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BIOPHILIC NET-POSITIVE ARCHITECTURE ESPOUSES PASSIVE DESIGN

STRATEGIES FOR A HEALTHY SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT:
OVERVIEW

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Vol-9 Issue-6 2023 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396

BIOPHILIC NET-POSITIVE
ARCHITECTURE ESPOUSES PASSIVE
DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR A HEALTHY
SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIRONMENT:
OVERVIEW
Hisham Sharif Bala 1, Baizhan Li 2, Danjuma Abdu Yusuf 3, Chenqiu Du 4.

School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.;

[email protected],
National Center for International Research on Green Building and Built Environment, Chongqing
University, Chongqing, 400044, China.; [email protected],2,
School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044,
China.;[email protected], 4
Department of Architecture, Kano University of Science & Technology, Wudil, 713101, Nigeria.4

ABSTRACT
The mass paradigm in green architecture has reduced the environmental effect of the built environment,
but the achievement in human nature connectedness (HNC) is still lost in the mystery of sustainability. Biophilic
architecture has allowed buildings that link people and nature, hospitals where patients are recovering
faster, schools where test scores for children are higher, offices where staff are more efficient, and
communities where residents are sociable and involved. The study identifies the gap as the biggest
challenge facing the earth and can be addressed by espousing a Restorative Environmental approach. This
concept of biophilic nature arose from the realization that the conscience develops in a "sensorial rich
earth, where landscapes, daylight, water, flora, and fauna are examples of them. This paper explores
attributes of Biophilic design elements that espouse passive design as a theoretical framework for
conceptualizing 'landscape' in the natural world. As the study adopts qualitative approaches, it uses a
variety of strategies for finding, evaluating, and choosing three databases Google Scholar, Web of Science,
and Scopus as all-inclusive criteria for identifying relevant publications. It further creates a framework for
biophilic net-positive architecture that espouses passive design approaches. The review unveils how far
human beings are from nature besides how much the earth is subjected to global warming and contributes
to stressful lifestyles. It further reveals that open urban spaces should be seen as healing places where
more inhabitants could gain from biophilic essentials; Biophilic environments in urban places can proffer
the public with recuperative knowledge by liberating mental fatigue and lessening their intensity of stress.
The study gives new insights and suggests improving future studies in the application of Biophilic
architecture. This review provides useful information that will be used in the Project implementation of
investigation activity as it further recommends the three-step mantra which will vividly help achieve the
broad concept; firstly, to design with Passive approaches; secondly, to harmonize with vigorous
mechanical systems if necessary and; thirdly, to make up with renewable systems, if necessary.

Keywords: Biophilic; Passive Design; Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Net-positive

Architecture; Human Nature Connectedness (HNC); Built Landscape; Nature-based solution.

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1.0 Introduction
Unplanned cities, climate change, and globalization result in more congestion as well as overcrowding which
have all been issues in recent decades [1] [2]. Also, the large amount and speedy building construction barely
have been noticed in global transformation and caused extensive difficulty in environmental possessions [ 3 ]
Quarantines, sanitary restrictions, and isolation have all had an impact on the communal vibrant of our cities.
While terms like healthy, sustainable, and resilient cities are still exploited [4], it is vital to consider the
influence of the built landscapes on individual health and comfort. The use of a biophilic blueprint can
transform the ecological circumstances of a structure or landscape in the near-instant, but it ought to promote a
green sustainable, and conservatory resilient neighborhood in the long run. [5] assert that a successful design
ought to yield an extensive range of physical, emotional, and behavioral advantages. Physical results include
improved physical health, reduced blood pressure, higher well-beingand contentment, fewer disease indications,
and overall health improvement. Mental advantages include enhanced contentment and motivation, less stress
and anxiety, and improved problem-solving and creativity. The built environment is a major emphasis area in
initiatives to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. The present notion (Biophilia) has spawned a new
paradigm in environmental research, arguing that interaction with nature is essential for human mental and
physical well-being [6] [7]. Biophilia, such as green space, is also important in social and familial connections
in modern culture, and it benefits office employees and university students in densely populated places. This
research aims to present Biophilic design ideas in hot and dry climates based on Iran conditions. The climate is a
major environmental component that influences city development and architecture. A biophilic approach to
comfort, aesthetics, and well-being adds "value" by supporting mutual health and environmental advantages for
people, other animals, and living systems. While the benefits of net-positive design in terms of climate change,
energy, and performance are well established, they are underappreciated. As a result, there is a growing
disconnect between humans and nature in the constructed environment, as evidenced by insufficient interaction
with sunlight, materials, ventilation, plants, vistas, customary shapes and forms, and overall valuable touch with
the natural world.

1.1 Background information on Biophilia and Natural Systems

The philosophy of Biophilic Design inspires the use of natural schemes and procedures in designing built
landscapes. It is based on the theory of Biophilia, which implies that human beings have an innate connection
with nature and therefore access to nature is important for human well-being in modern peoples [8], However,
human relationships with nature are often lacking due to social inclinations such as building design,
urbanization, technology, and lifestyle. [8] proclaim that the link to human nature has shown how much
excellent nature is for our comfort Furthermore, investigation after study records the mental and physical
advantages of communicating through nature. Inhabitants who are closer to nature are more contented, have
more meaning in their lives, and feel more vital. Even in minute quantity, nature is an influential elixir:
when their hospital space has flora [9], post-surgery patients require and report less fatigue [6], they put in the
article how much nature can influence us. Just looking at natural pictures accelerates mental regeneration and
enhances executive functioning. When they describe the cause, one of these is the tendency ofurbanization: which
depletes ecological environments and cuts the public away from scenic points usually used to justify the
declining human relation to nature, but the results are not compatible with that account. [10] said in their article
that, because we are part of it, it is nice to us. Humans and nature had a highly intertwined relationship
from the outset. There is plenty of evidence [11] [4] [12] [13] [14] [6] that access to nature is good for the
health, well-being, and enjoyment of people's green spaces also encouraging pro-social behaviors. The healing
power of biophilic design has taken into consideration the scientific benefits of natural views [4]. A study [15]
proclaims that patients recuperating from gallbladder operation improved faster and received less pain
medication if they had a view of outdoor green areas via their window opening than if they were looking out on
urban infrastructure. These advantages have clear economic benefits. Ulrich explained numeral conduct in
which Biophilic design can improve ache to nature's healing power: mechanisms, including distraction and
reductionof stress. The theory of distraction seizes that pain takes in concentration; the more ache consciousness
the greater the intensity of familiarity. If patients are distracted or absorbed in a pleasant view of nature, less
attention is given to pain, and the intensity is therefore reduced. For another device, "The well-documented
finding that observing nature effectively reduces stress suggests a second mechanism. In many ways Biophilic
exposition of nature directly or indirectly one way is light. Sunshine exposure, however, is one more mechanism
of pain- diminution might derive into showing, Ulrich says. Biophilic design limelight on features of the natural
earth that have contributed to human health, happiness, and productivity. According to [16], incorporating
biophilia into hospitals has reduced post-operative healing by 8.5%. This is because basic attachments to
nature, or interpretations of it, aid patients in their healing process. Nature, according to [1], has a beneficial
influence on health, wellness, and general happiness, as the author mentions in the article. Architects in
contemporary architecture have a variety of ways of living in harmony with nature. Falling Water by Frank
Lloyd Wright and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Farnsworth House develop a relationship with the natural

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environment. Some Avant-garde architects who the negative effects of construction on the environment in the
1960s include Superstudio, Archizoom, Ugo La Pietra, Rosselli, Ugo La Pietra, Mario Bellini, and Alberto
Rosselli.

