3.

In the field of historical analysis, the term

MODULE 1 "historical determinism" refers to the idea
that historical events are shaped by
1. Some climate scientists ______ that the inevitable forces or conditions. Applying
introduction of carbon taxes would this concept to certain events, such as the
significantly reduce greenhouse gas rise of individual leaders or specific cultural
emissions—they assumed that such financial movements, can be seen as a __________
incentives would lead to substantial interpretation. Such events are often
environmental benefits. However, recent influenced by a complex interplay of factors
studies indicate that the impact of carbon rather than a single, deterministic force.
taxes might be less effective than previously
thought. A. simplistic
B. rigorous
Which choice completes the text with the C. exhaustive
most logical and precise word or phrase? D. elaborate
A. predicted 4. The development of renewable energy
B. doubted technologies has __________ in recent
years, driven by advances in solar and wind
C. ignored power, as well as growing concerns about
D. celebrated climate change and fossil fuel depletion.
This rapid progress is expected to play a
2. In the study of consumer behavior, crucial role in transitioning to a more
marketing experts have often claimed that sustainable energy future.
brand loyalty is strongly influenced by
emotional connections rather than just the Which choice completes the text with the
quality of the product. However, recent most logical and precise word or phrase?
findings suggest that the impact of A) stagnated
emotional branding may be less _____ than
initially believed, with many consumers B) accelerated
prioritizing functionality and price over C) fluctuated
brand sentiment.
D) diminished
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. significant
B. abstract
C. ephemeral
D. trivial
5. The percentage of US forest land that a 7. My sisters and I drive through parts of the
2023 federal report identified as being either city that I’ve never seen before, where the
mature or old growth exceeds other recent lights glow like melted butter and the girls
estimates. Given how little ___________ on the sidewalks are wearing brimmed hats
there is among scientists regarding the scope and high heels. Men smile and turn to watch
of these categories, this discrepancy our car passing: I watch back, hands pressed
shouldn't be surprising: forest researchers to the window. Then we race beyond the
regularly dispute one another's glowing streets—they dwindle to a star—
classifications. and the road ahead of us is long and dusty
blue and smells like a warm, blue must, like
Which choice completes the text with the
the heat of a sheep’s back.
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice best states the primary
A. vigilance
purpose of the text?
B. interest
A. Present the narrator’s thoughts about the
C. deliberation dusty streets she has travelled on several
times Before.
D. consensus
B. describe the narrator’s fascination with
6. In the realm of classical music, Ludwig
the street lights that glow hazily and
van Beethoven ____________ the
brightly.
conventional forms of composition by
integrating emotional depth and complexity C. illustrate the narrator’s visual impression
into his symphonies and sonatas. His of the family’s journey through the city and
innovative use of structure and harmony out of It.
transformed the symphonic genre and
D. make clear the narrator’s admiration for
influenced countless composers who
the clothing the girls on the sidewalks wear.
followed, marking a significant evolution in
Western music.

Which choice completes the text with the

most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. challenged
B. preserved
C. simplified
D. replicated
8. This passage is from Freeman Dyson, 9. This passage is from Paul Fussell,
Disturbing the Universe, copyright © 1979 "Hiroshima: A Soldier's View," copyright ©
by Freeman J. Dyson. 1981 by The New Republic.
There are some striking examples in the U.S. government was engaged not in that
laws of nuclear physics of numerical sort of momentous thing but in ending the
accidents that seem to conspire to make the war conclusively, as well as irrationally
universe habitable. The strength of the remembering Pearl Harbor with a
attractive nuclear force is just sufficient to vengeance. It didn't know then what
overcome the electrical repulsion between everyone knows now about leukaemia and
the positive charges in the nuclei of ordinary various kinds of carcinoma and birth
atoms such as oxygen or iron. But the defects. Truman was not being sly or coy
nuclear forces are not quite strong enough to when he insisted that the bomb was "only
bind together two protons (hydrogen nuclei) another weapon." History, as Eliot's
into a bound system which would be called a "Gerontion" notes:
diproton if it existed. If the nuclear forces . . . has many cunning passages, contrived
had been slightly stronger than they are, the corridors and issues, deceives with
diproton would exist and almost all the whispering ambitions, guides us by vanities .
hydrogen in the universe would have been ..
combined into diprotons and heavier nuclei. Think
Hydrogen would be a rare element, and stars
Neither fear not courage saves us. Unnatural
like the sun, which live for a long time by
vices Are fathered by our heroism. Virtues
the slow burning of hydrogen in their cores,
Are forced upon us by our impudent crimes.
could not exist. On the other hand, if the
Which choice best describes the function of
nuclear forces had been substantially weaker
the underlined quotation in the text as a
than they are, hydrogen could not burn at all
whole?
and there would be no heavy elements.

