI during the 46th Session of the World
processes, enhance security, and ensure Heritage Committee Meeting in New Delhi
regulatory oversight. This impacts users of (21st-31st July 2024). This initiative,
banks not yet integrated with BBPS, organized by Lalit Kala Akademi, involves
including major banks like Axis Bank, HDFC over 150 visual artists from India. Project
Bank, and YES Bank, which are still in the PARI aims to enhance Delhi's cultural
process of integration landscape by blending traditional and
• The XVI Finance Commission has formed modern artistic styles through mediums
an Advisory Council led by Dr. Poonam like sculptures, murals, and installations. It
Gupta, comprising members including Dr. promotes public accessibility to art, fosters
D.K. Srivastava, Mr. Neelkanth Mishra, Ms. social cohesion, and highlights themes
Pranjul Bhandari, and Mr. Rahul Bajoria. such as Natyashastra, Gandhiji, Indian
The council's role includes advising on toys, and the significant participation of
Terms of Reference (ToR), conducting women artists
research, and enhancing the Commission's • The Reserve Bank’s Financial Inclusion
recommendations on fiscal devolution and Index (FI-Index) rose to 64.2 in March
related subjects. 2024, indicating growth across all
• Prime Minister Narendra Modi received parameters. Developed in 2021, it
Russia’s highest civilian honour, the Order evaluates financial inclusion nationwide
of Saint Andrew the Apostle, during his through 97 indicators, measuring access,
visit to Russia. The award, announced in usage, and service quality in banking,
2019, recognizes his exceptional role in investments, insurance, postal, and
enhancing the strategic partnership pension sectors. The index ranges from 0
between Russia and India, and fostering to 100, reflecting levels of financial
friendly relations between their peoples. inclusion, aiding policy-making, meeting
The Order is bestowed upon prominent G20 standards, and supporting research on
figures from various fields for exceptional its societal impact.
service to Russia, including foreign heads • Thazhakara has become the first grama
of state for outstanding contributions to panchayat in Alappuzha and one of the
the Russian Federation. first in Kerala to publish a comprehensive
• NABARD has launched its first integrated People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) with
tribal development program in Kollam's local community involvement. The PBR
Kulathupuzha grama panchayat, documents biodiversity, including
partnering with Thanal to uplift 413 tribal habitats, land races, animal breeds, and
families over five years through biological knowledge, as mandated by the
sustainable livelihoods, agricultural Biological Diversity Act (2002). Biodiversity
enhancement, and economic Management Committees (BMCs), created
empowerment initiatives. by local bodies, promote conservation,
• The Indian government has encouraged sustainable use, and documentation of
automobile companies to participate in biodiversity. PBRs play a vital role in
the unified Right to Repair Portal, launched conserving biodiversity, protecting

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
traditional knowledge, and aiding local of marine resources through
projects in agriculture, water, and waste international cooperation, area-
management. based management, and environmental
• A groundbreaking study by the National impact assessments, supporting
Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS) has Sustainable Development Goal 14 (Life
highlighted the negative impact of Below Water)
changing land use patterns and • Due to the Ukraine conflict affecting
infrastructure development on the genetic Moscow's ability to supply military spare
connectivity of gaur and sambar parts to India, Russia will establish more
populations in central India. Key findings joint production facilities in India to
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

reveal that infrastructure and land use prevent supply chain delays. Both
changes fragment habitats, isolating countries aim to increase bilateral trade to
populations and leading to genetic $100 billion by 2030 and develop a
inbreeding and reduced diversity. The settlement system using national
study employed genetic analysis from currencies. Russia will enhance cargo
faecal samples, identifying distinct genetic turnover with India via new routes, and
clusters among herbivore populations. The nine agreements were signed, including
disruption in connectivity threatens those for joint manufacturing of military
ecosystem health and biodiversity, spare parts and nuclear power
necessitating targeted conservation cooperation. The joint ventures will meet
strategies like wildlife corridors and Indian military needs and support exports
improved protected area management. to friendly countries.
• Recent studies indicate the Earth's inner • The Karnataka State Road Transport
core, composed of solid iron and nickel and Corporation (KSRTC) plans to launch its
located about 5,150 kilometers beneath longest daily services from Bengaluru to
the surface, has slowed down significantly Ahmedabad and Puri using European-
and may have reversed its rotation style, air-conditioned sleeper buses,
direction. The inner core, making up 20% covering approximately 1,500 km each.
of Earth's mass, has a radius of This expansion, driven by strong demand
approximately 759 miles and and private sector competition, will
temperatures ranging from 7200–9000℉. introduce routes beyond the current
Sustained by heat from radioactive decay longest services to Mumbai and Shirdi
and other sources, it generates Earth's (1,000 km each). KSRTC needs approvals
magnetic field and remains solid under from state road transport corporations in
immense pressure of about 3.6 million Gujarat, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Andhra
atmospheres. This slowdown raises new Pradesh, and is confident of the routes'
questions about the dynamics of Earth's profitability. Under the Ambaari Utsav
core and magnetic field generation. brand, KSRTC is procuring 20 multi-axle AC
• The Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime sleeper buses, with new buses costing Rs
Minister Narendra Modi, approved India's 1.8 crore each, to augment the fleet and
participation in the Biodiversity Beyond meet increasing demand. The remaining
National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement, an 16 new AC sleeper buses will serve other
international treaty under the United routes, including Mangaluru and
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Hyderabad, and 20 AC seater buses will be
(UNCLOS) aimed at conserving marine added for routes like Tirupati and
biodiversity in areas beyond national Ernakulam.
jurisdiction. The Ministry of Earth Sciences • The state government appointed senior
will lead its implementation, enhancing journalist Ayesha Khanum as chairperson
India's strategic presence, marine of the Karnataka Media Academy.
conservation, and scientific collaboration. • Karnataka Industries and Infrastructure
The agreement promotes sustainable use Development Minister M B Patil

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
announced that a delegation's recent visit tracking link to callers when a
to Japan and South Korea secured Hoysala vehicle is dispatched.
investments worth Rs 6,450 crore from six Callers can track the vehicle and interact
major companies and identified potential with the team for clarifications. This
future investments worth Rs 25,000 crore. feature, available through the Safe
Confirmed investments include Rs 5,000 Connect on Karnataka State Police app,
crore by Osaka Gas, Rs 1,000 crore by DN aims to improve response times and
Solutions, and Rs 210 crore by Aoyama facilitate easier access to police assistance.
Seisakusho. Daiki Axis, HyVISION, and The average response time for a Hoysala
EMNI Co Ltd will jointly invest Rs 240 crore. vehicle is just over eight minutes
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

These investments are expected to create • Salazar Pit Viper, named after Salazar
over 1,000 jobs. Additionally, meetings Slytherin from the popular 'Harry Potter'
were held with Renesas Electronics Corp, series, has been found in Assam's
Toyota Motors, Samsung Electronics, and Kaziranga National Park
LG Energy Solutions. From 2018-19 to • The Indian National Centre for Ocean
2023-24, 122 projects worth Rs 4.29 lakh Information Services (INCOIS) has
crore were approved, potentially creating upgraded its Regional Analysis of Indian
over 3 lakh jobs, with 38 projects already Ocean (RAIN) system to improve the
implemented. Projects typically take 3-5 health monitoring of the Indian Ocean. The
years for investments over Rs 500 crore new version includes sea surface height
and more than 5 years for investments data, in addition to salinity and sea surface
over Rs 1,000 crore. temperature, and utilizes observations
• The bifurcation of the University of from depths of 3 to 2,000 meters for
Agricultural Sciences-Bengaluru (UAS-B) is enhanced ocean current analysis.
imminent as an experts’ committee has Established in 1999 under the Ministry of
recommended establishing a new Earth Sciences, INCOIS provides ocean
integrated university of agriculture and information and advisory services,
horticulture sciences at V.C. Farm in including tsunami warnings and daily
Mandya. This new university will include advisories for fisherfolk, through initiatives
districts from UAS-B and UAHS- like the Indian Tsunami Early Warning
Shivamogga. The committee, led by former Centre (ITEWC)
UAS-B Vice-chancellor Rajendraprasad, • Raksha Rajya Mantri Shri Sanjay Seth
suggests converting UAS-B into an launched the GRSE Accelerated Innovation
integrated university and similarly Nurturing Scheme (GAINS 2024) in Kolkata
transforming other agricultural on July 10, 2024. This initiative by Garden
universities in a phased manner. The Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited
Mysuru division, lacking any agricultural promotes technological development
university, and the high demand for through MSMEs and Start-Ups, aligning
agricultural education justify this move. with 'Make in India' and 'Start-up India'
The proposed Mandya university will need policies. It aims to address shipyard
₹285.89 crore and 797 staff, with 308 challenges and enhance defence
already available. The committee capabilities by fostering innovative
members include experts from UAS- solutions from Indian start-ups, supporting
Dharwad and other retired officials. national self-reliance goals
• People who call the police helpline 112 in • The Union government announced 10%
Bengaluru can now track the Hoysala reservation for Agniveers in the Central
vehicle in real time via their phones. Police Armed Police Forces and Assam Rifles
Commissioner B. Dayananda announced • The Karnataka government has fixed the
this initiative to enhance transparency and maximum age limit for school enrolment
make policing more user-friendly. The as six years for LKG, seven years for UKG,
Command Centre sends an SMS with a and eight years for class 1. Following its

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
earlier amended order, the State • An Indian Air Force (IAF)
government has started preparations to contingent landed at the Royal
implement the age limit for enrolling Australian Air Force (RAAF) Base Darwin,
children who have compulsory completed Australia for participating in Exercise Pitch
six years for class 1 as on June 1 from the Black 2024. he name 'Pitch Black' was
academic year 2025-26 derived from the emphasis on night time
• With an aim to introduce cutting-edge skill flying over large un-populated areas.
programmes, bridging the gap between • eSwasthya Dham portal is now integrated
academia and industry, and to with Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission
revolutionise higher education and skill (ABDM). ABDM, a “Central Sector Scheme”
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

development in the country, the National launched in September 2021 aims to

Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) and create an integrated digital health
Visvesvaraya Technological University infrastructure of the country. The
(VTU) signed a Memorandum of Uttarakhand Government’s Department of
Understanding (MoU) Health and Family Welfare has launched a
• In a breakthrough in cybersecurity, portal called eSwasthya Dham. eSwasthya
scientists at the Raman Research Institute Dham portal, available
(RRI) have developed a new, user-friendly at https://eswasthyadham.uk.gov.in/ is a
method to generate truly unpredictable portal which helps in monitoring the Char
random numbers, crucial for stronger Dham Yatra pilgrim's health parameters.
encryption in quantum communications. The eSwasthya Dham portal provides a
This advancement, based on temporal range of benefits to the pilgrims and one of
correlations and certified by the violation them is the generation of ABHA
of the Leggett Garg Inequality, ensures (Ayushman Bharat Health Account).
loophole-free randomness, enhancing Pilgrims can easily create their ABHA 14-
password protection and data security by digit number at the eSwasthya Dham
resisting brute-force attacks and portal in just 1-2 minutes.
preventing forgery. The method, detailed • The Expert Committee Report on
in the Physical Review Letters, generated Government-Run Engineering Colleges in
over 900,000 random bits at a rate of Karnataka, constituted by Higher
nearly 4,000 bits/second, offering Education Minister Dr. M C Sudhakar,
significant potential for secure digital highlights the key challenges and
interactions. opportunities facing these institutions. The
• India hosts the first BIMSTEC Foreign report identifies major issues such as
Ministers' retreat in New Delhi, with inadequate infrastructure, low
External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar placements, staff shortages, and non-
urging the seven-member group to accreditation, which have led to increased
address regional challenges internally, competition from private institutions. To
especially amidst the ongoing crisis in address these, the committee
Myanmar where the military junta faces recommends short-term goals like staff
significant setbacks from ethnic armed skill enhancement, additional courses, and
organizations, impacting regional stability student training, and long-term goals
and connectivity projects. including academic and financial
• According to a recent report the Israeli autonomy, centers of excellence, and
military reportedly employed the Hannibal revenue generation initiatives. Despite
Directive during the October 7 attack by these challenges, government-run colleges
Hamas. It is a purported operational have strengths like assured admissions,
doctrine of using maximum force to ensure strategic locations, budgetary support,
no soldiers are captured, even if it means scholarships, and low tuition fees, and
sacrificing military and civilian lives, a opportunities for improvement through
media investigation has found. accreditation, increasing student intake,