1.2 Existing studies

The study conducts a literature review on the furtherance of biophilic net-positive architecture and passive
design techniques for healthy, sustainable built environments. It delves into natural connection, passive
approaches, urban design, and biophilic design ideas. The authors recommend more studies into combining
natural and buildingfunctionality to create a healthier environment.

Table - 1: Summary of the Literature Review

Author Year Objective Literature Survey Contribution Limitation
(Africa et al., 2019 The objective of this The given information The paper highlights The paper failed to
2019) paper is to provide an does not provide a biophilic design practices' explore synergies
illustrative compilation of detailed literature impact on human health between biophilic
how biophilic design survey. However, the and the built environment, design practices and
practices can directly paper does reference linking them to climate nature-based
support resilience in several studies and change shifts and techniques for
human health and the sources to support its promoting ethical sustainable, resilient
built environment arguments and conduct. built environments.
recommendations.
(Zhong et al., 2022 Reviewing biophilic The literature review The study reveals that The framework
2022) design literature, examines biophilic biophilic design presented for
examining origins, design as a theoretical incorporates various biophilic design is a
definition, sustainable framework for natural aspects, including preliminary
architecture contributions, interpreting nature in vegetation, sensory, interpretation and
strategies, comparing architecture, metaphorical, may require further
frameworks, and comparing morphological, material, refinement.
identifying knowledge frameworks, and and spiritual, to enhance
gaps for future research. analyzing the overall design
sustainability benefits. experience.
(Cacique & Ou, 2022 The paper explores the The paper discusses The paper suggests The paper lacks
2022) integration of Health, Health, Sustainability, integrating biophilic empirical evidence to
Sustainability, and and Resilience design with Health, support the claim that
Resilience concepts in concepts and biophilic Sustainability, and biophilic design can
biophilic design, aiming design, citing studies Resilience concepts to address Health,
to create healthy, and reports, and create healthy, Sustainability, and
sustainable, and resilient examining Terrapin sustainable, and resilient Resilience concepts,
environments for Bright Green's 14 environments. It identifies and does not
improved health and well- biophilic design 19 overlapping concepts investigate their
being. patterns. and 16 closely related interactions.
ones.
(Andreucci et 2021 The paper compares The paper explores The paper indicates key The paper is a
al., 2021) adaptive and utilitarian nature and biophilic policy and design lessons literature survey and
paradigms to biophilic design using Kellert learned around does not provide new
design principles, and Terrapin Bright regenerative design and empirical data or
evaluating real-world case Green's 14 Patterns, biophilia as well as new research findings.
studies in London and emphasizing directions for action, The paper focuses on
Chicago, and highlighting evidence-based design particularly about climate case studies from
their effectiveness in and policy to link change, sense of place, London and Chicago,
achieving positive human daily life with and well-being. which may limit the
and ecological outcomes. biodiversity and generalizability of the
improve urban built findings to other
environments. urban contexts.
(Hidal & Desi, 2014 This paper aims to The paper reviews the Discussing the The paper discusses
2014) explore the concept of literature on creating components of the natural biophilic design's
biophilic design as an restorative and built environment that potential for creating
urban design approach environments in urban provide psychological restorative urban
aimed at understanding spaces, incorporating restoration. Suggesting environments. It
the connections between environmental that the use of natural provides a literature
natural and built psychology, public features within urban review and suggests
environments about health, and urban spaces can provide elements for design,
psychological restoration. design insights. positive outcomes for but lacks empirical
people's well-being. evidence or case
studies to support its
claims.
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(Aye et al., 2019 This paper explores the The paper discusses The paper explores the The paper's examples
2019) relationship between biophilic design integration of biophilia may not be
biophilia and engineering benefits and high-rise and engineering in universally applicable
in creating sustainable, building sustainable, healthy, and due to climate,
healthy, and structurally implementation, structurally sound built culture, and
sound built environments. emphasizing the need environments, regulations. It focuses
It provides an overview of for collaboration emphasizing the benefits on biophilia and
biophilic design benefits between engineers of biophilic design in engineering in high-
and examples of and designers to find high-rise buildings and rise buildings and
implementing biophilic the optimum solution the significance of may not provide
concepts in high-rise sensitivity to other collaboration between comprehensive
buildings. needs and uses. It engineers and designers. information on
does not include a biophilic design in
literature survey. other environments.
(Panagopoulos 2020 The paper explores The paper employs a Identifying challenges and The paper does not
et al., 2020) biophilic design theory literature review on opportunities for provide a detailed
and practice, focusing on built environment transitioning from low- explanation of
the restorative function of sustainability thinking impact to net- biophilic design, its
built environments. It developed during the positive/restorative-built patterns, and current
identifies challenges and project RESTORE environments through debates; instead, it
opportunities for (Rethinking biophilic design. explains the origins
transitioning from low- Sustainability Examining urban and rise of biophilic
impact to net- Towards a planning principles that design in a broad
positive/restorative Regenerative transfer human-nature sense
environments through Sustainability). biological bonds into
biophilic design. restorative approaches.

1.3 Problem Statement

One of the biggest challenges we face in the coming year is to change our emphasis on architecture. Restorative
Environmental Design or Biophilic Design aims to knit the building within the natural environment's existing
fabric. Such structures can be energy efficient at the same degree as conventional LEED buildings, but will not
turn their backs on the natural world. To start solving this mystery, it is necessary to understand how comfort is
approached in today's architecture and, more importantly, how effective it has been in achieving its aim. In the
contemporary built landscapes, the biophilic plan aims to provide a pleasant habitation for people as human
beings that improves their health, fitness, and welfare. By creating an innovative framework for the fulfilling
practices of nature within the built landscape, it seeks to solve the shortcomings of modern landscape practice
and construction. Finally, the study finds this gap to fill; How and why do the level of attributes of Biophilic
design elements espouse passive design?

1.4 Aim and Objectives

This paper intends to explore biophilic design as a theoretical framework for conceptualizing 'Biophilic theory' in
Building environments. It further studies how far human beings are from nature besides how much the earth is
subjected to global warming and contributes to stressful lifestyles. It also recalls the old way nature is connected
to humans and emphasizes the necessity of nature. The primary objectives of the study are: i) to confer the
conduct in which it contributes to attaining sustainability; ii) to examine how the concept of Biophilic theory
from related theories in environmental behavior to passive techniques and how it has been distinct by key
theorist; iii) to also look at the advantages and weakness of incorporating natural rudiments into buildings and
public spaces. The results will give new insights, recommendations, and suggestions for improving and
expanding the application of Biophilic architecture in the Build environment.