A. It reminds historians that to understand

According to the text, if the nuclear forces in
an event in the past, they must imagine that
atoms had been slightly stronger than they
they are ignorant of what the consequences
are,
of the event were.
B. It makes the point that a heroic action
A. there would be many more stars like the
might result in evil and a cowardly action
sun than there are.
might result in good.
B. the universe would be made up of over
C. It encourages the reader to investigate
99% hydrogen.
what great poets have written about both the
C. most of the hydrogen in the universe
heroism war inspires and the horrors it
would have burned up.
entails.
D. stars like the sun would not exist.
D. It reinforces the point that the
consequences of an action (for good or ill
are not known by those who decide to take B. The poem suggests that the ultimate
the actions at the time of their decision. goal of man is to find a connection
with the world around him, as
represented by the spider’s tireless
effort to explore and connect.

10. The following text is from Walt C. The poem emphasizes the
Whitman’s 1868 poem ‘’A Noiseless Patient importance of solitude and
Spider.” detachment in the pursuit of
connection, as the spider stands
A noiseless patient spider,
isolated on a little promontory before
I mark’d where on a little promontory it launching its filaments.
stood isolated,
D. The poem uses the metaphor of the
Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast spider’s launch of filaments to
surrounding, highlight the futility of man’s efforts
to connect with the vast and
It launch’d forth filament, filament,
measureless oceans of space.
filament, out of itself,

Ever unreeling them, ever tirelessly

speeding them.

And you O my soul where you stand,

Surrounded, detached, in measureless

oceans of space,

Ceaselessly musing, venturing, throwing,

seeking the spheres to connect them,

Till the bridge you will need be form’d, till

the ductile anchor hold,

Till the gossamer thread you fling catch

somewhere, O my soul.

Which choice best states the main idea of

the text?

A. The poem explores the ceaseless

search of the soul for connection
with the world around it, using the
metaphor of a patient spider
launching filaments to explore its
surroundings.
11. Text 1 C. It is plausible. But it contradicts the data
from the California Department of water
Text 1
resources Report.
As California faces another drought, urban
D. It is probably only applicable to water
residents have been called upon to do their
usage patterns during wet years and does not
part. About 62 gallons of water per week is
address The data from the California
needed for every one hundred square feet of
Department of water resources report.
grassy lawn. The average backyard is about
1,500 square feet. Add the front yard, and
multiply by all the Houses in a city. When
residents cut down on their lawn watering,
the effect is cumulative. It Adds up to
millions of gallons of water saved per week.
Text 2

The California Department of Water

Resources reports that agriculture (farmland)
accounts for 29% of all water use during a
wet year. During a dry year, that figure more
than doubles, Claiming a staggering 61%. In
contrast, urban water use ranges from just
8% during a wet year to 11% during a dry
one. These figures make sense when
considering that most water usage for Urban
dwellers happens indoors. Lawn watering—
which fluctuates from wet years to dry
Years—is a small piece of the pie.

Based on the texts, how would the author of

Text 2 most likely describe the view
presented in Text 1?

A. It is overly simplistic, emphasizing that

while reducing lawn watering is beneficial,
it represents only a small portion of overall
water usage compared to other significantly
larger impacts.

B. It is accurate, but it lacks context

provided by the data from the California
Department of Water Resources report.
 C. Magazine E was nominated for a
National Magazine Award, which led to a
doubling of its subscriptions, while
Magazine F, with no nominations,
experienced only modest growth.

D. Magazine G experienced an increase in

subscriptions and high sales in its first
month, while Magazine H grew its
subscriptions consistently throughout the
year.

Q12) Many magazines face challenges in

maintaining readership over time, especially
in the digital age where content is abundant
and free. However, some magazines
experience steady growth in subscriptions
despite these challenges. A media analyst
argues that a magazine's critical acclaim and
industry awards can significantly boost its
long-term subscription numbers. Prestigious
recognitions, such as a National Magazine
Award, can attract new readers and improve
the magazine's overall popularity, even if
initial subscription rates were modest: for
example, __________

Which choice most effectively uses data

from the table to complete the example?

A. Magazine A had an increase in online

readers from 50,000 to 100,000 after being
nominated for a major award, while
Magazine B saw no such growth without a
nomination.

B. Magazine C sold more digital copies in

its first year than Magazine D did, but
Magazine D had more print subscriptions.
 C. the average rainfall was lower in July
than in April.

D. the average wingspan for female

butterflies was 10.2 cm in May and 10.8 cm
in June.