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
new courses, and internal revenue potentially generate 2,500MW of
generation power. The initiative aims to
• The draft of the Greater Bengaluru reduce electricity costs for lift irrigation
Governance Bill, 2024, introduces a projects, currently amounting to Rs 10-12
proportional representation system in crore monthly. Floating solar panels,
ward committees, empowering all civic already generating 1GW of power in India,
poll contestants to nominate one member offer a land-free solution despite high
for every 10% vote share they secure. This installation costs. The government is also
reform aims to make ward committees exploring revenue generation from lakes
more representative and democratic. Each through commercial activities, potentially
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

ward committee will consist of 20 increasing income from fishing and other
members, including nominees through ventures. A meeting with experts and
proportional representation and from Deputy CM D K Shivakumar will further
local civil society organizations. Members assess these proposals. Four lakes in the
will have voting rights, and ward Bengaluru Urban are on the list - Bagalur
committees will receive up to 50% of the Lake (Yelahanka), Singanayakanahalli Lake
increase in property tax collection (Yelahanka), Jigani Doddakere (Anekal)
compared to the previous year. Approval and Muttanallur Amanikere (Anekal)
from ward committees is mandatory for • The Kerala Forest Department's master
changes in the land use plan within the plan to manage human-wildlife conflict,
ward. declared a State-specific disaster, involves
• The Defence Research & Development a ₹645 crore investment over three years,
Organisation (DRDO) has sanctioned seven integrating advanced technologies like AI-
new projects to private sector industries based alert systems, drones with thermal
under the Technology Development Fund sensors, and camera traps with traditional
(TDF) scheme to foster self-reliance methods like beehive fencing and bio-
(Aatmanirbharta) in defence and fences, funded through Central-State
aerospace sectors. The initiative targets allocations and schemes including
MSMEs and start-ups to strengthen the MGNREGS, also incorporating solar lights,
military industrial ecosystem. Projects barriers, and habitat management
include the development of simulation strategies
toolkits, unmanned aerial vehicles, • India will host the first World Audiovisual
remote-operated vehicles, ice detection and Entertainment Summit in November
sensors, radar signal processors, satellite- alongside the International Film Festival of
based timing systems, and smart e-textiles. India in Goa Two Russian warships have
The TDF scheme promotes indigenous arrived in the southern Chinese port city of
defence technology development, with Zhanjiang to take part in joint naval
funding support and collaboration exercises
opportunities for eligible Indian entities. • China and Russia detachment of vessels
• In a bid to expand Karnataka’s from the Pacific fleet will take part in the
semiconductor ecosystem, Karnataka joint naval exercise — Interaction
administration is considering the Maritime 2024
development of the Bengaluru-Mysuru • Krejcikova, the 2021 Roland-Garros
belt as a hub for the semiconductor champion, is one of six women in the Open
industry. era (post 1968) to secure their first two
• Karnataka state government appointed singles Majors at the French Open and
Mysuru-based writer Ka Tha Chikkanna as Wimbledon. The others are Evonne
chairperson of the National Saint Poet Goolagong (1971), Chris Evert (1974),
Kanakadasa Study and Research Centre. Garbine Muguruza (2016 and ’17), Simona
• The Karnataka government plans to install Halep (2018 and ’19) and Ash Barty (2019
floating solar panels on 40 lakes, which can and ’21)

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• The United States and its allies will deliver • The World Health Organization
to Ukraine five additional air defence (WHO) has launched MeDevIS, an
systems, including Patriot missile batteries online platform designed to serve as a
and Patriot components global open access clearing house for
• Scientists from the Zoological Survey of medical device information. It aims to
India (ZSI) recently discovered a new assist governments, regulators, and users
species of deep-water dogfish shark in decision-making related to medical
Squalus hima from a fishing harbour in device selection, procurement, and usage
Kerala along the Arabian Sea for health diagnostics, testing, and
• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) now allows treatment
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

resident individuals to open Foreign • India and Taiwan have implemented a

Currency Accounts (FCAs) in International Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) for
Financial Services Centres (IFSCs) at GIFT organic products, effective from July 8,
City, Gujarat, under the Liberalised 2024. This agreement allows agricultural
Remittance Scheme (LRS), a policy products meeting India's NPOP standards
initiative introduced in 2004 that permits to be sold in Taiwan as organic, and vice
resident individuals to remit up to USD versa under Taiwan's Organic Agriculture
250,000 per financial year for any Promotion Act. It simplifies export
permissible transaction in any freely processes by eliminating dual
convertible foreign currency certifications, benefiting products like rice,
• Recently, it was reported that an exotic processed food, and medicinal plants.
beetle released into a vast reservoir in • The UNDESA's World Population Prospects
Betul district has successfully eradicated 2024 report highlights India's ascent as the
an invasive weed species, Salvinia molesta, world's most populous nation, projecting
within 18 months its population to peak at 1.7 billion in the
• PM inaugurates Indian Newspaper Society 2060s before declining to 1.5 billion by
(INS) Towers in Mumbai, Maharashtra 2100. Globally, the report forecasts a peak
• The Government of India is launching the population of 10.3 billion in the mid-2080s,
'Agri Fund for Start-Ups & Rural declining slightly to 10.2 billion by 2100.
Enterprises' (AgriSURE) to support startups China, currently the second-largest
and agripreneurs through a Rs 750 crore population, is expected to decline
Category-II Alternative Investment Fund significantly to 633 million by 2100. The
(AIF). Managed by NABVENTURES, the report also notes global trends such as
fund aims to provide equity and debt declining fertility rates and increasing life
investments, foster innovation in expectancy, with more than half of all
sustainable agriculture, and engage countries having fertility rates below
stakeholders to enhance public-private replacement levels
collaboration. • In a major move aimed at sustainable
• DRDO has initiated a project with Accord public transportation, the Karnataka State
Software and Systems Pvt Ltd in Bengaluru Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has
to develop an indigenous receiver chip for announced plans to introduce 300 electric
NavIC, ISRO's Indian navigation buses across the State. This initiative, part
constellation. This aims to reduce of a leasing arrangement, aims to enhance
dependency on US GPS, supporting land, the efficiency and eco-friendliness of the
rail, and air navigation with IRNSS intercity transport system
satellites. The project, under a 24-month • Vasanti Shinde and Leonie Kung won the
timeline starting July 1, is part of DRDO's doubles title at the $75,000 ITF women's
collaborations under the Technology tennis tournament in Rome, marking
Development Fund Scheme, fostering Shinde's first professional doubles title and
indigenous solutions across defence and Kung's 11th, while Carolyn Ansari and
aerospace sectors Gabriella Broadfoot triumphed in the

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
$15,000 ITF women's doubles final in • NITI Aayog, in partnership with
Lakewood, USA IIM Bangalore, Smart Freight
• The Asur community, a particularly Centre India, CALSTART/Drive to Zero, and
vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) residing in WRI India, has launched the NITI GearShift
the Netarhat plateau region of Gumla, will Challenge under the e-FAST India initiative.
soon benefit from the Forest Rights Act This innovative hackathon aims to develop
(FRA). This small Austro-Asiatic ethnic business models that promote the
group, primarily located in Jharkhand's adoption of zero-emission trucks (ZETs) in
Gumla, Lohardaga, Palamu, and Latehar India, addressing economic and
districts, with some members in environmental challenges. Participants
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

neighboring states, has a population of from diverse backgrounds are invited to

around 23,000 (2011 census). They speak create solutions tackling technical,
the Asur language of the Munda family and operational, and financial barriers in two
are traditionally iron smelters, with a rounds of submissions. With electric trucks
history of hunting, gathering, and shifting offering a transformative opportunity to
agriculture. Today, most Asurs are reduce emissions and improve air quality,
cultivators (91.19% as of 2011) and many the challenge seeks to accelerate
also work in mining. Their unique iron- sustainable freight transportation in India
smelting technology ties them to the • A study by the National Institute of
ancient Asuras and the fertility cult, with Advanced Studies (NIAS) suggests that
women singing songs likening the furnace using wastewater in thermal plants in
to an expectant mother. Ballari and Raichur can significantly reduce
• Kharchi Puja is a significant festival in freshwater consumption. Residents in
Tripura, celebrated during July-August on these areas receive less water than the
the eighth day of the new moon. It government standard, while thermal
symbolizes the cleansing of sins ("Khar" power stations (TPS) in the region have
meaning sin and "Chi" meaning cleaning). high water demand. Past water shortages
Led by the Royal priest 'Chantai,' it spans have led to TPS shutdowns, highlighting
seven days at the 'Chaturdasha Devata' the need for reliable operations. The study
temple in old Agartala. The fourteen Gods, advocates for using treated wastewater as
represented only by heads, are a cost-effective and sustainable solution to
worshipped and bathed in the river Saidra, meet the growing power and water
reflecting authentic Tripuri traditions. demands due to urbanization. This
• On 13th July 2024, Air Force Station approach can save costs, preserve
Sarsawa commemorated 'Kargil Vijay freshwater for domestic use, and address
Diwas Rajat Jayanti' to honor the 25th future urban water and power needs
anniversary of India's victory in the Kargil sustainably.
War. The event paid tribute to the brave • The Ministry of Personnel, Public
Indian Air Force (IAF) personnel who Grievances & Pensions has announced the
displayed courage and sacrifice during rollout of the e-Office platform to
Operation Safed Sagar. streamline operations and enhance
• The second regional event of the year-long efficiency across 133 offices, with key
'Hamara Samvidhan Hamara Samman' components including the File
campaign will be held in Prayagraj, Uttar Management System, Knowledge
Pradesh on July 16, 2024. Organized under Management System, Work from
the DISHA scheme by the Department of Anywhere Portal, and Smart Performance
Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice, Appraisal Report Recording Online
Government of India, this event Window, implemented by the National
commemorates the 75th anniversary of Informatics Centre.
India's adoption of the Constitution • The Centre is considering a cash transfer
scheme for poor urban women to boost