1.5 Materials and Method

This review uses a variety of strategies for finding, evaluating, and choosing three databases Google Scholar,
Web of Science, and Scopus. The following are the broad, all-inclusive criteria for identifying relevant
publications: presented the concept of biophilic design and its design principles; explored within the context of
architecture, particularly urban architecture. To find articles from the oldest gathered literature, the snowball
approach was utilized as a supplemental search. The assessment included significant reports, book chapters, and
journal articles. Search criteria were set for each section of the study to choose relevant material. Additional
articles like grey literature were included to find the major frameworks for defining biophilic design. Figure 1,
portrays the framework for biophilic net-positive architecture that espouses passive design strategies. However,
for built environment practitioners, the framework is meant to make the idea more tangible as it comprises of
three fundamental design approaches. It should be noted that this framework only serves as a preliminary
reading and that additional changes are required to put the idea of biophilic architecture into practice.

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Fig - 1: Component
Appraisal of Biophilic Net-
Positive Architecture
Framework

2.0 Theoretical findings

2.1 Relationship between net-positive and biophilic design
Reconnecting with nature has grown increasingly important in recent years as a response to rising city and
ecological challenges. Many nature-based urban environmental solutions are viable options for addressing both the
immediate issues of the recent pandemic and the continuing danger posed by climate change. There is a similarity
between net-positive design and biophilic, both of which react to environmental and ecological forces. Biophilic
goals promote ecological and human well-being, as well as place-based sensory and distinctive practices of nature
and its forces. Net-positive designs are energy-efficient building that uses average on-site renewable exported
energy. [17] [18], passionately urged the design community and related sectors to take on the Architecture
2030 Challenge in 2021. By the year 2030, the goal was to make "new buildings, developments, and significant
building restorations" "carbon neutral" about GHG emissions [3]. The design industry has been working toward
net-positive energy for the past 20 years, not only striving to reach zero. A multinational design project called Zero
by 2040 has just extended the 2030 deadline by ten years. Many biophilic patterns' effectiveness is anticipated to
fluctuate with diurnal and seasonal cycles. For example, the health advantages of a view of nature may be reduced
or eliminated for night shift workers when the view is obscured by darkness. Secondary or seasonal techniques,
such as indoor therapies, can assist in preserving balance by offering the intended response all year.
2.2 Elements that espo use both biophilic net positive and passive design
In the short term, biophilic design can change a building's or built landscape circumstances, but in the long term,
it ought to promote a healthy ecological and sustainable setting. The thriving use of this style of proposal may
provide us with a wide range of substantial, psychological, and behavioral benefits. Biophilic design has piqued
the curiosity of the building industry all around the world in recent years [ 1 9 ] . It entails the use of a variety
of design methods, referred to as skills and uniqueness. The decision on which design proposal to espouse is
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highly dependent on the project's conditions and constraints, which may include specific building and
landscape uses. A recent study supports the constructive impacts of biophilic design on human health, but little
guideline for execution exists. The theory and enlightening programs suitable to promote the practice that brings
together biophilia and sustainable design have only just begun to inflate. Biophilic designs require frequent and
even engagement with nature, center on human resilience to the natural world, and encourage an arousing
connection to places and settings.

Fig – 1: Basic-Elements-of-Biophilic-Design-adapted-from-Duzenli-et-al-2015-Source-(Asim et al., 2020)

2.2.1 Air:
Natural ventilation is essential for self-productivity as well as comfort. Disparities in barometric pressure, airflow,
humidity, and temperature, will enhance the natural ventilation occurrence in the built environment [21]. These
circumstances can be accomplished through simple techniques such as moveable windows or more complicated
technology and engineering solutions such as outside access. Air enhances natural aeration through vents, operable
windows, and slim structures to mention a few [22] [23]. While, reproducing natural air and ventilation through
airshafts, active window openings, porches, HVAC systems, vents, clerestories, and so on, the outcome improves
sensory inconsistency and lessens monotony and negativity by replicating the delicate changes of natural air and
ventilation that widen the satisfactory range of thermal comfort to reduce energy demand. Through the use of
natural components and techniques, natural ventilation may embrace both biophilic net positive design and passive
design principles to produce thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Biophilic Net Positive Design: By enabling
fresh air and natural light to enter the area, natural ventilation fosters a connection with nature and biophilic
components. The indoor atmosphere is made healthier and nicer, which boosts productivity and occupant well-
being. Natural ventilation makes use of passive cooling strategies in passive design to lessen dependency on
mechanical systems. To cool and ventilate the area, it makes use of natural air movements including wind, stack
effect, and cross ventilation. As a result, there are fewer carbon emissions and operational expenses due to
decreased energy use and reliance on air conditioning. Combining these ideas, natural ventilation improves interior
air quality while also lessening the building's environmental effect. It is the best option for biophilic net positive
and passive design strategies since it improves sustainability, energy efficiency, and the well-being of occupants.
2.2.2 Plants:
One of the most thriving ways to integrate nature's straight experience into the built landscape is the use of
vegetation, particularly blooming flora. Plants may reduce stress, enhance physical health, increase satisfaction,
and boost efficiency and production [24]. However, the use of solitary or isolated plants seldom has a significant
positiveimpact. Plants in buildings and engineered landscapes ought to be plentiful and naturally integrated [25],
with a preference for native species over foreign and invasive species [26]. Indoor plants could contribute to the
building system, to the people who are using the building, and to the architecture as well [27]. Some are easy to
describe in terms of the biological processes inside the plant, for instance. Sun protection - Plants can block
excessive penetration of sunlight. Water and CO2 take action in the presence of sunshine to generate
carbohydrates and discharge oxygen as a leftover piece. Cooling a building - greenery's transpiration and shade
may lower indoor air temperatures and burden on air-conditioning equipment [28]. On the other hand, there are
several advantages that scientists have discovered to be measurable but for which no clear explanation exists,
such as: i) Stress reduction - studies have shown that when people are around plants, they are less stressed; ii)
Increased job productivity; quicker recovery after surgery; iii) Increased concentration in college lectures; and
iv) Reduction in complaints about sick building syndrome symptom green façade.