14: In the early twentieth century, some

European car manufacturers adopted engine
designs originally developed by American
Q13) Butterfly populations often undergo engineers in the late nineteenth century, but
seasonal fluctuations due to changes in it seems that few of those European
environmental conditions such as manufacturers had actually seen American
temperature and humidity. In particular, the cars firsthand. Barring the possibility of
size of butterfly wings, which can serve as a several manufacturers of the same era
proxy for their overall health and independently developing similar engine
reproductive fitness, tends to vary designs, these facts most strongly suggest
throughout the year. A study conducted by that ___________
researchers Elena Martínez and Javier
Torres in Costa Rica measured the wing Which choice most logically completes the
spans of Danaus plexippus (monarch text?
butterflies) across different seasons, A) those manufacturers learned the designs
specifically from April to September, over a from other people who were more directly
period of five years. Their research suggests influenced by American practices.
that butterflies collected during the drier,
warmer months of the year tend to have B) the types of cars typically produced in
larger wingspans, thus indicating higher Europe were not well suited to American
reproductive fitness, as illustrated by the engine designs.
finding that _______. C) American engine designs were widely
used in regions outside Europe.
Which choice most effectively uses data
from the table to complete the assertion? D) European manufacturers only began to
recognize the benefits of American engine
A. the average male wingspan was 9.5 cm in designs late in the twentieth century.
June, while it was 8.3 cm in September.

B. the average female wingspan was larger

than the male wingspan in all months shown
in the table.
15) Scholars have long debated the extent to 16: In fertile soils, Solanum lycopersicum
which William Shakespeare’s personal (tomato plants) exhibit rapid growth and
experiences shaped his plays, with some robust fruit production. However, some
suggesting that the emotional depth of his varieties are capable of thriving in nutrient-
characters reflects moments from his own poor, sandy soils with limited organic
life. However, while Shakespeare’s work matter. Plant scientists Maria Cortez and
undeniably draws on a range of personal, David Nguyen conducted a detailed study
historical, and literary sources, focusing using electron microscopy to observe the
solely on his biography to interpret his plays root structures of these resilient tomato
varieties. They discovered that the roots of
Which choice most logically completes the
these plants had specialized root hairs that
text?
not only absorbed water more efficiently but
A) overlooks the broader social and political also secreted small amounts of oxalic and
themes present in his work. tartaric acids. Further chemical analysis
revealed that these acids dissolved trace
B) risks simplifying the complexity of his
minerals from the surrounding sand, making
characters and plots.
nutrients like calcium and magnesium more
C) may limit an appreciation for his mastery accessible. The researchers proposed that
of language and storytelling techniques. these acid-secreting root hairs play a key
role in helping these tomato varieties adapt
D) tends to neglect the significant influence
to poor soils by unlocking otherwise
of classical texts and contemporary events.
inaccessible nutrients.

Which finding, if true, would most directly

support the researchers' hypothesis?

A) Tomato plants that do not secrete oxalic

and tartaric acids fail to thrive in sandy soils
but grow well in nutrient-rich soils.

B) Other species of plants growing in the

same sandy soil environments do not secrete
any acids and show signs of nutrient
deficiencies.

C) The concentration of calcium and

magnesium is higher near the roots of these
tomato varieties compared to the
surrounding sand.

D) The specialized root hairs are also

present in tomato plants grown in nutrient-
rich soils, but in smaller quantities.
Q17) Before the company launched its Q18) Every morning, the team of engineers
groundbreaking new product, the ________ in the conference room to discuss
development team _______ years their progress, while the lead engineer
perfecting every detail. They had already remains focused on ensuring that every
tested countless prototypes, refining the detail of the project is addressed. Although
design and ensuring that each feature each team member has specific tasks to
worked seamlessly. By the time the final complete, they work together seamlessly to
version was ready for production, the meet their deadlines. The project, which is
marketing team had crafted a comprehensive crucial to the company's future, demands
campaign, and the sales department had their collective expertise and dedication.
prepared strategies to meet the expected
Which choice completes the text so that in
high demand. Even though the launch was a
conforms to the conventions of Standard
major success, it was clear that the months
English?
of hard work and preparation the team had
put in were the true foundation of the A. Will gather
achievement.
B. Gather
Which choice completes the text so that in
C. Was gathering
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English? D. gathers

A. Spent

B. Has spent

C. Have spent

D. Had spent
19: Many students struggle to manage their 20) In urban environments, green spaces
time effectively when balancing such as parks and community gardens
schoolwork, extracurricular activities, and provide numerous benefits to city dwellers.
social commitments. Poor time management These areas offer a respite from the concrete
often leads to increased stress and lower jungle, contributing to improved mental
academic performance. ________________ health and physical well-being. For
students who implement strategies like example, people who regularly visit parks
creating detailed schedules, setting experience reduced stress levels and
priorities, and breaking tasks into increased opportunities for exercise and
manageable steps tend to experience social interaction. _______integrating more
reduced anxiety and improved productivity. green spaces into city planning not only
These techniques enable them to handle enhances the quality of life for residents but
their responsibilities more efficiently, also promotes a healthier, more vibrant
leading to better academic outcomes and a urban community.
more balanced lifestyle.
Which choice completes the text with the
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
most logical transition?