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
demand and consumption in urban areas, just before he was appointed the
despite challenges in identifying foreign secretary
beneficiaries and potential political • Veteran Indian astrophysicist Prahlad
ramifications, with plans likely involving Chandra Agrawal, known for his pivotal
the ‘e-shram’ portal and inputs from the role in India's first dedicated astronomy
Prime Minister’s Office. satellite Astrosat, received the prestigious
• The Convention on International Trade in COSPAR Harrie Massey Award 2024 at a
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and scientific conference in Busan, which
Flora (CITES) has issued guidelines for the honors significant contributions to space
sustainable harvest and trade of rosewood research and leadership; the award
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

specimens, focusing on species in the includes a medal, citation, and the naming
genera Dalbergia, Afzelia, Khaya, and of a minor planet as Agrawal 20064.
Pterocarpus, which are listed in Appendix • The union government will launch the first-
II. During the 27th Plants Committee ever national toll-free helpline, 1933, and
Meeting in July 2024, the Secretariat was an email ([email protected]) on
instructed to emphasize capacity-building Thursday to report narcotic crimes. Named
for these species. Key discussions included ‘MANAS’ (Madak Padarth Nisedh Asuchna
the high-threat status of Pterocarpus Kendra), it will be inaugurated by Union
erinaceus (African rosewood), the Home Minister Amit Shah during the
importance of Non-Detriment Findings seventh apex-level meeting of the Narco-
(NDFs) for sustainable trade, and a Coordination Centre (NCORD). This
comprehensive report on rosewood initiative, supported by the Narcotics
species, detailing their conservation status Control Bureau (NCB), aims to provide a
and trade levels. CITES, adopted in 1973 24x7 user-friendly platform for citizens to
and enforced in 1975, regulates report drug-related issues. An exclusive
international trade in over 38,000 species portal, ncbmanas.gov.in, will address drug
and is administered by UNEP in Geneva, trafficking, illegal sale, purchase, storage,
Switzerland. manufacturing, and illicit cultivation.
• After a year-long simulated Mars mission Confidentiality of the informants will be
as part of the CHAPEA project, a NASA maintained, and the NCB will verify and act
crew emerged from their 17,000 sq ft on the information per the Narcotic Drugs
habitat at Johnson Space Centre on July 7, and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act.
2024. The mission, which started on June The new helpline, initiated in response to
25, 2023, included crew members Kelly a directive by Amit Shah in 2021, replaces
Haston, Anca Selariu, Ross Brockwell, and an unmanned landline and email system,
Nathan Jones. The objectives were to ensuring round-the-clock operation.
conduct simulated "Marswalks," manage • The Indian government has released the
resources by cultivating vegetables, and first tranche of USD 2.5 million to the
maintain physical and behavioral health United Nations Relief and Works Agency
under Mars-like conditions. Challenges for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East
included resource limitations, isolation, (UNRWA) as part of its annual contribution
and communication delays. Research of USD 5 million for the year 2024-25
focused on the nutritional impact, • Spain has won a record fourth European
sustainable living, and resource Championship title
management, with findings aimed at • Gautham S Nair won both the singles and
supporting future Mars missions doubles titles in the under-13 boys’ section
• Ace diplomat Vikram Misri took over as the at the Yonex Sunrise Karnataka Mini U-11
foreign secretary. Misri, who joined the & Sub-junior U-13 State ranking
Indian Foreign Service in 1989, was serving badminton tournament, and teaming up
as the Deputy National Security Advisor with him to win the doubles title. In the

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under-13 girls’ section, top seed Smriti S • The Report of India’s G20 Task
won a three-game thriller Force on Digital Public
• India will host the second Asia Pacific Infrastructure, released on July 15, 2024, in
Ministerial Conference on civil aviation on New Delhi and co-chaired by Shri Amitabh
September 11 and 12 Kant and Shri Nandan Nilekani, outlines
• Argentina won its second straight Copa key achievements and future directions.
America championship Accepted during India’s G20 Presidency,
• Rafael Nadal returned to competition for the DPI framework accelerated digital
the first time since his early French Open transformation, achieving advancements
exit teaming up with Casper Ruud for a in digital transactions and governance
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

doubles win in Bastad equivalent to 50 years in just 9. The report

• China’s APSTAR-6E satellite has officially emphasizes DPI’s role in guiding global
begun operating after successfully passing strategies, highlighted at the release event
technical reviews both in orbit and on the by Amitabh Kant for India’s transformative
ground in Hong Kong DPI adoption and Nandan Nilekani for its
• Google Fi wireless has introduced a impact on SDGs and inclusive growth. The
security feature called ‘Number Lock’ to full report is available on the Department
combat SIM swapping, a scam where of Economic Affairs website, structured to
fraudsters trick carriers into transferring address global challenges with policy
your phone number to a new SIM card directions and recommendations for DPI
under their control. This gives them access adoption. The task force, established in
to your calls, texts, and even financial January 2023, focused on enhancing
accounts linked to your number. productivity and digital technology across
Fraudsters gather personal details through G20 countries
phishing or vishing, then impersonate • Sadananda Suvarna, who directed the
victims at carrier stores to get duplicate popular serial ‘Guddada Bhootha’ for
SIMs. 'Number Lock' empowers users to Bengaluru Doordarshan in the 1990s, died
prevent unauthorized SIM transfers, of age-related ailments
safeguarding against this increasingly • Nallathamby Kalaiselvi, the first woman
prevalent cyber threat. Director-General of the Council of
• The Indian Navy proudly announces the Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
launch of the flagship event THINQ2024 - was granted a two-year extension in
The Indian Navy Quiz, a unique national service.
level quiz competition • France’s all-time leading football
• A study conducted by the Institute of goalscorer Olivier Giroud confirmed his
Advanced Study in Science and Technology international retirement
(IASST) under the Department of Science • According to a recent report, Karnataka is
and Technology (DST) suggests that expected to host approximately 330 Global
bimetallic Nickel Iron (NiFe) layered Capability Centres (GCCs) by 2030, creating
double hydroxide systems outperform one million jobs. The state government
doped alternatives for water splitting. The highlights Karnataka’s potential as a
research emphasizes that NiFe LDHs are premier GCC hub, with the ability to host
sufficient for efficient oxygen (O2) over 15% of Forbes 2000 firms. A new GCC
production in water splitting, challenging policy focusing on incentives and
the current trend towards trimetallic regulations is planned, targeting areas like
solutions. This finding underscores the Bengaluru, Mysuru, Hubbali, and
potential of NiFe LDHs in advancing Mangaluru. Current policies include the IT
sustainable energy solutions, highlighting Policy, ER&D Policy, Cyber Security Policy,
their role in eco-friendly hydrogen (H2) and Data Centre Policy. Bengaluru holds
and oxygen generation without ecological 39% of India's GCC market share and is
harm recognized as the largest hub for GCC

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
operations, with significant competition other wildlife such as Indian hare,
from other cities. The number of GCCs in wild boar, mongoose, and jacka
India is projected to increase from over • India's drug regulator expert committee
1,600 in 2022-23 to more than 2,400 by has approved the drug tirzepatide,
2029-30, with a market size reaching $110 marking a potential shift in weight-loss
billion and employment of over 4.5 million treatments.
professionals. Bengaluru is home to 25% of • Six children have died in Gujarat from
India’s digital talent, especially in AI, ML, suspected Chandipura virus infection, a
and R&D roles. In Karnataka, 42% of FMCG virus of the Rhabdoviridae family
and 33% of BFSI GCCs are based, with the transmitted by sandflies and some
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

BFSI sector leading with over 90 GCCs. mosquito species. Symptoms include
• The Karnataka government has drafted a fever, body ache, headache, and severe
Bill, the Karnataka State Employment of cases can lead to encephalitis and brain
Local Candidates in the Industries, haemorrhages. The disease can cause
Factories, and Other Establishments Bill, to rapid mortality, especially in children,
reserve managerial and clerical jobs for within 24-48 hours. There is no specific
Kannadigas in the private sector, including antiviral therapy or vaccine available, and
IT companies. The Bill mandates that 50% treatment focuses on symptomatic relief.
of managerial jobs and 75% of non- Outbreaks are common in central India,
managerial jobs be reserved for locals, especially during the monsoon season, and
defining a local candidate as someone recent changes in vector behavior and
born in Karnataka, residing there for 15 disease patterns have been observed
years, capable of speaking, reading, and • Children studying in government and aided
writing Kannada, and having passed a schools will soon get boiled eggs six days a
Kannada proficiency test if not studied in week, with the department of school
high school. The Bill applies to employers education and literacy set to receive a Rs
under the Karnataka Shops and 1,500-crore grant from billionaire Azim
Commercial Establishments Act with 10 or Premji’s philanthropic arm
more employees. Industries must • Ten specially-trained Indian CAPF and
collaborate with the government to train special commando force dogs are in France
local candidates if qualified candidates are to provide counter-terrorist and anti-
unavailable, with penalties for non- sabotage security at the Paris Olympics.
compliance. These 10 K9 teams will perform sniffing
• Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary, located in and patrolling duties at various Olympic
Medak district, Telangana, is under study venues. They underwent special 10-week
to potentially become the state's first training for this unique collaboration
Ramsar site. Originally a crocodile between the Indian and French
sanctuary, it now hosts over 70 bird governments. The teams, drawn from
species and is home to the vulnerable CAPFs like CRPF, SSB, ITBP, NSG, and
mugger crocodile. Positioned along the Assam Rifles, include Belgian Malinois dogs
Manjeera River, the sanctuary includes the known for their expertise in detecting
Manjeera reservoir, which is vital for bombs and IEDs. Handlers received
irrigation and drinking water supply to refresher physical training and basic
Hyderabad and Secunderabad. The French language lessons. Two notable
reservoir's nine islands provide nesting dogs are CRPF canine Vast and Denby,
habitats for waterbirds. The sanctuary chosen after rigorous tests
features dry savannah-type vegetation and • Shruti Hegde became India’s first Miss
supports various plant species. It also Universal Petite, a pageant that was
harbors diverse fauna, including started in 2009 to give opportunity to
crocodiles, freshwater turtles, fish, and shorter women

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• The Asian Development Bank (ADB) kept languages into the education
its projection on India’s gross domestic system and enhance the
product (GDP) growth for the current accessibility and quality of educational
financial year unchanged at 7%, but slightly materials. It will be implemented by
raised its growth forecast for developing thirteen nodal universities with a
Asia and the Pacific for 2024 to 5% from a structured SOP. The Bahubhasha
previous projection of 4.9% announced in Shabdakosh Initiative, developed by
April Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL)
• Bengaluru-based Cropin Technology has and Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti, provides a
launched Sage, the world's first real-time single-point reference for words in all
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

agri-intelligence solution, powered by Indian languages, supporting usage in IT,

Google Gemini, designed to convert the industry, research, and education to
agricultural landscape into a detailed, grid- preserve and promote India's language
based map. By combining generative AI, traditions
climate data, crop knowledge graphs, • The Indian government has drawn up a Rs
earth observation data, and advanced crop 1,150-crore roadmap to indigenize EV
models, Sage offers comprehensive data technology, prepared by the Office of the
and insights for informed decision-making Principal Scientific Advisor. The initiative
in the agri-food sector. This platform aims to reduce vehicular pollution, achieve
supports CPG players, seed manufacturers, a 45% reduction in emission intensity by
food processors, financial institutions, and 2030, attain energy independence by
governments in optimizing cultivation 2047, and reach net-zero emissions by
practices, crop management, irrigation, 2070. The R&D roadmap focuses on next-
and supply chain resilience. Sage aims to generation batteries, new materials,
enhance the global food system by electric motors, magnets, semiconductors,
providing intelligence on 13 key crops and and charging infrastructure. With Rs 669
facilitating a dynamic global food and crore allocated for R&D and Rs 482 crore
agriculture map for better crop for a pilot program, the goal is to localize
performance and yield forecasts. significant EV technologies within 5-7
• The Srijan Portal, developed by the years. Despite current heavy import
Department of Defence Production, dependency and technological gaps, the
Ministry of Defence, facilitates the government targets substantial EV
indigenization of defence items by penetration by 2030, including 30% for
enabling DPSUs, OFB, and SHQs to display private cars and 80% for two- and three-
items they import or plan to import, wheelers. Identified projects include high-
encouraging the Indian industry to design, priority areas like graphene manufacturing
develop, and manufacture these items. and new materials development.
With the fifth Positive Indigenisation List of Emphasizing high-risk, innovative
346 items recently notified, the portal research, the roadmap aims to position
supports private sector engagement in India as a leader in future EV technology
indigenization, promoting self-reliance in innovations.
defence procurement • The Centre for Cellular and Molecular
• The Union Government recently launched Platforms (C-CAMP) and MS Swaminathan
two initiatives on languages: ASMITA and Research Foundation have signed an MoU
the Bahubhasha Shabdakosh Initiative. to promote deep science innovation and
ASMITA(Augmenting Study Materials in entrepreneurship in food and agriculture
Indian Languages through Translation and through the Rural Agriculture INnovation
Academic Writing), organized by the (RAIN) program. C-CAMP, a Union
Ministry of Education and UGC, aims to government-supported initiative, focuses
produce 22,000 books in Indian languages on high-end research and innovation. The
over the next five years to integrate Indian RAIN program aims to deploy innovative