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2.2.3 Water
Since water is one of the basic needs, people have a positive reaction to water bodies. The presence of water can be
beneficial. Humans appreciate seeing water, but much more so earshot as well as experiencing it. Perhaps our urge
to be close to water is a comfort that we have sufficient water to imbibe because one cannot survive without it. The
streams and lakes might represent remnants of our ancient ecosystem. The thrill of coming around the salty sea, at
hand, cannot be clarified just by compulsion, as humans from all over the earth visit the seaside and take walks
down the waterfront. Holidays near the shore and the evident joy of traveling in water-going ships, from sailing
boats to coast liners, stimulate a massive worldwide tourism business [29]. Although not directly biophilia in the
sense of attraction to live organisms, the impact is classified as such due to its analogous intensity. The presence of
water boosts an individual's hearing, sight, and touching senses. According to Barton & Pretty, 2006 [30],
responding to water bodies is extremely beneficial in enhancing self-esteem and mood. Water is central to any
discussion of nature's healing properties. Water makes up approximately 71% of the planet's surface. Water is
necessary for life to exist. Human bodies are composed of 75% water. The man's continued existence is reliant on
having access to water. Water has been associated with hygiene and good spotlessness from the time of Hypocrites,
who relate medicine and science by relating good hygiene to illness prevention [31]. Most faiths regard water as a
purifier. Water, hand washing, hygiene, and cleansing before a clinical operation are still important in the avoidance
of infection and disease today.

2.2.4 Light
The perception of natural light is vital to human health as well as comfort, allowing for night, day, and season
orientation in reaction to the location and rotations of the sun [32]. Daylight alertness may also encourage the
discovery and engagement in movement as a means of providing comfort. Beyond basic exposure, natural light
may enlist esthetically pleasant shapes as well as patterns via the inventive interplay of diffuse and changeable
light, light and shadow, and the combination of spatial light. Natural light may be brought down into the interior
spaces through clerestories and glass walls, reflecting shade, colors and materials, and other design approaches
[27]. Light in motion may be seen by comparing brighter and darker regions and daylight fluctuations over time.
According to [31], a lack of sunshine promotes anger, weariness, disease, sleeplessness, melancholy, drunkenness,
and suicide. More children are conceived in Finland during the summer months when the sun shines about twenty
hours every day than in the winter season. Many metabolic processes are catalyzed by the sun, and when we don't
get enough of it, certain metabolic paths go inactive, decreasing our capacity to burn fat and remove toxins [33].
Most hospital settings rely totally on artificial light, shutting us apart from the sun and seasons, as well as natural
cycles. People working in inter-cores are never exposed to natural light or the elements. Cafeterias with windows
should be included in designs to provide the best possible views. Respite places must be offered to assist personnel
who must operate in regions with little natural light. We endeavor with natural light, ideally from several angles, to
ensure that shades do not damage our stereoscopic hallucination, which is necessary to construct 3D pictures and
intensive sensitivity. Sunlight is required not just for sensing and assessing our environment, but as well for the
manufacture of vitamin D, which is important for our metabolism. Human skin and eyes are two organs that
require sunshine, more so the circadian rhythms (innate perception of time, or "internal clocks") are governed by
eye and skin sunlight, which regulates our sleep cycle via melatonin release. When our circadian cycles (like in jet
lag) are interrupted, our bodies become weary and unable to perform efficiently. We need the sunshine to re-
establish them.

2.3 Mechanisms of Biophilic Net-Positive Design Espouse Passive Design Strategies for Healing.
The six components of biophilic design entail human-nature partnerships, place-based linkages, light and space,
patterns and processes, natural shapes and forms, and Environmental characteristics; whereas, air, natural
materials, water, Color, and plants are only a few examples of natural characteristics that extract environmental
elements. Through the use of flooring, it is simple to incorporate colors found in nature into the constructed world.
The first element of biophilic design is natural elements, which include features that symbolize assets found in
nature such as light and form. The second element is natural forms and shapes, the third is natural processes and
patterns, and the fourth is natural space and light. These elements are designed to please human desire while
dealing with nature. Place-based connections, the fifth component of biophilic design, are characteristics that unite
culture and environment in such a manner that people form emotional bonds and interactions with places. Humans'
relationships with locations show another evolutionary adaptation, the drive to take ownership over and control
certain areas [13]. A person's sense of belonging in a place is still crucial for their health, which is why biophilic
design uses techniques to arouse feelings of familiarity and foster a sense of community. For more efficient
planning of the built environment, a more procedural structure is required to develop a framework for Biophilic
design. The successful implementation of such a framework will eventually depend on adopting a new perception
toward nature as much as executing a novel design method. conventional systems such as heating, cooling,
ventilation, and lighting. By utilizing natural energy sources and sinks, passive techniques provide thermal and
visual comfort. Examples include solar radiation, outside air, moist surfaces, flora, and so on. In a hot and dry
region, an architect's goal would be to design a structure so that solar benefits are maximized in winter and reduced
in summer.
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Passive Design is a building approach that uses relatively little energy to generate a comfortable interior
atmosphere by avoiding the quest for the active cooling or heating act. Passive design can help to lessen
temperature changes, enhance indoor air quality, and make a home more comfortable to live in. This is
accomplished by utilizing free, renewable energy sources such as the sun and wind to supply domestic heating,
cooling, ventilation, and lighting. As a response, to accomplish this passive design, provide hand and encourage
biophilic design into consideration, for example.
 Healthier Indoor Environment
Efficient buildings also provide a better interior environment for the people who live and work in them,
for example, by employing appealing architectural designs to lighten up work areas with sunshine rather
than electricity, without producing excessive glare. High-performance buildings also provide comfortable
temperatures and a quiet work environment [23].
 Increased Employee Productivity
Improved building occupant comfort translates to higher workforce productivity. Recent studies [31] [10]
[27] [20] have demonstrated that buildings with elements like natural light, better climate management,
and more clever use of space boost employee productivity. There are several benefits to having urban
green space (trees, grass, and greeneries).

3.0 Attribute of Biophilic net positive alongside Passive design

After comprehensive theoretical findings, this section summarizes the attributes of biophilic net positive design
alongside passive design as follows:

3.1 Natural Ventilation

Having known that Passive cooling is a system in which a building structure (or a portion of it) is built to allow for
enhanced ventilation and coolness retention inside the building components. it is believed to be an "option" to
mechanical cooling, which necessitates a composite refrigeration system. By incorporating passive cooling systems
into modern buildings, mechanical cooling can be eliminated or at least reduced in size and expense. Passive
cooling is based on the relationship between a building and its environment. An inert solar energy technology that
alleviates the natural circulation of cooler air from external covers parts of a building and its landscape. Hence,
natural ventilation is used in biophilic design (movement of air, changes in air temperature, airborne scents) [20].
The passage of fresh air through a room alters everything. The home's orientation allows for cross-ventilation in all
key sections via windows, doors, and movable skylights that allow fresh air to flow. The thermal comfort condition
of an interior space is determined by how well the room is ventilated. Knowledge of microclimatic variables is vital
in architectural design for natural ventilation: airstream and local breezes, sunshine, shadows, humidity, and plants
may all contribute extensively to the thermal comfort of the inhabitants.