A) Therefore, A) In addition,
B) However, B) Consequently,
C) Consequently, C) On the other hand,
D) For instance, D) In conclusion,
21.The Japanese lacquer tree, which is 23.When particles are suspended in liquid
native to East Asia, has shiny leaves and (like Pollen in a water glass), they will
yellow flowers. It ______ a resin that is zigzag randomly Through the liquid and
used to create a durable and Shiny finish on collide with one another in Perpetuity. This
various objects such as furniture, decorative type of random, continuous ______ is
pieces, and even musical instruments. The known as Brownian motion, can be
resin is highly valued for its ability to resist Observed throughout the natural world.
Water, heat, and acidic substances.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Which choice completes the text so that it Conforms to the conventions of Standard
Conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
English?
A) movement: which
A) produced
B) movement which
B) will produce
C) movement, which
C) produces
D) movement. Which
D) is producing

24.In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua

22.After the printing press was introduced in Achebe, Okonkwo is a leader of Umuofia (a
1440, handwritten manuscripts from Fictional Nigerian clan) and takes pride in
Europe’s Medieval period were often his Culture’s traditions. However, when the
destroyed and the Paper used for other arrival of European missionaries brings
purposes. In one instance, Pages ______ a changes to Umuofia, The novel asks a
collection of Norse tales dating to 1270 were central question: How ______
discovered lining a bishop’s miter (hat).
Which choice completes the text so that it
Which choice completes the text so that it Conforms to the conventions of Standard
Conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
English?
A) will Umuofia’s traditions be affected?
A) from
B) Umuofia’s traditions will be affected?
B) from,
C) Umuofia’s traditions will be affected.
C) from:
D) will Umuofia’s traditions be affected.
D) from—
25.In 2000, Nora de Hoyos Comstock, • The researchers found a genetic connection
herself an Owner of a successful consulting Between house mice in the Azores and
firm, sought to Increase Latina house mice in Scandinavia.
representation in corporate ______ Founded
Las Comadres para las Americas, an
International community that for over two
decades Has served as a resource and
• House mice may have traveled from
information network For Latina business
Scandinavia to the Azores on Viking ships.
professionals.
The student wants to specify who may have
Which choice completes the text so that it first Populated the Azores, according to the
Conforms to the conventions of Standard 2015 study.
English?
Which choice most effectively uses relevant
A) settings she Information from the notes to accomplish
this Goal?
B) settings. She
A. In their 2015 study, the researchers found
C) settings, she
a Genetic connection between house mice in
D) settings and she the Azores and those in Scandinavia.

B. Historians have long believed that the

first Humans to populate the Azores, a
26.While researching a topic, a student has
group of islands About 870 miles off the
taken The following notes:
coast of Portugal, arrived in the fifteenth
• The Azores is a group of islands about 870 century.
Miles off the coast of Portugal.
C. According to a 2015 study, the first
• Historians have long believed that in the humans to Populate the Azores may have
Fifteenth century Portuguese mariners were been Vikings from Scandinavia, not
the First humans to populate the Azores. mariners from Portugal as Previously
believed.
• A 2015 study coauthored by Sofia Gabriel
And Maria da Luz Mathias found that D. Portuguese mariners may not have been
Vikings from Scandinavia may have the First humans to populate the Azores.
populated the Azores as Early as the ninth
century.
27.While researching a topic, a student has
taken The following notes:

• Biryani is a mixed rice dish popular in

South Asia.

• Malabar biryani is a regional variation

from The Malabar region in India.

• Malabar biryani is known for its use of

Short-grain rice, as well as the inclusion of
green Chile paste.

• Hyderabadi biryani is another regional

Variation from the city of Hyderabad in
India.

• Hyderabadi biryani is known for its use of

Long-grain rice and spices like cardamom,
Cinnamon, and cloves.

The student wants to emphasize the

differences Between Malabar and
Hyderabadi biryani. Which Choice most
effectively uses relevant information From
the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Both Malabar and Hyderabadi biryani are

Regional variations of a mixed rice dish.

B. Malabar biryani, a mixed rice dish from

the Malabar region in India, is known for its
use of Green chile paste and short-grained
rice.

C. Different types of biryani may use either

shortgrain Rice or long-grain rice.