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
agri-tech products developed by C-CAMP selected for the award. The
start-ups with local farmer groups, collection has been published by
encouraging sustainable agriculture, And Other Stories.
enhancing livelihoods, and promoting • Ivory Coast joins the UN Water Convention
biodiversity and agroforestry. The as the 10th African nation, enhancing
collaboration emphasizes technology cooperative management for eight shared
adoption and direct involvement with river basins and becoming the 53rd Party
farmer groups. Immediate action points to the 1992 convention, with Sierra Leone,
include technical and field support, joint Zambia, and Zimbabwe expected to follow.
calls for innovations in food, agriculture, The convention aids in managing water
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

pisciculture, and animal husbandry, and a resources amid high climate change
knowledge partnership with MS vulnerability, sharing basins with Ghana,
Swaminathan Research Foundation joining Burkina Faso, Mali, Guinea, Liberia, and
C-CAMP CoE for Agri Innovation. Sierra Leone. Established in 1992 and
• The World Bank Group (WBG) has globally expanded in 2016, the convention
launched a new guarantee platform includes African members like Chad and
through MIGA to enhance annual Senegal, and recent global additions like
guarantee issuance to $20 billion by 2030. Iraq and Namibia. It is crucial for economic
It aims to simplify, streamline, and provide growth, livelihoods, poverty alleviation,
comprehensive guarantee options for and climate change adaptation through
credit, trade finance, and political risk cooperative transboundary water and
insurance. This initiative supports private groundwater management.
capital flows, responding to the G20's call • The Department of Consumer Affairs,
for expanded use of guarantees. The Government of India, is proposing new
platform leverages IFC’s support to drive draft rules to standardize moisture meters
impactful solutions in energy, pandemic used for measuring moisture levels in
preparedness, and climate action. Fiscal cereal grains and oilseeds. The rules will
year 2024 saw $10.3 billion in new outline technical requirements, test
guarantees issued, marking a significant methods, and permissible errors for these
step towards achieving these goals devices, aiming to enhance accuracy and
• The Indian Railways is set to launch regular transparency in agricultural trade. The
train services through the world's tallest draft rules, open for public feedback since
railway bridge, the Chenab bridge, on May 30, 2024, received support from
August 15, covering 255 km of the USBRL stakeholders during a recent meeting
project and enabling travel from Reasi in • Union Home Minister Amit Shah chaired
Jammu to Baramulla in Kashmir. the 7th NCORD meeting and launched the
• A translation of a collection of short stories National Narcotics Helpline 'MANAS'-
written by Banu Mushtaq, a writer and Madak Padarth Nishedh Asuchna Kendra
advocate based in Hassan, has won an in New Delhi. The helpline, with toll-free
English PEN translation award for the year number 1933, a web portal, and mobile
2024. Deepa Basthi has translated short apps, will support citizens in drug-related
stories into English under the title “Haseen issues and report trafficking anonymously.
and Other Stories.” English PEN is one of Shah emphasized the need for a unified
the human rights organisations that fights fight against drug trafficking and the
for “freedom to write and freedom to importance of dismantling drug networks.
read.” Every year, the organisation awards He outlined the Modi government's
translation awards. This time, books from approach, which includes structural,
11 regions and 10 languages won the institutional, and informational reforms.
translation awards. For the first time, a The new NCB Zonal Office in Srinagar aims
book translated from Kannada has been to tackle drug trafficking through the
northwestern border.

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Kempegowda International Airport in employment opportunities as
Bengaluru unveiled its official anthem, capacity increases. Green
composed by Ricky Kej, featuring voices of hydrogen, produced by breaking water
Lonnie Park and Siddhartha Belmannu, into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable
highlighting passenger stories and airport energy, will be used in fertilizer
amenities, with a focus on sustainability. It production, refinery processing, steel
ends with words “WORLD IS WAITING FOR production, methanol blending for
YOU” vehicles, fuel-cell-based transportation,
• ISRO chairman S Somanath has and storage. Karnataka's industry-friendly
earned PhD from the Department of policies aim to attract industries,
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Mechanical Engineering at the prestigious contribute to India's 5 trillion-dollar

Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT- economy goal by 2030, and prioritize
M). sectors like EVs, renewable energy, and
• A UAE-based business conglomerate, Al clean energy.
Maya Group, has announced the • The government plans to boost the capital
acceptance of India’s Unified Payment base of NaBFID to ₹1 trillion with bank
Interface (UPI) across its outlets, marking support. Established in 2021 by the
the inaugural transaction at Al Maya National Bank for Financing Infrastructure
Supermarket in the presence of Deputy and Development Act, NaBFID is a
Consul General of India in Dubai, Yatin specialized Development Finance
Patel, and highlighting the convenience for Institution (DFI) in India. It aims to fill gaps
Indian customers. in long-term non-recourse finance for
• The distribution of sanitary pads under infrastructure, support the development
Suchi scheme for schoolchildren will be of bond and derivative markets, and
completed by September, while the enhance India's economy. Regulated by
government will look into the feasibility of the RBI as an All-India Financial Institution,
distribution of menstrual cups across NaBFID focuses on addressing long-term
Karnataka financing needs for infrastructure.
• A recent study on Dorekere Lake in • IN-SPACe, under the Department of Space,
Bengaluru highlights its rich biodiversity, is offering opportunities for start-ups and
showcasing 73 species of herbs and Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in the
shrubs, 57 tree species, 74 bird species marine sector through a new seed fund
(including 11 migratory and 4 near- scheme. This scheme aims to support
threatened), and 26 butterfly species. The innovative solutions using space
lake's biodiversity aids ecosystem recovery technology for the blue economy. It seeks
and climate change mitigation. However, proposals for applications in fisheries,
Bangalore's tree count has declined due to marine biology, border surveillance, and
urban development and improper waste other domains. The technology aids in
disposal, endangering lakes. Conservation marine resource management,
recommendations include developing the environmental conservation, and maritime
wetland as a buffer zone, balancing native safety. Grants of up to ₹1 crore will be
and non-native tree species, and awarded, with applications due by August
preventing dogs from entering the lake 15.
bed to protect birds. • The MV Sea Change, the world’s first
• A U.S.-based firm has opened a green commercial passenger ferry fully powered
hydrogen electrolyser gigafactory near by hydrogen fuel, was launched on July 19,
Doddaballapur, Karnataka, focusing on 2024, at San Francisco Ferry Building. This
clean energy production. The factory spans zero-emission vessel will operate on the
14,000 sq m with an initial capacity of 500 Pier 41 to Downtown San Francisco Ferry
megawatts, expandable to 2,000 Terminal route for a six-month
megawatts. This initiative will create demonstration. The project, supported by

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
SWITCH Maritime and a CARB grant, current market size is $155
involves partners like Chevron New billion, with a 4% global market
Energies and United Airlines. It marks a share and a focus on assembly. Future
significant step in maritime projections under a business-as-usual
decarbonization and showcases hydrogen scenario estimate manufacturing value at
technology's potential for public transport. $278 billion with 3.4 million jobs. Strategic
• The Union Minister for Science & recommendations include expanding
Technology inaugurated Asia's first "Pre- production into wearables and automotive
clinical Network Facility" by CEPI in electronics, providing fiscal support,
Faridabad. CEPI, founded in 2017 by developing infrastructure, enhancing
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Norway, India, the Gates Foundation, workforce skills, and facilitating

Wellcome Trust, and the World Economic technology transfer.
Forum, aims to accelerate vaccine • The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has
development and ensure accessibility partnered with the Indian Institute of
during epidemics. It has supported over 50 Science (IISc) to enhance the role of
vaccine candidates and addresses future academia in standard formulation by
threats like Disease X. The 2022-2026 plan establishing a BIS Standardisation Chair
includes the '100 Days Mission' for rapid Professor at IISc, training future
vaccine development. In India, CEPI professionals on the importance of
collaborates with the Department of standards, involving academia in national
Biotechnology and is managed by BIRAC's and international standardisation efforts,
PMU. providing infrastructure support for
• The Union government inaugurated the research and development, and
National Landslide Forecasting Centre establishing centres of excellence, all
(NLFC) to mitigate landslide hazards in formalised through a Memorandum of
India, particularly for Kalimpong, Understanding (MoU) signed on July 3, as
Darjeeling, and Nilgiri districts. The NLFC part of BIS’ broader engagement with
will start live forecasting reports on July 20, leading academic and research
2024, and provide early warning bulletins. institutions.
Alongside, the Bhusanket Web Portal and • Indian Railways to equip Garib Rath trains
Bhooskhalan Mobile App were launched to with newly designed AC Economy coaches.
aid disaster risk reduction and quick Existing conventional coaches to be
dissemination of landslide forecasts. The replaced with Linke Hofmann Busch (LHB)
Geological Survey of India (GSI), rakes. New rakes with upgraded amenities
established in 1851, will support these to be put into service this month. AC
initiatives with its expertise in geological Economy class fare set 8-10% lower than
information and mineral resource AC-3 fare. Current Garib Rath trains
assessment. include Third AC, Second AC, and Chair
• Netflix India and the National Film Cars. New rakes will have 20 LHB coaches,
Development Corporation (NFDC) have including 18 Third AC Economy coaches
launched "The Voicebox," a program to and 2 Generator Motor cars.Garib Rath
upskill voice-over artists in multiple trains were introduced by former railway
languages, with workshops in seven cities minister Lalu Prasad Yadav in 2005.
and support from Pearl Academy, aimed at • American Xander Schauffele won the
enhancing voice-over skills and promoting British Open, claiming his second major
diversity in media. championship with a final round of 65 at
• India aims to transform into a global Royal Troon, finishing at nine-under par,
electronics manufacturing hub by FY 2030 two shots ahead of Justin Rose and Billy
with a target manufacturing value of $500 Horschel. He became the first golfer to win
billion, creating 6 million jobs, and two majors in a single season since 2018.
boosting exports to $240 billion. The India's Shubhankar Sharma finished tied

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
for 19th with a final round of 72, giving him hillocks of Thrissur district by
a good send-off for the Paris Olympic Athul Sankar C., a research
Games. scholar at SERL; Bijoy C., Assistant
• Yuki Bhambri and Albano Olivetti won Professor, Christ College (Autonomous),
doubles final of the €651,865 ATP tennis Irinjalakuda; and Shaji E.M., Associate
tournament on clay in Gstaad, Switzerland Professor, K.K.T.M Government College,
• Zebra mussels, an invasive species first Pullut
discovered in the Colorado River, are • The Centre plans to raise the upper limit of
fingernail-sized mollusks with a distinct ‘D’ short-term crop loans under the Modified
shaped shell and black zigzag stripes. Interest Subvention Scheme (MISS) from
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Native to the Caspian and Black Seas, they Rs 3 lakh to Rs 5 lakh. Launched in 2006-
spread to North America via ship ballast 07, MISS is a 100% Central Sector Scheme
water in the late 1980s. Known for their providing concessional short-term
rapid reproduction, releasing up to one agricultural loans through Kisan Credit
million eggs per breeding season, they Cards (KCC). Farmers can currently borrow
disrupt aquatic ecosystems by up to Rs 3 lakh at a benchmark rate of 9%,
outcompeting native species and clogging with a 2% interest subvention from the
water infrastructure. Their short lifespan Centre reducing the effective rate to 7%,
of 2-5 years and ability to attach to various and an additional 3% discount for prompt
surfaces cause significant ecological and repayment lowering it to 4% annually. The
commercial damage. scheme is managed by RBI and NABARD.
• Scientists recently discovered another • The Madhya Pradesh State Wildlife Board
intermediate-mass black hole at the centre has accorded approval to declare Ratapani
of a star cluster in the Milky Way, which is Wildlife Sanctuary, on the outskirts of
close to the supermassive black hole Bhopal, as the eighth tiger reserve of MP
Sagittarius A* (SgrA*) • On July 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly
• The Defence Metallurgical Research of India adopted the National Flag,
Laboratory (DMRL) has successfully marking a key moment in India's transition
developed domestically-produced fused to independence
silica radomes for missiles. A radome is a • Remnants of an ancient Buddhist
protective cover for radar or antenna settlement were unearthed in Rajaghatta,
systems, shielding them from near Bengaluru, two decades ago,
environmental conditions while allowing revealing structures and artifacts from a
electromagnetic signals to pass through Mahayana Buddhist monastery. The Maha
unhindered. Radomes can be made from Bodhi Society (MBS) is urging state and
rigid materials or flexible fabrics and come central bodies to protect the site and
in various shapes to suit different resume excavations, emphasizing the need
applications. They ensure the performance for collaboration with ASI and initial
of antennas by minimizing environmental experts. Artifacts found include votive
impacts, securing electronic equipment, stupas, a seated Buddha medallion, a
and preventing collisions with nearby terracotta flower, prayer wheel hubs, and
objects. This advancement enhances both a Ganesha figurine. Some artifacts are
the durability and functionality of missile housed at the University of Mysuru.
systems Despite farming and road challenges, MBS
• Researchers of the Shadpada Entomology stresses the site's archaeological
Research Lab (SERL) of Christ College, importance and advocates for its
Irinjalakuda, have reported two species of development as a heritage site for
flower flies for the first time from Kerala. responsible tourism.
Mesembrius bengalensis and M. • The Karnataka State Pulses Development
quadrivittatus have been discovered from Board is expanding its 'Bhima Pulse' tur dal
the Kole wetlands and Vilagan Kunnu operations by establishing processing units