Fig – 3: Comfortable Airflow in a Building by using Natural Ventilation (Reference: econaur.com)

Natural ventilation offers high air-change levels at low cost, with new systems able to achieve higher levels than
minimum ventilation needs, despite variations in air-change rate. In comparison to mechanical ventilation systems,
natural ventilation has various advantages, including economic effectiveness, energy economy, and more sunshine.
As they don't require electrical energy for fans, which can use up to 25% of the energy used by mechanically
ventilated buildings, they also contribute to a sustainable built environment.

3.2 Landscaping
A passive cooling system can be improved with landscaping through the employment of plants to shade a home
which is a particularly effective cooling strategy. A well-placed plant may provide effective, cool shade while also

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adding to the aesthetic appeal of a structure; plants are also excellent for cooling since they absorb heat. The water
vapor cools the air that passes through it, providing a supply of cool air for the structure. Along with the urban
form, strategy planting of vines, shrubs, and trees, around a building and at roof covers such as pergolas, roof
gardens, and beam overhangs aid in improving the microclimate. The utilization of natural landscaping in a
structure is enabled by biophilic design. Unrelated to biophilia, studies in landscape planning [15] [34] have
repeatedly demonstrated that people prefer semi-open settings with huge trees and water to thick forests or desert
[16]. Plants have long been used to improve the look of indoor places. Plant research also indicates that a reduced
respiratory system is likely connected to increased air quality. Flowers, like green plants, are related to favorable
results, particularly an increase in positive emotional functioning.

3.2.1 Green facade

The front of a building is frequently the most essential part from a design viewpoint in architecture since it sets the
character for the remainder of the construction. Because of our dependence on technology, we have reduced the
demand for heating and cooling, as well as ventilation and interior lighting. The longitudinal greening elevation is
an external wall that is planted with foliage primarily used for visual and conservatory principles. According to
[35], green walls can trim down the temperature in a building by two degrees [36]. One of the primary functions of
the facade is to provide the highest thermal insulation possible. Inadequate thermal insulation can result in
significant heat losses and gains, increasing the cost by around 20% via so-called thermal bridges. The facade is
chosen based on the materials available, the kind of building, and the aesthetic needs. Green facades have several
advantages, such as biophilic net positive design and passive design principles. The positive biophilic net design
integrates humans with nature, boosting well-being and biodiversity. Green facades, vertical gardens, or living
walls integrate plants onto the façade of a building, offering visual and sensory impressions of nature while
improving air quality, lowering noise pollution, and fostering biodiversity. By utilizing natural features and tactics
for thermal comfort and energy efficiency, passive design concepts attempt to lessen dependency on mechanical
systems. Green facades contribute to passive architecture by providing shade, minimizing solar heat intake, and
lowering cooling demand. They also help to control indoor temperature by absorbing and releasing moisture via
transpiration, resulting in a cooling effect. Green facades also help to passive cooling measures by collecting solar
radiation, preventing it from being absorbed by the building's walls, and lowering heat accumulation. Green
facades, in general, encourage both biophilic and passive design principles, assuring appropriate internal
temperatures without relying largely on mechanical cooling systems.

Fig – 4: Nanjing Vertical Forest https://wfmmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Green-Buildings.jpg

The Nanjing Vertical Forest is a distinctive project by Stefano Boeri Architetti in Southern Jiangsu. Two buildings
make up the concept, which has balconies and planters inspired by Milan's Vertical Forest. The towers, which have
a total area of 4,500 square metres, include 600 huge trees, 200 medium-sized trees, and more than 2,500 plants.
The initiative intends to increase yearly oxygen production to 16.5 tonnes, decrease CO2 emissions, and restore
local biodiversity.

3.2.1.1 Benefit of green façade

Green facades are passive energy-saving measures that also improve aesthetics. They are crucial for restoring
equilibrium in the urban environment and offering fresh insights into solutions to urban heat island problems since
they are becoming more widely acknowledged as a potential solution to these problems. By swapping out green
spaces for hard surfaces, which absorb sunlight and turn it into heat, green facades in dense urban structures lessen
the urban heat island effect. By storing rainfall and lowering pollutants, good design encourages cooling, rainwater
retention, air filtration, pollution removal, and cost savings. Green facades have the added benefit of improving the
climate by managing air humidity and bringing down temperatures.

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3.2.2 Living wall

Living walls or vertical gardens, commonly referred to as living walls, can include features of passive as well as
biophilic net-positive architecture. They entail the utilization of vegetation, such as plants or moss, growing
vertically on the exterior of a building or a free-standing object. The goal of biophilic net positive design is to
develop places that improve human well-being by bringing people closer to nature. living walls, which incorporate
live plants into the built environment, offer a visual link to nature and can enhance the quality of the air by
collecting pollutants and releasing oxygen. Living walls can aid in temperature control and lessen the demand for
mechanical cooling systems in passive design projects. As a natural insulating layer, the plants on the wall slow
down the flow of heat through the building envelope. This can lessen the need for air conditioning and save energy
use by keeping interior rooms cooler during hot weather. One of the most essential properties of living wall
systems is temperature decrease. The plant's cooling function is efficient in lowering the temperature; and aids
lower cooling energy consumption as the average temperature drop on the wall facade ranges from 8°C to 10°C
[2] [32] [37]. When the space between the plant board and the building surface is 15 centimeters wide, the
maximum temperature fall is 3.3°C. Specifically, all vertical green systems were discovered to lower relative
temperature, wall planes, as well growth medium throughout the day. Living walls can also help with stormwater
control and rainwater collection. Rainfall may be absorbed and retained by the plants, which lessens runoff and the
strain on drainage infrastructure. This can enhance the overall ecological performance of the building or urban
region and lessen the consequences of the urban heat island effect. Overall, using living walls in urban planning
may enhance air quality, thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and visual appeal. Green facades may aid in creating
resilient and sustainable cities by using both passive design and biophilic net-positive design concepts.

Fig – 5: From Planterra: A living wall affords a point of respite within this hospital
https://www.terramai.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/henry-ford-hospital-living-wall.jpg

By bringing life to clinical settings, biophilic design in hospitals improves the physical, physiological, mental, and
emotional advantages. In the atrium of Henry Ford Hospital in Michigan, which holds private events and acts as a
community gathering place, a living wall was installed. Poinsettias for the holiday season are displayed on the wall.

3.2.2.1 Benefit of green wall

The living wall is the ideal biophilic design element, literally bringing life to a room and improving occupant well-
being both physically and emotionally with advantages including natural air filtering, lowering noise, and assisting
in maintaining humidity and temperature. In other hand Interior living walls contribute to better indoor air quality
by collecting airborne contaminants including dust and other undesired gases, naturally humidifying dry air, and
releasing oxygen in exchange for carbon dioxide. living walls are elaborate, long-lasting constructions comprised
of modular panels and irrigation systems that may be divided into support systems and growing mediums.