D. While Malabar biryani is known for its

use of Short grain-rice and green chili paste,
Hyderabadi Biryani uses long-grain rice and
spices like Cardamom, cinnamon, and
cloves.
 3. The development of advanced robotics
MODULE 2 has __________ the manufacturing industry
by introducing automation and precision to
1. In the study of modern psychology, Carl production processes. These innovations
Rogers' person-centered therapy have not only increased efficiency but also
___________ traditional therapeutic reduced human error and labor costs,
approaches by emphasizing the importance leading to significant changes in how
of the client's subjective experience and the products are assembled and produced.
therapeutic relationship. This approach
focuses on creating a supportive Which choice completes the text with the
environment where clients can explore and most logical and precise word or phrase?
resolve their issues with empathy and
understanding, contrasting with more A. constrained
directive or interpretive methods. B. revolutionized
C. marginally affected
Which choice completes the text with the D. resisted
most logical and precise word or phrase?
4. The following text is adapted from
A. underscores Charles Dickens’s 1854 novel Hard Times.
B. complements
C. respects [Mr. Gradgrind] was a firm believer in the
D. redefines power of facts and figures, and he often
scorned imaginative or emotional responses
2. In the field of urban planning, it is widely as frivolous. His approach to education was
recognized that integrating green spaces into so rigid that it restricted the natural curiosity
city environments can enhance the quality of and creativity of his students.
life for residents. Urban planners who
undertake a __________ approach to As used in the text, what does the word
incorporating parks and gardens into their “restricted” most nearly mean?
designs often find that these features
contribute to improved mental health and A. Stifled
social cohesion among community B. Encouraged
members. C. Acknowledged
D. Expanded
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical and precise word or phrase?

A. haphazard
B. selective
C. comprehensive
D. sporadic
5. Although classical music was largely 7. This passage is from Peter Matthiessen,
dominated by European composers during Indian Country, copyright © 1984 by Peter
the 18th and 19th centuries, Béla Bartók, a Matthiessen.
Hungarian composer, did not view the genre
as ______: Bartók integrated folk music By eliminating an Indian nation termination
elements into his compositions and quiets Indian claims to tribal lands that were
significantly influenced the development of never ceded to the U.S. government by
modern music with his innovative
treaty, which happens to describe almost all
approaches and techniques.
the "federal" land in the Far West; instead,
Which choice completes the text with the the people must accept whatever monetary
most logical and precise word or phrase? settlement has been bestowed upon them by
the Court of Claims, which was set up not to
A. inaccessible administer justice but to expedite
B. traditional
adjudication of land titles and head off any
C. exclusive
D. conventional future claims that Indians might make on
lands already coveted by the white
6. The invention in 1958 of the integrated economy.
circuit (or microchip) radically altered the
semiconductor industry. In fact, some According to the text, the Court of Claims
historians argue that it fundamentally A. adjudicates cases fairly.
_______ the industry by enabling it to take
advantage of mass production methods for B. almost always favors Indian claims to
the first time. land over white claims to land.
Which choice completes the text with the C. has little real effect on Indian affairs.
most logical and precise word or phrase?
D. is biased toward white people in its
A) obstructed judgments.

C) bypassed

B) transformed

D) overwhelmed
8.In what is now New Mexico, the Pueblo of 9. From the 1850s to the present, local
Acoma operates the Sky City Cultural entrepreneurs operating photo studios have
Center, showcasing the traditions and employed Painters to enhance portrait
history of the Acoma people through photographs of their clients with drama and
interactive exhibits. Similarly, the Navajo desirable accoutrements That were absent in
Nation's Monument Valley Visitor Center the original photographs. The theatricality of
highlights Navajo culture and storytelling, Indian studio photo – graphs, And the
emphasizing the importance of community fantasies they fulfil, has in turn influenced
engagement in its presentations. Both the idealized ways celebrities are
centers differ from non-Indigenous visitor represented In the hand-painted cinema
attractions, which often present Indigenous advertisements. Like their counterparts in
cultures in a static manner and cater the world of studio Photography, banner
primarily to tourists' expectations. artists also painted directly onto a
photograph in the process of creating
Which choice best describes the overall
Studies for their spectacular enlargements.
structure of the text?
Based on the text, in India, the act of
A. It describes how two tribal cultural
enhancing photographic images with paint
centers present their histories, then compares
was first Practiced by:
them with non-Indigenous attractions that
represent Indigenous cultures. A. portrait painters working in the 1880s.

B. It examines visitor responses to exhibits B. poster artists working in the 1950s.

at tribal cultural centers, then analyzes how
C. assistants working for photojournalists in
non-Indigenous visitors interpret those
the 1960s.
exhibits.
D. painters working for studio
C. It discusses the community engagement
photographers in the 1850s.
strategies employed by a tribal cultural
center, then evaluates the effectiveness of
those strategies in comparison to indigenous
attractions.

D. It outlines the historical context of

Indigenous representation in tourism, then
explores contemporary changes in how
tribes present their cultures.
10. The following text is from Natasha According to the text, what is the speaker
Trethwey’s 2006 poem ‘’Incident.” remembering?

We tell the story every year— A. The speaker is remembering a joyful

Christmas celebration with their neighbours.
How we peered from the windows, shades
drawn— B. The speaker is recalling a nightmare they
once had.
Though nothing really happened,
C. The speaker is remembering an event that
The charred grass now green again.
is recounted annually, involving a scene of
We peered from the windows, shades drawn, people observed from their windows

At the cross trussed like a Christmas tree, D. The speaker is remembering a hurricane
that struck their neighbourhood.
The charred grass still green. Then

We darkened our rooms, lit the hurricane

lamps.