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
in Kalaburagi, targeting the sale of 900 restricts contact to protect them
metric tonnes nationwide this year. Last from diseases.
year, only 18 tonnes were sold. The new • The International Centre for Audit of Local
infrastructure aims to protect farmers Governance (iCAL) was inaugurated by the
from price fluctuations and middlemen, Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of
with pricing set at Rs 200 per kg, cheaper India in Rajkot. It aims to serve as a
than private brands. This initiative will collaborative platform for policymakers,
provide fair prices and immediate administrators, and auditors, enhancing
payments to farmers, eliminating auditors' independence, financial
middlemen costs. Tur dal cultivation in performance assessment, and service
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Kalaburagi has significantly increased, with delivery. As a centre of excellence, it

a production target of 5.5 lakh MT. Future focuses on capacity building, developing
plans include processing one MT per hour standards for local government audits,
and leveraging farmer producer improving data reporting, and providing
organizations for crop purchases. training programs. iCAL emphasizes the
• A recent study by Ensuring Social role of local governments in achieving
Protection evaluated 315 anganwadis Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by
across five districts in Karnataka: fostering grassroots engagement and
Bengaluru Urban, Haveri, Raichur, Uttara enhancing citizen accountability.
Kannada, and Vijayapura. Key findings • The National District Mineral Foundation
revealed that only 46% of anganwadis had Portal, recently launched by the Union
functional toilets with water supply, while Minister of Coal and Mines, serves as a
33% lacked functional toilets altogether. centralized platform providing
Only 18.7% had functional water filters for comprehensive information on 645 District
drinking water. Bengaluru Urban and Mineral Foundations (DMFs) across India.
Uttara Kannada showed better It aims to enhance transparency and
infrastructure, whereas Vijayapura lagged oversight by offering dynamic analytics
significantly. The study also assessed and tracking project developments and
supplementary programs and found utilizations. The portal also functions as a
significant infrastructure deficiencies repository of best practices for effective
impacting child welfare. implementation. DMFs, established under
Recommendations include upgrading the MMDR Amendment Act 2015, are non-
infrastructure, providing targeted support profit bodies aimed at benefiting persons
to under-resourced districts, and and areas affected by mining, funded by
enhancing monitoring. contributions from mineral concession
• Rare photographs of the Mashco Piro, the holders and regulated by state
largest uncontacted Indigenous tribe in the governments.
Peruvian Amazon with over 750 members, • Armenia’s interest in India’s Pralay missile
have been published. They live in the presents an opportunity for India to
Madre de Dios Region, near the borders of enhance its standing as a missile exporter.
Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia, having retreated The Pralay, a surface-to-surface short-
during the Amazon Rubber Boom in the range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a range
late 1800s. Currently residing along the Las of 150-500 km, features inertial guidance
Piedras River in the Alto Purús National with terminal DSMAC, a radio frequency
Park, they move to rainforest huts during seeker, and a fused silica RADOME.
the rainy season. The tribe speaks a Piro Comparatively, Israel’s LORA has a 400 km
dialect and wears minimal traditional range and 10 m CEP with GPS and TV
clothing. They are medium in stature, with guidance. The Pralay shares similarities
athletic builds and straight black hair. The with Russia’s Iskander-M, including a
men use bows, arrows, and spears for quasi-ballistic trajectory and a CEP of
hunting. The Peruvian government around 10 m. It also has terminal

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
maneuvering capabilities, solid propellant, tests were conducted at multiple
weighs 5 tons, and can carry various ISRO centers. The RH-560, a two-
warheads while maintaining a reduced stage solid motor-based suborbital rocket,
radar signature serves as a cost-effective platform for
• Chalavadi Narayanaswamy has been advanced technology demonstrations.
appointed as leader of the Opposition in Data from this mission will inform further
the Karnataka Legislative Council development of air breathing propulsion
• Former international shooter and veteran systems
sports administrator Randhir Singh is set to • Amid rising demand for AYUSH products,
become the first Indian president of the the Karnataka Medicinal Plants Authority
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) (KMPA) is assessing the demand and

• The Indian Institute of Management supply of plant resources, identifying 37
Bangalore (IIMB) inaugurated a Mitti Cafe species heavily used in various medical
on its campus, run and managed by systems. This unmonitored and often
persons with physical, intellectual, and unscientific extraction threatens species
psychiatric disabilities, as part of an like Rauvolfia serpentina. High-demand
initiative to promote economic plants include neem (1,050 tonnes/year),
independence and inclusion, making it one Andrographis paniculata (800
of over 35 such cafes operating in tonnes/year), and Ashwagandha root (470
prestigious institutions across India tonnes/year). The project aims to
• Nick Dunlap became the first player in PGA understand demand, conservation status,
Tour history to win as an amateur and a and supply gaps to encourage sustainable
professional in the same year, rallying on cultivation and conservation efforts
Sunday for a two-point victory in the • Researchers found tinzaparin significantly
Barracuda Championship reduced damage to human cells due to
• A group of senators in Liberia, situated spitting cobra venom. It is a drug used to
along the coast of western Africa, has treat serious blood clots, can reduced
proposed to relocate the country’s capital damage to cells due to spitting cobra
city Monrovia due to recurring flash floods venom. It is a low-molecular-weight
• The Karnataka State government has heparin (LMWH) with antithrombotic
issued a draft notification for the Bruhat properties. It is used for the treatment of
Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) deep venous thrombosis, a condition in
Estate Management Rules 2024, which which harmful blood clots form in the
include lease restrictions with a maximum blood vessels of the legs.
lease period of 30 years, sale restrictions • The Karnataka government has allocated
limiting sales to government entities, and Rs 60 crore to 263 startups under the
reserved shop allocations for ELEVATE program, which aims to support
disadvantaged groups to streamline innovation and scaling of products or
property management and support solutions. Launched in 2022, the program
disadvantaged communities. provides grants up to Rs 50 lakhs, with a
• ISRO successfully completed the second focus on women entrepreneurs and deep
test flight of the RH-560 sounding rocket to tech solutions. Out of the 263 startups,
demonstrate air breathing propulsion 35% are from outside Bengaluru. The
technologies, achieving satisfactory program offers mentorship, networking,
performance and successful ignition. Air and access to incubation facilities, with a
breathing propulsion uses atmospheric rigorous selection process involving
oxygen for combustion, reducing costs and industry experts.
improving payload capacity. The test flight • The Department of Posts has released the
monitored 110 parameters, following the beta version of the Digital Postal Index
first experimental mission with the Number (DIGIPIN) for public comments.
Scramjet engine in August 2016. Ground This geo-coded addressing system,

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
developed in collaboration with IIT development in sports through
Hyderabad, aims to standardize various commissions.
addressing in India. DIGIPIN will serve as an • The Karnataka State government has
addressing reference system with proposed new names for four airports:
directional properties and is intended to Vijayapura, Hubballi, Belagavi, and
be fully accessible to the public. Its benefits Shivamogga. :Vijayapura airport:
include enhanced geospatial governance, Jagajyothi Basaveshwara airport + Hubballi
improved public service delivery and airport: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna
logistics, more effective emergency airport + Belagavi airport: Kittur Rani
response, and a bridge between physical Chennamma airport + Shivamogga airport:
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

locations and digital representation. Rashtrakavi Dr. K.V. Puttappa (Kuvempu)

• India tested the Phase-II AD Endo- airport
atmospheric ballistic missile defense • Union Minister Jitendra Singh announced
system at 4:20 PM from LC-III, ITR, that the Atomic Minerals Directorate
Chandipur, Odisha, with capabilities to (AMD) has discovered 1,600 tonnes of
intercept missiles up to 5,000 km range lithium reserves in Mandya district,
within the atmosphere. The test involved Karnataka, and is exploring potential
detection by land and sea radars, using reserves in Yadgir district and other
electro-optical systems, radar, and regions including Korba (Chhattisgarh),
telemetry for performance monitoring. Rajasthan, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha,
The system includes advanced long-range and Karnataka.
sensors and interceptor missiles, aiming to • Stone Age implements and livestock
bolster India's national security and bones, estimated to be around 10,000
advance technology for missile years old, have been discovered in
interception. Navaluti Cave in Sandur forest, Ballari
• The National Mission on Cultural Mapping district, at 850 meters above sea level. The
(NMCM) has launched an initiative to finds suggest early human habitation at
document the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh this high altitude, making the cave unique
villages in India, aiming to preserve rural in South India. Further research, including
cultural identities and raise awareness radiometric dating, is needed to determine
about the link between cultural heritage the exact age. The Deputy Commissioner
and development. The project includes plans to request funding from the
creating National Registers of Artists and Archaeological Survey of India for
Art Practices and developing digital additional studies led by Dr. Ravi
platforms like a web portal and mobile app Korisettar.
(Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar) for accessing • Bangalore University has launched a
and promoting village cultures. Language Lab and a Finishing School to
• Abhinav Bindra has been awarded the enhance the employability of students
Olympic Order, an accolade established in from rural and Kannada medium
1975 to honor exceptional merit or backgrounds. The Language Lab focuses on
significant contributions to the Olympic English communication, offering both
Movement. The award, which replaces the beginner and advanced courses with
Olympic Diploma of Merit, is given in Gold, regular proficiency assessments. The
Silver, and Bronze grades, with Gold Finishing School provides training in
reserved for exceptional circumstances. computer skills, problem-solving, creative
Bindra, the first Indian to win an individual thinking, competitive exams, interview
Olympic gold medal, achieved this feat in techniques, and professional
men's 10-meter air rifle at the 2008 Beijing communication. This initiative aims to
Olympics. He also runs the Abhinav Bindra address the skills gap due to limited
Foundation, supports high-performance government jobs and increasing private
training, and has contributed to policy sector demand for English proficiency and