3.2.3 Green roof

An elegant and organized green roof may serve as a high-class insulation device, lowering heat flux from the roof
coverage during the hot season [28]. A set of Japanese scholars measured the roof grass garden situated on
unwoven fabric on a tangible three-story pre-cast reinforced concrete structure. The assessments revealed that a
roof grass garden lowered the quantity of heat entering the space throughout the summer. During the measurement,
the temperature of the roof slab facade was reduced from 60 to 300 C, and a 50% reduction in heat flow was
computed using a simple computation [24]. [38] discovered that establishing a green roof on an administrative
building in Athens contributes significantly to energy savings during the summer months. From the standpoint of
biophilic net positive design, green roofs contain organic components and techniques that encourage a connection
with nature. By bringing nature closer to urban settings through the presence of plants on rooftops, individuals have
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more opportunities to interact with green areas and enjoy the advantages of being in a natural setting. This
relationship with nature enhances people's general well-being and happiness. Green roofs serve as natural
insulation layers from the standpoint of passive design, minimizing heat transmission between the structure and the
surrounding area. As a result, less mechanical heating or cooling is required, helping to regulate building
temperatures and preserve energy. By lowering solar heat uptake on the roof surface, which aids in maintaining
suitable inside temperatures, green roofs also support passive cooling measures. Green roofs improve rainwater
harvesting and stormwater management by absorbing and retaining rainwater, reducing runoff, and improving
harvested rainwater quality. They align with biophilic net positive design principles, contribute to energy
conservation, and promote a connection with nature in urban environments.

Fig – 6: Center for Sustainable Landscapes https://images.squarespace

cdn.com/content/v1/58e3eecf2994ca997dd56381/1605798775118-X7CLZ43OHV3T4N6H40SJ/CFSL-
2.jpg?format=750w
The Phipps Conservatory aims to promote sustainability and human and environmental well-being through
action and research. The project aims to transform people's relationship with built and natural environments. It is
the first building to meet five green certifications and is home to over 100 native plant species, including 50 on
the green roof. This enhances biodiversity and aids in stormwater management, reducing annualized runoff by
85%.

3.2.3.1 Benefit of green roof

Green roofs are excellent for fostering community growth and offering a variety of activities or a welcome respite
from the stifling urban environment because of their cooling, soft texture, and air-cleaning qualities. Green roof
flora serves as insulation, reducing heat transmission by 72% and lowering air conditioning expenditures by up to
35% [38]. Winter clothing serves as a cap to keep warm air inside the structure. According to research by Green
Roofs for Healthy Cities, the plant and support layers on green roofs efficiently absorb 25%–40% of summertime
rainfall and 70%–90% of wintertime precipitation, therefore minimizing storm water flow. Plants absorb 50% of
sunlight, resulting in a cooler, more pleasant climate. This reduces the need for air conditioning, resulting in energy
savings. This also positively impacts the surrounding environment and city temperatures, resulting in a 3°C
temperature reduction in the city.

3.3 Natural Light.

The sun is the source of natural light, providing warmth and light as well as information about the time of day.
Patients in bright rooms recover faster from sickness, have lower pain levels, use fewer powerful analgesics, and
stay in the hospital for fewer days than patients in more poorly lit rooms placed in places where surrounding
structures obstruct sunpenetration [39] [40]. Even small visits outside on a bright day can provide the advantages of
sunshine, as can the design of rooms that incorporate daylight and sun into the inside without sacrificing the
thermal comfort of the interiors. Thus, in biophilia design, in addition to providing an aesthetically pleasing
environment, indoor daylight may improve mood, improve cognitive performance, reduce stress, and minimize the
usage of severe pain medication in hospital settings. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the
importance of natural light to human health. As a result, biophilic design embraces passive design to the utilization
of natural lighting in a structure.

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Fig – 7: Maximising your view with Exact glazing Upton Grey, Hampshire
https://cdncoejl.nitrocdn.com/nAULCPQhfyWwWdcnfnsxMknMGxFEHjYy/assets/images/optimized/rev-
765386f/cmsAdmin/uploads/exact_cs_tunwoth_internal03.jpg

The charming property is located in the Hampshire countryside in the village of Upton Grey. Our customers opted
to build a back addition after many years of living in their house without being able to take advantage of the
breathtaking views. Now, they can enjoy the ever-changing rural views from a pleasant and comfortable area all
year long. A Pure Glass Roof Lantern, a modern, simple design that complements the extension's contemporary
aesthetic and provides an unobstructed view of the sky, was part of the project.

3.3.1 Benefit of Building Natural Light

Place windows, skylights, and light shelves in strategic locations to make the most of sunshine. This lowers energy
expenses and improves the ambience by making it cozier and more welcoming. Systems for "biophilic" indoor
lighting have several advantages. Blue light, which is included in the majority of white LED lights, can interfere
with our circadian rhythms by preventing the production of melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep [31]. Man-
made light sources can also give people headaches and eye discomfort. Biophilic lighting systems mimic human
circadian cycles by using more natural light during the day and less blue light at night, promoting restful sleep at
night and high levels of productivity during the day.

3.4 Natural Analogue and Building Form

The work of Natural Analogues investigates how items, materials, colors, forms, and patterns found in nature may
be used to evoke the biological, non-living, and indirect aspects of nature. In the constructed world, these
components are integrated into fabrics, ornamentation, furniture, and décor. The best Natural Analogue experiences
allow for an indirect connection with nature by presenting information richness in an organized and occasionally
dynamic manner. Building form and massing can significantly lower building energy intensity, but they are
frequently influenced by a complicated set of aspects (building typology and usage, planning requirements,
assessment, and performance [41] [42]. Structures with a lesser outer facade or area will attain greater energy
efficiency performance with the same square footage. A compact building form decreases the energy intensity of
the structure and the requirement for active mechanical systems. The massing of a planned construction must
account for orientation and other-site precise characteristics as one of the initial design considerations. The innate
human inclination for natural shapes has been related to biomorphic design, which when correctly articulated can
improve human physical and mental well-being [39]. Nature-inspired architectural design may frequently result in
very attractive and profoundly experienced settings, taking strength from an inherent human emotional and
intellectual predisposition for the natural world. Light's sculptural features can therefore be coupled with a very
organic environment. The idea is that by creating and building from nature, replicating its beauty and harmony, the
constructed environment would be more favorable and sympathetic to the human body, mind, and soul.

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Figure – 8: Lyons Airport Railroad Station by the architect Santiago Calatrava. Concept design (left) and
final output (right) (Source: McQuaid, 1993).

The international airport serving Lyon, France, and an essential hub for transportation in the Rhone-Alpes area is
Lyon-Saint Exupery Airport, formerly known as Lyon Satolas Airport. Santiago Calatrava created the Gare de
Saint-Exupery TGV train station, which is situated 20 km east of Lyon's downtown. The 5,600 square metre station
has a 1,300-tonne roof, ticket counters, retail stores, dining options, and elevated access to and from the airport. It
was created as a symbolic entrance to Lyon. With two huge cantilevered balconies that extend into the internal
area, Calatrava's structure is as expressive inside the building as it is outside. Nature's patterns and arrangements,
reflected in minimal processing, create a sense of place and ecology. These materials and elements also provide
rich sensory information, adhering to a spatial hierarchy similar to those found in nature.
3.4.1 Benefit of Natural Analogue and Building Form
Artificial plants, moss walls, and architectural designs are examples of artificial features that evoke natural aspects.
These components can boost productivity, well-being, and stress reduction in workplaces while also increasing
overall visual appeal. Natural forms incorporate the geometry of the natural world into our built environment.
Important passive design techniques for lowering energy use and enhancing thermal comfort in buildings are form
and orientation [43] [20]. They are essential for reaching net zero energy objectives since they have a significant
impact on solar exposure, daylighting, and wind direction. Depending on the location and temperature, different
building designs are used, but it is crucial to maximize solar radiation in the winter and reduce it in the summer.

