Compare the number of correct response words for Imagery and Non-imagery conditions.
Are they greater in the imagery condition? Discuss the results with reference to previous
research on imagery.\
Reasons, if the results are contrary to the hypothesis.
If group data were to be collected, which statistical analysis technique would be appropriate?
Why?
Compare the experiment with the ‘Paired Associates Learning’ experiment with respect to
Design, Independent variable, Dependent Variable
Nature and Presentation of materials
Inferential statistical test applicable
DISCUSSION:
The number of correctly translated words in imagery or link word condition was ___ and the
total number of words correctly translated in non-imagery or anything condition was _____.
It was expected that total number of words correctly translated for imagery condition would
be more than non-imagery condition. Since here ____ is more than ____, data is in/ not in
line with hypothesis.
Data in line with hypothesis due to relational organizational theory of bower as well as Dual
coding theory of Pavio. Here we provide associative links to form associations as well as
keeping the image in mind for atleast 10 secs provides for additional visual representation of
the material
If data is not in line with hypothesis it could be due to
Previous knowledge of French of the participants
Participants in anything group have spontaneously used associations and images a s a
way to remember information
Comparison of two paired associate experiments:
Design
Coglab: Random groups design with 1 Independent variable having 2 levels. 2 different
participants were exposed to the two levels.
Manual experiment: Repeated Measures Design with one independent variable with 4 levels.
One participant will receive all the pairs of words varying in their image-evoking capacity
(concrete vs abstract) – concrete-concrete (CC), concrete-abstract (CA), abstract-concrete
(AC) and abstract-abstract (AA) in a random
order.
Independent variable:
Coglab: Method of learning the word pairs- Imagery condition(suggestion of an interactive
image of the 2 words provided) and Non-imagery condition(suggestion of memorizing the
connection between the 2 words provided)
Manual: Nature of Pair of words varying in their image-evoking capacity (or varying in the
abstractness (concrete vs abstract) – concrete-concrete (CC), concrete-abstract (CA), abstract-
concrete (AC) and abstract-abstract (AA).
Dependent Variable:
Coglab: Total Number of correct response words or words correctly translated
Manual : Recall of correct response words in each stimulus-response combination
Hypothesis:
Cog lab: Imagery (forming an interactive image) aids memory for word pairs – i.e. number of
response words correctly recalled is higher for the imagery condition than for the non-
imagery condition.
Manual: Concreteness of nouns will facilitate learning. That is, of four stimulus-response
combinations constructed from concrete nouns and abstract nouns, the increasing order of
difficulty of learning will be as follows: concrete-concrete (CC), concrete-abstract (CA),
abstract-concrete (AC) and abstract-abstract (AA). The number of correct responses would be
highest for CC, followed by CA, AC and AA in this respective order.
Nature and presentation of materials:
Coglab: Participants were shown series of French words, and with each word, they also saw
guide to pronunciation and meaning in English word. . there were two versions of the
experiment. In one version (link word) participants were also given a suggestion of image to
form. In this condition participants were asked to form a vivid image and spend at least 10
secs examining the image. In other version of the experiment (anything) participants were
allowed to use whatever approach they wanted to memorize the English meaning of French
words.
Manual: After ensuring that the participant had understood the procedure, E began the
experiment. The pairs in List 1 were read aloud in a monotone. There was a 2 second interval
between two pairs, during the learning phase. After completion of the learning phase, the
recall sheet, with 12 numbers, written vertically one below the other was provided to the
participant.
In the recall phase, E read aloud the stimulus (cue) word, along with the numbers indicating
their ordinal position, (e.g.one-history, two-pencil etc.). The E gave 8 seconds interval after
reading out each stimulus word, to allow the P to write down the response. After completion
of one trial (learning and recall phase), the second trial was begun immediately, without
allowing for any interval in between. After completion of all 4 learning and recall trials, the
correct responses of each category (CC, CA, AC, and AA) across all trials, were recorded and
accurate entries were made in the table. Spelling mistakes if any, were clarified from the P.
Inferential statistical test applicable
Coglab: If group data were to be collected, the inferential statistic that could be used would
be independent or randomized t test as we have to find out significant difference between two
means obtained from two independent samples (as its randomized group design). Also, since
the dependent variable is recall scores which is a ratio scale of measurement, randomized
measure t test would be used as statistical test
Manual: The statistical inferential statistic that would be used here is one way ANOVA
repeated measures. One way ANOVA is done to note if the difference between the means is
significant or not. Also, since there 4 sets of paired data from one independent variable (t
tests cannot be used without the chance of increasing Type I error), One way ANOVA is
done. Also, since it’s a repeated measures design, one-way repeated measures ANOVA is
used. Also, the data is of recall scores which is ratio scale of measurement hence parametric
test of one-way ANOVA repeated measures is used.