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
other skills. The programs are free and been added to UNESCO's World
delivered by experienced faculty to Heritage Sites list. Located about
improve job prospects in the private 30 km from Sivasagar in eastern Assam,
sector. these sacred moidams, or earthen mounds
• The government has launched a revamped over graves, were used for Ahom royalty
Skill Loan Scheme, increasing the loan limit and aristocracy. With over 150 moidams in
from Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 7.5 lakh to support the region, they include structures topped
skill development. This updated scheme with grass and pavilions, and are often
expands coverage to include non-NSQF compared to the pyramids of Egypt. The
aligned courses and introduces new Ahom dynasty, known for its long reign
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

lending institutions like NBFCs, NBFC-MFIs, and resistance against the Mughals,
and small finance banks. The previous established the first capital in Charaideo in
scheme, which recorded low uptake due to 1253 AD
limited loan amounts and high course fees, • The Centre for Cellular and Molecular
had extended Rs 115.75 crore to 10,077 Platforms (C-CAMP) has partnered with
borrowers by March 31. The revised the UK’s Global Antimicrobial Resistance
scheme aims to enhance access and (AMR) Innovation Fund to advance
support through the Skill India Digital Hub. solutions for antimicrobial resistance
• Goa Shipyard has launched the advanced (AMR) in the environment. The UK’s Global
Talwar-class frigate named 'Triput' as part AMR Innovation Fund (GAMRIF) will
of a 2016 deal with Russia for four Admiral provide up to £5.1 million (approximately
Grigorovich class frigates. Two will be ₹500 million) over three years. This
imported from Russia, and two are being funding aims to support innovative
built in India. The frigate 'Triput' is 124.8 approaches to combat AMR, particularly in
meters long, has a draught of 4.2 meters, low- and middle-income countries with
and a displacement of 3,500 to 4,000 high drug resistance rates. The GRAM
tonnes. It features eight BrahMos or Klub Report (2019) predicts AMR-related
missiles, Zorya gas-turbine engines, a max deaths could reach 10 million annually by
speed of 28 knots, and an Shtil-1 air- 2050, surpassing malaria and cancer. C-
defence system. The frigate supports CAMP's decade-long expertise will be
multiple functions including anti-ship, anti- leveraged to address environmental AMR
submarine, land-attack, anti-piracy, and issues, often neglected in these regions.
search and rescue. The Indian Navy • Shalini Rajneesh to succeed Rajaneesh
currently operates six Talwar-class Goel as Chief Secretary of Karnataka
frigates. • The Cabinet approved a ₹2,663 crore
• President Droupadi Murmu renamed the Disneyland-type amusement park near
'Durbar Hall' to 'Ganatantra Mandap' and Krishna Raja Sagar in Mandya, proposed by
'Ashok Hall' to 'Ashok Mandap'. The Deputy Chief Minister D.K. Shivakumar.
Durbar Hall, historically significant for The project, estimated to be completed in
ceremonies including the 1947 swearing- four and a half years, will feature a range
in, features a 42-foot high marble-cased of attractions on 198 acres, including a
walls, a 22-meter diameter dome, and a water park, roller coaster, and various
Belgian glass chandelier. Architect Edwin museums. Expected to attract 20,000
Lutyens designed it with Western and visitors daily with a 7% annual growth rate,
Indian elements. Ashok Hall, originally a the development will be executed in three
ballroom and now used for formal events, phases and managed through a public-
showcases six Belgian chandeliers, private partnership. A 125-ft statue of
Persian-themed ceiling decor, and Cauvery is also planned, with costs
paintings including one by Fath Ali Shah. dependent on the tender process.
• Assam’s Charaideo Moidams, ancient • Rashtrapati Bhavan will auction selected
burial sites of the Ahom dynasty, have gift items, presented to the President and

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
former Presidents on various occasions, and can provide substantial
through an online portal called E-Upahaar. economic and environmental
The portal was launched by the President benefits across India. Mission LiFe is a
of India global initiative by India to help the world
• Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) recently in its fight against climate change and lead
unveiled the country’s new air-to-surface to a sustainable way of life to achieve the
missile dubbed “Wind Demon” sustainable development goals set by the
• The Indian Army contingent departed for U.N.
the Exercise KHAAN QUEST which is • The World Heritage Committee (WHC)
scheduled to be conducted from 27th July decided to include the Palestinian site of
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

to 9th August 2024 at Ulaanbaatar, Tell Umm Amer in both the UNESCO World
Mongolia Heritage Site List and the Lost of World
• After three monsoons in the Andaman Heritage in Danger during its 46th session
forests, an Indo-US biologist team in New Delhi.
uncovered the unique reproductive • The 15th Finance Commission has decided
behavior of Charles Darwin’s frogs not to include heatwaves on the notified
(Minervarya charlesdarwini). These frogs disaster list, which currently includes 12
lay eggs in a vertical, upside-down position types of disasters such as cyclones and
inside tree cavities to protect them from floods eligible for National and State
rival males. This behavior, the only known Disaster Response Funds. Heatwaves are
instance of such egg-laying among frogs, declared by the IMD when temperatures
was documented during a 55-day study exceed 40°C in plains, 37°C in coastal
from 2019 to 2021. Male frogs exhibit areas, and 30°C in hills. The National
complex mating calls and engage in Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
physical fights to secure mates. The formulates policies and guidelines to
upside-down spawning likely evolved to manage and mitigate the impact of both
prevent displacement by aggressive males. natural and man-made disasters.
Habitat loss and competition for breeding • Steel Import Monitoring System (SIMS) 2.0
sites are threatening their survival. Portal - The Union Minister of Steel and
• The Indian Institute of Management Heavy Industries recently launched SIMS
Bangalore (IIMB) hosted "Youth Udyami," 2.0, an upgraded portal featuring API
an event organized by EPGP and PGPEM integration with government platforms for
students, to empower school students enhanced quality control and efficiency.
aspiring to become entrepreneurs. Over The portal ensures consistent, transparent
300 students registered, with 50 data, improving risk management by
shortlisted to present their ideas. The allowing Customs to better analyze and
event included mentorship from IIMB regulate steel imports. SIMS, introduced in
students and guidance on business 2019, has been revamped based on
planning. Results will be announced in industry feedback to better support
August, with a grand finale on "Prayaas domestic steel industry growth and inform
Day" in February 2025, where finalists will policy-making.
be judged by IIMB professors and industry • Recently, India and the USA signed their
leaders. first 'Cultural Property Agreement' at the
• The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has 46th World Heritage Committee meeting
urged southern States to focus on energy in New Delhi. This agreement aims to
efficiency and ‘Mission LiFE’ to attract prevent illicit trafficking of antiquities from
global investments in sectors like industry India to the USA and aligns with the 1970
and urban development. BEE officers UNESCO Convention. It restricts the import
highlighted that energy efficiency of certain archaeological and ethnological
programs are vital for the development of materials into the USA, including items
Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh’s new capital, from as far back as 1.7 million years ago to

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
1770 CE, and manuscripts from 2nd bloc in Latin America established
century BCE to 1947 CE. The USA will offer in 1991 to enhance trade and
to return any forfeited objects from a economic integration among its members,
Designated List to India. This agreement is which include Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay,
part of a broader effort, with similar Uruguay, and formerly Venezuela.
agreements already in place between the MERCOSUR aims to promote free trade
USA and several other countries. It will and facilitate the movement of goods,
facilitate the quick seizure and repatriation services, and people, with its headquarters
of Indian antiquities from the USA. in Montevideo, Uruguay. The bloc
• Australia took steps to ban mining at an operates with Spanish and Portuguese as
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

Indigenous site surrounded by Kakadu its official languages and has a Preferential
National Park, which is home to one of the Trade Agreement with India.
world’s largest deposits of high-grade • India has assumed the Chair of the Asian
uranium. Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) for
• CITES has relaxed export regulations for 2024-25. ADPC, founded in 1986, is an
agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis), which autonomous international organization
will no longer be included in the Review of focused on disaster risk reduction and
Significant Trade (RST). Starting April 2024, climate resilience in Asia and the Pacific. Its
new quotas allow for the export of 151,080 vision is to promote safer communities and
kg of agarwood chips, powder, and sustainable development. The
sawdust, and 7,050 kg of agarwood oil organization includes founding members
annually. Agarwood, listed in Appendix II from nine countries, operates
since 1995, has faced issues with illegal independently under a Board of Trustees,
trade due to past export bans. Recent and is headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand
studies by the Botanical Survey of India • The Union education ministry has
and MoEFCC recommend harvesting from introduced guidelines for "bagless days"
plantations rather than wild populations. for classes 6 to 8, aiming to make learning
Agarwood, used in perfumes and more joyful and stress-free. Developed by
traditional medicine, is critically the PSS Central Institute of Vocational
endangered with significant population Education and released on the fourth
decline. anniversary of the NEP 2020, the
• At the 29th Conference of Parties (COP29) guidelines suggest a 10-day bagless period.
in Azerbaijan, the 'Climate Finance Action This initiative seeks to integrate practical,
Fund' was introduced. This fund, vocational experiences such as carpentry
capitalized by contributions from fossil and gardening into the curriculum,
fuel-producing countries and companies, reducing the gap between theoretical and
aims to mobilize private sector practical knowledge. Activities like market
investments and de-risk them. It is part of surveys, charity visits, and hands-on crafts
a larger package of initiatives at COP29 and are recommended to enrich students'
will provide concessional and grant-based learning experiences.
support for disaster response and climate • India will host the next edition of the men’s
projects in developing countries. The fund Asia Cup cricket tournament in T20 format
targets $1 billion in capital and in 2025 as a pre-cursor to the T20 World
commitments from 10 countries, with 50% Cup scheduled in the country in 2026, the
allocated to climate projects and Asian Cricket Council stated, reports PTI
Nationally Determined Contributions from Kuala Lumpur.
(NDCs), and 20% into a Rapid Response • UNESCO recently inscribed China's
Funding Facility (2R2F). The headquarters Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the
will be in Baku, Azerbaijan. Yellow Sea-Bohai Gulf (Phase II) to its
• Bolivia has recently become a full member World Heritage List.
of MERCOSUR, an economic and political

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• PARAKH, under NCERT, has submitted an pistol mixed team event with
'equivalence' report to the Ministry of Sarabjot Singh. Manika Batra
Education, aligning with NEP 2020 to became the first Indian table tennis player
standardize academic standards across to reach the singles pre-quarterfinals with
India's 69 diverse school boards. Key a 4-0 win over Prithika Pavade.
recommendations include integrating • From September, NAAC will use AI for its
assessments from Class 9 to 12 into final Binary Accreditation system to verify data
results, introducing a credits system, and from higher education institutions. AI will
establishing professional paper setters and assess data reliability and, if needed, use
question banks. Administrative guidelines crowdsourcing from stakeholders (faculty
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

suggest limiting school affiliation to three and students) for validation. Physical visits
years and implementing anti-cheating will be reserved for exceptional cases.
measures. The report also emphasizes Workshops are being held to familiarize
digital literacy, infrastructure stakeholders with the new system.
improvements, and outlines steps for • Popularly called the “Tree Man of
further implementation, despite the Channapatna”, Bhoohalli Puttaswamy in
challenges in achieving uniformity. over 20 years had single-handedly planted
• The Supreme Court recently overturned its thousands of saplings on close to 40 acres
2017 directive that required a valid of barren land, by the side of roads and on
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate government land. The 69-year-old retired
for renewing third-party car insurance. The history lecturer, Kannada poet, playwright
directive, aimed at reducing pollution and environmentalist from Bhoohalli of
levels, was criticized for causing 55% of Channapatna taluk died at his
vehicles to lack insurance, impacting Channapatna residence.
accident compensation claims. The court • In July 2024, Laos introduced a special set
found that enforcing the directive could of commemorative stamps featuring Lord
lead to vehicles operating without Rama and Lord Buddha to highlight the
insurance, leading to its repeal. The PUC cultural ties between Laos and India
certificate, which ensures vehicles meet • UNESCO added the Sado gold and silver
emission standards, remains mandatory mines in Japan to its World Heritage List
under the Central Motor Vehicles Rule • Ashwini Vaishnaw, the Union Minister of
1989, with penalties for non-compliance. Information and Broadcasting, recently
• Indian scientists from CSIR-IGIB and L.V. launched India’s 500th community radio
Prasad Eye Institute have developed an station, ‘Apna Radio 90.0 FM’, in Aizawl.
improved CRISPR system using the FnCas9 • In honor of Bollywood star Shah Rukh
enzyme, offering greater precision and Khan, the Grevin Museum in Paris has
efficiency in genome editing compared to ordered personalized gold coins with his
the traditional SpCas9. Enhanced FnCas9 picture on them.
features amino acid modifications for • Nita Ambani has been re-elected
better DNA binding and increased editing unanimously to the International Olympic
efficiency, showing superior performance Committee (IOC) for a second term
in cutting rates and diagnostic • On July 7th, Yaroslava Mahuchikh of
applications. This advancement holds Ukraine broke the world record for the
promise for correcting genetic disorders, highest jump by a woman
such as inherited blindness, and aims to • India recently launched the “Fauna of India
reduce dependency on foreign patents by Checklist Portal,” which is a major step
focusing on indigenous development and toward protecting wildlife. This complete
optimization of delivery methods. collection lists 1,04,561 species, making
• Manu Bhaker became the first Indian India the first country in the world to
athlete to win two medals at a single record all of its wildlife
Olympics, clinching bronze in the 10m air

