HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS EMPIRES EXPAND
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
This is an example of how Ottoman imperial
expansion in Southern Europe, the Middle East,
1. The adoption of gunpowder weapons led the Ottomans to control much of and North Africa relied on gunpowder and
How did the Ottoman Southwestern Europe and Anatolia, including Constantinople which they took cannons.
Empire expand starting in in 1453 and renamed Istanbul.
This is an example of rulers consolidating
the 14th century?
their power with the development of military
The Ottomans enslaved Christians from the Balkans, converted them to Islam
professionals.
and turned them into the best elite fighting force, the Janissaries. This helped
them to keep expanding. The enslavement of Christian boys was part of
the Devshirme System. (Heimler speaks more
about later in the video.)
2. They raided and conquered neighboring territories using gunpowder This is an example of how Safavid imperial
weapons. expansion in the Middle East relied on
How did the Safavid Empire
gunpowder and cannons.
expand starting in the 16th
century? Shah Abbas built up the military with gunpowder weapons and created an This is an example of rulers consolidating
enslaved army composed of Christians from the Caucasus region. their power with the development of military
professionals.
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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS EMPIRES EXPAND & RIVALRIES BETWEEN EMPIRES
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
3. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims and the Safavids were Shi’a Muslims. This is an example of political and religious
What difference led to disputes. The rivalry between the Ottomans and
The difference began as a political divide over who should rule after the
problems between the Safavids intensified the split between Sunni &
death of Muhammad. Both branches eventually believed they were the true
Ottomans and Safavids? Shi’a Islam. This helped to set up that conflict.
representatives of Islam and the other was not.
4. Babur, the first leader of the Mughal Empire, defeated the Delhi Sultanate in This is an example of how Mughal imperial
expansion in South and Central Asia relied on
How did the Mughal Empire South Asia. This started the expansion of the empire with gunpowder weapons.
gunpowder and cannons.
expand starting in the 16th
century? Emperor Akbar helped to legitimize Mughal rule by showing tolerance to the This is an example of rulers using religious ideas
Hindu majority. to legitimize their rule. Religious tolerance is a
religious idea.
5. This was a series of wars fought over lands in modern Afghanistan. The lands
What was the Safavid- This is a good example of a political and religious
were originally controlled by the Mughals, but when the Safavids took control
Mughal Conflict about? dispute that led to rivalries and conflict between
the Mughals could not get them back. The Safavids were Shi’a Muslims and
states.
the Mughals were Sunni. So while the fight was over land, there was a religious
aspect to it as well.
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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS THE ADMINISTRATION OF EMPIRES
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
6. Legitimizing power refers to the methods rulers use to establish their
What does it mean to This should help you to better understand the
authority.
legitimize and consolidate discussion of the variety of methods used to
power? legitimize and consolidate power in land-based
Consolidating power is the method rulers use to transfer power from other
empires c. 1450-1750.
groups to themselves.
The use of bureaucratic elites became more
How did rulers use 7. Bureaucracies include thousands of government officials who ensure laws are common among rulers who wanted to maintain
bureaucracies to consolidate kept throughout the empire. centralized control over their populations and
their power? resources.
8. The Devshirme system was used to staff their bureaucracy. This began
with the enslavement and conversion of Christian boys from the Balkans, but
This is an example of the recruitment of
How did the Ottomans also included education and training in Istanbul. Those who were seen as the bureaucratic elites and the development of
create a loyal bureaucracy? brightest were appointed to elite positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy. Their military professionals.
extensive education led them to be excellent and loyal bureaucrats. This also led
to the creation of the Janissaries mentioned in question number 1.
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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS THE ADMINISTRATION OF EMPIRES
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
This is an example of how rulers used religious
What religious belief helped ideas to legitimize their rule.
European monarchs to 9. The Divine Right of Kings was the idea that kings were God’s representatives
This belief also helped to consolidate rule because
legitimize their power in on Earth. This greatly helped to legitimize their rule.
questioning the monarch or rebelling against him
this era? was seen as rebelling against God, which most
would not do.
How did the Qing Dynasty 10. Because the Qing were Manchu, not Han Chinese like the majority of
This is a good example of rulers using art to
use art to help legitimize people in China, they portrayed themselves in portraits with books to suggest
legitimize their rule
their rule? Confucian wisdom which would appeal to the Han Chinese population.
11. The Inca built the Sun Temple of Cuzco with walls covered in gold, and
courtyards filled with golden statues. This helped the people to associate their
What are some examples of
rulers with the gods. These are good examples of how rulers used
rulers using monumental
religious ideas and monumental architecture to
architecture to legitimize further their rule.
In France, Louis XIV built the Palace of Versailles which showed his power. He
and consolidate their rule?
also forced the French nobility to live in his palace so he could keep an eye on
them. This helped to transfer their previously held power to the King.
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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS THE ADMINISTRATION OF EMPIRES & BELIEF SYSTEMS IN EMPIRES
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
12. The Mughal Empire used the Zamindar System. Zamindars were elite
landowners who were given the authority to tax peasants living on their land on
behalf of the imperial government. The zamindars eventually became corrupt,
What are some examples These are three good examples of how rulers
but the system worked for a while.
of rulers using innovative used tribute collection, tax farming, and other
tax-collection systems to innovative tax-collection systems to generate
The Ottomans used tax-farming. They sold the right to collect taxes from their
generate revenue to forward revenue in order to forward state power and
subjects.
expansion.
state power and expansion?
The Aztec Empire used tribute lists. They forced conquered regions to send
them goods that they listed out for them.
13. The Roman Catholic Church had become corrupt. Some people practiced
simony, the buying of Church offices. But more importantly, the widespread
practice of selling indulgences began. This means that people were told they
could pay money for their sins to be forgiven. A reformer named Martin Luther
How did Christianity in found that these practices were not in the Bible and created a list of grievances The Protestant Reformation marked a break
called the 95 Theses. These ideas spread quickly due to the printing press and with existing Christian traditions and both
Europe show change and
led to a new Christian movement called the Protestant Reformation and the the Protestant and Catholic reformations
continuity c. 1450-1750 CE? contributed to the growth of Christianity.
creation of protestant churches.
The Catholic Church initiated a Catholic Reformation with the Council of Trent
to clean up corruption. They kept their major beliefs.
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HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDE
UNIT 3: Land-Based Empires
ANSWERS BELIEF SYSTEMS IN EMPIRES
Answers from Video: Extra Info:
How did the Ottoman- This helps to explain how the Safavids intensified
Safavid Rivalry lead to 14. Safavid leader Shah Ismail declared that the Safavid Empire would be a the split between Sunni and Shi’a Islam.
the deepening of the split Shi’a Islamic state. Sunni Muslims in the empire were publicly executed and
between Sunni and Shi’a the Safavid military cursed the first three caliphs to follow Muhammad as Religious differences were often used as an
illegitimate rulers of the Muslim people. excuse to go to war with Sunni or Shi’a neighbors
Islam?
in this era.
15. Sikhism was a syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines. These
religions had lived side by side in South Asia for centuries. Sikhism adopted
Sikhism developed in South Asia in the context
What was Sikhism and how the belief in a single God from Islam and the cycle of reincarnation after death of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.
did it develop? from Hinduism. Sikhism also got rid of gender hierarchies and the caste system,
opting for radical equality.
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