At the cross trussed like a Christmas tree,

A few men gathered, white as angels in their

gowns.

We darkened our rooms and lit hurricane

lamps,

The wicks trembling in their fonts of oil.

It seemed the angels had gathered, white

men in their gowns.

When they were done, they left quietly. No

one came.

The wicks trembled all night in their fonts of

oil;

By morning the flames had all dimmed.

When they were done, the men left quietly.

No one came.

Nothing really happened.

By morning all the flames had dimmed.

We tell the story every year.

11. Text 1 is from Samuel P. Huntington, But it is willful, day-to-day, crisis-to-crisis,
"The Clash of Civilizations?" copyright © war-to-war political decision-making by
1993 by the Council on Foreign Relations, nation-state units that remains the single
Inc. Text 2 is from Albert L. Weeks, "Do most identifiable determinant of events in
Civilizations Hold?" copyright © 1993 by the international arena. How else can we
Albert L. Weeks. explain repeated nation-state "defections"
from their collective "civilizations"? As
Text 1 Huntington himself points out, in the Persian
Gulf War "one Arab state invaded another
First, differences among civilizations are not and then fought a coalition of Arab,
only real; they are basic. Civilizations are Western, and other states."
differentiated from each other by history,
language, culture, tradition and, most What would the author of Text 1 most likely
important, religion. The people of different consider to be the most significant
civilizations have different views on the implication of the underlined statement that
relations between God and man, the places it in direct opposition to the opinions
individual and the group, the citizen and the of the author of Text 2?
state, parents and children, husband and
wife, as well as differing views of the A. Differences among civilizations rather
relative importance of rights and than differing political ideologies are likely
responsibilities, liberty and authority, to cause serious future conflict in the world.
equality and hierarchy. These differences are B. All future conflicts among civilizations
the product of centuries. They will not soon will be violent and long-lasting.
disappear. They are far more fundamental C. Differences among civilizations cause
than differences among political ideologies wars of great destruction, but these wars
and political regimes. Differences do not serve, paradoxically, to purify and thus
necessarily mean conflict, and conflict does strengthen civilizations.
not necessarily mean violence. Over the D. There will ultimately be a major conflict
centuries, however, differences among between all the major civilizations of the
civilizations have generated the most world resulting in the destruction of all but
prolonged and the most violent conflicts. one of them.

Text 2

The world remains fractured along political

and possibly geopolitical lines; cultural and
historical determinants are a great deal less
vital and virulent. Politics, regimes, and
ideologies are culturally, historically, and
"civilizationally" determined to an extent.
 their regular diet compared to the
supplement group.

D. Both groups of children had a similar

number of colds during the first two months,
but the supplement group experienced an
increase in the number of colds later in the
experiment.

Q12) A nutritionist is testing her hypothesis

that children who receive a daily vitamin
supplement will have stronger immune
systems compared to children who do not
take a supplement. She sets up an
experiment with two groups of 30 children
each. One group receives a daily vitamin
supplement, while the other group does not
receive any supplements. Both groups
follow the same diet and exercise routines.
Over six months, the nutritionist monitors
the number of colds each child in both
groups catches.

Which finding, if true, would most directly

support the nutritionist’s hypothesis?

A. The children in the supplement group had

a significant reduction in the number of
colds after the third month of the
experiment.

B. The children in the supplement group

caught fewer colds over the six months
compared to the no supplement group, and
the difference increased as the experiment
went on.

C. The children in the no supplement group

showed a higher intake of vitamin C through
Q13) 14: This passage is from OECD/Nuclear
Energy Agency (2000), "Nuclear Energy in
a Sustainable Development Perspective,"
www.oecd-nea.org/sd.

"Groundwater resources in the U.S., for

instance, are often overused because of
subsidies, a lack of tradable rights to water
Many television series in languages other ('use it or lose it'), and a lack of clear
than English achieve significant success in property rights to water tables. Overfishing
the United States over time, but some in the oceans provides a better example. It is
experience immediate popularity during easy to imagine that cattle might be scarce,
their premiere. A critic claims that a series' just as buffalo became scarce, if they were
reception can greatly impact its long-term owned in common and were taken from one
success. Indicators of high quality, such as vast domain, rather than being privately
critical acclaim or awards, can dramatically owned on separate ranches. While the exact
boost public interest in the series and thus its analogue to barbed wire for fishing grounds
overall viewership, even with a relatively in the ocean may be hard to conceive,
modest premiere performance: for assigning ownership rights to the ocean
example,__________ should not be much more difficult than
assigning ownership rights to the radio
Which choice most effectively uses data frequency spectrum, as is currently being
from the table to complete the example? done throughout the world." The implication
is clear: _______________________.
A. Money Heist had a modest premiere
viewership of 800,000, but it achieved the Which choice most logically completes the
highest lifetime viewership of 30,000,000, text?
surpassing other series despite its lower
initial viewership. A. people have little incentive to conserve
cattle.
B. Money Heist garnered more viewers in its
B. cattle are much easier to kill than buffalo.
premiere than Dark, but Dark had higher
C. public or common ownership is better
lifetime viewership.
than private ownership.
C. both Money Heist and Dark received D. private ownership is better than public or
critical acclaim, but Dark had higher common ownership.
lifetime viewership.