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
• Sopna Kallingal, an agriculturist from commissioned by BHAVINI, and
Kallingal Plantation in Thrissur, was its operation aims to advance
recently honored with the prestigious India’s nuclear technology and energy
Spice Award 2024. The ICAR-Indian independence goals.
Institute of Spices Research gave her this • India’s first sunken museum was
award to recognize her outstanding work inaugurated on July 29 at Humayun's Tomb
in business diversification and integrated complex in New Delhi by Union Culture
crop management Minister Gajendra Singh Shekhawat. The
• Rajasthan will be the first state in India to museum features over 500 artefacts, many
create a ten-year action plan specifically on display for the first time, and is inspired
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

designed to improve road safety by traditional 'baolis' (water tanks). It

• The National Commission for Protection of includes Mughal miniatures, manuscripts,
Child Rights (NCPCR) just recently said that coins, textiles, and an immersive gallery
there is no child labor in the mica mines of with a 270-degree screen for virtual tours
Jharkhand of Humayun's Tomb. Developed by the Aga
• Gagan Narang, a famous shooter who won Khan Trust for Culture and ASI, the
an Olympic bronze medal, took over from museum's opening on July 30 coincided
MC Mary Kom as the Chef-de-Mission for with the 46th UNESCO World Heritage
the Indian team at the 2024 Olympics in Committee session. Humayun’s Tomb,
Paris built by Empress Bega Begum, is the first
• Nagaland won the “Best State in garden-tomb in the subcontinent and
Horticulture Award 2024” at the inspired the Taj Mahal's design.
Agriculture Leadership Awards
• The Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity was
given to the Andhra Pradesh Community
Managed Natural Farming (APCNF)
project in 2024 for its work on
sustainable farming in India
• The One-Time Settlement (OTS) scheme
allows property owners to clear dues
without penalties, with 1.07 lakh owners
paying ₹184.77 crore by July 29. The
scheme has reduced defaulters
significantly and ends on July 31 at 9
p.m. From August 1, defaulters will face
100% penalties and interest rates of 9%
to 15% on arrears. The BBMP Act has
been amended to introduce a new tax
policy requiring three notices before
property confiscation or auction.
• India’s nuclear regulator has approved
the operationalization of the 500 MW
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)
at Kalpakkam. This reactor, marking
India’s entry into the second phase of its
nuclear power program, is designed to
generate more fuel than it consumes. The
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
granted approval for the “first approach to
criticality” on July 27, with comprehensive
safety measures in place. The PFBR is being

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024

SECTION 5:PRACTISE MCQ

1. What is Capra himalayensis? B. Lack of manpower

A. A new species of turmeric C. Lack of statutory support
B. A new species of bent-winged bat D. Lack of public awareness
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

C. A distinct species of Himalayan Ibex

D. A flowering plant discovered in Howrah 7. Nexus, a platform aims to standardize global
connections for Instant Payment Systems (IPS).
2.Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the Who conceptualized the Nexus platform?
Bhuvan Panchayat (Ver. 4.0)? A. Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
A. Empowers citizens with real-time data B. Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
B. Aids in disaster risk reduction and early C. ASEAN countries
warning systems D. Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
C. Reduces dependency on local
administration 8. How long is the SERA's Citizen Astronaut
D. Promotes ease of living and reduces Programme journey on Blue Origin’s New
corruption Shepard rocket?
A. 5 minutes
3.When was General Dwivedi,the 30th Chief of B. 8 minutes
the Army Staff (COAS) , commissioned into the C. 10 minutes
Infantry of the Indian Army? D. 11 minutes
A. July 1, 1964
B. December 15, 1984 9. Who hosted the Global IndiaAI Summit
C. December 15, 1994 2024?
D. July 1, 1984 A. Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology
4. What is the name of the AI system launched B. Ministry of External Affairs
by Pench Tiger Reserve for early detection of C. Ministry of Finance
forest fires? D. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
A. Pantera
B. Kirringisarra 10.What is a primary objective of the
C. Satpuda Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme?
D. Umgrameio A. Boosting local tourism
B. Attracting foreign investments
5. Which country is ranked highest among C. Promoting traditional crafts
Emerging Market Economies (EM) in the IMF's D. Enhancing cultural heritage
AIPI Dashboard?
A. Singapore 11.According to newly proposed Greater
B. India Bengaluru Authority, Who will head the apex
C. Sri Lanka body of the Greater Bengaluru Authority
D. China (GBA)?
A. Mayor of Bengaluru.
6. Bangalore Solid Waste Management B. Chief Minister.
Limited (BSWML) was recently formed. What C. Commissioner of BBMP.
concern is raised regarding BSWML's D. Head of BDA.
formation?
A. Lack of financial backing

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
12. Which organization is responsible for the C. Health and Nutrition
NIRMAN CSR initiative? D. Financial Inclusion
A. Coal India Limited (CIL)
B. Ministry of Education 19. Which organization releases the World
C. Indian Railways Drug Report annually?
D. NITI Aayog A. UNICEF
B. UNODC
13. Who developed SEBEX 2? C. WHO
A. Defence Research and Development D. UNESCO
Organisation (DRDO)
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

B. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited 20. Which Indian cricketer recently became the
C. Indian Ordnance Factory Board No. 1 T20I all-rounder in the ICC rankings?
D. Economic Explosives Limited A. Virat Kohli
B. Rohit Sharma
14. According to recent study, What C. Hardik Pandya
percentage of India's overall energy D. MS Dhoni
consumption is attributed to MSMEs?
A. 15% 21. What is the primary objective of the SEHER
B. 25% program launched by WEP and TransUnion
C. 35% CIBIL?
D. 45% A. Increase women's participation in politics
B. Enhance financial awareness and aid in
15. What is the primary purpose of the IEEE accessing and managing credit for women
2061-2024 standard? entrepreneurs
A. Improve urban tele-density. C. Promote agricultural development
B. Increase financial transactions through D. Support women's education in rural areas
mobile devices.
C. Provide scalable and affordable rural 22. Which ministry issued the guidelines for
connectivity. funding under the National Green Hydrogen
D. Develop new cellular technologies. Mission?
A. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate
16. Which sectors are targeted under the Change
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) B. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
Karnataka "Beyond Bengaluru" initiative? C. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
A. Tourism and Hospitality D. Ministry of Power
B. Traditional Handicrafts and Textiles
C. Semiconductors, solar, and mobile phones 23. Which branch of the Indian military is the
(electronics) Rudram-1 missile designed for?
D. Real Estate and Construction A. Indian Army
B. Indian Navy
17. When was the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) C. Indian Air Force (IAF)
launched? D. Indian Coast Guard
A. June 2015
B. January 2016 24. Which Indian state has restricted the
C. March 2017 cutting of palm trees and plans to plant nearly
D. December 2014 1.9 million more to reduce lightning casualties?
A. Karnataka
18.Which of the following is NOT a focus area B. Odisha
under 'Sampoornata Abhiyan'? C. Meghalaya
A. Infrastructure Development D. Assam
B. Agriculture

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
25.What does SEBI stand for in the context of C. Kollam District Administration
Indian financial markets? D. Kerala State Government
A. Securities and Exchange Board of India
B. Stock Exchange Board of India 32. When was the Right to Repair Portal
C. Securities Exchange Bureau of India launched?
D. Securities and Exchange Bureau of India A. National Consumer Rights Day 2021
B. National Consumer Rights Day 2022
26.Who is responsible for overseeing the C. National Consumer Rights Day 2023
implementation of the 'Naavu Manujaru' D. National Consumer Rights Day 2024
programme of Karnataka state government at
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

the district level? 33. Which organization invited the visual

A. School Principals artists from across India for Project PARI?
B. District-level nodal officers A. Archaeological Survey of India
C. Teachers B. Lalit Kala Akademi
D. Students C. National Gallery of Modern Art
D. Sangeet Natak Akademi
27.Through which act was the Digital Bharat
Nidhi (DBN) established? 34. When was the Financial Inclusion Index
A. Telecommunications Act, 2020 developed?
B. Telecommunications Act, 2021 A. 2019
C. Telecommunications Act, 2022 B. 2021
D. Telecommunications Act, 2023 C. 2022
D. 2023
28. What are GROYNES typically made of?
A. Wood, rock, concrete, and metal 35. What is Thazhakara of Kollam district
B. Plastic and glass known for in the context of biodiversity
C. Sand and gravel conservation?
D. Clay and mud A. Launching a new wildlife sanctuary
B. Publishing a comprehensive People’s
29. Thazhakara is first First grama panchayat in Biodiversity Register (PBR)
Kerala to update and publish a comprehensive C. Introducing a new species of plant
People's Biodiversity Register. What is the D. Building a conservation center
People’s Biodiversity Register (PBR) mandated
by? 36. According to recent study, What are the
A. Wildlife Protection Act (1972) main threats to genetic connectivity?
B. Biological Diversity Act (2002) A. Climate change and pollution
C. Environmental Protection Act (1986) B. Highways, railways, and land use changes
D. Forest Conservation Act (1980) like agriculture, urbanization, and mining
B. Illegal hunting and poaching
30. In which district is the Korwa Ordnance D. Introduction of non-native species
Factory, where the AK-203 rifles are
manufactured, located? 37. What is the inner core primarily composed
A. Amethi of?
B. Lucknow A. Solid iron and nickel
C. Kanpur B. Molten rock
D. Varanasi C. Gaseous hydrogen and helium
D. Solid carbon and silicon
31. Who is implementing NABARD's integrated
tribal development program in Kollam?
A. NABARD
B. NGO Thanal

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
38. What is the main objective of the B. Rajendraprasad
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction C. B. Dayananda
(BBNJ) Agreement approved by the Union D. M B Patil
Cabinet of India?
A. To enhance military presence in 45. What new age limit has the Karnataka
international waters government set for enrolling children in class 1
B. To promote international trade routes from the academic year 2025-26?
C. To conserve marine biodiversity in areas A. 5 years
beyond national jurisdiction B. 6 years
D. To regulate international fishing practices C. 7 years
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D. 8 years
39. What is the bilateral trade target between
India and Russia by 2030? 46.Who will manage the AgriSURE fund?
A. $65.70 billion A. Ministry of Agriculture
B. $80 billion B. NABARD
C. $100 billion C. NABVENTURES
D. $120 billion D. Department of Rural Development

40. What type of vehicles commonly use 47. Under which scheme has DRDO partnered
regenerative braking? with private firms like Accord Software and
A. Diesel vehicles Systems Pvt Ltd?
B. Petrol vehicles A. Make in India Initiative
C. Hybrid and electric vehicles B. Technology Development Fund Scheme
D. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles C. Startup India Scheme
D. Digital India Programme
41. How many members will each ward
committee consist of under the new Greater 48. What is the primary purpose of WHO's
Bengaluru Governance Bill, 2024? MeDevIS platform?
A. 10 members A. To provide a global clearing house for
B. 15 members medical device information
C. 20 members B. To develop new medical devices
D. 30 members C. To conduct health diagnostics and testing
D. To provide treatment for infectious disease
42. What is the primary aim of the DRDO's
Technology Development Fund scheme? 49. Which agency in India is responsible for
A. Increase foreign investments implementing the MRA for organic products
B. Promote self-reliance in defence technology with Taiwan?
C. Develop civilian infrastructure A. Ministry of Agriculture
D. Reduce defence spending B. Ministry of Commerce and Industry
C. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
43. What is the purpose of the GAINS 2024 (FSSAI)
scheme? D. Agricultural and Processed Food Products
A. To support large corporations Export Development Authority (APEDA)
B. To promote technological development
through MSMEs and Start-Ups 50. According to the World Population
C. To fund public infrastructure projects Prospects 2024 report, which country is
D. To provide scholarships for students expected to experience the largest absolute
population decline by 2054?
44. Who was recently appointed as A. India
chairperson of the Karnataka Media Academy? B. China
A. Ayesha Khanum C. Japan