4.0 Discussions
4.1 How do biophilic net-positive architecture espouse passive design strategies to contribute to a healthy
sustainable built environment?
Biophilic net-positive architecture is an emerging field that combines biophilic design principles with passive
design strategies to create healthy and sustainable built environments.

Healthy
Indoor
Environm
ent

Biophilic Passive
Biophilic Design
Design net-positive
architecture Strategies

Net-
Positive
Approach

Figure - 9: shows the integration of biophilic net positive Architecture

1. Biophilic Design: The concept behind biophilic design is that people are inherently connected to nature. It
aims to blend organic components like plants, natural light, and vistas of the outdoors into the constructed
environment. According to this notion, being among nature may boost well-being, lessen stress, and
increase creativity and productivity.
2. Passive Design Strategies: To reduce energy consumption and improve occupant comfort, passive design
techniques optimize a site's natural resources and climate. Passive heating and cooling methods, natural
ventilation, sun shading, and thermal insulation are some of these tactics. According to the philosophy
underpinning passive design, buildings may use less energy and provide healthier indoor environments by
reducing their reliance on mechanical systems.
3. Healthy indoor Environment: Creating a healthy interior environment is a priority for both passive and
biophilic design methods. Natural light and vegetation are examples of biophilic design components that
may enhance air quality, control humidity, and lessen the presence of dangerous compounds. By
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maximizing natural ventilation and minimizing dependency on air conditioning, passive design solutions
can improve indoor air quality and lower the risk of health problems linked to inadequate ventilation.
4. Net-Positive Approach: Net-positive architecture strives to design structures that produce more energy or
resources than they use, going beyond just avoiding negative effects. This strategy supports a regenerative
relationship with the environment and is consistent with sustainability ideals. A healthier and more
sustainable constructed environment may be created by using renewable energy sources, efficient
construction materials, and resource conservation techniques.
These theories collectively support the idea that biophilic net-positive architecture, through the integration of
biophilic design and passive design strategies, can create healthier, more sustainable, and inspiring built
environments that benefit both occupants and the surrounding ecosystem. By combining the principles of biophilic
design and net-positive energy, biophilic net-positive architecture aims to create sustainable and healthy built
environments. By incorporating natural elements, optimizing energy efficiency, and generating more energy than is
consumed, these theories collectively support the idea that biophilic net-positive architecture can contribute to a
healthier, more sustainable, and inspiring built environment.

4.2 Theoretical framework

4.2.1 Fundamental design approach
To encourage the incorporation of the "natural world" into architecture and the sustainability goals for a healthy
sustainable build environment, this paper proposes an optimized biophilic design framework. figure 2 represents
the fundamental design approach to achieve the framework while considering the three fundamental design
approaches;

Organic
Design

Vernacular Biomimicry
Design Design

Figure - 10: Fundamental design approach to achieve optimized biophilic net

positive design framework

 Organic design uses natural shapes and forms that directly, indirectly, or symbolically arouse people’s
intrinsic affection for the natural world [39]. The direct nature experience is contact with elements like
wading along the seaside or sitting in the sunshine. Indirect encounters involve constant human contact to
maintain the dimension of nature, such as watering a lawn or caring for a pet. Consequently, the
application of a pattern using organic forms could be an obvious expression of a symbolic connection to
nature. Organic design principles enhance Biophilic design by promoting harmony with the natural world
through natural materials, curvilinear forms, and biomorphic patterns. This creates spaces that evoke a
sense of nature, enhancing the biophilic experience and promoting well-being.
 As for vernacular design, structures or settings in which cultural, ecological, and historical connections
produce a place of meaning [39]. Hence, the sense of ownership that comes with maintaining a space,
whether at home or business, is included in biophilic design. Integrating vernacular design principles into
Biophilic design allows Designers to create buildings responsive to local climate, culture, and resources.
This involves using locally available materials, natural ventilation, and passive cooling and heating
strategies, ensuring harmonization with the environment and minimizing environmental impact.
 Biomimicry is more than just a belief, as it integrates natural items to assist in tackling complicated
healthcare concerns and creating distinctive color palettes in healthcare and building contexts [44]. This is
beneficial to humans and can be done by replicating nature through numerous biometry features like
“Lotus Effect”, hardware, or seats with nanotechnology to reduce microbes to mention among others.
Designers can optimize functionality and sustainability by observing and emulating nature's strategies.
Biomimicry enhances energy efficiency by analyzing temperature regulation, airflow optimization, and
sunlight capture. By incorporating these principles, buildings become more energy-efficient, resilient, and
in tune with their natural surroundings.
The Biophilic design framework can be optimized by incorporating vernacular design, biomimicry, and organic
design, drawing inspiration from nature, local culture, and sustainable practices. From this point on, the emphasis is
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on developing persistent, resilient, and aesthetically appealing buildings that maximize human well-being while
reducing their impact on the environment.

4.2.2 Optimize Biophilic Net Positive Design Framework

Biophilic Design:
Biophilic design is based on the idea that humans have an innate connection with nature and thrive in environments
that incorporate natural elements.

Step 1: Incorporating Natural Elements:

Biophilic net-positive architecture starts by incorporating natural elements such as plants, water features,
natural lighting, and natural materials in the design. This step helps create a visually appealing and
stimulating environment that promotes well-being and reduces stress.
Implementation of Step 1:
 Integrate water features: Incorporate elements like ponds, waterfalls, or fountains to create a calming and
visually appealing environment.
 Living walls and roofs: Install vertical gardens or green roofs to enhance air quality, provide insulation,
and promote biodiversity.
 Natural materials: Use sustainable and locally sourced materials like wood, stone, and bamboo to create a
connection with nature.
 Maximize nature views: Orient the building to maximize views of nearby green spaces, parks, or
landscapes.

Step 2: Optimizing Energy Efficiency:

The biophilic design also focuses on optimizing energy efficiency in buildings. This involves using
passive design strategies such as proper insulation, natural ventilation, and daylighting to minimize the
need for artificial lighting, heating, and cooling. By reducing energy consumption, buildings can minimize
their environmental impact and contribute to a sustainable future.
Implementation of Step 2:
 Orientation and layout: Design the building to take advantage of natural light and heat, reducing the need
for artificial lighting and heating/cooling.
 Insulation and airtightness: Ensure proper insulation and airtightness to minimize heat loss or gain,
reducing the need for excessive heating or cooling.
 Natural ventilation: Incorporate windows, vents, or skylights to facilitate natural airflow and reduce
reliance on mechanical ventilation.
 Daylighting: Maximize the use of natural daylight by strategically placing windows, light shelves, or
skylights.