D. Money Heist was recognized by critics,

but Dark, which was not recognized, had
higher lifetime viewership.
15: A new study from the University of 16: Do our brains have to work harder when
Copenhagen found that forest animals often competing against robots? Researchers
take advantage of The sloppy eating recorded and studied hours of table tennis
behavior of monkeys perched in trees. When matches, some of which were played against
monkeys are eating, animals on the ground humans and some of which were played
will eavesdrop closely to grab any food left against machines. When playing against
over or discarded by the monkeys. This another human, the player experiences the
method allows terrestrial animals to eat neurons in his or her brain working together
certain fruits they are otherwise unable to synchronously. However, when playing
reach high up in the trees. These animals can against a ball- serving machine, the player
get the food ____. actually has a more active brain response:
neurons in the brain were not in alignment
Which choice most logically completes the with each other and had to be more active to
text? respond properly. The researchers
hypothesized that the lack of cues about the
A) With more ease than climbing up the
robot’s next move meant the neurons in the
trees themselves.
brain had to be more active in order to react
B) Far sooner than waiting for the fruits accordingly. On the other hand, playing
to fall on their own. against humans offers many visual cues for
the brain to detect and react to.
C) With more exclusive access than
having to share the fruits with other Which finding, if true, would most directly
animals. support the researchers’ hypothesis?

D) Far sooner than waiting for birds to A) There are low levels of activity in the
drop the leftover fruits. brain when a person is searching for
a restaurant on Google.

B) The more a person uses artificial

intelligence tools, the faster his or
her brain is able to respond to
questions.

C) The brain has higher levels of

synchronous neuron activity when
playing poker against a computer;
the brain has lower levels of
synchronous activity when playing
poker against an online player.
 D) The brain has lower levels of
synchronous neuron activity when
playing poker against a computer; Q18) By the time the festival began, the
the brain has higher levels of organizers________for all the entertainment
synchronous activity when playing and decorations. The musicians had
poker against an online player. rehearsed their performances extensively,
and the vendors had set up their stalls days
in advance. The volunteers, who had been
preparing for weeks, had organized the
schedule and ensured that every detail was
taken care of. As the crowd arrived, they
Q17) In the library, a collection of rare
could see the result of all the effort that had
books sits on the top shelf, while the
gone into making the event a memorable
librarian reviews the catalog to ensure
experience.
everything is properly accounted for. Each
of the volumes ______ valuable historical Which choice completes the text so that in
information, yet neither the age nor the conforms to the conventions of Standard
condition of the books diminishes their English?
importance. The shelves, along with the
intricate lighting, create an atmosphere of A. Had arranged
quiet reverence, as every visitor takes in the
significance of the carefully preserved B. Arranged
works.
C. Arrange
Which choice completes the text so that in
D. Will arrange
conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?

A. Had contained

B. Contains

C. Contain

D. Was containing
19: Cortisol is known as the “stress 20: In order for voters to cast their ballot at
hormone” because cortisol levels spike the polls, they are required to present some
when stress levels are high. Chronic stress form of identification as per voter
will lead to persistently high cortisol levels, identification laws. While advocates of these
which can result in inflammation, anxiety, laws believe that they can reduce voter fraud
Weight gain, and more. __________ without significant drawbacks, those who
Cortisol is still necessary in supporting oppose them contend that minorities are
overall health as it regulates sleep via The disproportionately impacted and may be
body’s circadian rhythm. rendered ineligible to vote. ___ critics of
voter identification Laws argue that in-
Which choice completes the text with the person voter fraud is a rare occurrence and
most logical transition? does not constitute a significant issue that
needs to be addressed.
A) Therefore,
Which choice completes the text with the
B) Accordingly,
most logical transition?
C) Nevertheless,
A) Furthermore,
D) Similarly,
B) However,

C) By contrast,

D) Meanwhile,
21.Coffee is the third most consumed 23.Marilyn Monroe, the iconic actress and
beverage in The world, a welcome statistic fashion Model from the 1950s and ‘60s, is
for the people in Uganda, ______ is the attributed as _________ women rarely make
leading cash crop. history.” In reality, the credit should go to
Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Who was a student
Which choice completes the text so that it at the time but who later went On to become
Conforms to the conventions of Standard a professor at Harvard University.
English?
Which choice completes the text so that it
A. there, it Conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
B. where it
A) saying that, “Well-behaved
C. which
B) having said that: “well-behaved
D. it
C) she said, “Well-behaved
22.A classic image of colonial cooperation,
_______ Martha kept detailed records of her D) saying that “well-behaved
Experiences in the American frontier for
over three Decades.