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
D. Russia 57. According to Karnataka State
Employment of Local Candidates in
51.Who among the following conducted the the Industries, Factories, and Other
study on the use of wastewater in thermal Establishments Bill, Which of the following is a
plants at Ballari and Raichur? criterion for being considered a local candidate
A. National Institute of Advanced Studies under the Bill?
(NIAS) A. Born in Karnataka
B. Indian Institute of Science B. Residing in Karnataka for 10 years
C. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs C. Capable of speaking, reading, and writing
D. Indian Institute of Technology Kannada
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D. Both A and C
52.Which component of the e-Office platform
of government of India provides a central 58. Where is the Manjeera Wildlife Sanctuary
repository for organization documents? located?
A. File Management System (eFile) A. Medak district, Telangana
B. Work from Anywhere (WAW) Portal B. Bangalore, Karnataka
C. Knowledge Management System (KMS) C. Chennai, Tamil Nadu
D. Smart Performance Appraisal Report D. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh
Recording Online Window (SPARROW)
59.Which drug has India's drug regulator
53.Which group is specifically targeted by the expert committee recently approved for
proposed cash transfer scheme of Union weight-loss treatment?
Finance ministry? A. Semaglutide
A. Rural farmers B. Metformin
B. Urban women from the unorganized sector C. Tirzepatide
C. Government employees D. Liraglutide
D. Senior citizens
60. What family does the Chandipura virus
54. Which rosewood species is among the (CHPV) belong to?
most threatened due to over-exploitation and A. Flaviviridae
illegal trade? B. Rhabdoviridae
A. Dalbergia nigra C. Coronaviridae
B. Afzelia africana D. Filoviridae
C. Khaya senegalensis
D. Pterocarpus erinaceus 61. What is the primary objective of the
ASMITA initiative?
55.Where did the NASA crew complete their A. To create a new language
year-long simulated Mars mission? B. To produce 22,000 books in Indian
A. Kennedy Space Center languages over the next five years
B. Johnson Space Centre C. To teach Indian languages abroad
C. Ames Research Center D. To reduce the use of Indian languages in
D. Jet Propulsion Laboratory education

56.What is the expected number of Global 62.What is the target percentage for EV
Capability Centres (GCCs) in Karnataka by penetration in two-wheelers and three-
2030? wheelers by 2030 in India?
A. 200 A. 30%
B. 250 B. 40%
C. 330 C. 70%
D. 400 D. 80%

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
63. Which organizations signed an MoU to D. To develop new space missions
promote deep science innovation and
entrepreneurship in agriculture? 70. What is the recently launched ferry MV Sea
A. C-CAMP and MS Swaminathan Research Change powered by?
Foundation A. Solar power
B. ISRO and DRDO B. Electric batteries
C. ICAR and NABARD C. Hydrogen fuel
D. ICRISAT and FAO D. Natural gas

64.Which organization hosts the WBG 71.When was CEPI founded?

BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

guarantee platform? A. 2013

A. World Bank B. 2014
B. IFC C. 2016
C. MIGA D. 2017
D. G20
72. What is the primary function of the
65.Which pollutant was found to be the most Bhusanket Web Portal?
harmful to beneficial insects? A. Dissemination of landslide hazard data
A. Sulfur dioxide B. Live landslide forecasting
B. Particulate matter C. Landslide event reporting
C. Nitrogen oxides D. Mineral resource assessment
D. Ozone
73. Which of the following organization is not
66. Where is DOREKERE lake situated? involved in "The Voicebox" program?
A. Bengaluru A. Netflix India
B. Mysore B. National Film Development Corporation
C. Mandya (NFDC)
D. Chamarajnagar C. Pearl Academy
D. Google
67. What is the initial capacity of the new green
hydrogen electrolyser gigafactory near 74. What is India's target manufacturing value
Doddaballapur? for the electronics sector by FY 2030?
A. 200 megawatts A. $278 billion
B. 500 megawatts B. $500 billion
C. 1,000 megawatts C. $155 billion
D. 2,000 megawatts D. $101 billion

68. When was NaBFID established? 75. What percentage of global electronics
A. 2015 market share does India currently hold?
B. 2018 A. 1%
C. 2021 B. 4%
D. 2022 C. 10%
D. 0.5%
69. What is the purpose of IN-SPACe's new
seed fund scheme? 76. Where is the processing infrastructure for
A. To promote land-based agriculture 'Bhima Pulse' tur dal being developed?
innovations A. Bengaluru
B. To support space technology applications in B. Kalaburagi
the blue economy C. Mysuru
C. To fund educational programs in space D. Hubballi
science

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
77. Where do the Mashco Piro primarily A. 50%
reside? B. 63%
A. Andes Mountains C. 75%
B. Amazon jungles of the Madre de Dios Region D. 85%
C. Atacama Desert
D. Coastal areas of Peru 84. What is the expected GDP growth for India
in FY 2024-25?
78. What is the primary purpose of A. 5% to 5.5%
International Centre for Audit of Local B. 6% to 6.5%
Governance? C. 6.5% to 7%
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A. To serve as a platform for private sector D. 7.5% to 8%

auditors
B. To enhance the independence and capacity 85. What is considered a priority to address
of local government auditors inequality in India?
C. To regulate international trade policies A. Increasing taxes
D. To monitor national elections B. Policy priority and generating productive
jobs
79. Under which act were the District Mineral C. Reducing government expenditure
Foundations (DMFs) established? D. Promoting urbanization
A. Mines and Minerals (Development and
Regulation) Amendment Act 2015 86.When was the ELEVATE program of
B. Mining and Environmental Protection Act Karnataka launched?
2010 A. 2020
C. Mineral Conservation Act 2012 B. 2021
D. National Mining Policy 2018 C. 2022
D. 2023
80. What type of missile is the Pralay?
A. Surface-to-air missile 87.What is the primary objective of the
B. Surface-to-surface short-range ballistic DIGIPIN system?
missile (SRBM) A. To create a new postal code system
C. Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) B. To establish a standardized, geo-coded
D. Anti-ship missile addressing system
C. To replace traditional mail delivery
81.What is the maximum lease period for D. To develop a new postal service
BBMP immovable properties under the new
draft Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike 88.What is the maximum range of missiles that
(BBMP) Estate Management Rules 2024? the Phase-II AD Endo-atmospheric system can
A. 30 years defend against?
B. 40 years A. 2,000 km
C. 50 years B. 3,000 km
D. 99 years C. 4,000 km
D. 5,000 km
82. What technology does air breathing
propulsion use for combustion? 89. What is the primary aim of the Cultural
A. Liquid hydrogen Mapping Initiative?
B. Solid fuel A. Increase tourism in rural areas
C. Atmospheric oxygen B. Document historical monuments
D. Solar energy C. Preserve cultural heritage and identity of
rural communities
83. What percentage of India's districts are D. Promote industrial development
water-stressed?

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
90. When was the Olympic Order established? A. Saudi Arabia
A. 1970 B. Qatar
B. 1975 C. Azerbaijan
C. 1980 D. Russia
D. 1985
98. Which treaty established MERCOSUR?
91.What is the primary focus of the Language A. Treaty of Montevideo
Lab at Bangalore University? B. Treaty of Asuncion
A. Computer programming C. Treaty of Buenos Aires
B. English communication D. Treaty of Brasilia
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

C. Competitive exam preparation

D. Creative thinking 99. When was the Asian Disaster Preparedness
Center (ADPC) founded?
92. What is the new loan limit under the A.1980
revamped Skill Loan Scheme of Government of B. 1986
India? C. 1990
A. Rs 1.5 lakh D.1995
B. Rs 5 lakh
C. Rs 7.5 lakh 100. Which country had the highest
D. Rs 10 lakh deforestation reduction in 2023?
A. Brazil
93. What is the name of the advanced Talwar- B. Indonesia
class frigate recently launched by Goa C. China
Shipyard? D. India
A. Tushil
B. Tamal 101. Which of the following will PARAKH not be
C. Triput responsible for?
D. Trikand A. Setting norms for student assessment
B. Establishing professional paper setters
94. What is the new name of 'Durbar Hall' as C. Developing new school infrastructure
renamed by President Droupadi Murmu? D. Creating question banks and blueprints
A. Ganatantra Mandap
B. Rajya Mandap 102. What is the main goal of PARAKH's
C. Vikas Mandap 'equivalence' report?
D. Samvidhan Mandap A. Increase school funding
B. Standardize academic standards across
95. What is a 'moidam'? school boards
A. A type of temple C. Introduce new subjects
B. A burial mound or tumulus D. Expand school infrastructure
C. A royal palace
D. A marketplace 103. Why did the Supreme Court abolish its
2017 directive regarding the PUC certificate?
96. What is the conservation status of Aquilaria A. The directive was outdated
malaccensis according to the IUCN? B. It was causing a significant number of
A. Least Concern vehicles to lack insurance
B. Vulnerable C. The directive was not in line with
C. Endangered international standards
D. Critically Endangered D. The directive had no impact on pollution
levels
97. Who is a founding contributor to the
'Climate Finance Action Fund'?

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
104. Which genetic disorder was successfully B. Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam
corrected using the enhanced FnCas9 enzyme? Ltd (BHAVINI)
A. Cystic fibrosis C. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB)
B. Sickle cell anemia D. Indian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (INRA)
C. Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2)
D. Duchenne muscular dystrophy 108. What type of coolant is used in the
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)?
105. When will India host the next edition of A. Water
the men’s Asia Cup cricket tournament? B. Helium
A. 2024 C. Sodium
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B. 2025 D. Carbon Dioxide

C. 2026
D. 2027 109. Where was India's first sunken museum
inaugurated?
106. What does the One-Time Settlement A. Delhi
(OTS) scheme under BBMP Act allow property B. Meerut
owners to do? C. Jhansi
A. Pay dues with penalties D. Rai Bareilly
B. Pay dues without penalties
C. Avoid paying dues 110. What is the primary impact of woody
D. Pay dues in installments encroachment on open ecosystems like
grasslands and savannahs?
107. Which board granted permission for the A. Increase in biodiversity
Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor 's “first B. Decline in native species
approach to criticality”? C. Enhancement of grass cover
A. Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd D. Improvement in soil quality
(NPCIL)

ANSWER 23.C 46.C

1.C 24.B 47.B
2.B 25.A 48.A
3.B 26.B 49.D
4.A 27.D 50.D
5.D 28.A 51.A
6.C 29.B 52.C
7.B 30.A 53.B
8.D 31.B 54.D
9.A 32.B 55.B
10.B 33.B 56.C
11.B 34.B 57.D
12.A 35.B 58.A
13.D 36.B 59.C
14.B 37.A 60.B
15.C 38.C 61.B
16.C 39.C 62.D
17.A 40.C 63.A
18.A 41.C 64.C
19.B 42.B 65.D
20.C 43.B 66.A
21.B 44.A 67.B
22.A 45.B 68.C

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024
69.B 83.B 97.C
70.C 84.C 98.B
71.D 85.B 99.B
72.A 86.C 100.A
73.D 87.B 101.C
74.B 88.D 102.B
75.B 89.C 103.B
76.B 90.B 104.C
77.B 91.B 105.B
78.B 92.C 106.B
BANGALORE IAS ACADEMY & NAMMAKPSC ACADEMY |VIJAYANAGAR |HEBBAL |

79.C 93.C 107.C

80.B 94.A 108.C
81.A 95.B 109.A
82.C 96.D 110.B

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 MAHITHI JULY-2024

NOTES
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