Step 3: Creating a Healthy Indoor Environment:

Biophilic net-positive architecture prioritizes the creation of a healthy indoor environment. This includes
improving air quality through natural ventilation systems, using non-toxic building materials, and
incorporating biophilic elements that connect occupants with nature. Enhancing indoor air quality and
reducing exposure to pollutants can have a positive impact on occupant health and well-being.
Implementation of Step 3:
 Biophilic design principles: Integrate elements like indoor plants, natural materials, and natural patterns to
enhance well-being and reduce stress.
 Indoor air quality: Install air filtration systems and use low-emission materials to maintain clean and
healthy indoor air quality.
 Acoustic design: Incorporate sound-absorbing materials and proper insulation to minimize noise pollution
and create a peaceful environment.

Step 4: Energy Generation:

The net-positive architecture incorporates renewable energy systems such as solar panels, wind turbines,
and geothermal systems to generate clean energy on-site. These systems can produce more energy than
the building requires, allowing the excess energy to be fed back into the grid. By generating clean energy,
buildings can reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to a
more sustainable energy future.
Implementation of Step 4:
 Renewable energy systems: Install solar panels, wind turbines, or geothermal systems to generate clean
and renewable energy on-site.
 Net-positive energy design: Aim to generate more energy than the building consumes, contributing excess
energy back to the grid.

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Step 5: Energy Conservation:

Net-positive architecture also emphasizes energy conservation measures.
This involves using energy-efficient appliances and lighting, implementing smart energy management
systems, and promoting energy-conscious behavior among occupants. By reducing energy consumption,
buildings can further optimize their net-positive energy performance and minimize their environmental
footprint.
Implementation of Step 5:
 Energy-efficient appliances and lighting: Install energy-efficient appliances and LED lighting to reduce
energy consumption.
 Smart controls and automation: Utilize smart technologies to monitor energy usage, optimize building
systems, and reduce wastage.

4.4 summary
Biophilic net-positive architecture is an approach to building that incorporates nature and sustainability. It focuses
on building environments that improve people's well-being and connection to nature. Passive design methods are
an essential component of this strategy, to reduce energy use while increasing natural ventilation, daylighting, and
thermal comfort. Architects may create healthy and sustainable built environments by using these principles. To
achieve well-being and sustainability through the principles of biophilic net-positive architecture and passive
design strategies for a healthy sustainable built environment, consider the following steps
 Integrate Biophilic Design: Incorporate natural elements such as plants, water features, and enough natural
light into the architectural design. To create a connection with nature, use natural materials such as wood,
stone, and organic fabrics.
 Maximize Natural Ventilation: Design buildings with operable windows, atriums, and courtyards to use
natural airflow. This eliminates the need for mechanical ventilation systems while also promoting a
healthier interior environment.
 Daylighting: Make the best use of natural light by including wide windows, skylights, and light shelves.
This not only saves energy but also improves occupant well-being and productivity.
 Promote biodiversity by introducing native plants, green roofs, and vertical gardens into landscapes that
sustain local ecosystems and species. This increases biodiversity and makes the ecosystem healthier.

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation

It is vital to suggest design positivity for the post-pandemic municipality and metropolitan scenery that considers
the built landscapes' influence on human well-being and fitness. During the pandemic, people were compelled to
adjust their daily practices and way of living. Many types of research have been published in recent decades
especially more so during the current pandemic (refer to cited literature). Architects, urban planners, as well
landscape architects are increasingly developing more adaptable concepts with a more universal approach that
improves human fitness and comfort. Concurrently, outstanding issues such as urbanization, population expansion,
and climate change must be addressed. It is critical to include the notion of biophilic design in health facilities not
just in new proposals but also in the built landscape. Public spaces like roof gardens, atria, green terrains, and
gardens encourage and promote communal unity. Relating to natural surroundings promotes high-quality social,
cognitive, physical, and emotional development in both adults and children. Interventions that support biodiversity
(from microorganisms and pollinators to bigger fauna) add directly and ultimately to human fitness. In regards to
energy balance, biophilic participation may necessitate purposeful and cautious continuous amendment of the cost
and value. Henceforth Biophilic interventions may "tune" urban microclimates by providing shade and windbreaks,
as well as assistance for regulated stormwater infiltration. Individual and communal stresses can be buffered by
contact with bio-psychosocial natural components such as vistas, materials, noises, and architecture during
distinctive moments when leisure and recreation outdoors are less secure. Circadian effective lighting techniques
promote general health and aid in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, which are expected to be increasingly
disturbed by rising nighttime temperatures.
Furthermore, daylight, when considered in floor plan design along with the appropriate facade, may resolve
daylight demands for visual calm while lowering building electrical and cooling costs. An in-depth passive solar
and conservation can keep you comfortable in temps as low as 45 degrees Fahrenheit. Through shade and
evapotranspiration, outdoor living walls may cool facades along with indoor areas. The influence of natural
ventilation on the indoor micro-biota and inhabitants’ health is still under investigation, with no precise
recommendations in place. Hence, following the three-step mantra will vividly help achieve the above concept:
1. To design with Passive approaches first
2. To harmonize with vigorous mechanical systems if necessary.
3. To make up with renewable systems, if necessary.

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This review provides useful information that will be used in the Project implementation of investigation activity.
Understanding the bond that humans have Developing a biophilia philosophy of the natural world provides insight
into how humans feel about natural environments. This should be considered while designing a biophilic room at
the hospital and deciding which features to add.

5.1 Future research

The biophilic design paradigm encompasses a wide range of 'natural' design experiences, including material,
morphological, sensory, physical, and spiritual occurrences. As incorporating nature into buildings (green
architecture) becomes a marketing technique, essential issues must be addressed and scrutinized. Some factors (for
example, air, daylight, plants, and landscape) provide an opportunity for developing design methods with many
advantages, particularly for improving health and well-being, productivity, and productivity.

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Authors AFLLIATION Remark

Hisham Sharif Bala School of Civil Engineering,
Chongqing University, Chongqing,
[email protected] 400044, China.

https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9604-9591

Baizhan Li National Center for International

[email protected] Research on Green Building and Built
Environment, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400044, China. Corresponding author
School of Civil Engineering,
Chongqing University, Chongqing,
400044, China.
Danjuma Abdu Yusuf School of Architecture and Urban
Planning, Chongqing University,
[email protected] Chongqing, 400044, China.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5054-3164 Department of Architecture, Kano

University of Science & Technology,
Wudil, 713101, Kano, Nigeria.
Chenqiu Du School of Civil Engineering,
[email protected] Chongqing University, Chongqing,
400044, China.

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