Which choice completes the text so that it 24.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s detailed
Conforms to the conventions of Standard Poems greatly influenced the perception of
English? various Historical events, such as Paul
Revere’s nighttime Ride during the
A. The diary of an 18th-century midwife American Revolutionary war, even Though
named Martha Ballard documents several he sometimes ____________ to make the
quilting bees Poems more engaging.

B. An 18th-century midwife named Martha Which choice completes the text so that it
Ballard Documented several quilting bees in Conforms to the conventions of Standard
her diary English?

C. Martha Ballard, an 18th-century midwife, A) sacrificed accuracy for eloquence

Documented several quilting bees in her
diary B) sacrificed—accuracy for eloquence

D. Several quilting bees were documented in C) sacrificed: accuracy for eloquence

the Diary of an 18th-century midwife named
Martha Ballard D) sacrificed (accuracy for eloquence)
25.Archaeologists determined that a pair of appendix that was not in the original
Sandals made from sagebrush bark that were Materials provided by Babbage.
found in a cave in Oregon in 1939 are
actually the oldest Extant example of shoes • She realized that the Analytical Machine
in the __________ Specimens have been could be Used for non-numerical purposes if
dated to between 7,000 and 8,000 BCE. other symbols Such as letters or musical
notes were substituted.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Conforms to the conventions of Standard The student wants to emphasize that Ada
English? Lovelace’s contributions to mathematics are
just as Important as Charles Babbage’s.
A) world; and the Which choice most effectively uses relevant
Information from the notes to accomplish
B) world. Because the this Goal?

C) world, the A. Charles Babbage is famous for creating

the Analytical Machine, but Ada Lovelace
D) world. The
also was Interested in explaining how it
worked to others, Even in different
languages.
26.While researching a topic, a student has
taken The following notes: B. Ada Lovelace wrote a program for the
Analytical Machine in 1842-1843, without
• Ada Lovelace (nee Byron) was born 1815 which Charles Babbage would not have
and Was very interested in science and math been able to Create a working computer.
from an Early age, so her tutor introduced
her to the Mathematician Charles Babbage. C. Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelaces tutor,
Introduced her to the Analytical Machine,
• Babbage is considered the “Father of the and she Excelled beyond his abilities at
Computer” because he invented an using it.
“Analvtical Machine,” which he used to
calculate numbers. D. Although Babbage invented the
Analytical Machine, Ada Lovelace was able
• It Is possible that Lovelace wrote the first to explain how it Worked, create effective
computer Program in the world because she programs, and offer Additional uses beyond
helped design Programs for the Analytical mathematical calculations.
Machine.

• In a 1842-1843 Italian translation

explaining how The Analytical Machine
worked, she wrote down a Program in an
27.While researching a topic, a student has Africa. Which Choice most effectively uses
taken The following notes: relevant information From the notes to
accomplish this goal?
•Edward Tingatinga was born in 1932 in a
small Town called Namochelia in Tanzania. A. Edward Tingatinga painted using
recycled Materials, which started a trend
•An art movement was named after his towards using Recycled art by a wide range
unique Style of cartoon-like animals and of artists.
landscapes.
B. Though his art career only lasted four
•He tried his hand as a musician, and only years, Edward Tingatinga’s art was
started Painting in 1968. His work was first appealing enough to Build a following that
done using Recycled materials like old carries on the art style today.
boards and bicycle Paint.
C. Edward Tingatinga was the most popular
•His work became popular among tourists so artist Of animals and landscapes for tourists
he Was able to be an artist full time. He to Africa, so His original paintings are
started a Gallery and studio in 1970. highly sought-after Today.

•In 1972 he was accidentally killed by a D. Despite using recycled materials, Edward
Policeman who mistook him for someone Tingatinga became so famous that other
else. artists Copied and sold pictures of his
artwork.
•His students continue to paint using his
style and Today his gallery is the largest in
Africa.

The student wants to emphasize how

influential Edward Tingatingas painting is in
Module 1 27.D

1. A
2. A
3. A
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. D
9. D
10. A
11. B

12 C

13 A

14: A

15: B

16: C

17 D

18 D

19: C

20: B

21.C

22.A

23.C

24.A

25.B

26.C
MODULE 2 26.D

1. D 27.B
2. C
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. B

7. D

8. A

9. D

10. C

11. A

12 B

13 A

14: D

15: A

16: C

17 B

18 A

19: C

20: A

21.B

22.D

23.D

24.A

25.D